M. Mohammadi MD Cognitive Domains in MCQ Instruction M. MOHAMMADI MD Education Development Center (EDC) Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) February 06 M. Mohammadi MD 1 BLOOM’S TAXONOMY • In 1956, Benjamin Bloom headed a group of educational psychologists who developed a classification of levels of intellectual behavior important in learning. • This became a taxonomy including three overlapping domains; the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective. M. Mohammadi MD BLOOM’S TAXONOMY IN COGNITIVE DOMAIN 1. KNOWLEDGE (MEMORIZATION) 2. COMPREHENSION (UNDERSTANDING) 3. APPLICATION (USING) 4. ANALYSIS (TAKING APART) 5. SYNTHESIS (PUTTING TOGETHER) 6. EVALUATION (JUDGING) M. Mohammadi MD 2 KNOWLEDGE (MEMORIZATION) M. Mohammadi MD KNOWLEDGE (MEMORIZATION) FACTS, CONVENTIONS, DEFINITIONS, JARGON, CLASSIFICATIONS, CRITERIA RECALL OF METHODS, PROCEDURES, ABSTRACTIONS, PRINCIPLES, THEORIES CORRELATES WITH MEMORIZATION SKILLS BUT NOT PROBLEMPROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS NECESSARY BUT NOT SUFFICIENT FOR SOLVING MEDICAL PROBLEMS M. Mohammadi MD 3 • • • • • • • • • • Cite Count Define Draw List Name Record Relate Repeat underline M. Mohammadi MD KNOWLEDGE (Example) Which one of the followings is a component of cardiac conductive system? I. SA node II. Oval window III.Mitral valve IV. Superior vena cava M. Mohammadi MD 4 COMPREHENSION (UNDERSTANDING) M. Mohammadi MD COMPREHENSION (UNDERSTANDING) UNDERSTAND AND GRASP THE MEANING OF KNOWLEDGE SPEAK OR WRITE ABOUT KNOWLEDGE IN ALTERNATIVE WAYS (PARAPHRASE) ARTICULATE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT ITEMS OF KNOWLEDGE INTERPRETATION OF INFORMATION, SUCH AS EXTRAPOLATION OF TRENDS NECESSARY BUT NOT SUFFICIENT FOR SOLVING MEDICAL PROBLEMS M. Mohammadi MD 5 Compute Describe Discuss Translate Express Identify Locate Report Restate Review tell Compute M. Mohammadi MD COMPREHENSION (Example) Please compare the left and the right column considering relevant activities? P wave QT interval QRS complex PQ interval Ventricular cont. Atrial cont. Ventricular relaxation SA node conduction M. Mohammadi MD 6 APPLICATION (USING) M. Mohammadi MD APPLICATION (USING) USE OF ABSTRACT IDEAS IN PARTICULAR CONCRETE SITUATIONS REMEMBERING AND APPLYING PRACTICAL IDEAS, PRINCIPLES, THEORIES SOLVING HOMEWORK PROBLEMS WITH SINGLE SOLUTIONS M. Mohammadi MD 7 • • • • • • • • • • • • Apply Calculate Dramatize Employ Examine Illustrate Operate Practice Sketch Solve Schedule Use M. Mohammadi MD APPLICATION (Example) Which one of the following cases will more benefit from Holter monitoring? 1) Patient with chronic abdominal pain 2) Patient with persistent chest pain 3) Patient with recurrent palpitations 4) Patient with unstable angina M. Mohammadi MD 8 ANALYSIS (TAKING APART) M. Mohammadi MD ANALYSIS (TAKING APART) BREAKING DOWN A COMPLEX PROBLEM INTO PARTS SOLVING EACH PART USING PRINCIPLES, THEORIES, ETC. DETERMINING CONNECTIONS AND INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PARTS ANALYZING A CLINICAL SITUATION OR PROBLEM M. Mohammadi MD 9 • • • • • • • • • • • • • Analyze Appraise Calculate Categorize Compare Construct Debate Diagram Differentiate Examine Inventory Question test M. Mohammadi MD ANALYSIS (Examples) You find a long QT interval in the EKG of an 18 month old baby with unprovoked convulsion, which one of the following electrolyte disturbances better correlates with this condition? Hypoglycemia Hyponatremia Hypocalcemia Hypophosphatemia M. Mohammadi MD 10 SYNTHESIS (PUTTING TOGETHER) M. Mohammadi MD SYNTHESIS (PUTTING TOGETHER) PUTTING MANY PARTS TOGETHER TO MAKE A NEW WHOLE A PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY REFERRED TO AS DESIGN AN OPEN-ENDED PROCESS WITH MORE THAN A SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER CLINICAL DESIGN OF A NEW PLAN OR PROCESS M. Mohammadi MD 11 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Arrange Assemble Collect Compose Construct Create Design Formulate Integrate Manage Organize Plan Prescribe propose M. Mohammadi MD SYNTHESIS (Examples) A 50 old year old obese man comes to ER. He is complaining from a severe chest pain beginning from 4 hours ago radiating to his left arm. You find an ST depression of more than 5mm on the EKG. Which one of the followings is more compatible with his condition? 1) 2) 3) 4) Pericardial effusion Myocardial infarction Pericarditis myocarditis M. Mohammadi MD 12 EVALUATION (JUDGING) M. Mohammadi MD EVALUATION (JUDGING) MAKING A JUDGMENT ABOUT A SOLUTION, DESIGN, REPORT, MATERIAL MAY INVOLVE INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL CRITERIA INTERNAL CRITERIA: BEST MODELS, LOGICAL, FREE OF ERRORS EXTERNAL CRITERIA: ENVIRONMENTAL, LEGAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIOLOGICAL SELECTION AMONG CLINICAL PLANS & ALGORITHM FOR IMPLEMENTATION M. Mohammadi MD 13 • • • • • • • • • • • • Assess Choose Compare Criticize Estimate Judge Measure Rank Rate Revise Score select M. Mohammadi MD EVALUATION (Example) In the previous case history, which one of the following treatment strategies do you choose? A. B. C. D. Cardiac defibrillation IV adrenaline CCU admission & CBR IV morphine M. Mohammadi MD 14 BLOOM’S TAXONOMY ”“MISCONCEPTION M. Mohammadi MD DO NOT SAY TAXONOMY 1, 2 OR 3 SAY LEVEL 1,2 OR 3 ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ )ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﻪ( • ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﻛﺮدن • ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﺮدن • ﻃﺮح ﻛﺮدن • اداره ﻛﺮدن • ﺧﻠﻖ ﻛﺮدن • ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺑﻨﺪي ﻛﺮدن • ﺟﻮر ﻛﺮدن • ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻛﺮدن • ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ • اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻛﺮدن • ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻛﺮدن • ﺣﻞ ﻛﺮدن • ...... M. Mohammadi MD 15 ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت )ﺳﻄﺢ دو( • ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻛﺮدن • ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻛﺮدن • ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﺮدن • ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻛﺮدن • ﻓﻬﻤﺎﻧﺪن • ﮔﺰارش ﻛﺮدن • ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻛﺮدن • ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻛﺮدن • ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻛﺮدن • ﻧﺸﺎن دادن • ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﺮدن • ﺑﻪ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮدن • ﻛﺸﻒ ﻛﺮدن • ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻛﺮدن • ﺗﻤﻴﺰ دادن • اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج ﻛﺮدن • ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ زدن • ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ دادن • ........ ﻳﺎدآوري ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ )ﺳﻄﺢ ﻳﻚ( • • • • • • • • • • • ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ رﺳﻢ ﻛﺮدن ﺷﻤﺮدن ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺮدن ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻛﺮدن ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﺮدن ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮدن ﻧﺎم ﺑﺮدن ﺛﺒﺖ ﻛﺮدن زﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺧﻂ ﻛﺸﻴﺪن ...... BLOOM’S TAXONOMY QUESTIONS’ LEVELS 1. KNOWLEDGE (MEMORIZATION) 2. COMPREHENSION (UNDERSTANDING) 3. APPLICATION (USING) 4. ANALYSIS (TAKING APART) 5. SYNTHESIS (PUTTING TOGETHER) 6. EVALUATION (JUDGING) I II III M. Mohammadi MD M. Mohammadi MD 16 THE TYPOLOGY Content Dimension Fact Principle Concept Procedure Cognitive Operation Dimension Recalling Defining Predicting Evaluating Problem Solving M. Mohammadi MD THE TYPOLOGY CONTENT DIMENTION Fact COGNITIVE OPERATION DIMENSION Recalling Defining Predicting Evaluating Problem Solving M. Mohammadi MD 17 THE TYPOLOGY CONTENT DIMENTION Concept COGNITIVE OPERATION DIMENSION Recalling Defining Predicting Evaluating Problem Solving M. Mohammadi MD THE TYPOLOGY CONTENT DIMENTION Principle COGNITIVE OPERATION DIMENSION Recalling Defining Predicting Evaluating Problem Solving M. Mohammadi MD 18 THE TYPOLOGY CONTENT DIMENTION Procedure COGNITIVE OPERATION DIMENSION Recalling Defining Predicting Evaluating Problem Solving M. Mohammadi MD THE TYPOLOGY Content Dimension Fact Principle Concept Procedure Cognitive Operation Dimension Recalling Defining Predicting Evaluating Problem Solving M. Mohammadi MD 19
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