SHB40115 Certificate IV in Beauty Therapy
SHB50115 Diploma
of Beauty Therapy
WRB20104
WRBCS201B – PROVIDE MANICURE AND PEDICURE SERVICES
SHBBFAS003 Provide specialised facial treatments
LEARNING MATERIAL
Initial Impact P/L
PO Box 301
Balnarring 3926
2016
ABN ©37
006 210 920
Initial Impact P/L
Student name:..............................................................
Student ID:.................................................
Date:.............................................
Student name:..............................................................
Student ID:.................................................
Advise on beauty products and services
Date:.............................................
1
UNIT SCOPE
Element 1. Establish client priorities.
1.1 Access and review client treatment plan if available.
1.2 Discuss facial requirements, changes in skin over lifetime, current skin care regimen, lifestyle and nutrition influences with client to establish
treatment objectives.
1.3 Conduct skin analysis, checking for areas of normal facial skin, levels of lipids and skin hydration, degree of photo ageing and pigmentation and scar
tissue as required.
1.4 Identify contraindications to facial treatment, and refer client to appropriate professional as required.
1.5 Identify common skin diseases and disorders that can be treated within scope of practice, as required.
1.6 Establish medical history, medication, and obtain medical approval prior to treatment, as required.
1.7 Classify client’s skin and discuss outcomes with client.
2. Design and recommend specialised facials.
2.1 Design proposed facial for treatments
2.2 Discuss benefits of selected formulations and devises and potential adverse effects with client.
2.3 Explain recommendations for duration, frequency and cost of facial to client.
2.4 Modify treatment plan, record updates and obtain client consent.
3. Prepare for specialised facial treatment.
3.1 Check readiness of treatment area and equipment.
3.2 Use energy, water, product and supplies sustainably during preparation and subsequent treatment process.
3.3 Prepare facial treatment products and equipment.
3.4 Prepare client, ensuring their comfort and modesty throughout treatment.
3.5 Position self throughout facial to minimise fatigue and risk of injury.
4. Cleanse skin using ultrasonic or direct current.
4.1 Remove make up and cleanse skin according to treatment plan.
4.2 Apply treatment medium and select ultrasonic parameters.
4.3 Apply ultrasonic device according to predetermined pattern, at correct angle ensuring that skin remains moist as required.
4.4 Provide desincrustation treatment using direct current as required.
4.5 Remove treatment medium.
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UNIT SCOPE CONTIUED
5. Remove minor skin blemished and infuse serums.
5.1 Steam and exfoliate as required.
5.2 Extract milia and comedones as required.
5.3 Apply high frequency to facial treatment areas.
5.4 Use direct current or sonophoresis to infuse serums according to skin type and conditions.
5.5 Remove excess product as required.
6. Provide micro current treatment.
6.1 Ensure all metallic jewellery, contact lenses and hearing aids have been removed as per manufacturer instructions.
6.2 Check current on self and return dials to zero.
6.3 Select application method using electrodes, rollers, probes or gloves as required.
6.4 Apply micro current gel or cream.
6.5 Select treatment parameters and apply micro current as required.
7. Complete treatment.
7.1 Apply and remove mask as required.
7.2 Apply post treatment skin care products according to treatment plan.
7.3 Allow post recovery treatment time in relaxation area.
8. Review treatment and provide post treatment advice.
8.1 Evaluate specialised facial with client.
8.2 Review current skin care regimen and make recommendations to support client priorities and maintain skin between treatments.
8.3 Design and recommend future treatments to support client priorities.
8.4 Manage client expectations of potential outcomes.
8.5 Update treatment plan and rebook client for future services as required.
9. Clean treatment area.
9.1 Remove used linen and clean surfaces and equipment according to organisational policies and procedures.
9.2 Restock equipment and products in preparation for next treatment.
9.3 Dispose general waste and any hazardous substance to minimise negative environmental impacts according to organisational policies and procedures.
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UNIT SCOPE CONTIUED
Foundation skills – 10 to 16
10. Student demonstrated foundation skills when they used reading skills to interpret and follow manufacturer instructions and safety data sheets for
dilution, handling and disposal of cleaning and treatment products source and interpret credible information from:
anatomy, physiology, skin science, cosmetic chemistry and nutrition publications electrical currents and ultrasound technology publications and trade
journals anatomical charts and models
interpret product and equipment information on safe use of cosmetic formulations, ingredients and device parameters.
11. Student demonstrated foundation skills when they used writing skills to complete workplace documentation for electrical safety problems and
equipment faults.
12. Student demonstrated foundation skills when they used oral communication skills to select and use appropriate anatomy and physiology terminology
in consultation with clients provide simple explanations to client that describe the physiological processes of skin damage and ageing and how the selected
device, products and advice will impact skin appearance protect confidentiality of client information by ensuring that other clients and colleagues do not
overhear discussions or view client records discuss contraindications and precautions tactfully.
13. Student demonstrated foundation skills when they used numeracy skills to calculate treatment duration, treatment sequencing, costs, product
quantities and prices measure cosmetic ingredient quantities and ratios to assess effectiveness of formulations calculate treatment parameters for
individual device.
14. Student demonstrated foundation skills when they used learning skills to use knowledge of cosmetic chemistry ingredients to assess environmental
impact and disposal methods.
15. Student demonstrated foundation skills when they used planning and organisation skills to sequence the treatment and products application to
maximise the treatment outcomes.
16. Student demonstrated foundation skills when they used technology skills to access credible online publications and internet resources which build
knowledge for providing advice to clients use software interfaces on equipment use client software to update client notes, record stock data and product
purchases use electrical currents, ultrasound devices or combination in treatment steps that will maximise outcomes for client and minimise skin damage
use ultrasound technology to identify and address safety issues and recognise limitations in use in specialised facials.
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4
The Integumentary system
The skin is an organ and is part of the integumentary systems which includes hair, glands, nails and specialised
receptors.
There are 12 elements within the skin.
•Epidermis
•Dermis
•Subcutaneous layer
•Hair
•Sudoriferous (sweat gland)
•Sebaceous (oil gland)
•Hair follicle
•Muscle
•Capillary blood vessels
•Fat
•Nerves
•Receptors
The skin is the largest organ in
the human body being
complex in structure and
function. The two major layers
are the epidermis and the
dermis.
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The process of nerve conduction
The function of the brain is to convert an external sensation such as touch, into a coded message that the nerves can
transfer into the central nervous system (CNS). This neural message is an electrochemical one passed on from nerve to
nerve at various junctions and interconnections by using gap jumping neurotransmitter substances.
Sensory nerves can be myelinated or unmyelinated. This special fatty substance is produced by Schwann cells that wrap
around the nerve and offer some sort of protection to the conduction of the electrochemical signal. Not all sensory
nerves are the same size. Some are thicker than others, some longer, some end at one receptors and some end at a
cluster of receptors and some are ‘free’.
Incoming information to the brain is distributed to different regions often simultaneously. For the brain to make sense
of this information it is dependent upon its development through learning.
Types of skin receptors.
The skin responds to hot, cold, pressure, vibration, touch and pain. These are all applied in a range of beauty
treatments. The interpretation of stimuli to the skin depends on;
•Intensity and frequency.
•Type and number of sensory fibres.
•Duration and how often it occurs.
•Area covered by the sensory nerves.
•Brain pathway utilized and activated.
•Complex and neurochemistry of transmitter substances.
Nerves in the skin
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EPIDERMIS – This is the outer layer and the thinnest and is made up of stratified squamous epithelium which are
layers of cells which are shed from the skin.
There are four different types of cells.
The most numerous is the keratinocyte which undergoes the process of keratinisation. Its
function is to produce keratin to protect the skin by providing immunity to bacteria.
The second type of cell is the melanocyte which produces melanin giving the skin its colour and
provides protection from UV sun rays.
The third type of cell is the langherans which originates in the bone marrow and moves to the
epidermis. It helps provide immunity.
The fourth type of cell is the granstein which also provides immunity.
The layers of the epidermis
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum
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EPIDERMIS LAYERS
The epidermis on the body has four layers except for the palms of the
hand and soles of feet which have five for extra protection. The skin is
very fine around the delicate eye area.
The stratum corneum is the layer that shows the effects of skin care,
beauty treatments and product applications.
Top outer layer is the stratum corneum, also known as the cuticle
layer. It provides protection against light, heat, water, bacteria and
some chemicals. The cells are dead and lay flat. They are completely
filled with keratin and are continually being shed from the skin. The
keratin cells are arranged in brick wall formation.
Facial skin is particularly vulnerable as it is constantly exposed to the
harsh elements of the weather as well as artificial heating and cooling.
Other factors such as smoking, unhealthy diet, hormone imbalance
and genetics can all affect the condition and appearance of the skin.
The next layer down is the stratum lucidum also known as the clear
layer. The cells are dead and flat and contain a clear substance called
eleiden which eventually becomes keratin in the cuticle layer. Eleiden
is translucent.
The layer down from the clear layer is the stratum granulosom also
known as the granular layer. It contains keratohyalin which eventually
forms keratin in the cuticle layer. The cells make up between 3 to 5
rows and look like grains of sand.
Epidermal ridges and grooves on feet and hands are lines and loops
The deepest layer in the epidermis is commonly known as the
that appear on the palms and soles and are called fingerprints and
germinative layer and is made up of two parts.
footprints. No two people have the same. They assist in providing
Stratum spinosum is the upper part and is the prickle cell layer. These
friction and grip . They are found on the back of the hand as a pattern prickle cells are well defined polygonal (many sided) and the whole
of criss-cross lines. Being exposed to the sun, hands often show ultra- layer is made of prickle like threads which join up the cells.
violet radiation damage.
The stratum basale which is the lowest section of the germinative
layer has cells in layers which are continually dividing and multiplying.
The soles and palms have no hair follicles, few sweat gland but do
This layer is where new cells are formed. The cells get their nutrient
have a high density of nerve receptors.
fluids from the capillary blood vessels in the skin. The new cells push
the older ones up the layers where they are eventually shed from the
skin in the cuticle layer.
Melanocytes are found in abundance in this layer with one in every
ten cells being a pigment forming melanin.
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DERMIS and VASCULAR SYSTEM – This lower layer provides the supporting framework of the skin. It also contains
hair follicles, nerves, glands and blood vessels. The skin cannot be fed from outside the body. Beauty products can
only assist in the appearance of the skin’s texture.
The vascular system is composed of venous and arterial blood
vessels which supply the skin with oxygen and nutrients and
together with the lymphatic system they remove waste from the
body. The vascular tissue helps to regulate temperature.
Connective tissue is found throughout the body and in the skin
cushions. It supports other tissues and maintains the body’s shape.
It is made up of protein fibres, being collagen and elastin, within a
gel like ground substance and tissue fluid. They are linked by
intercellular substances which support and bind them together.
The dermis has two layers.
The dermis contains skin nerves.
Blood is composed of cells, blood cells and platelets, and liquid
(plasma) which contains proteins, amino acids, hormones, vitamins,
inorganic salts and other organic compound.
The blood also carries hormones that nourish the skin and affect its
growth and metabolism.
The papillary layer is made up of loose connective tissue and
collagen and elastin fibres. The surface of this layer is made up of
dermal papillae which are small projections that greatly increase the
surface area. This dermal papillae contains nerve endings which are
sensitive to touch.
The reticular layer is made up of thick connective tissue containing a
network of collagenous and coarse elastic fibres. This provides the
skin with resilience, strength and elasticity. The layer is connected to
the underlying organs through the subcantaneous layer.
There are a very fine network of skin nerve fibres which extend into
the lower layer of the epidermis and up around the hair follicles.
They are receptive to heat, cold, touch, pain and itch.
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SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER- This is also known as the hypodermis and lies under the dermis.
The subcutaneous tissue contains fat and is known as adipose
tissue. Adipose tissue plays an important role in hormone activity.
The thickness of this layer varies greatly throughout the body and it
is missing on the eyelids where the skin is the thinnest. This layer
protects the body by providing a cushioning layer.
The nerve endings in the subcutaneous layer are called pacinian
which can sense pressure.
Homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the ability of a living organism to adjust its internal environment to maintain a stable equilibrium, such
as a human or a warm blooded animal, to maintain a constant temperature. There are many factors within the
internal environment of the body which need to be kept constant such as blood sugar levels, carbon dioxide levels,
body water, acidity and alkalinity and temperature known as thermoregulation.
Thermoregulation.
Thermoregulation is the ability of a living organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even
when the surrounding temperature is very different. If the body is unable to maintain a normal temperature and it
increases significantly above normal, a condition known as hyperthermia occurs. The opposite condition, when body
temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia. The whole purpose of the thermoregulatory
system is to keep the body at a constant temperature. The skin assists in homeostasis by reacting differently to hot
and cold conditions so that the inner body temperature remains more or less constant.
A normal body temperature in humans is 36.8°C with the temperature being higher in the evenings, due to physical
activities during the day. This temperature is the optimum level for enzymes which are our biochemical catalysts
which can only operate within a narrow temperature range.
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Six main functions of the skin
1. Protection. The skin provides protection from abrasions, loss of water and keeps the blood supply away from
the surface where bacteria could enter.
2. Sensation. The abundant amount of nerve endings and specialised receptors in the skin detect the sensations of
pain, temperature, touch and pressure.
3. Excretion. The glands allow the body to lose heat, water, certain salts and wastes which leave the body when
.required.
4. Immunity. The epidermis contains cells that fight infection when there is damage to the skin.
5. Vitamin D synthesis. Ultra-violet light from the sun activates the production of vitamin D.
6. Body temperature regulation. The skin maintains an even internal body temperature to protect the inner organs.
Skin care and beauty treatments.
Cleansing, exfoliating and moisturising daily is very important in keeping the skin healthy. Beauty treatments, such as
facials and some body treatments, maintain the skin’s balance and protective qualities.
Acne is a common inflammatory pilobaceous disorder characterised by comedones, papules, pustules, inflamed
nodules, superficial pus-filled cysts and in extreme cases, sinus formation and deep inflammation.
Moisturisers enable lost water to be replaced and helps to keep it in the skin with ingredients such as
humectants known as water binding agents. Humectants help maintain the lipids of the epidermis in good condition.
The term alipidic means “lack of lipids” referring to the skin not producing enough sebum (skin’s natural oil). Alipidic
skin may be a dry or dehydrated skin type.
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Facial skin types and conditions
Ageing skin has a reduction in sebum and moisture with a loss of elasticity making the skin sag around the eyes and jawline. Wrinkles
form around normal facial expressions.
Dehydrated skin is an alipidic skin because it does not produce enough sebum to prevent evaporation of cell moisture. It may look flaky,
tight and dry looking with small fine lines and wrinkles. It may also feel itchy with an absence of visible pores in the skin.
Oily skin produces too much sebum resulting in large pores with the skin looking shiny and greasy. Pores may be clogged with dead skin
cells that build up in the hair follicle. Open and closed pores are called comedones. Blackheads are open comedones, hardened sebum
exposed to the air, while whiteheads are closed comedones, having a thin layer of skin cover the pore opening.
Acne is considered a skin type because the tendency to develop acne is hereditary. Hair follicles become clogged with hardened oil,
resulting in infection causing redness and inflammation. Acne bacteria is anaerobic, meaning it cannot survive without oxygen. When
follicles are blocked with hardened oil and dead skin cells, oxygen cannot get to the bottom of the follicle where acne bacteria live. The
acne bacteria survive by breaking down the sebum into fatty acids and multiplying quickly, causing a break in the follicle wall. This rupture
allows blood to come into the follicle causing redness. Acne papules are red pimples that do not have a pus head. Pimples with a pus
head are called pustules. Pus is a fluid inside a pustule made up of dead white blood cells that try to fight the infection.
Oil pore
Blackhead
Whitehead
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Facial skin types and conditions
Sensitive skin has a thin, red-pink look to it which becomes easily inflamed. It sometimes has a dry flaky appearance. It reacts when
exposed to specific cosmetics and atmospheric changes such as hot and cold environments. It often has dilated blood vessels which
sometimes break and are visible beneath the skin. This creates a noticeable red flush or blush, appearing along the nose and cheeks
known as couperose.
Seborrhoea is caused by over secretion of the sebaceous gland making the skin look shiny and oily. Usually found on the face, centre of
the chest and back. Seborrhoea is often the basis for acne.
Rosacea is like acne with the cutaneous vessels of the nose and cheeks giving a red flushed appearance. The skin surface may become
lumpy and thickened with pimples.
Eczema is a skin condition which begins with an itching red area, with pin-head sized small elevations in the skin containing fluid. These
can progress to scaly, dry patchiness which weep fluid. Eczema is a tissue reaction which can be caused by an allergic reaction to a product
or internal stimulus via the blood stream.
Psoriasis is commonly seen as red scaly patches on the skin. The scaly patches are areas of excessive skin production. The redness takes on
a silvery-white appearance.
Herpes simplex are known as cold sores being the viral disease herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). Oral herpes is the
most common form of infection that form weepy, infected blisters around the lips. It is a recurring disease which can last 2-21days.
Hives are caused by an allergic reaction from internal or external sources. It appears as raised, red itchy lumps which can disappear quite
quickly.
Rosacea
Cold sore
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Disorders of pigmentation
Hyperpigmentation.
This is a skin condition where patches of skin become darker than the normal skin tone. This can affect different skin
colours of all human races. It is caused by excess of melanin forming deposits in the skin. Age and liver spots are a
common form of hyperpigmentation. They are caused by sun exposure or hormone imbalances. Sun damaged skin will
have many areas of hyperpigmentation, lots of wrinkles on areas not associated with normal facial expressions. The skin
is sagging from damage to the elastic fibres making it look older before its time.
Hypogimentation.
This is the loss of colour in the skin. It is caused by a decrease of the
amino acid Tyrosine which is used by the melanocytes to make melanin.
Chloasma.
This condition is seen as patches of increased pigmentation on the face.
Usually occurs during pregnancy, taking the contraceptive pill and
during menopause.
Melanoderma.
This describes patchy pigmentation on the skin usually caused when a
product (perfume) is applied to the skin and it causes photosensitivity.
Hypogimentation – Vitiligo, a fungal
condition giving the skin a blotchy
appearance.
Freckles.
Freckles are small pigmented areas of skin usually seen in fair skinned people with red hair. They become evident on
exposure to sunlight. The more exposure to the sun the more freckles will appear.
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Disorders of pigmentation
There are four Naevus conditions of the skin.
1. Capillary naevus or port wine stain is a pale to pink purple colouration caused by enlarged capillaries in the
dermis. They are flat, irregularly shaped patches mainly seen on the face but may appear in other places.
2. Strawberry naevus is a condition that appears within three months of birth and usually disappears by the age
of 10. They are often raised.
3. Spider naevus is a collection of broken capillaries radiating from a central, raised area. Commonly appears
during pregnancy but may appear at any age. Most common on the face.
4. Pigmented naevi or moles can vary in color from pink to brown or black. They can be flat or raised and smooth
having a round shape and may contain hairs.
Keloid.
This is a type of scar tissue caused by an increase of collagen fibres, resulting in an overgrowth of scar tissue. The
raised ridge will be smooth and shiny.
Skin tags.
This is a common fibrous skin condition seen on the neck of middle aged to elderly people. The tags form deep
multiple folds of loose skin often called “turkey neck”.
Relationship between beauty treatments and UV exposure.
Care needs to be taken when aromatic plant oils (particularly citrus oils) have been used in a massage and the client is
exposed to UV directly after the application. The results may be a phototoxic reaction where the skin burns more
easily.
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The skin’s acid mantle
Natural excretion
• sweat
• sebum
When oil from the sebaceous glands and sweat from the sudoriferous
glands mix together on the surface of the skin, they form an emulsion on
the skin called an acid mantle. This thin film of liquid protects the skin by
making it waterproof and prevents harmful bacteria from entering the
skin. Acid mantel is damaged by soap, some cosmetic preparations and
alkaline solutions. If the acid mantel of the skin is removed, then
protection of the skin is lost.
skin’s acid mantle
pH 5
Sebaceous gland
Sudoriferous
gland
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Cleansers
Toners
Mechanical
exfoliants
Chemical
exfoliants
Enzyme peels
SKIN CARE PRODUCTS
Cleansing creams - cleansing milks - foaming cleansers. Follow manufacturers’ instructions for the brand you
are using for the different skin types.
Also known as fresheners or astringents. Designed to lower the pH of the skin after cleansing. Follow
manufacturer’s instructions for the brand you are using for the different skin types.
Used to remove excess dead skin cells. These can be granular scrubs, rub off masques and microdermabrasion
scrub products. Skin brushing machines are also used as mechanical exfoliants. Follow manufacturers’
instructions for the brand you are using for the different skin types. Deeper, surgical level peels must only be
used by dermatologists and cosmetic surgeons.
Popular exfoliating chemicals are alpha hydroxy acids or beta hydroxy acids which dissolve the bonds and
intercellular cement between the cells in the skin. As dead cells are removed over a period of time, wrinkles
become less deep and skin discolouration fades. Follow manufacturers’ instructions for the brand you are
using for the different skin types.
These work by dissolving keratin protein in the surface cells of the skin. They are known as keratolytic
enzymes. There are two types. The cream type is allowed to dry on the skin to form a crust. This is then rolled
off the skin. The other type of enzyme peel is a powder form which is mixed with water. This type does not
dry and can be used in a steam treatment. Follow manufacturers’ instructions for the brand you are using for
the different skin types.
Reduces clogged and oily skin
Increases moisture content and hydration
Decreases uneven skin colour
Improves skin’s elasticity
Benefits of exfoliation
Promotes skin smoothness
Reduces hyperpigmentation
Eliminates or softens wrinkles and fine lines
Speeds up cell renewal
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Moisturisers
Night
treatment
products
Serums and
ampoules
SKIN CARE PRODUCTS
Increase the moisture content of the skin’s surface. They are a mixture of humectants also known as hydrators
or water binding agents and emollients which are oily or fatty ingredients that prevent moisture from leaving
the skin. All have other ingredients that perform additional functions such as soothing agents for sensitive skin,
alpha hydroxy acids for ageing skin. Follow manufacturer’s instructions for the brand you are using for the
different skin types.
These are intensive products used at night to treat specific skin problems. They are heavier than moisturisers
and contain higher amounts of conditioning ingredients. Follow manufacturers’ instructions for the brand you
are using for the different skin types.
These are concentrated products that contain intensive amounts of selected ingredients designed to achieve
specific results. Follow manufacturer’s instructions for the brand you are using for the different skin types.
Massage cream These are lubricants to make the skin slippery during a facial massage. Follow manufacturer’s instructions for
and oils
the brand you are using for the different skin types.
Masques
Clay based masques are mainly used for oily and combination skin types.
Cream masques often used on dry skin types.
Gel masques used on sensitive and dehydrated skin types.
Alginate masques are often seaweed based. The powder is mixed with water and placed on the face. It has a
rubberised texture.
Paraffin wax masques are melted to a temperature a little more than the body’s temperature before being
applied to the face. They are used with a treatment cream to allow for deeper penetration of the creams
ingredients.
Modelage masques contain special crystals of gypsum, a plaster like ingredient. They are used with a treatment
cream to increase blood circulation for dry, mature and dull looking skin.
Gauze is sometimes used with the application of masques.
With all masque products, always follow manufacturers’ instructions for the brand you are using for the
different skin types.
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Sunscreens
Sunscreen, also known as sunblock or sun cream, comes in a lotion, spray or gel. Sunscreens absorb or reflect some of
the UV radiation when the skin is exposed to sunlight and this helps protect against sunburn.
Sunscreens contain one or more UV filters of which there are three main types;
•Organic chemical compounds that absorb 98% of UVA.
•Inorganic particles that reflect, scatter and absorb UV light. Ingredients such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide or a
combination of both.
•Sun filters absorb or reflect 85% of light.
Many do not block UVA radiation, which does not cause sunburn, but can increase the rate of melanoma (another kind
of skin cancer) so people using sunscreens may be getting too much UVA without realising it. Additionally, sunscreens
block UVB and if used consistently this can cause a deficiency of vitamin D.
Sun protective factor.
The SPF of a sunscreen is a laboratory measure of the effectiveness of sunscreen — the higher the SPF, the more
protection a sunscreen offers against UVB - the ultraviolet radiation that causes sunburn. The SPF is the amount of UV
radiation required to cause sunburn on skin with the sunscreen on, relative to the amount required without the
sunscreen. Applying a sunscreen with SPF 30 and the skin will not burn until it has been exposed to 30 times the
amount of solar energy that would normally cause it to burn. The amount of solar energy the skin is exposed to
depends not only on the amount of time spent in the sun, but also the time of day. This is because during early morning
and late afternoon the sun's radiation must pass through more of the Earth's atmosphere before it reaches us.
The protection from a particular sunscreen depends on factors such as;
•The skin type of the user, the amount applied and frequency of re-application.
•Activities in which one engages (for example, swimming leads to a loss of sunscreen from the skin).
•Amount of sunscreen the skin has absorbed.
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Consulting with the client
A visit to a beauty salon should be an enjoyable and luxurious experience for a client. The presentation and hygienic
standards of the salon are extremely important. Your own attitude when you first greet the client is also vitally
important.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Ensure your personal presentation is appropriate.
Be warm and friendly.
Listen to your client.
Use eye contact.
Show a genuine interest in what they are wanting.
Know your products.
Speak well, choosing your words carefully.
Explain the procedures carefully so the client understands.
Do not be too pushy.
Factors that may affect suitability of treatment to
clients.
• Budgetary and time constraints.
• Outcomes of previous treatment.
• Client skin biology.
• Client willingness to follow home care advice.
Adjustments required.
You need to consult with your client on their health and medical history as well as gaining their permission for you to
proceed with the treatment. After having collected all of the client’s information, you may need to adjust the techniques
and vary the length of treatment to suit the client’s requirements.
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

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Information required prior to a beauty treatment.
Skin analysis
Contraindications
Client lifestyle
Allergies
Medical history
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SPECIALISED FACIAL TREATMENTS
Skin condition:
Area to be treated:
Potential areas of concern/contraindications:
Previous treatments:
Expected results:
Skin care products/serums applied:
Equipment used:
High frequency
Direct current
Micro current
Voltage – high or low:
Recommended maximum current intensity:
Selected client intensity:
Selected application time:
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ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
Treatment procedure
Machine used
Duration of application
AFTER TREATMENT RECORD CARD
RESULTS
Intensity of current
Products used
GENERAL PRODUCTS USED
RESULTS
General appearance of skin after treatment:
Adverse reactions:
Client comments:
Further treatments recommended and frequency of treatments:
Products purchased for at home use:
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Occupation Health and Safety requirements
You need to know where to access relevant federal, state and local health and hygiene legislation and regulations,
Occupational safety and health legislation, including skin penetration legislation and information on efficient use of
energy, water and other resources to reduce negative environmental impacts.
In particular you must be aware of;
•The Work Safe Australia National code of practice and National Model Regulations for the control of workplace
hazardous substances.
•Your legal and insurance responsibilities in regards to treatments conducted within the salon.
Occupational Health and Safety considerations.
The following is a list of safety precautions that you must adhere to before and during a service to protect the client
and yourself.
•Have clean water and make sure the product is within its use by date.
•Dispose of any dirty tissues as you use them.
•Use clean gowns, head band and towels for each client.
•Do not apply skin care products on any open, weeping sores or infections.
•If you have a cut on your hand cover it with a plaster or avoid conducting the treatment.
•Keep your fingernails well maintained to avoid scratching the client.
•Wear personal protective clothing if required.
•Wash your hand before you begin making sure your breath is fresh. Wear deodorant.
•Keep all equipment clean and if necessary sterilise items.
•Furniture must be clean and comfortable for the client.
•Facial sponges washed with an antibacterial soap.
•Conserve the use of resources such as energy, water and products to reduce impact on environment.
•Follow salon environmental policies and legislative requirements on the removal and disposal of waste material.
•Follow salon policies and relevant health and safety legislation for skin penetration, sanitising tools and equipment
procedures correctly.
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Potential workplace policies
These may include;
1. Create a friendly courteous environment.
2. Help customers to find what they are looking for.
3. Always be well groomed.
4. Use good time management skills.
5. Understand telephone etiquette.
6. Take time to explain procedures with the customer.
7. Inform clients of any problems advising them of the steps being taken to fix the problem.
8. Follow up to ensure the customer is happy if this is applicable.
9. Be attentive and responsive.
10. Provide service which is rewarding for the customers.
11. Offer appropriate services to the customer.
12. Offer complementary products and services if applicable.
13. Be consistent and reliable.
14. Provide clients with special needs with the best possible care.
15. Be fair at all times to all customers no matter what age, race or ethnic background they have.
16. Ensure that client records are kept up to date.
17. Use equipment correctly and follow maintenance procedures.
18. Report all incidents following work health and safety procedures.
19. Follow waste and hazardous substance disposal as well as linen use and laundry procedures.
20. Maintain knowledge of limitations of treatments, contraindications and conditions referring client to other
practitioners if required.
21. Ensure sufficient knowledge of the roles of nutritionists, dieticians, complementary therapists and medical
practitioners.
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Preparation for the facial
The facial treatment room must look appealing to the client, being well organised at a comfortable room temperature
with soft lighting. You may like to have soft soothing music playing to encourage the feeling of a relaxation.
BASIC FACIAL EQUIPMENT
Facial couch for client
Stool for operator to work from
Products for treatment
Head band or head cover
Spatulas
Electrical equipment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Couch linen, pillow and blankets
Trolley for products and equipment
Salon gown
Gauze, cotton wool and pads
Water bowls and facial sponges
Magnifying lamp
Hot and cold water basin
Facial steamer
Towels
Tissues
Disinfectant solution
Bin with liner and lid
PREPARING THE CLIENT
Greet the client and show them into the treatment room
Consult with the client on their needs and assist them to complete the client consultation
Have the client remove all jewellery and store in a safe place
Allow the client to change into the salon gown, removing their shoes and ask them to lie on
the prepared facial couch
Ensure the client is comfortable and secure on the couch. Tuck the bedding in and around
the client, especially the feet
Place a towel across the client’s chest and fold the edge of the towel over the bedding
Place the clean headband, towel or cap on the client’s head
Lower any straps from undergarments if necessary
Wash your hands
View the client’s skin under the magnifying lamp
Facial couch
Magnifying lamp
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Facial techniques
Facials are one of the most popular beauty treatments to have in a beauty salon as they are both extremely beneficial
for the skin as well as very relaxing. In a 'hands-on' treatment, there are no electrotherapy machines used. The facial
procedure you perform will depend on the skin type of the client. You will need to vary the basic facial procedure
according to the consultation you conducted with the client.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
HANDS ON FACIAL PROCEDURE
Analyse the skin to determine the products and procedures to be used. If eyebrow shaping is required it can be
done at this time.
Cleanse the eye area. Apply eye make-up remover onto damp cotton pads and remove eye make-up . Follow
the directions for product use as recommended by the manufacturer of the product brand you are using.
Cleanse the face and throat. Apply cleanser and remove. Follow the directions for product use as
recommended by the manufacturer of the product brand you are using.
Steam the face. You can use warm moist towels if a steamer is not available. When using a steamer cover the
client’s eyes with moistened cotton pads to protect the delicate skin around the eyes. You may need to use the
ozone feature on the machine. Steam the face for the required length of time according to skin type.
Exfoliate the skin. Depending on the skin type and the product you are using, conduct a manual exfoliate.
Follow the directions for product use as recommended by the manufacturer of the product brand you are using.
Extractions. Depending on the skin type it may be necessary to remove comedones at this point in the facial.
Follow the necessary steps according to the client’s skin type.
Facial massage. Choose the appropriate massage cream or oil depending on the client’s skin type. The
techniques used in this massage will also depend on the client’s skin. Massage face, throat and décolletage.
Extremely oily skin should not be massaged.
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7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
HANDS ON FACIAL PROCEDURE
Sponge off the remaining massage cream or oil.
Treatment masque. Apply the appropriate treatment masque according to the client’s skin type. Remove the
masque following the directions for product use as recommended by the manufacturer of the product brand
you are using.
Apply a skin freshener to the face using cotton pads.
Apply a moisturiser and eye cream according to the skin type.
Remove the head band and gently help the client off the couch. After lying down for one hour they may need
your assistance. Allow the client to change into their clothing in private.
Discard all disposable materials according to salon environmental and health policies.
Replace lids on containers, sanitise items and tidy up the salon replacing items and used linen. Place used linen
in the washing basket and close the lid.
Wash your hands.
Infection control in a salon.
Most infectious agents are microorganisms. These exist naturally everywhere in the environment. Microorganism such
as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and prions (proteins that cause deadly brain diseases) can be involved in either
colonisation or infection.
•With colonisation, there is a sustained presence of replicating infectious agents on or in the body, without the
production of an immune response or disease.
•With infection, invasion of infectious agents into the body results in an immune response, with or without
symptomatic disease.
Transmission of infectious agents requires the following elements;
•A source or reservoir of infectious agents.
•A mode of transmission.
•A susceptible host.
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Electric currents used in beauty therapy treatments
In this unit you will be learning how electricity works when using electrical equipment in the electrotherapy treatments
you provide to your clients.
You will be learning;
•The properties of electrical currents and the forms in which they are used.
•The effects of electrical currents on the human body.
•How electrical equipment operates.
•The safety procedures that need to be followed when using electricity.
Electricity.
Electricity is the flow of electrical power or charge. It is both a basic part of nature and one of our most widely used
forms of energy. Electricity is actually a secondary energy source, also referred to as an energy carrier. This means that
we get electricity from the conversion of other sources of energy, such as coal, nuclear, or solar. These are called primary
sources. The energy sources we use to make electricity can be renewable or non-renewable, but electricity itself is
neither renewable nor non-renewable.
Electricity is a form of energy involving the flow of electrons. All matter is made up of atoms and an atom has a centre,
called a nucleus. The nucleus contains positively charged particles called protons and uncharged particles called
neutrons. The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by negatively charged particles called electrons. The negative charge of
an electron is equal to the positive charge of a proton and the number of electrons in an atom is usually equal to the
number of protons. When the balancing force between protons and electrons is upset by an outside force, an atom may
gain or lose an electron. When electrons are ‘lost’ from an atom, the free movement of these electrons constitutes an
electric current.
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The nucleus
The nucleus is surrounded by a field of electrons. Electrons, being negatively charged particles, move around the
nucleus in defined ‘shells’ or orbitals which increase in energy levels the further they are out from the nucleus. The
negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged protons in the nucleus because of the basic
principle – opposite charges attract and like charges repel. In between the nucleus and the electrons is mostly space.
The atom
Elements.
Matter is made up of different types of
atoms. These types are called basic, or
elementary groups and they are
referred to as elements. An element is
a pure substance where every atom
has the same number of protons.
Primarily, the number of protons in
the nucleus determines the chemical
and physical properties of each
element.
The number of neutrons has little effect on the elements’
properties. There are over 100 different elements, each with a
different number of protons. This number is called the atomic
number. The atomic number is the number of protons an atom
has. Internationally recognised symbols are used to represent
elements. Each symbol consists of an upper case letter
sometimes followed by a lower case letter.
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Element
Hydrogen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Chlorine
Sodium
Symbol
H
C
N
O
Cl
Na
29
Elements continued
There are over 100 elements and there are many millions of substances in existence. This is possible because atoms
are able to combine in various ways to form new substances. Compounds are substances formed when two or more
atoms of different elements are held together by their need for electrons. Where a discrete number of atoms, of the
same or different elements, are bonded together to form a new substance, a molecule is formed.
Electron configuration.
The electrons in an atom are arranged in a series of orbits or ‘shells’ around the
nucleus. Each ‘shell’ can contain a maximum number of electrons. Look at the
diagram showing the electron configuration for the first three shells of an
atom.
A molecule
Once a shell is full, the electrons must go into the next shell. Electrons will not
go into the next shell unless the previous one is full. An example - carbon has 6
electrons. The first shell holds two leaving 4 in the second shell. This makes the
electron configuration for carbon - 2,4.
Electron configuration for the
first three shells of an atom.
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NAME
hydrogen
Helium
FIRST TWENTY ELEMENTS
* indicates full outer electron shell
SYMBOL ATOMIC
ELECTRON
NUMBER CONFIGURATION
H
1
1
He
2
2*
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,6
2,7
2.8*
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Chlorine
Argon
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
2,8,1
2,8,2
2,8,3
2,8,4
2,8,5
2,8,6
2,8,7
2,8,8*
Potassium
Calcium
K
Ca
19
20
2,,8,8,1
2,8,8,2
Elements such as helium, neon and argon
that have a full outer shell are stable and very
un-reactive because they do not seek extra
electrons to fill their outer shell. They are
referred to as inert or noble gases. Noble gas
atoms rarely interact with other atoms.
Other elements take part in chemical
reactions in an attempt to gain, lose or share
electrons in order to gain the stability of a full
outer electron shell.
Elements with the same number of electrons
in their outer shell, such as lithium, sodium
and potassium (one electron) have similar
chemical properties and underline the
importance of the electron configuration in
determining the chemical nature of an
element.
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Bonding
Atoms react with each other in order to achieve a full or ‘balanced’ outer shell and thus attain maximum stability. This
may occur in one of two ways depending on the electron configuration of the atoms and how close they are to having a
full outer shell to begin with.
1. The sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms – covalent bonding.
2. The transfer of electrons from one atom to another – ionic bonding. One atom gains one or more electrons, the
other loses one or more electrons.
The new substance is called a compound. The type of bonding between the atoms affects the physical and chemical
properties of the compound. Its properties will be quite different from those of each of the atoms involved.
A compound is formed when two or more atoms bond together in a specific pattern.
•
H2O – water.
•
H2O2 – hydrogen peroxide.
•
C6H12O6 – glucose.
The molecules of each compound are made when a set number of atoms of the required elements are bonded together
in a fixed pattern. If the pattern is changed, a new chemical compound is made.
Covalent bonding.
A covalent bond is a bond sharing one or more pairs of electrons, usually one from each atom in the bond. Atoms
whose outer shell is only half full or more with electrons do not give up any of these electrons easily. Rather, they
strive to gain extra electrons in order to achieve a full outer shell. Where all atoms fall into this category, the only way
they can achieve this is by sharing outer shell electrons. In this way, each atom has access to the outer shell electrons
of the other atom with which it has formed a bond. This type of bond is called a covalent bond.
Two hydrogen atoms bonded
together with a single pond. A single
pair of electrons, one from each
atom, is shared between two atoms
A single bond can also be
shown as a single line joining
two atoms
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Double bond
This is when four electrons are shared, two from each atom. Oxygen (O2) has a double bond between two oxygen
atoms. This provides oxygen with eight electrons in its outer shell, giving each a full outer shell.
Oxygen (O2)
Oxygen (O2)
A double bond can also be shown
as a double line joining atoms
Nitrogen (N2)
A triple bond where six electrons
are shared, three from each atom
Ionic bonding.
When an atom loses or gains an electron it forms a charged atom called an ion. Ions are charged because the number
of protons no longer equals the number of electrons. Atoms with less than half a full outer shell of electrons may
donate or lose electrons, therefore they have fewer electrons than the neutral atom and the number of protons
exceeds the number of electrons.
•Cation is a positively charged ion, which has lost electrons, having more protons than electrons. This is represented as
a positively charged atom in symbolic form. Atoms with more than half a full outer shell of electrons may accept or
gain electrons.
• Anion is a negatively charged ion which has gained electrons, having more electrons than protons. Anion can reform
back into a neutral atom by gaining or losing the required number of electrons.
In beauty therapy treatments, iontophoresis is the process of using galvanic direct current to penetrate specific water
soluble products containing ions into the skin. When the negative current is applied to the face, the ingredients
containing negative ions are penetrated into the skin. When the positive current is applied to the skin, the ingredients
containing positive ions are penetrated into the skin. Ampoules and serums are products that are prepared for
iontophoresis.
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Principles of electricity
Metallic bonding.
Metals consist of large atoms with one, two or three outer shell electrons and include gold, silver and copper. Each atom
shares these outer shell electrons allowing them to have access to a full outer shell. Metals are made up of positive ions
surrounded by a ‘sea’ of free moving outer shell electrons. Pure metals may be composed of the one type of atom, all
iron, all copper, all aluminium or all gold and all silver. They may also be a combination of different atoms (steel) being
referred to as alloys. Because the outer shell electrons move freely around the atoms it gives metals the ability to be
conductors of electricity. Not all metals are conductors. Metals that display extremely high resistance are called
insulators, being very poor conductors.
Conductors.
Conductors are metals which have very few electrons in their outer shell and share these between all the atoms in the
material. This allows these negatively charged particles to travel freely throughout the substance, meaning they can
easily carry (conduct) electrical currents. This is why copper is used extensively in electrical wiring as a conductor.
Insulators.
Insulators are materials that have their outer shell electrons fixed in place by covalent bonds which means that the
charge cannot move throughout the substance. Some common insulators are plastic, rubber and glass. Plastic is used as
a protective coating around the conducting wires.
Resistors.
Electrical wires are produced from metals that have low resistance through which the flow of electricity is reduced but
not halted. Materials that have high resistance produce low electron flow. Resistance is good for without it we could not
convert electrical energy into other forms of energy. Resistance is measured in the unit of ohm Ώ. Screwdriver handles
are coloured according to their degree of insulation. The higher the rating, the higher the voltage that can be tolerated
before some conductions will occur.
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Principles of electricity
Static electricity.
Static electricity may occur when two material are rubbed together allowing the electrons to become dislodged from
one material and transferred to another. This means that one material will have a greater attraction of electrons than
the other giving an overall negative charge. The other material, which has lost the electrons will have an overall positive
charge. This build up is called static electricity. Rubbing the materials together doesn’t make the charge, it simply
separates negative and positive charges that exist within the materials. Static electricity builds up on all sorts of things.
Most dust particles carry an electrical charge and therefore can be attracted to one another. The charged dust particles
are attracted and cling to any surface that develops a charge. This can be electrical equipment, which directly carries
electric current or a surface subjected to frictional forces, which result in a static electricity build-up.
Static electricity hazards in the salon.
•Sparks are unpleasant. Fingertips discharge will give a large, unpleasant spark.
•Sparks can cause a mixture of flammable gas and air to ignite. Cleaning materials used in the salon such as methylated
spirits and acetone are volatile and will burn if sparks are generated in their vicinity.
•Electrostatic discharges can damage micro-electronic equipment.
•Electrostatic discharges makes cleaning glass surfaces difficult.
•Electrostatic discharges attracts dust particles requiring general cleaning to occur more often.
Prevention.
•Avoid having synthetic carpet in the salon or apply antistatic solution sprays to reduce static.
•Wear rubber soled shoes. Within the retail industry you will often sees cash register operators standing on rubber
matting to reduce the possibility of static electricity.
•Touch something metal before touching a client.
•Place sensitive electronic equipment on an anti-static mat and ensure equipment is properly earthed.
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Principles of electricity
Charge.
All matter is made up of atoms and molecules containing charged particles called protons and electrons. The charge on
the protons is positive while the charge on the electrons is negative. These charges are of equal if opposite in strength.
Uncharged matter consists of equal numbers of protons and electrons and is electrically neutral. The unit to measure
charge is called a coulomb (C). Once an object becomes charged it will exert a force called an electric field. The larger
the charge, the stronger the force and the larger the electric field.
When an object that has built up a static charge touches a metal fitting, it ‘discharges’ and is said to have been earthed.
Many appliances are earthed which removes any accumulated charge from the equipment.
The ability to attract electrons is called electrical potential. Objects that have a negative charge repel electrons and are
described as having high electrical potential. Objects that have a positive charge attract electrons and are described as
having low electrical potential.
Volt.
Between an object with high potential and one with low potential there exists a potential difference called a volt (V).
Potential difference produces the electromotive force (EMF) to push the electrons in one direction. It is measured by a
voltmeter. Electrical flow only occurs when there is a potential difference between the two objects. An object that is
earthed has a zero potential.
Energy.
Energy is the capacity to make something work. Energy cannot be destroyed or created. It is transferred from one
object to another and transformed from one form into another form. Electrical energy is energy stored in a difference in
charge or carried in an electric current. Examples can be static electricity or power lines that carry electricity from
power stations.
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Principles of electricity
Electric current.
The flow of negatively charged electrons is known as an electric current. The flow of electricity can only occur if there is;
•A source of electrical energy being an external power supply or a battery.
•A conductor containing charged electrons which move through the conductor.
•A potential difference along the conductor, measured in volts.
•A closed circuit.
Electrons will flow from the negative toward the positive potential. The flow of electrons (current) is measured in
amperes (A).
Heat energy.
Appliances that transform electrical energy into heat energy do so by using a resistor. All conductors have some
resistance to the flow of electricity, which is felt when appliances ‘get hot’ as the current passes through it. Human skin
acts as a resistor because it resits the passage of electricity through it. The application of electricity to the skin will
result in a build up of heat. This warming effect can be used to increase blood circulation in the skin. Wet skin has less
resistance than dry skin.
Wires of known resistance are used to make the elements of infrared lamps so that just the right amount of electrical
energy is transformed into heat. The filament in an incandescent light globe becomes white hot when a suitable current
is passed through it. A vapourzone uses a heating element to heat the water and produce steam.
Light energy environmental awareness.
•Incandescent globes use a lot of energy to create light.
•Fluorescent tubes are more efficient than incandescent globes.
•Halogen and krypton globes are an economical alternative to incandescent globes being 10 to 20% more energy
efficient.
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Principles of electricity
Circuits.
A circuit consists of a number of electrical components connected together to form a conducting path and fulfilling a
desired function such as providing light. The components form a continuous closed path, known as a closed circuit,
through which a current can circulate. When the circuit is broken, as with a switch, it is called an open circuit. When
the switch is closed the electrical piece of equipment is on. Lighting circuits are designed to supply a maximum current
of 8 amps. Power circuits are designed to supply a maximum current of 15 amps.
Mains electricity.
Mains electricity is generated by power stations and supplied via electricity cables. The current is called A.C. (alternate
current) and is pulled backwards and forwards through the circuit many times per second. A.C. current is called
frequency and is measured in hertz (Hz). Power in Australia is 240 V A.C. at 50 Hz.
D.C. (direct current) is a one way current that batteries and some generators produce. There is a steady flow of current
in one direction and is very convenient for extra low voltage electronic circuits and portable electrical devices such as
torches. Transformers are devices that change the voltage. Rectifiers convert A.C. current into D.C. when these devices
are plugged into power. Some transformers contain rectifiers.
A.C. wiring.
•The live wire fluctuates between negative and positive, making the current flow backwards and forwards throughout
the circuit at 50 Hz. The on and off switch is connected to a live wire socket.
•The neutral wire is the wire that earths the electricity by connecting it to a metal plate buried in the ground. All
buildings contain this metal earth plate. Because of this earthing, the current passes through the wire and it remains
at zero potential.
•The earth wire is a safety wire that connects the metal components of the appliance to earth and prevents it
becoming live if a fault develops.
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Principles of electricity
Three pin plug.
The three pin plug is commonly used in Australia although some equipment has only two pins. Two pin plugs are double
insulated having a plastic enclosure and do not need to be earthed. Wire colours are;
•Live = brown.
•Neutral = blue.
•Earth = yellow and green or just green.
Ohm’s law states that the intensity of a current depends on both the potential difference (volts) and the resistance to
the current ohms.
Short circuits.
A low resistance path that bypasses the load is called a short circuit. They usually occur when there is a failure of the
insulation around the wires conducting electricity to isolate that current to the conduction wire. Causes may be;
•Deterioration due to age or when wires become moist.
•Gnawing by insects or rodents.
•Incorrect wiring so that bare wires are exposed or touching each other.
•Wear around the plug when the socket is pulled out by the cord.
For safety, fuses and circuit breakers should be installed in the meter box to prevent short circuit damage.
Overloaded circuits.
All wiring should be in parallel. As more loads are placed in a parallel circuit, more appliances being switched on, the
current increases. When the current exceeds its limits (8 amps for lights and 15 amps for power) an overload occurs.
The maximum current for one power point is 10 amps. Most power boards include an overload cut out switch which
cuts off the power if it exceeds 10 amps. This is why it is important not to have too many appliances running off the one
power board. Fuses and circuit breakers help to prevent overloaded circuits.
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Principles of electricity
Electrical safety devices.
•A fuse contains a wire that melts if the current for which it is rated is exceeded. Fuses used for dedicated circuits set
up solely for appliances that draw a high current (air conditioners), are usually enclosed cylinders that must be totally
replaced when they ‘blow’. The fuses for power and lighting in a salon fuse box consists of a ceramic holder with fuse
wire running through it. This wire is replaceable.
•Circuit breakers are often used instead of fuses which uses heat from an overload to ‘trip’ a switch. They also contain
a coil that measures the amount of current passing through. Circuit breakers can be reset after ‘tripping’.
•Earth leakage circuit breakers known as safety switches. These are devices designed to protect against the severe
effects of an electric shock. They detect any difference between the current leaving the power station and that
returning. No leakage of current from the circuit means that both values are the same. Electrocution occurs when
current passes from the circuit into a person so the current returning to the power station is reduced. The earth
leakage circuit breaker will switch off the current in less than 30 milliseconds if an earth leakage of more than 30mA
occurs. It does not prevent an electric shock but the duration of the shock is dramatically reduced.
•Surge protectors are devices designed to protect sensitive electronic equipment from a sudden voltage increase.
Electrical energy.
Electrical power is the rate of conversion of electrical energy into other forms of energy. It is measured in joules (J) and
time in seconds (S), power is measured in joules per second or watts (W). The unit used for the measurement of power
is the watt (W). A kilowatt (kW) is equal to 1000 watt. Electrical appliances should be labelled with the voltage at which
it has been set to operate (240V in Australia) and its power of consumption in watts.
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Electrical safety in the salon
Electric shocks happen when a person becomes part of an electrical circuit and the current flows through their body.
Incidents with electricity are usually caused by a lack of experience, training or supervision, broken equipment or
dangerous work conditions. It is the employer's responsibility to make sure electrical equipment is in good working
order and regularly checked.
What to look out for.
•Frayed or broken electrical cords.
•Very long leads.
•Overheating machines.
•Over loaded power boards.
•Water around plugs and electrical equipment.
An electric shock can cause
tissue damage under the skin
Staying safe.
•Always leave repairs to the experts.
•Use equipment properly. Check instructions and follow them.
•Report any faults straight away.
•Never touch electrical equipment with wet hands.
•Regularly check and clean the equipment that you use.
•Switch off appliances at the power point before you pull out the plug. Electrical equipment can still partially operate
without being plugged in due to stored energy. When you turn off the main power supply, just leave the equipment
switched on for a while to release the stored energy.
•Be careful of static charges as they can accumulate and jump out as an arc causing a fire.
•Keep electric leads tidy and away from furniture that can damage them.
•Report any breakdowns or faulty equipment to your boss.
•Salons should have residual current devices (safety switches) installed to reduce the risk of electric shock and
electrocution.
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Workplace injuries
•Electrocution - nerves and blood vessels in the human body are very good conductors of electricity and when the body
comes into contact with live wires electrocution may occur which can be fatal. Nerve injury, with resultant motor and
sensory impairment often occurs after an electrical shock. Muscles are the most sensitive to electric shocks. The
severity of the electric shock is not determined by the voltage alone, but depends on the intensity of the current, the
path of the current through the body, the length of time the current is flowing and the type and frequency of the
current.
•Burns - serious burns may occur from an electric shock due to the resistance of the skin, resulting in the conversion of
electrical energy into heat energy known as a burn.
•Mechanical injury - moving parts of electrical equipment may shift during use and can cause damage to the body.
•Radiation - radiant energy from UV lamps, solariums, lasers and infrared lamps can cause damage to the tissues of the
eye or the skin. Electromagnetic radiation can interfere with cardiac pacemakers.
SAFETY PRECUATIONS WHEN USING BEAUTY ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
Know how to use the equipment. Read manufacturer’s
Ensure intensity setting of the equipment is set at zero
operating manuals and safety data
before it touches the client’s body
Observe any abnormal operation of electrical equipment
Check to see if the cords are in good order, that there
when a client complains of discomfort, when there is a
are no damaged plugs or unprotected wires and that
tingling sensation when touching the metal casing, when
cords and plugs are not hot to touch during use
there is erratic behaviour of the equipment and if smoke,
smell, heat or an abnormal hum comes from the equipment
Check that the fuse size is correct for the appliance or circuit Never touch plugs, switches or any electrical appliance
with wet hands
Electrical fires can occur if hot electrical equipment is placed Don’t overload circuits with too many appliances. Use
near flammable liquids
energy efficient equipment
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42
Electrotherapy equipment
Electrotherapy is the use of electrical currents for beauty treatments.
Direct current treatments are known as galvanic treatments.
There are three major uses of direct current in beauty treatments.
•Iontophoresis.
•Disincrustation.
•Electrolysis.
For an electrolytic process to occur there must be a direct current, a complete circuit, electrolytes (ions in a solution)
and a pair of electrodes being a cathode and an anode. For a current to flow, both electrodes must be in contact with
the solution (electrolytes).
•The electrode connected to the positive terminal of the power source has a positive charge and is called the anode
and has a red plug and red cord.
•The electrode connected to the negative terminal of the power source has a negative charge and is called the cathode
which has a black plug and black cord.
•The working electrode may be a roller, a ball or tweezer electrode while. The indifferent electrodes is usually a metal
rod covered with a wet cloth which must be in contact with the client’s body while the machine is operating.
Iontophoresis is the treatment used to infuse water based serums more deeply into the stratum corneum. The
serums contain an equal number of positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions). Ions with the same charge as
the working electrode are repulsed into the stratum corneum while ions with the opposite charge will be attracted to
the electrode.
There are two process involving iontophoresis. Cataphoreses - the working electrode is the anode, cations are
repulsed into the stratum corneum. Anaphoresis - the working electrode is the cathode, anions are repulsed into the
stratum corneum. The charge of the active ingredient in each product will determine which mode is used.
Cataphoresis is most commonly used in beauty treatments.
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Disincrustation
Disincrustation is a deep cleansing treatment for oily and congested skin. The alkali, sodium hydroxide, is formed under
the cathode. Strong alkali have two affects on the skin;
1. Saponification of lipids – sebum is converted into a soapy substance.
2. Proteolysis – excessive keratin (protein) is broken down.
Working together they will soften and remove excess sebum and keratinised cells, opening pores and removing
blockages.
Rebalancing.
At the end of the disincrustation treatment the polarity of the electrodes is briefly reversed. The electrode that was the
cathode now becomes the anode and vice versa. This is called rebalancing.
Electrolysis.
The galvanic method of permanent hair removal is called electrolysis. It works on the same principle as disincrustation
using the build up of alkali at the cathode to destroy the germinal tissue at the base of the hair follicle. A current of
about 0.2mA is passed through the circuit and a fine needle or probe is used for the electrolysis process. This has the
effect of concentrating the alkali in a much smaller area, causing disruption of the cell membrane and destruction of
protein, resulting in cell death.
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Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS)
Electrical muscle stimulation treatments are used in beauty therapy to improve muscle tone and improve blood
circulation in the treatment area. The two treatments are;
•Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) or low frequency current.
•Interferential treatments use alternating current treatments.
EMS.
Electrodes are placed over the motor points of the muscle group to be exercised. When
the stimulation is applied through the pads, the signal finds it way to these motor points
and causes the muscle to expand and contract.
EMS machine
The electrotherapy equipment uses low frequency current which is fluctuated to produce a series of pulses. This creates
contractions when it is flowing and a relaxation when it is paused. The low frequency of pulses are emitted at a range of
0 – 100 hertz per second to produce a penetration of the pulses into the muscles. Another form of electrical stimulation
is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and is used for pain control which may be incorporated into EMS
machines.
The numbers on the machine refer to the frequency of pulses per second.
•40-60 is used on deeper muscles such as the gluteals - 90 is used on more superficial muscles and 120 is used on
superficial muscles such as the face. The more rapid the frequency, the shallower the pulses travel into the tissue.
Although EMS uses direct current, the polarity of the electrodes and the pulses can be reversed.
•Monophasic current flows in one direction only. This current is placed over the weaker muscle while the anode is
placed over the stronger muscle. It is used to stimulate muscles on the non dominant side of the body.
•Biphais current is when each alternate pulse is reversed, the cathode becomes the anode and vice versa. Equally strong
contractions are experienced below each electrode. It is used on muscles which have many motor points such as the
gluteals.
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Micro-current treatment
Like EMS, micro-current treatments use interrupted direct current to produce low frequency pulses, but at a lesser
intensity of the EMS current. Micro-current intensity is measure in microamps. This treatment is also often referred to
as a “non-surgical facelift”. It stimulates regeneration of skin and muscle tissue by producing a “lifting” effect for ageing
skin which lacks elasticity.
Direct current treatments use electrodes or probes in pairs.
The electrodes for micro-current treatments are;
•Rollers, like those used in some galvanic machines.
•Rubber backed pads, similar to those used for EMS.
•Long metal probes, either joined together or separate.
The chemical reactions under each electrode are the same as for
galvanic treatments and many micro-current machines.
Micro current machine
Alternating current treatments.
Alternating current treatments have two main advantages over direct current in beauty therapy treatments.
•As the polarity of the electrodes alternates, the current changes direction, so there is no chemical build up and
therefore no risk of irritation or chemical skin burns.
•The resistance of the skin to medium and high frequency A.C. is easily overcome so controlled stimulation of nerve
cells and muscles with low intensity currents is possible. Low frequency A.C. (0-1000 Hz). Medium frequency A.C.
(1000-100,000 Hz).
Interferential treatment.
Two separate medium frequency currents with intersecting pathways are applied to the skin. Where the two currents
pathways intersect, a zone of low frequency is created. The frequency of one current is kept constant, while the
second current is varied. Where the two currents intersect, their frequencies cancel each other out, leaving only the
difference between them.
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High frequency A.C.
High frequency machines put out an alternating current of about 250,000 Hz. This rapid movement is realised as heat
having a warming affect on the body. Only one electrode is required for high frequency treatments.
Direct high frequency.
The word ‘direct’ is used to describe the type of high frequency treatment where the therapist holds the electrode,
unlike indirect high frequency where the client holds the electrode. Direct high frequency relies on the build up of
charge on a glass electrode. The electrode is filled with a gas that becomes charged with a high frequency current. The
glass electrode is a poor electrical conductor but when sufficient charge has built up inside the electrode, it discharges,
producing the characteristic sparking seen in direct high frequency treatments. The gentle movement of the electrode
over the skin is sometimes referred to as effluvation. The intensity should only be
turned up from zero when the electrode is in contact with the client’s skin and turned
back to zero before removing the electrode.
Capacitance.
This is the amount of charge stored between two conductors for each volt of potential
difference. It is a means of storing charge.
High frequency machine
Indirect high frequency.
This is also known as Viennese Massage. It uses indirect high frequency where the
electrode is held by the client. The most common electrode is the mushroom electrode
named because it looks like a mushroom.
Diathermy.
Diathermy is used to remove couperose. The needle is inserted at the end of the affected
capillary where the localised heating coagulates the blood and seals the vessel.
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Infrared radiation
Radiant heat lamps.
These lamps, operating at around 200W, have a tungsten filament that produces a range of wavelengths. These
infrared waves usually range from 2 to 25 microns in wavelength. The silver reflector at the back directs the light
forward. Red glass at the front stops all radiation except infrared and red light. Infrared heat radiates heat directly to
an object but does not cause the air around the object to get warm. Infrared heat is also called radiant heat. Once
plugged into an electrical outlet, the lamp will heat up and will emit radiation that can easily be absorbed by the body.
Facial steamers.
Facial steamers contain a high pressure mercury vapour tube in which the electrical current ionises the vapour. High
frequency electrodes ionises the vapour, forcing outer shell electrons out of their orbits. As they return, the energy is
converted into UV light. The UV ionises the oxygen in the surrounding air.
Ultraviolet radiation - UVA, UVB and UVC.
UVC is the least penetrating but the most dangerous as it involves the most energy. UVA has the lowest energy but
the deepest penetration. UVB is used in the treatment of Psoriasis on the skin.
LED - light therapy.
LED, light emitting diode technology, is used to heal skin conditions during a light therapy session. It is ideal because it
emits low level power that does not irritate or burn the skin. LED is effective for healing surface wounds and treating
other skin conditions like psoriasis, eczema, fine lines and sun spots. LED uses concentrated light that flashes very
rapidly.
Atomic theory.
In chemistry and physics, atomic theory is a scientific theory of the nature of matter, which states that matter is
composed of discrete units called atoms.
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Sonophoresis
Sonophoresis uses ultrasound technology to provide a deep cleansing mode, and deep absorption of active ingredients
into the skin’s deeper layers.
Ultrasonic sound wave machines emit ultrasonic low frequency sound waves to permeate into the deep texture of the
skin with warmth, micro-vibration, and cavitation, for a revitalising effect. It can be applied equally to surface tissues
(like skin) or deeper tissue such as muscle and fat deposits.
Vibrations: The photon wavelengths of a specific spectrum can be an all natural, safe and innovative way to fight acne,
blemishes, wrinkles.
Warming: Warmth is produced by vigorous friction of the molecules in high-speed vibration enhance the skins texture
as well as reducing discomfort and and promoting healing.
Cavitation: The effects of ultrasound on fluids such as cleansers and moisturisers assist with the absorption and
dissolving of nutrients in beauty products.
The ultrasound wave works to increase blood supply, stimulate the nerves and soften the tissues. It is a safe therapy as
long as the device is used properly. The contraindications for the use of this treatment include pregnancy and electrical
medical devices.
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Correct use of electrical equipment in beauty treatments
The products you choose will be determined by;
•The assessment of the skin.
•Previous treatments.
•The electrical equipment to be used.
•Products necessary for use with the electrical equipment.
The choice of electrical equipment used will be determined by;
•The client’s concerns and the expected results from the treatment.
•Manufacturer’s instructions.
•Health and safety considerations.
Identifying electrical equipment.
The knowledge you need to have about electrical equipment is;
•Type of current used.
•Voltage – high and low.
•Recommended maximum current intensity.
•Selected client intensity.
•Recommended application time.
•Selected application time.
Electric shocks.
Electric shock occurs when an electric current
flows through the body. The human body is made
up of 60% to 70% water. This makes it a good
conductor of electricity. Burns, damage to
internal organs, heart rhythm problems, and
death can result from electric shock.
Signs & Symptoms.
·Shocking sensations. Numbness or tingling. A
change in vision, speech, or in any sensation.
·Burns or open wounds. These occur where the
electricity enters and exits the body.
·Muscle spasms or contractions.
·Sudden immobility or fractures. A body part may
look deformed.
·Interrupted breathing. Irregular heartbeats or
chest pain.
·Seizures.
·Unconsciousness.
Cleaning of electrical equipment.
•Wipe machine and attachments with a disinfectant soaked disposable cloth.
•Place in secure hygienic storage area.
•Always follow health and hygiene legislation and workplace policies.
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Flammable substances used in the beauty industry
Methylated spirits - active ingredient is Ethyl alcohol.
•Highly flammable. Classified as hazardous according to the criteria of Safe Work Australia.
•Classified as dangerous goods according to Australian Dangerous Goods Code.
•Store away from ignition sources in a cool well ventilated area below 25ºC. Always replace lid on container after use.
•Avoid contact with heat, sparks open flames, smoking and static discharge.
•Wear the protective clothing of gloves, goggles and apron and avoid generating mists.
•This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Disposal of this product should at all times comply with
requirements of environmental protection and waste disposal legislation as well as requirements by local authorities.
Acetone.
•Highly Flammable.
•Use in well ventilated areas away from all ignition sources. Always replace lid on container after use.
•Avoid exposure to static charges when using product. Store in tightly closed containers in cool, dry, isolated and well
ventilated areas away from heat, sources of ignition and incompatibles. Store away from oxidising agents.
•Smoking must be prohibited in all areas where acetone is used.
•Avoid contact with heat, sparks, flame and build-up of static electricity.
•Wear protective clothing, gloves, goggles and apron to prevent skin contact. Always wash hands before smoking,
eating, drinking or using the toilet. Wash contaminated clothing and other protective equipment before storing or reusing.
•Product must be contained and not disposed to sewerage systems, drains or waterways. Dispose of all waste
containers and used drums in accordance with local authority guidelines.
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Steaming equipment
A steam machine is incorporated into a “hands-on” facial during or after cleansing, to open up the pores and allow a
deeper cleansing action. Although a steam machine is a type of electrotherapy machine, it is not considered to be
invasive enough to be considered electrotherapy.
There are several types of electrotherapy machines and their use depends on what treatment the skin requires for the
different skin types. Always follow manufacturer’s instructions when using any
Facial steamer or vapourzone
machines in beauty treatments.
Facial steamer - this piece of equipment is also called a vapourzone. It heats distilled or
demineralised water and produces a stream of warm steam which helps to soften the
skin’s tissue, making it more accepting of treatments products. Steam also helps to relax
and soften comedones and clogged follicles making them easier to remove. The vapourzone
has a disinfecting, antibacterial action on the skin which normalises the pH and promotes
healing of blemished skin.
Ozone steaming - most models of facial steamers have an ozone included for additional benefits. Ozone is used in antibacterial treatments for seborrhoea and acne conditions. It activate the circulation of the subcutaneous vessels and
provides oxygen. Ozone is produced in the head of the equipment through a quartz tube high pressure mercury lamp
over which the water vapour passes and become ionized. Ozone can be destructive causing skin tissue damage from
over exposure if used for prolonged periods.
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Prematurely aged skin
Electrical equipment to assist prematurely aged skin.
•Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) or low frequency current.
•Micro-current neuromuscular stimulation (MENS).
Both methods require the client to have a course of treatments in order to be effective. They differ in the type of
current used and the techniques of application.
Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS).
This is a passive and gentle form of exercise for the skin. The muscles can be stimulated, without the conscious effort of
the skin, made by contact with an electrical current being passed along them. The current has no harmful effects on the
body if the procedure is carried out correctly. It tightens sagging muscles in the face to improve skin tone, giving a
younger appearance. It is also known as “non surgical face lift”.
The equipment uses direct current with a low voltage and low intensity which is fluctuated to produce a series of
pulses. These pulses are emitted at a speed of 120 hertz per second to produce a shallow penetration of the pulses into
the superficial muscles of the face. The pulses cause the muscles to contract through nerve stimulation.
Effects of the contractions.
•Shortening of muscles to improve muscle tone.
•Contraction of muscles, creating pressure on blood vessels to improve blood flow and cellular metabolism.
•Increases lymph flow to remove toxins.
•Improves facial contours.
•Improves skin texture, tone and colour.
In order to be effective, the client will need twelve treatments, beginning with three a week for two weeks followed by
two a week for three weeks, then twice monthly for maintenance treatment. Always follow manufacturer’s instructions
when using the machine.
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Micro-current neuromuscular stimulation (MENS)
This treatment is also often referred to as a “non-surgical facelift”. It stimulates regeneration of skin and muscle tissue
by producing a “lifting” effect for ageing skin which lacks elasticity. It uses a galvanic type current which is pulsed to
produce a low frequency.
Effects of the treatment.
•Speeds up cellular activity and regeneration.
•Assists with toxin removal.
•Increase lymph flow and improves skin tone and texture.
•Smoothes deep lines and wrinkles.
•Tightens slackened muscle fibres.
•Improves collagen production.
Contraindications for this treatment.
•Clients with a pacemaker or those who have a heart
condition.
•Clients who have metal plates or pins in their body.
•Epilepsy.
•Infected acne and skin diseases.
•Scar tissue.
•Sunburn.
•Pregnancy.
FORMATIVE 1. WATCH VIDEO ON EMS FACIAL
TREATMENT PROCEDURES.
Micro current machine
Always follow manufacturer’s instructions when using the machine.
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Brushing machine
Skin brushing is a form of exfoliation and is used during or after a steam treatment. It helps remove dead skin cells from
the skin’s surface and stimulates blood circulation. This machine has a rotating electric appliance with interchangeable
brushes which are attached to the rotating head. Large and stiff brushes are used in back treatments while small and
soft brushes are used on the face.
Before using the machine it is necessary to apply a thick layer of cleanser or moisturiser to prevent the brushes from
scratching the face. It is essential to disinfect the brushes after using on a client.
Contraindications to using a brushing machine.
•Clients using drugs that thin or exfoliate the skin.
•Rosacea.
•Sensitive skin.
•Pustular acne.
•Skin inflammation.
•Skin redness.
•With alpha hydroxy acid treatments.
•With microdermabrasion machines.
Always follow manufacturer’s
instructions when using the machine.
Brushing machine and brushes
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Vacuum and spray machine
The vacuum applications of this machine is suitable for prematurely ageing skin. The amount of suction is adjusted
according to the skin’s natural elasticity. It helps to release wrinkles from their underlying adhesions so that they
become shallower. Most vacuum machines also have an outlet for emitting a fine spray. Sprays are often used to
hydrate the skin and to remove masque treatments.
A vacuum unit consists of;
•An electrically driven vacuum pump.
•A mains control switch.
•A gauge which registers the amount of reduced pressure produced.
•A control dial for increasing or decreasing the amount of pressure required to treat the different tissues of the face.
•Accessory items – different sized cups for suction and application for spraying liquid.
Contraindications for vacuum treatment.
•Delicate sensitive areas of fine and thin skin.
•Capillary damage.
•Loose skin.
•Skin infections, cuts, abrasions and bruising.
•Diabetes.
•Recent scar tissue.
•Sunburn or windburn.
•Glandular swelling.
Always follow manufacturer’s instructions when using the machine.
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Vacuum and spray machine
56
Galvanic machine
This machine uses direct electrical currents to treat skin conditions. Depending on the active product being used, this
will help reduce spots and blemishes or to help infuse active ingredients deeper into the skin.
An electrode is an applicator for directing the electric current from the machine to the client’s skin. High frequency
machines have only one electrode. Galvanic machines have two electrodes – an anode which has a red plug and red
cord and an cathode which has a black plug and black cord.
Galvanic treatment for oily, blemished and acne skin types.
Galvanic current is used in a disincrustation treatment on oily, blemished and acne skin types. It softens and emulsifies
hardened sebum stuck in follicles such as open comedones, closed comedones and milia. Disincrustation products are
alkaline fluids or gels that act as solvents for the hardened sebum making their removal easier. When the negative pole
of the galvanic machine is applied to the face over a disincrustation product, the current forces the product deeper into
the follicle. The current also produces a chemical reaction that helps to loosen the impacted sebum.
Method of using galvanic machine in disincrustation.
Wrap both electrodes in wet cotton. When conducting a disincrustation treatment the
active electrode, being the cathode, negative electrode, is applied to the oily areas of
the face for 3 to 5 minutes. The anode, positive electrode, is held by the client in their
right hand. After the disincrustation process is completed, sebum deposits can easily
be extracted with gentle pressure.
Always follow manufacturer’s instructions when using the machine.
Galvanic machine
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Galvanic burns
A galvanic burn occurs through a misuse of the galvanic current machine. The burn may appear red at first and will later
turn grey and weepy. If the burn is deep enough to reach the bone it is called a galvanic bone burn. Both of these burns
usually appear under the cathode.
Causes of galvanic burns.
•Uneven application and movement of electrodes.
•Over treatment.
•Inadequate cover on active electrode.
•Applying the electrode in one position for too long.
•Holding the electrode on its side.
•Skin drying out.
Safety precautions against galvanic burns
Actions to prevent burns;
Ensure the active electrode is well covered with damp cotton
wool and gauze
Ensure the inactive electrode is well covered with no wrinkles
and is held firmly in place
Ensure the electrode is held flat on the skin
Do not use too high an intensity
Do not work too long on one area
Do not allow the skin to dry out beneath the electrode. If
necessary drip water onto the skin if there is no product
remaining
Check;
For contraindication to the treatment
That the machine intensity dial is at zero
That the active and inactive electrodes are on correct charge
The correct procedure for applying the product
That the active electrode is place on the cheek before turning
on the machine
That you gradually turn on the intensity while maintaining
electrode contact using gently circling movements
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Iontophoresis
Iontophoresis is the process of using galvanic direct current to penetrate specific water soluble products containing ions
into the skin. When the negative current is applied to the face, the ingredients containing negative ions are penetrated
into the skin. When the positive current is applied to the skin, the ingredients containing positive ions are penetrated
into the skin. Ampoules and serums are products that are prepared for iontophoresis. It is the most suitable direct
current treatment for red, flushed skin.
Contraindications for this treatment.
•Loss of skin sensation, which may lead to over treatment.
•Recent scare tissue as thickened skin will require a high intensity and may cause soreness.
•Skin diseases, cuts and abrasions.
•Heart conditions and those with pace makers and low blood pressure.
•Epilepsy, diabetes and migraine sufferers.
•Clients who have metal plates or pins in their body.
•Pregnancy and highly vascular conditions.
Always follow manufacturer’s instructions when using the machine.
FORMATIVE 2. WATCH VIDEO ON IONTOPHORESIS PROCEDURE.
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High frequency machine
A high frequency machine has electrodes made of glass which contain different types of gas. One of these gases is neon
which lights as a colour when current is flowing through the electrode. The most common electrode is the mushroom
electrode named because it looks like a mushroom. High frequency can be applied directly to the skin, known as direct
application, or the electrode can be held by the client during treatment. This creates an electrical stimulating massage,
known as indirect massage or Viennese massage. Always follow manufacturer’s instructions when using the machine.
Functions of high frequency.
1. Accelerates blood circulation, strengthens lymph action, supplies nutrition
to the skin and gets rid of toxic substances from the skin.
2. Strengthens metabolism of cells, helping the skin to breath and excrete toxins.
3. Brings heat to skin fibres, improving skin condition which assists nutrition to
enter into the skin.
4. Sterilises and diminishes inflammation promoting wounds to heal up and
strengthens the skin’s immunity.
5. Improves the moisture balance of the skin.
6. Calms sensory nerve endings.
Contraindications of high frequency treatments.
High frequency machine
•Epilepsy, asthma and extreme vascular conditions.
•Skin diseases, cuts, abrasions and sensitive skin.
•Diabetes, sinusitis and heart conditions.
FORMATIVE 3. WATCH VIDEO ON HIGH
•Metal plates and pins in the head.
FREQUENCY PROCEDURE.
•Migraine sufferers.
•Pregnancy.
•Sufferers of oily skin as indirect frequency stimulates sebaceous activity.
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Micro-dermabrasion
Micro-dermabrasion works by gently exfoliating the outer epidermal layer, removing dead skin cells. Pure, sugar-fine
mineral crystals gently sweep away the damaged surface cells to encourage the skin's natural renewal process.
Micro-dermabrasion can reduce fine lines and wrinkles and helps in the fading of age spots and other superficial skin
damage caused by the sun. It stimulates blood flow, which increases the nutrition delivered to skin cells, improving cell
production and the skin’s elasticity and texture. The time it takes to achieve skin cell renewal will vary from person to
person, depending upon various factors which include;
•Age.
•Condition of the skin at the time of application.
•Skin conditions such as acne and rosacea.
•Mount of sun exposure.
•Natural facial pigmentation.
With the removal of the dead skin cells, the skin is more likely to
gain significant benefits from skin care products applied to it.
Micro-dermabrasion temporarily removes some of the skin’s
natural moisture so it should always be followed by the
application of rich moisturisers.
Scientific studies continue to explore the benefits and dangers of
micro-dermabrasion. Some suggest that repeated use of the
process causes rapid loss of skin moisture, which may trigger the
lower layers of the skin to grow and mature at a much faster pace,
moving them more rapidly to the skin’s surface.
Micro-dermabrasion
machine
FORMATIVE 4. WATCH VIDEO ON
MICRO-DERMABRASION PROCEDURE.
Always follow manufacturer’s instructions when using the
machine.
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Contraindications to microdermabrasion
Before using microdermabrasion on a
client ensure that they have checked
with their doctor before commencing
the treatment.
Micro-dermabrasion should not be
used on skin that has;
•Recent sunburn.
•Advanced age (over the age of 80).
•Dermatitis.
•Eczema.
•Extensive hyperpigmentation.
•Excessively sensitive skin.
•Herpes.
•Lupus.
•Open sores.
•Rosacea.
•Nervous clients.
•Severe skin conditions.
•Skin lesions.
•Vascular lesions.
•Widespread acne.
LED - light therapy
LED, light emitting diode technology, is used to heal skin conditions during a
light therapy session. It is ideal because it emits a low level power that does
not irritate or burn the skin. LED is effective for healing surface wounds and
treating other skin conditions like psoriasis, eczema, fine lines and sun spots.
LED uses concentrated light that flashes very rapidly.
In facial treatments LED therapy;
-Minimises redness and warms lower level tissue.
-Stimulates blood flow and improves skin smoothness.
-Improves acne prone skin.
The type and colour of the light varies according to the treatment. Red lights
are used to treat ageing skin and blue light is used for acne prone skin.
LED light therapy is relatively safe however if the client suffers from
seizure disorders they should not have the treatment.
A session usually commences with a microdermabrasion procedure. Specific
lights are then beamed at areas to be treated for a few minutes. Depending on
the client’s age, skin tone, diet and lifestyle, results may be observed
immediately or after a series of sessions held one week apart. Some client’s
may need 6 to 8 sessions to see dramatic results on their skin. In between
sessions, the client should apply a skin care regime to compliment and boost
the effects of the LED light therapy sessions. Maintenance treatment may also
follow at least once or twice a month.
Always follow manufacturer’s instructions when using the machine.
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Safety when using electrical equipment
•Only purchase well made, sturdy equipment with a good reliable reputation for quality results.
•Ensure that it is easy to clean and maintain.
•Thermostatically controlled equipment is the best to purchase as it reduces the risk of accidents occurring because of
its automatic cut-off switch.
•Ensure that you have proper training in how to use the equipment safely before using it on a client.
•Equipment should be professionally installed and checked to prevent overloading.
•Avoid using double adaptors when using electrical equipment.
•If a fault develops, turn the equipment off, check plugs and fuses and call an electrician.
•Equipment must be regularly serviced and tested according to quality standards.
•Ensure the correct placement of machines so there are no trailing leads which can cause tripping.
•Hot equipment should be placed in a secure position and if necessary add a warning notice.
•Follow manufacturer’s instructions in all aspects of safe use of the equipment.
•Lamps should not be left on over reflective surfaces.
Work safe practices.
•Check that all dials on the equipment are at zero before commencing.
•Prepare equipment and check for any potential faults.
•Test temperature and adjust to client requirements.
•Store machines on a sturdy safe trolley.
•Keep all electrical equipment away from water.
•Do not use electrical equipment with wet hands.
•Do not allow the client to touch the machine unless they have been asked.
Do not use brushing machines or
mechanical peeling techniques on;
•Skin with visible capillaries.
•Skin that reddens easily.
•Older skin that is thin.
•Skin being medically treated.
•Skin with inflamed papules and
pustules.
Adverse reactions.
Always ask your client how they are feeling as the treatment is being conducted. Should your client find discomfort or
have a reaction to the treatment STOP immediately.
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Identify appropriate electrical equipment
It is essential that you know how to use the salon products with the electrical equipment in your facial treatments.
The products you choose will be determined by;
•The assessment of the skin.
•Previous treatments.
•The electrical equipment to be used.
•Products necessary for use with the electrical equipment.
The choice of electrical equipment used will be determined by;
•The client’s skin type and the expected results from the treatment.
•Manufacturer’s instructions.
•Health and safety considerations.
Identifying electrical equipment.
The knowledge you need to know about electrical equipment is;
•Type of current used.
•Voltage – high and low.
•Recommended maximum current intensity.
•Selected client intensity.
•Recommended application time.
•Selected application time.
Safety Data Sheets for cleaning products must
be kept in areas where disinfectants and
sterilants are stored. A beauty salon needs to
check with their local Occupational Health and
Safety department for relevant requirements.
Cleaning of electrical equipment.
•Wipe machine and attachments with
a disinfectant soaked disposable cloth.
•Place in secure hygienic storage area.
•Always follow health and hygiene
legislation and workplace policies.
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Treatment for prematurely aged, dry skin
Prematurely aged skin means that the client looks older than they actually are. It is affected by decreased cell renewal
where fewer new cells are replacing old ones. When dead skin cells are not shed rapidly, the skin looks dry, dull and
wrinkled.
Causes of skin ageing prematurely can be;
•Sun damage or solar elastoses, where collagen and elastin have broken down due to over exposure of ultra-violet
exposure. This can be natural sunlight or sun tanning beds.
•Medication and illness.
•Prolonged stress.
•Smoking and excessive alcohol abuse.
•Hereditary, where the rate of ageing is inherited to some extent.
•Climate, being exposure to extreme weather conditions.
•Poor diet.
•Skin dehydration, although this may be only a temporary condition.
Massage for ageing skin.
Massage prior to using electrical equipment for ageing skin helps to warm and relax the muscles. It increases blood
flow, reducing the skin’s resistance to the electrical current. The massage movements should lift the muscles, soothe
and smooth lines and wrinkles and provide a comforting feeling to the client. Concentrate on the areas where there is a
visible loss of muscle tone. Avoid placing pressure on the trachea at the front of the throat and the eye area where the
skin is thin and should not be stretched.
Ensure that the movements are rhythmic and have repetition and pressure for the amount of;
•Elasticity in the skin and the skin’s general condition.
•Subcutaneous fat in the skin.
•Relaxation the client requires.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
FACIAL PROCEDURE FOR PREMATURELY AGED AND/OR DRY SKIN
Analyse the skin to determine the products and procedures to be used. A skin scanner machine can be used if
available.
Cleanse the eye area. Apply make-up remover onto damp cotton pad and remove eye make-up. Follow the
directions for suitable product use on aged and dry skin as recommended by the manufacturer.
Cleanse the face and throat. Follow the directions for suitable product use on aged and dry skin as
recommended by the manufacturer.
Steam the face. Cover the client’s eyes with moistened cotton pads to protect the delicate skin around the eyes.
Steam the face for 5 minutes.
Exfoliate the skin. You can conduct a manual exfoliation during or after the steaming with a mild granular
exfoliating product designed for aged and dry skin. Gently massage with light circular movements. Remove with
damp soft facial sponges. You can also use a microdermabrasion machine to exfoliate the skin.
Facial massage. Apply the recommended massage product for aged and dry skin and conduct a facial massage
to include throat and shoulders. Wipe off excess product with damp soft sponges upon completion of massage.
Can use electrotherapy treatments;
 Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS).
 Galvanic machine. Sonophoresis – sound waves enable deeper penetration of ingredients into the skin. The
sound waves create cavitation, being vertical open channels, that allow the ingredients to enter the skin
transdermally. It uses galvanic ultra sound waves providing 4,000 times better penetration.
 High frequency.
 Galvanic roller.
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8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
FACIAL PROCEDURE FOR PREMATURELY AGED AND/OR DRY SKIN
Treatment masque. Apply the appropriate masque for aged and dry skin. Cover the client eyes with cotton pads
and leave the masque on according to manufacturer’s instructions. Remove following product manufacturer’s
instructions.
Apply skin freshener suitable for aged and dry skin.
Apply appropriate skin moisturiser and eye cream.
Remove the head band and gently help the client off the couch. After lying down for one hour they may need
your assistance. Allow the client to change into their clothing in private.
Discard all disposable materials according to salon environmental and health policies.
Replace lids on containers, sanitise items and tidy up the salon replacing items and used linen. Place used linen
in the washing basket and close the lid.
Wash your hands.
FORMATIVE 5. WATCH THE SERIES OF VIDEOS ON FACIAL PROCEDURES FOR PREMATURELY AGED AND/OR
DRY SKIN.
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Treatment for skin suffering erythema
Erythema is redness of the skin caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin and can be a result
of exposure to UVA, UVB and UVC rays coming from the sun. It is seen as red, flushed skin due to dilated and broken
capillaries. With erythema, the skin temperature is raised. The dilated capillaries are a result of vaso-dilation which
occurs when blood capillaries expand to allow greater quantities of blood to flow through them. When capillaries
continually dilate they become weak which causes them to expand and eventually break. Diathermy, laser and
sclerotherapy can treat broken capillaries.
This skin type is regarded as sensitive as it usually reacts to irritants or strong products. All skin treatments should be
aimed at desensitising and decongesting the skin to reduce the redness and strengthen the capillaries. Using products
that soothe and hydrate the area will create an immediate improvement.
Erythema can be caused by;
•Products that are too strong and may contain alcohol.
•Inadequate moisturising of the skin.
•Inherited sensitivity and allergic reactions.
•Delicate and fine skin.
•Over exposure to ultraviolet light.
Massage for red, flushed skin.
The massage techniques of effleurage, roll patting and gentle static movements will calm nerve endings and create a
relaxing feeling for the client. Do not use petrissage or tapotement movements as these will only cause more redness.
Perform all movements slowly and with minimal pressure. The length of massage will depend on the skin’s reaction.
Spend more time on the neck and shoulders. Use a light massage oil which will not drag the skin. Do not use a mineral
oil as it has a heating action which over stimulates the skin.
Iontophoresis with an ampoule or serum is the most suitable direct current treatment for red, flushed skin however
only use electrical equipment if the skin’s sensitivity is not too severe.
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FACIAL PROCEDURE FOR RED, FLUSHED SENSITIVE SKIN
1. Analyse the skin to determine the products and procedures to be used. A skin scanner machine can be used if
available.
2. Cleanse the eye area. Apply make-up remover onto damp cotton pad remover and remove eye make-up. Follow
the directions for suitable product use on sensitive skin as recommended by the manufacturer.
3. Cleanse the face and throat. Follow the directions for use of cleanser on sensitive skin as recommended by the
manufacturer.
4. Facial massage. Apply the recommended massage product for sensitive skin and conduct a facial massage to
include throat and shoulders. Wipe off excess product with damp soft sponges upon completion of massage.
5. Apply appropriate masque as directed by product manufacturer. Can use masque with electrotherapy galvanic
machine. Iontophoresis - infusion of an alginate masque. Apply and leave the masque on according to
manufacturer’s instructions. Remove as instructed by product manufacturer.
6. Apply eye crème and skin moisturiser.
7. Remove the head band and gently help the client off the couch. After lying down for one hour they may need
your assistance. Allow the client to change into their clothing in private.
8. Discard all disposable materials according to salon environmental and health policies.
9. Replace lids on containers, sanitise items and tidy up the salon replacing items and used linen. Place used linen
in the washing basket and close the lid.
10. Wash your hands.
FORMATIVE 6. WATCH THE A SERIES OF VIDEOS ON FACIAL TREATMENTS FOR RED SENSITIVE SKIN.
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Treatment for seborrhoea and acne skin
Deep cleansing of these skin types is vital to reduce the build up of dead skin cells and hardened oil in the follicles.
Seborrhoea usually diminishes with age although the skin may be left with surface damage such as visible open pores.
A seborrheic skin is recognised by enlarged pores, shiny oily surface, a thick, sallow dull appearance with comedones.
Acne vulgaris, known as acne, is a common skin disease having seborrhoea, comedones, papules, pustules, cysts,
nodules and possibly scarring.
Acne rosacea is seen as;
•Oily, shiny skin with flushing, especially on the nose, cheeks and forehead. In men, there may be a gross enlargement
of the sebaceous glands of the nose known as rhinophyma (strawberry nose).
•Papules, but very few pustules unless the acne is very severe.
•No comdeones.
Treatment objectives for;
•Seborrheic skin requires treatments to reduce the oil level.
•A mature acne skin requires treatments to minimise the visual appearance of scarring and uneven pigmentation.
•An acned skin requires careful deep cleansing and healing.
Enzyme peels.
The enzymes in this product dissolve dead skin cells and remove them from the skin. The product should be applied
whilst the facial steamer is on the face. Use the ozone setting on the steamer as it has an antibacterial and germicidal
action on the skin. On an acne skin, the peel must be gently removed with damp cotton pads and warm water to
prevent breakage of pustules. Do not conduct extractions prior to disincrustation as the open pore may attract the
current. Perform extractions after steaming and after disincrustation and follow with high frequency to reduce the
likelihood of cross contamination.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
FACIAL PROCEDURE FOR SEBORRHOEA AND ACNE SKIN
Analyse the skin to determine the products and procedures to be used. A skin scanner machine can be used if
available.
Cleanse the eye area. Apply make-up remover onto damp cotton pad remover and remove eye make-up. Follow
the directions for suitable product use on seborrhoea and acne as recommended by the manufacturer.
Cleanse the face and throat. Apply cleanser and remove. Follow the directions for use of cleanser on seborrhoea
and acne skin as recommended by the manufacturer.
Can use electrotherapy galvanic machine for disincrustations using positive galvanic current.
Steam the face with TCA (Trichloracetic acid) peel applied. Cover the client’s eyes with moistened cotton pads to
protect the delicate skin around the eyes. Steam the face for 5 minutes.
Extraction of comedones. Use latex gloves when extracting comedones. Apply damp cotton pad over the client’s
eyes to avoid the light from the magnifying lamp. Cover your fingers with cotton and whilst looking through the
magnifying lamp, place your middle fingers on either side of the comedone, stretching the skin. Push your fingers
down to reach underneath the follicle and then gently squeeze. Apply the same technique to all sides of the
blocked follicle and press out the comedone. If the comedone does not easily come out, leave it there until the
next treatment. Never squeeze with your fingernails.
Acne skin should never be massaged however if the skin condition is not extreme, apply a massage fluid designed
for oily and combination skin types as instructed by the product manufacturer. Only use light massage
movements as you do not want to stimulate the oil glands.
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8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
FACIAL PROCEDURE FOR SEBORRHOEA AND ACNE SKIN
Treatment masque. Electrotherapy equipment can be galvanic machine using sonophoresis – sound waves
infusing masque into the skin. Follow treatment timing and instruction according to manufacturers’ directions.
Remove masque as instructed by product manufacturer.
Apply skin toner.
Apply appropriate skin moisturiser.
Remove the head band and gently help the client off the couch. After lying down for one hour they may need
your assistance. Allow the client to change into their clothing in private.
Discard all disposable materials according to salon environmental and health policies
Replace lids on containers, sanitise items and tidy up the salon replacing items and used linen. Place used linen
in the washing basket and close the lid.
Wash your hands.
FORMATIVE 7. WATCH THE SERIES OF VIDEOS ON FACIAL PROCEDURES FOR SEBORRHOEA AND ACNE SKIN.
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General contraindications for skin treatments
Those which prevent treatment or require clearance from a medical professional to proceed and relationship to
specialised facials;
- bacterial, fungal, parasitic and viral infections.
- cancer.
- epilepsy.
- pigmented lesions.
- pacemakers.
- recent cosmetic treatments such as injectables, Intense Pulsed Light (IPL), laser, dermabrasion.
- undiagnosed lumps.
Those which restrict treatment and appropriate modifications to specialised facial treatments;
- allergies.
- anxiety.
Allergic reactions
- areas exhibiting loss of tactile sensation.
Allergic reactions are sensitivities to
- dysfunction of the nervous system.
substances called allergens that come into
- inflammations and swellings.
contact with the skin, nose, eyes, respiratory
- medications that cause thinning or inflammation of the skin.
tract, and gastrointestinal tract. They can be
- abnormal skin.
breathed into the lungs, swallowed, or
- skin trauma.
injected.
- recent scar tissue.
When the body senses a foreign substance,
the immune system is triggered. The immune
system normally protects the body from
harmful agents such as bacteria and toxins.
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Providing after treatment service
Once the facial treatment has been completed, you need to discuss the results with the client and re book for further
sessions. Take home products should be recommended to maintain the skin in between treatment times. Tea Tree is
often used as an ingredient in antibacterial home care products. Always follow product manufacturer’s instructions
when providing advise to your client. Demonstrate the use of these products to your client. Record the results of the
massage on the client consultation sheet making notes of any adverse reactions or specific concerns.
Lifestyle recommendations for clients.
Nourish the skin by eating the proper foods. A healthy and balanced diet promotes general well-being and allows the
body to function at its best. Eat plenty of fruits that contain seeds and vegetables - organic is better as it contains
additional nutrients.
Drink plenty of water. The recommended eight glasses of water a day is essential in maintaining the elasticity and
suppleness of skin. Water also clears the skin and aids in the proper elimination of waste.
Exercise regularly. Exercise is good for the heart and the body. The skin benefits from exercise since blood circulation is
increased, thus bringing oxygen and nutrients to the rest of the body.
Be smoke free. Smoking tends to destroy Vitamin C in the body and damages the elastic tissues that keeps the skin
tight. Alcohol tends to expand the blood vessels causing red spots and itchiness on the skin.
Cleanse the skin twice a day. Cleaning plays an important part in the overall wellness of your skin. After cleansing the
skin, tone and moisturise it.
Protect the skin. Harsh elements can severely damage the skin and can lead to irritation and infection. Always wear
sunscreen with at least SPF 15+ when out in the sun.
Get plenty of rest. Give the skin time to rejuvenate and heal while sleeping. Stress is extremely bad for the skin and
body. It indirectly creates instability in the hormonal system, which in turn leads to more skin problems like breakouts
and acne.
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Glossary terms
Ammeter
Ampere
Anion
Anode
Atom
Biphasic
Capacitance
Cathode
Cation
Circuit
Compound
Conductor
Coulomb
An instrument used to measure current
The unit to measure current
A negatively charged ion
Electrode connected to the positive terminal of a power source having a positive charge
The smallest particle of an element that can exist alone or in compounds
Current in which each alternative pulse is reversed and equally strong contractions are
experienced below each electrode
The amount of charge stored between two conductors for each volt of potential difference
Electrode connected to the negative terminal having a negative charge
A positive charged ion
A number of electrical compounds connected together to form a conducting path
A combination of atoms
Objects such as metals that are able to allow the movement of electrons and therefore
conduct electricity
The unit that is approximately equal to the combined charge of 6.25 x 1018 electrons
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Covalent bond
Current
Diathermy
Chemical bond formed between atoms by the sharing of electrons
The movement of electrical energy around a circuit
Treatment used to remove couperose
Disincrustation
Dynamic
Deep cleansing treatment for oily or congested skin
Current or moving
Earthing
Occurs when an object that has built up a static charge touches a metal fitting and
discharges
Gentle movement of an electrode over the skin
The ability to attract electrons
A flow of negatively charged electrons
Effluvation
Electrical potential
Electric current
Electric field
Electrodes
Electrolysis
Region of space where a charged object will experience an electric force and move
accordingly
The two terminals of an electrolytic circuit
The galvanic method of permanent hair removal
Electron
Atomic particles with a negative charge
Elements
EMS
Frequency
Galvanic treatments
Hertz
The different basic atom types
Electrical muscle stimulation used as a treatment to induce muscle contraction
The amount of oscillations per second of energy in the form of waves
Treatments based on direct current
The unit to measure frequency
High frequency
machines
Machines that produce ultraviolet light and sparks to disinfect the skin
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Iontophoresis
Insulator
Ions
Thermolysis
Volt
Voltmeter
Treatment used to infuse products more deeply into the stratum corneum
A substance that does not allow the flow of electrons
Atom or molecules that have lost or gained electrons hence they are charged particles that
are able to conduct electricity
Unit of measurement equal to 1000watts
The energy of motion
Acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Substance of which a physical object is composed
Smallest unit of which a physical object is composed
Current that flows in one direction only
Atomic particle that contains no charge
Elements such as helium, neon and argon that have full outer shell being also known as
inert gases
The unit that measures resistance
Short, continuous bundles of waves
Not moving
The principle which occurs when certain substances exposed to UVA fluoresce, producing
light of different frequencies
The alternating current form of permanent hair removal
The unit of potential difference
Instrument used to measure potential difference
Watt
The unit used for the measurement of power
Kilowatt
Kinetic energy
Laser
Matter
Molecule
Monophasic
Neutron
Noble gases
Ohm
Photons
Static
Thermoluminescence
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Sustainability
Sustainability is the ability to maintain a certain status or process in existing systems. The most frequent use of the term
sustainability, is connected to biological or human systems in the context of ecology. The ability of an ecosystem to
function and maintain productivity for a prolonged period is also sustainability.
Sustainability in general refers to the property of being sustainable. The widely accepted definition of sustainability or
sustainable development was given by World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987. It defined
sustainable development as "forms of progress that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their needs.“
Practically, sustainability refers to three broad themes, economic, social and environmental, that must all be
coordinated and addressed to ensure the long term viability of a community and the planet.
The primary goal of sustainable is using renewable natural resources in a manner that does not eliminate or degrade
them or otherwise diminish their usefulness for future generations.
Sustainable work practices;
•Safe disposal of all waste materials to minimise negative impact on the environment.
•Efficient use of energy, water and other resources used to minimise negative impact on the environment.
•Ensuring the practice of waste minimisation and recycling is conducted to reduce impact on the environment.
•Comparing availability of products, equipment and services and adjusting their use to minimise negative impact on the
environment.
This completes the learning material for this unit.
Authors copyright is claimed in all forms of media. Moral rights are claimed in all forms of media. Intellectual property rights are asserted and maintained in all forms of media.
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