CHARACTERISTICS OF
PROKARYOTIC AND
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
CHAPTER 4
Cellular Characteristics

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

binary fission
no nucleus/nucleoid
no organelles
no introns
genes arranged as operons
cell wall of peptidoglycan

mitosis/meiosis
nucleus
histones
organelles
introns
cell wall of chitin or cellulose or absent
80s rRNA











2
Prokaryotic Cells

Sizes

Shapes

Arrangement
3
Typical Prokaryotic Cell
4
Fig. 4-16ab
Gram–positive
Peptidoglycan
Cytoplasm
Membrane
Gram–negative
Peptidoglycan
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic membrane
Periplasm
Outer membrane
(Iipopolysaccharide and protein)
Gram Positive Cell Wall

Gram positive
6
Fig. 4-16c
Peptidoglycan
Cytoplasmic
membrane
TEM of bacterium
Gram Negative Cell Wall

Gram negative
8
Fig. 4-16
Gram–negative
Gram–positive
Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic membrane
Periplasm
Membrane
Outer membrane
(Iipopolysaccharide and protein)
Outer membrane
Peptidoglycan
Cytoplasmic
membrane
Cytoplasmic
membrane
Peptidoglycan
Fig. 4-23
O–polysaccharide
Core
polysaccharide
Lipid A
Protein
Out
Lipopolysaccharide
(LPS)
Outer
membrane
8 nm
Cell
wall
Porin
Periplasm
Peptidoglycan
Phospholipid
Lipoprotein
Cytoplasmic
membrane
In
Acid Fast Cell Wall

Acid Fast
Lipid layer penetrated by hydrophobic carbol fuchsin

Wall deficient
11
Cell Structures — Membrane

Plasma
membrane
12
Cell Structures — Membrane
13
Internal Cell Structures

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Nuclear
region
14
Inclusions

Internal
Membranes
15
Endospores
16
Fig. 4-38
17
Fig. 4-39
Germination
Vegetative cell
Developing spore
Sporulating cell
Mature spore
Fig. 4-41
Exosporium
Spore coat
Core wall
Cortex
DNA
Cell Structures — External

Flagellae
20
Fig. 4-4714 nm
L
Filament
P
Flagellin
MS
Hook
Outer
membrane
(LPS)
L Ring
Rod
P Ring
Periplasm
Peptidoglycan
Rod
MS Ring
Basal
body
MS Ring
C Ring
Cytoplasmic
membrane
Mot
protein
Fli proteins
(motor switch)
45 nm
Mot
protein
Mot
protein
C Ring
Cell Structures — Axial filaments

Axial Filaments
22
Cell Structures — Attachment

Pili

Fimbriae
23
Cell Structures — Glycocalyx

Capsule

Slime Layer
24
Eukaryotic Cell Structure
25
Eukaryotic Cells

Plasma membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus
26
Eukaryotic Organelles — Mt

Mitochondria
27
Eukaryotic Organelles — Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts
28
Eukaryotic Organelles

Ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum
29
Eukaryotic Organelles

Golgi Apparatus

Peroxisomes

Lysosomes

Vacuoles
30
Cytoskeleton and Motility

Cytoskeleton
 Flagellae
31
Motility — Cilia

Cilia
32
Motility — Cilia

Cilia
33
Motility — Cilia

Cilia
34
Motility — Pseudopods

Pseudopodia
35
Cell Walls
Fungal cell wall (chitin)
Plant cell wall(cellulose)
36
Endosymbiotic Theory
37
Endosymbiosis
38
Movement Across Membranes

Diffusion
39
Osmosis

Water movement
40
Active Transport

Active transport
41
Endo/Exocytosis
42