Neither Overeducation nor
Mismatch – Recent Trends
for HE Graduates
Presentation at the OECD Expert Meeting
“How might the changing labour market transform higher
education”
Paris, 12-13 February 2007
By Ulrich Teichler and Harald Schomburg
International Centre for Higher Education Research Kassel
INCHER-KASSEL
University of Kassel, 34109 Kassel
Germany
Tel. ++49-561-804 2415
Fax ++49-561-804 3301
E-mail
Ulrich Teichler:
[email protected]
Harald Schomburg: [email protected]
Teichler/Schomburg: Neither Overeducation nor
Mismatch
2
Data Base: CHEERS and REFLEX
Timing
Countries
Cohort of
graduation
Conduction of
survey
Response
Standardised
questionnaire
CHEERS
1997-2000
12
1995
REFLEX
2004-2007
14+
2000
1999
2005
Ca.40.000
Ca. 35.000
Ca. 600 Var.
Ca. 400 Var.
Unlimited Term Four-Five Years After
Graduation (%)
1999
100
90
Percent of Graduates
Teichler/Schomburg: Neither Overeducation nor
Mismatch
3 Employment Conditions (1):
80
70
81
84
71 71
79
77 76
2005
79 80
86
84
86
75
70
74
78
65
60
60
83
82 83
50
50
40
30
20
10
0
IT
ES
FR
AT
DE
NL
UK
FI
NO
Country (time of graduation)
Source: CHEERS 1999 and REFLEX 2005; INCHER-Kassel
CZ
Total
Employment Conditions (2):
Full-time Employment Four-Five Years After
Graduation (%)
1999
100
90
Percent of Graduates
Teichler/Schomburg: Neither Overeducation nor
Mismatch
4
80
81 81
80
96
93
92
83
2005
87
81
81
85
79
87
84
96
85
86 85
88
88
82
68
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
IT
ES
FR
AT
DE
NL
UK
FI
NO
Country (time of graduation)
Source: CHEERS 1999 and REFLEX 2005; INCHER-Kassel
CZ
Total
Low Level of Overeducation in Europe (1)
„Appropriate Level of Education is Below Tertiary
Education – “ (4-5 Years After Graduation; %)
100
Prozent der Absolventen
Teichler/Schomburg: Neither Overeducation nor
Mismatch
5
1999
90
2005
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
12 12
18 17
7
10
0
12
IT
ES
FR
12 10
AT
14
6 7
7 7
DE
NL
7
UK
3
6
FI
1 3
NO
Land bei Studienabschluss
Source: CHEERS 1999 and REFLEX 2005; INCHER-Kassel
8
4
8 9
CZ Gesamt
Teichler/Schomburg: Neither Overeducation nor
Mismatch
6
Low Level of Overeducation in Europe 2005 (2)
Occupation (ISCO88) by Type of Study Programme
Occupation
(ISCO88)
Type of Study Programme
University
(long duration)
Total
University
(short duration,
Fachhochschule,
HBO, AMK, etc.)
Other
2
4
3
Clerks
4
6
5
Assoc. prof.
15
40
23
Professionals
70
42
61
8
8
8
100
100
100
Manager
Total
Source: REFLEX 2005; INCHER-Kassel
Teichler/Schomburg: Neither Overeducation nor
Mismatch
7
Study and Work in Europe 1999 and
2005 (%)
Source: CHEERS 1999 and REFLEX 2005; INCHER-Kassel
High Level of Job Satisfaction 1999
and 2005
Four-Five Years After Graduation (%)
100
Prozent der Absolventen
Teichler/Schomburg: Neither Overeducation nor
Mismatch
8
1999
90
80
70
58
60
50
59
63
65
68
69
74
2005
69
72
78
73
68
65
62
74
74
71
65
66 68
57
49
40
30
20
10
0
IT
ES
FR
AT
DE
NL
UK
FI
NO
Country (time of graduation)
Source: CHEERS 1999 and REFLEX 2005; INCHER-Kassel
CZ
Total
Teichler/Schomburg: Neither Overeducation nor
Mismatch
9
Stability of Work Requirements:
1999 – 2005 (arithm. mean)
Time management
Working under pressure
Working in a team
2005
(REFLEX)
Computer skills
Planning, co-ordinating and organising
Learning abilities
Creativity
1999
(CHEERS)
Documenting ideas and information
Analytical competencies
Reflective thinking, assessing one's own work
Leadership
Negotiating
Foreign language proficiency
5
4
3
2
Not at all
Source: CHEERS 1999 and REFLEX 2005; INCHER-Kassel
1
Very high
Teichler/Schomburg: Neither Overeducation nor
Mismatch
10
Competence Development During the
First 5 Years After Graduation
(arithm. mean)
Computer skills
Learning abilities
Working in a team
5 years
after
graduation
(REFLEX)
Planning, co-ordinating and organising
Working under pressure
Time management
Documenting ideas and information
At time of
graduation
(CHEERS)
Reflective thinking, assessing one's own work
Creativity
Analytical competencies
Leadership
Negotiating
Foreign language proficiency
5
4
3
Not at all
Source: CHEERS 1999 and REFLEX 2005; INCHER-Kassel
2
1
Very high
Teichler/Schomburg: Neither Overeducation nor
Mismatch
11
Flexibility and Mobility During the
First Five Years After Graduation (%)
Source: REFLEX 2005; INCHER-Kassel
Teichler/Schomburg: Neither Overeducation nor
Mismatch
12
REFLEX Master Questionnaire
http://www.fdewb.unimaas.nl/roa/reflex/
Teichler/Schomburg: Neither Overeducation nor
Mismatch
13
Further Information
 REFLEX
http://www.fdewb.unimaas.nl/roa/reflex/
http://www.uni-kassel.de/wz1/reflex/
 CHEERS
http://www.uni-kassel.de/wz1/cheers/