How might marine organisms interact
with wave and tidal-stream energy?
Michele Stanley, and Ben Wilson SAMS
Annual Science Meeting
Plymouth 11 – 13 May 2010
Coupled POLCOMS-WAM-ERSEM
Wind Stress
Irradiation
Wave Model
Heat Flux
Pelagic Model
Cloud Cover
Small Cells
Boundary
Conditions
River
Inputs
Large Cells
Si
Phytoplankton
Pico-
Flagellates
O
r Particulates
g
Bacteri
a
a
n
i
Dissolved
c
s
NO3
Diatoms
CO2
NH4
PO4
Heterotrophs
Micro-
N
u
t
r
i
e
n
t
s
Meso-
Zooplankton
S,T,SPM,
K,u,v,w
C,N, P,Si
Sed
Phytoplankton
Detritus
Nut
rien
ts
Suspension
Feeders
3D Baroclinic Hydrodynamics + Sediment
Transport
D
e
t
r
i
t
u
s
Aerobic
Bacteria
Meiobenthos
Anaerobic
Bacteria
Deposit
Feeders
N
u
t
r
I
e
n
t
s
Pelagic
Oxygenated
Layer
Redox
Discontinuity
Layer
Reduced
Layer
2
Benthic Model
Encounter rates
Standard predator-prey
encounter model
Model predicts:
Number times porpoises & turbine
blades share same point in space
& time.
I.E. Opportunities for collisions to occur
Potential encounter rates
In a year,
13 porpoise encounters / turbine
3.6 – 10.7 % porpoise “population”
Very responsive ------------------ Oblivious ---------------------- Attracted
2% herring population
Many variables known:
Visual cues
Approach speeds
Visual acuity
Turning speeds
Response thresholds
Escape speeds
Latency
Escape trajectories
180
For a fish with a total length of 30 cm at 10°C
1
30
0.6-0.8
0.8
20 10
90
270 Freque
ncy
0.8-1
0.4-0.6
probability of
escape
0.6
0.2-0.4
0
0-0.2
0.4
Stimulus Direction
0.2
0
0.5
3
5.5
1.1
8
Blade velocity m/s
13
0.1
15.5
Temperature !
t
1
0
α1 α0
retina
lens
0.6
10.5
t
blade
thickness
m
D1
D0
Influence of hydrodynamics on collision risk
MCT Ltd
Which ones to monitor?
Lunar Energy
Rochester Venturi
TidEL
Statkraft
HAMMERFEST STRØM AS
Blue Energy
Kinetic Energy Systems
TidEL
Verdant Power
Green light for 1 concept doesn’t clear whole industry
Gorlov helical
turbine
Openhydro
Stingray
UW electric kite Nautricity
Understanding Environmental
Interactions
Acoustic footprints
SAMS-EMEC “Drifting Ears” technique
Autonomous acoustic drifters
Understanding Environmental
Interactions
Oceanography
Yermak
Plateau
Svalbard
Margin
hen open the file again. If the red x still appears, y ou may hav e to delete the image and then insert it again.
Bear Island
Fan
Tapping the Tidal Power Potential
Joule Project JIRP106/03
of the Eastern Irish Sea Oct 2006 – Dec 2008
MEWS Group, Department of Engineering
R Burrows, NC Yates, TS Hedges
DY Chen, M Li, JG Zhou,
POL: J Wolf, IA Walkington, J Holt,
R Proctor, (D Prandle)
0-D modelling of energy generation
2-D modelling of tidal hydrodynamics
Tidal barrages in the estuaries of the North West could meet half the region’s
present electricity needs
www.liv.ac.uk/engdept/tidalpower
UKERC project ‘Effects of Marine Renewable
Energy Devices on Sediment transport &
Ecology’
•
•
Sustainable use of natural resources
How will barrages, turbines, wind farms
and other energy extraction devices
affect the flow, hence the sediment
transport and ecology?
There may be long term, large area
changes in sediment distribution due to
changes in tidal flow and waves.
North Hoyle
Part of Lismore
Understanding Environmental
Interactions
56.3230
D1c
D2c
L
atitu
d
e
56.3220
56.3210
D3s
D1s
D3c
D2s
B3s
B2c
B1s
B3c
B2s
C3c
C2c
C1s
C1c
C2s
C3s
E1s
E2c
E3c
E3s
E2s
E1c
B1c
Artificial structures
A1s
56.3200
A1c
A2s
A2c
A3c
A3s
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
-24
-26
-28
-30
-32
meters
56.3190
-5.2740 -5.2730 -5.2720 -5.2710 -5.2700 -5.2690 -5.2680 -5.2670
Longitude
The largest
experimental
artificial
reef in Europe
Key Scientific Questions
• What are the best case studies?
• Placement of devices in arrays or farms or even the colour of devices • Will they modify dispersal pathways of organisms ?
• How will energy extraction change local and far field wave patterns and tides? • Compensatory habitats – quality and biodiversity‐ fishery exclusions
• Needs to be an impact to measure it
What is the take home message •
•
•
•
UK commitment to expansion – 15% 2020
Global issue – LWEC importance
Geographically large scale – beyond single researchers capacity
Biological interactions largely unknown – environ impact assessments not based on strong scientific evidence
• Far field as well as local effects – need co‐ordination between biologists, engineers and physical modellers
• Potential interactions between science and industry to improve engineering designs
• NERC is in a position to deliver – with EPSRC and DEFRA
Renewables funding from:
-
and others…..
Thank You To
Judith Wolfe and Alex Souza‐ POL
Ben Wilson, Tom Wilding, Bob Batty, Andrew Dale and Clive Fox‐ SAMS
For their contributions to this talk