lrark A. Rumble, USDA, ForestService,Rocky l,4ountainForestand Range ExperimentStation,501 EastSt. Joe,
Rapid City, South Dakota57701
and
Stanley H. Anderson, USDI,Fishand WildlifeService,CooperativeFisheriesand WildlifeResearchUnit,Department
of Zoology, Universityof Wyoming,Laramie,Wyoming 82071
MacrohabitatAssociationsof Merriam'sTurkeysin the Black Hills,
South Dakota
Abstract
were introduced ihto South Da.kots in the late 1940's and have sine expoded
Merim's
tukeys (Meleogru saLhparo Miam
practi@s
to occupy the entire Bl&k Hills. Because liule is known oftheir habitst requircments ard the effects offorest neagenent
on this inportmt
game species, nacrohabitat
selections pattens of Merriah's turkeys in the Black HiIs, SD were studied. Habitar
units of 3 32 ha were delineated md desc'ibed with methods used by the Forest Senice for ssessirg impacts of mdagemenr
wi$ geater thu 70% oveBtory c opy
activities on wildlife. Winter habitats of turkeys were ponde.osa pine (Pinus ponrl$ota\
cover. Sumner habitats of turkeys were open ponderosa pine. Meadows were selected less thm expected during all seaons. Resoluof effects of naagement
activities on wildlife
tion ofconflicts over management oI national {orests depend hgely on undemtmding
spc.i.s. Ma.aging pdnderosa pine at 14 to l8 n'lha baal oea in nature stands wil reduce winter habitat for turkey6, but is
habitat of adult turkevs without Doults.
consistent with sunner
Introduction
Wild turkeys were not native lo western South
Dakota, but were transplanted in 3 separate
releasesof B, 15, and 6 birds in 1948, 1950, and
1951, respectively (Peterson and Richardson
1973). Population estimatesofturkeys in the Black
Hills of South DaLota were 1,000 in 1952 and
5,000-7,000 in 1960; current estimatesexceed
10,000.
Habitat use and management ofthe Merriam's
(MeLeagrisgallapa,uo merriami) turkeys in nontraditional ranges have been studied in South Dakota
(Peterson and Richardson 1975) and Montana
(Rose 1956, Jonas 1966). Early studies of Merriam's turkey were limited by observation methods
and contained bia^scsin the assessmentofthe birds'
habitat needs (e.g., Jonas 1966, Bryant and Nish
1975, Petersenand Richardson1975, Shaw and
Smith I977). Telemetry has allowed collcction of
unbiascd data on habitat use patterns, bul few
studies have been conducted in ponderosa pine
lPinus ponderosa) forest types (Mackey 1984,
1986, Schemnitzet al. l9B5) and these have not
addressed the detailed analyses of seasonal patterns ofhabitat sclcction.Habitats in prior studies
were dcscribed vegetativelybased on the dominant
species of vegetation (Jonas 1966; Scott and
Bockcr 1975; Bryant and Nish 1975; Macley
1982, 1986; Lutz and Crawford 1989) which
precludes understanding the effects of forest
management activities including logpfng or thinning
238
Northwest Seience.Vol. 67. No. 4. 1993
on Merriam's turkeys. Increased value of ponderosa pine timber resources, emphasis on old
growth tinber, and improved technology for harvesting timber have potential to impact Menjam's
turkey habitat (Shau 1986). The objectives of this
study were to determine seasonal habitat use and
.clection patterns of M"rriam's turkeys in a ponderosa pine ecosystem.
StudyArea
This study was conducted in the central Black Hills
of South Dakota, 16km west of Rapid City. The
study are encompassed4,380 ha. Most of the land
area is under management by the Black Hills National Forest, Pactola Ranger District. Private holdings associated with ranch operalion!. prirale
homes, and cabins are located in the study area.
Vegetation of the study area is primarily pure
ponderosa pine {orest (B4olo).Meadows and aspen
(.Populus tremuloides\lbich
(Betula papyifera)
habitats occur in drainages, but some monotypic
aspen habitats also occur on north erposures. Bur
oak (Quercu: maooca4po) and white spruce (Piceo
glaaca) comprise less than Iolo of the study area.
Climax vegetation or potential natural communities include: Pinns po nl,erosa/Sympfuirirarpos albus;
P. pond,efttsa/Arctostaph.yloswo.uni; P, pond.eroso/
Juniperu^s communis; Populw tremulnides /Corylus
comuta; Q. macrocarya/Ostrya rirginiana;
Q.
macrocarpa/S- albus; ar'd Picea glaucalLinnaea
boreali: Hoflman and Alexander (1987).
Oeologic rnatcrial is predorninantlv l)r'ccam
brian anclC:rrnbriarr
granilc.schists.and rretaserliments (Holfrnan and Aleranclel 1987). trilcvation
rangcsfr.ornnpprorimarelv l:i00 to 1800 m. (l]inrate is contillenLalrith colcl rdnter'sancl *arrn
sumrners(Orr 19591.Jnnu:rn is Lrpicalhthc colcl
csl rnonthwith mean tenpcraturc etitremesof - I I
to 2'C: Julv and AugLrstrre the \\'afhcst lrith mean
tcmperatuleexlremcsol 15 to 29'C. Aver-agcannrralprecipitationis 50 ltl,)5 crn oflhich 70 B00i
falls bctrreen Aplil and Scpternber (S. Dak.
(iJimatological Summarw. No. 20-39-6. L.,s.
S'eaLlrerBur.). Snot'lall arerages8,1cm. but mar
lange liom 25 to 200 or. The combin:rtionofclimateand soilsis ide:rl1vsuited [rt pondcrosapine.
lith dependalrlc sccd crops ou'urring rcgularlv
anrl crccllent crop-qo.( ufr;ng at approxirnatelr
3 vear inter,'als (ltolclt and \an Duesen ]974).
Methods
This studv las condu(1edo1.clr 3 ve:rrpeliod Lcginning \'[arch l9B(r and ending Januarr' ]989.
-Somcturlevs in thc Rlack Hills used ranch feedlots antl suburbnn housing devcloprncntsfor lintr:r' 1i'cding: oLhers remaincd in the frrrest
throughout wintcr ol until deep snow frrrccrlthcm
Lo rrse ranchcs lPetelsen and Ricfialdson 1975).
This re-.ealchl as conrluttcclon bilds in the lallcr
categor\.
Turkevs tere Lrappr:rJ
duling the studv in latc
Fehruarr or callv \'larch using rockel ncts and
dr{)p ncts orer corn baiL.This shldv ibcused on
hors becau-seof Iheir importance to poprrl:rtion
gro*th or rieclinc. l orty-lbur'(il6 felralcs and 8
rnalcs)of 82 tullevs LrappecJ
lcr.c fittcd t'ith bac,kpack raclio lrlrnsmitte$ $,eighing app|orimatelv
108 g.
Locatiorrsofbircls bcgan afier a 1-*eck rcljustment poiod to the radio transrnittcrs(Nenno and
Tlc.rlv1979). Each birrl that rcnraineclinthe strrdv
alea $as relo('iilc{l3 times erch ueek. Onl'locaLion cach week correspondctJto cach of the 1ollorring tinrc pcriocls:sunlise to 1000 lrr. 1001 to
I :100 hr. and 1,10I hr lr) sLrn,(ct.
lloosting hahitats
are inrluclerl in Rumble (1992) arrd arc not piut
oi this paper'.Birds that enrigratcclliom Lhe clefined studv area u'crc rclocated al lelsL rnonthll.
lo rnonilor thcil activities ancl cletermincil thet
r " , , r ,J O . r c ki n l , ,l l . - t , r ' l \r r , r . L u c ' r t r o ns-, r ,
deLerminedbl plotting 2+ bearings (frcqucntlv
5 + ) florn known lor.ations
on L SC-qt:2'X.(X)0con-
toLrrrnapsin thc lielcl Lrsinga hanclhcld2,element
vl€ii a]rtenna.Bcrringsr\ere usuallvtilkcn Irotn po
siLionsthat r,;erelithin il00 rn ol thc estirnaredlocation.E:lch loceLi()n
was assignedto I hahitatrrnit
{see belo*l bascrJon rnaps urd I ni,'crsal lruns
'rerse Nlclcator cooldinates anrl rccorded to Lhe
ncarest l0O rn rcurr-dcdin the lield. To achicle
irrdepcndcnce
o1obselrations(Alldlcclge;rnd Ratti
19861.onlv I locationwa-slecordcrl for cach bir.d
on anv given dav and m()sllrcrc 2 davs ;rpalt. lir'rors associatecl
with assigninghabiLatunils to lo,
cations $crc avoided bv rnaking location nnd
habitat dcterminationsin thc ficll. I'went\-se\cn
percentol all localionsrr.ereeitherdired visualob
scrlations or lelemelr;c locationsol bir'ds lithin
abouLa 50-nr radius circle lithin thc dcterminecl
boundaliesof Lhehabitatunit (Rum|le 1990:]6).
Habitat assignmcntslbr bird's locations l t-re lircili
taled bv thc topographir.criter.iauscd to derermine
habitat unit boundarir-'s(scc belot).
Flabtal Descrptions
Habilats in lhis sludv tcre numelicallv iclcntiiicd
gcographicalLrnits.used bv thc lr'orestSerr,iccto
paltition l:rnclareasibr managernenL.
Boun(lalics
tere defirrcd bv watelshed topographr (r'icl€ie-.:rnd
, l r r i n r p -, t o r ' . l i - t i rtr , l ' a r ' ; - - i r \ ' : . t . r t i o r t ! t ' - .
Prirate lands in lhc studv alea $ere assigncdto
habitatsbuseclon interprclalionof 1:24.000 ar:rial photographs.Eristing hahitat bounrluics ler.e
crtcntled il the regeLal;ontrpe $as conlinLrous.or'
n e r ' l u , u r r , l . r r-i ,r ' , r r ' r r - - i g ' ' e ,i lt , h . r n ; ,- i r r r e g - t;rLlonlvpc lrere apparenL.
\iegelalir.c clcscriptions ol habilats rrt-re made
liom estimate-coi dbh and basal area rn eacn
clelincatccllubitat unit. Firc' plots. distributecl
elenlv acrosscach habitat rurit. rere markcclon
l:24.000 contour rnaps in thc luboratorv. s'hen
habitat uniLsu'crc too small ibr eiii't tir,c placcment
oi 5 plrts, fc*cr plots lere usetl. Iiach plot las
Lhcnrclocatedin the field anclsampled.rith trer:s
included in sanrplingdtcnnined using a 10-firctor
prisrn (-Sharpeet aL. 1976t.
f)e-scriptiorrs
of habitatsnere based on domi
nanl spccics ol re€ietalionand r)\crstorv canopt
covcr' (Buller! arrcl Cillam 198,1). Sre did n1,t
str':rtilvhabitatson clbh classesber,arrscdoing so
clid not inprovc understandingof habitatselection
pattcrnsol turke\ s (Rurnblcand lnderson 1992).
Orerslorr crnopv cor,er(OCC) ofpondclosa pine
habitat-"*as r:stinatcd based on tht fcrllowing
N'lacrohrbitatsol MerriLrrn'sTulkcls
2:t9
cquation: O(iC{oi) :
0.51xllASAL AREA
(FTri A[]) - I .94 {Bennett19811.Aspen arrribilch
l r r r l , i t . rr 't'-r . , ' , r r l ' i ' , - ,11, , r , r - , t h ' - , - t ' n ,i n - r r rnarrageclas thc sanrc habitat br the Fo|est -{err icr: in thc Black Hills. Oul stud,- in<lrrdr:rl5l il
habitat units Ironr nine halrit.rtr,atcgolicsthich
includerl nrearlorrs. aspcn,/hirr'h1).1001,OCC.
aspcn/birch .11 ;090 OCC. asporr'birch )71%
(Xi(i. pondelosapinc 0-.109h0(i(i. pondelosapine
1l -i00/0 OCC. pondcrlrsapine >;t q, OCC il igurc 1). splur'e. and oel.
B
C
{spenrBrclr l1'lf)oi
21ll
orlrsLorr
RLrnrhl ancl Andclson
\-l," Br,l
o - 1 0 4 , . . \ , - r . \ , ' n v t . \. a i \ / l
F L er' - l
E
i( "r n'r-,1)
I'orderosa
piDe 0-100/0 orersrory conopr corer
C
Ponrlemsa pin, ;l
F-Pondr:rcsa pine 1l-70%
l(i001,or.rslon
ovrrstorr clior)\
,or..
(!nol)\ ,or, r
Analyses
'l
crnrinologr rrscrl in this stLrdl firlLrts Johnson
l l 9 U 0 ) a n d l ' h o m a s: r n d T r l l o r ' ( 1 9 9 0 ) : l a 6 i r a t
zrscirnpliccl utilizrtiorl that 1\,asnot comparcrJ tcr
that
arailalrilitr:lLtiitt :clcdiotr irnl)liedLrtilization
rras rronrlrarerlLo r\ailabil;t\,: anclhahitaLpreJbreD.e leqllircs clilfcrcntial sclcction of rcsourccs
g i \ ' c n c q u a l a r a i l a b i l i t va n d $ a s I r l l p a f l o l l h i s
stu.l\.
N'laclohirhitats
r)l Nerri:rn's Turke\s
241
Ilabitat use/selectiondata fronr turkcvs l,ere
shntiiled irrto scasons;Dcccmber lebruan (l.in
ter').\'larch Xlar (spring).June-Arrgust(sumrnerl.
(firl1).l o ensur.eLhatthe
anrl September-Novernber'
. r - - L r n t , l i ,, ,, r1i r r , l ' 1 , - r rr,rl ,r, , , 1o l , - , r r : r t i o ns- r nraintainecl.analvscsrlele done Lrsingonlv 1 obscl\.ation il 2 or mole radio-marked bircls r,;cle lo
.alcd tof(ether.
Chi-squale Lestsattempt lo fit a specilied rnocicl
to r daLas{rtand signifir:anccindicatesdcviations
liorn thc crpected fit under the modcl. The rnodel
irl {rrch tesl $as no interacLionamong lacLorsof
the contingcncvtable anrJhrpotheses afc stated
in a positile scnsc (Steel ancl Torrie
(l980:496-499). (ihi-squalctest of inrJcpcndence
ras Lrsed1()tesl lhc hvpothesis lhat habit:rl usc patlerns ol Nlcrriam's Lrrrkcvsltere -qimilar<rnorlgseasons. lhis hvpothcsist'as lcjcctcd (1'] < 0.00l)
ard -eubse(lLr('nt
tcsts of hahilat sclectionu,erc made
lilhin scasons.(ihi-sqrrarcgoodness-o[-fit
test-s
nirh
corrcctionfor (!ntinuin ((ix'hran l96lli *ere uscd
to tesl Lhc hvpotheses that t'ithirr seasons.habitats
sclccteclby Nlcr-r'iam's
Lrrrkevsrrcre not diffcrcnt
iron randorn allocalion of obserr.ation-r
tithirr
habitats baserl on propor-tionalarea. becausc oar<,
spruce. anclaspeninclivirJLrallv
compriscd a small
lxrrtion ol lhe sLLrrlvarea. iniLialchi-square Lesrs
rrcrc rnacle*ith oak:rncl splrcc pooled. anrJ as
pen habitats pooled lo rcduce as nruch as possiblc the nu mbcr of cells * ith lil.er. than 5 erpccted
(rl)scrrations.Deviationsol habitat use rersus erpccted use fcrr individLral habitats ter-e rnaclc in
diridrrallv iirl all habitats inclLrrJingthe rhree
(^crstora caLegr)ricsoi uspen habitats, oak habitats.
and slrrucc habitats. using Bonferroni Z-statisric
conficlcnceintervals around lrroportion ol use (Ncu
a o l . l , t , l . l l \ , r - r r n / . l , r B 4r u r h r , r : r m i n r r t i o n
ol chi-srlLrarc
residualswith C-strndardizationand
Bonferronicorrectionto thc Z-,etati-rLic
if obscrved
use r,;as0 (Slostellerand Parunak 1985). Significance of thesc conlidence intcr"rlrlsholcl rcgardlessol thc overallchi-srlLructestlNeLret al. 19i1).
Resulls
Thc hvpothesisthat habitatselertionbv I'ler.riun's
lurkcvs r,rassimilar to expecte{lranclomallocalion
(P S
ol ob-selr'ations
lithin habilatslas re.jectetJ
0.04) Ior all seasons (Table l). Aspen/birch
habitats. 4t-i0yo ovel.storv c:uropy coler. 1r'cre
selectedmore than e:tpectccltluring spring and sumrner. Sclection of aspcn/birch hdbitats, 7t-100r/o
ovcr-storycanop! cover. tlas low over.all seas()ns.
but t'as les-qLhancrpected onll during spr.ing.Opcn
ponderosa pine habitats. 0-4090 over.storl canopy
cover. rlere sclccted le-qstltan cxpecled during the
rinter and spring. I'ondtlrosa pine habilats.4l-7001)
o\ersk)f canop! (1)vcl! ilere seledccl equal lo
proportional arailabilitr during all scasons. Densc
ponrlcrosapine habitats.7l-l00Yo ovcrston canrpv
crrvcr. lere selcdccl mole than c'xpccteddurirrg fall
anrl winter. and lessthan erperterl duril;; surrrrncr.
l\lcaclot's r,rer-esclccted less than clpecte.l during
all seasons.Oak and -"prrrcerrcrc not represcntcd
across all overstorr canop! cover catcgories :rnd
compriscda small portion ofthe .qtudvarca; thefefore. fclr conclusionsrcgarding selcctionol thesc
habitats can be rnarJccxcept thaL rrsc las infrequelrl du ng all seasons.
T\BLEL'S.l'on|uliLizrlil)ljhluerri!nr'stL|rkl.lso1hrbi
t a r i , ) f i I r h e B l a ( l f l i l s o f _ s o u t hl ) a k o r r ( m o d i f i e d f r o n R u n b t e a n d A n r h r s o n 1 9 9 2 1 _ ,
0- 10
1t 70
;t -100
0 l0
| l ; 0
;t t00
\leadors
0100
0 L0[)
0ak
' S a n r t ,( s i , . s
ileleh.lh
21'2
o.0 5
o.o;2
0.018
0.120
0.390
0.:l1t
0 .r 0 2
0.00.1
0.006
li\.sr are ir paa.nrl,cts.
Rurnblc and Andelson
[ 20)'
Sprnrg
tl2il
0.0tt
o
0.008
0.025-0.lll;
0 . 5 5 8 ++
0.0;8
0.01;
0
t).02:
0.0i10
0.002
0.08'1-0.,133
0.:165
0.009
0
0.002--
i 12.11
o.021
0.09t)
(1.0I
{r
0.210
0.;t;5
0.2:J:J-0.0,t1)
0.00i1
0.021
Fall
{193)
0.00;
0.036
0.005
0 . 1 21
0.3d2
0 . 1 1 0+
0.0J6
0.005
0.005
Discussion
of a rear. turle,vslaried their h:rb
Ovcl thc r,oLrrse
itaL selection pattems to include nearlv all pondcrosa pinc habit:rts. Iltrling firll ancl linter.
trrrkersappar-entJr
sought.,ut ponderosapine ldth
greater than 7lq0 over-storv carlopt covcri opcn
pondelo-.a pine habitats u'ere selected b_-v
turkcy''s
iniiequentll dudng thcsc srasons. T,aleOrlobef
to earlv Novcmbcr vas lrhcn tur-kevsbegan to
spcnd increascdarn(nrntsof time in the densepoll
derosa pine habitats. Fall antl r,".interhabitat sclcction patterns NcIc consistcnl with pcrirxls nhen
clicts of turkevs !!ere composed primarilv of
pondefosapine seeds (Rumhle 1990). lt is probable that thermal and hiding corer Nere better met
in clense pondelosa pine habitats cluring latc firll
ancl lflnter.
Habitat selection of ponderosa pinc stands
rcvcrscd frorn summcr t() r,inter. f,se of c-rpen
habilals;ncfeased.but not signilicantly.However.
selection oi dense ponderosa pine habitats $,aslcss
lhan e\pected during surnmer. Summcr clictsof
adult trukevs. lere compliscd mostlv of gr-asssceds
and legctation (ltumblc 1990). Crealcr anounls
ofrcgdation occuf undef !)onderosapine habitats
with open canopies (Uresk and Ser.erson19891.
'l
hrec-lirulths of frlcrriam's turkrys obsen'ations in
pine comrnunitiesin \I.'ntana $'erepole
ponrJcrosa
size slands \riLh an open herb:rceousundemtory
Jonas (1966).
Nlcadol's l'crc rarel_,_seler'tecl b,r turkel-s.
Openingsin LhelbresLare olien utilizedby turkels
in the southe$tern United Statcs (Spcakc et trl.
1975). in thc southnesL(ScotLand Boeker 1977).
end in N'lontana(Jonas 1966). Oak and sprucc
habitats comprised less than lyo ofthc study $rca.
, r r r dt i r . m e r r ' i r r g l u-l l . r l i - l i r, l p . r l l ,f n - \ \ , r , ' \ i dent. Hovever, during Ierrs lith good oak mast
production. turkcls Lrscdoak habitats for 2-1 weell'"
in -SePtember
and OcLober.This su€igests
that the
limited inlporlance ofoak habitats in our sturlv uas
duc to thc narrrxl dislriLution of oak on the sludv
arr:a and i|regularitv ol masl crops.
Aspen/birch habitats sclrctcd b-r lurkevs in ouf
sludv rrcr-c primarily in drainages father than
monotvpic aspcn llab;tet-qthal o.rcLlrrecl
on some
orlh slofes. S'inter'lbods ol tlrrkevsrere not as
availablcin uspcn/birchhabitats(Rumble 1990).
Ilorlerer. aspcn/bilch habitat-"lrere used more
duling spring. surnmer, and 1:rll.l'hcsc habitats
containe.l :ln rbundance of Elasses. forbs. and
-"hrubs.r'hich dominated latc spring. srrmmr-'r.and
carll iirll dicts of turkeys (Rurnble I 990). Turkevs
in lltah rLsedaspen lilades (openings)as opposed
to monotvpic asJrcn habitats rJLrringsurnmer
(Br',vantancl Nish 1975).
Distribution of tatcr affects habitat dispersion
patterns of Xlerriam's turkevs in the sollthwest
(Shan'and Smith 1977. ,schcmnitzet ol. 19[]51.
Spring weathcr conditionscluringthis studv \{ere
drv and some mpel/birch drainagcs hacl running
lralcr in them. Birds inr:reasedu-.eof aspen/birch
habitats tith lcss than 70{/0 ovcrstory cenop! (tver
durinpl spring. but not statisticr h lilcrtcr than e\pccled from fand(rm.Free-standingrl'atermav not
be lequiled bv turkevs in all habitats (Exum et ol.
l987). Outsidc ofthe spring period. r\'eobser\ed
turkels al free-standingwater on lelrcr than l0
occasions.Thc primary lactor alfccLingLheassocialion oi turkeys to Nater reportcd bv -Schcmnitz
et r.rl.(19llll) rvasleeding on latercress (l'asfznanr
cyffcina&:) during $intcr.
Managementlmplications
Conllicts regarding malagement ofthc lllack Hills
\ational Forest can onlv be resolvedif the eflects
u l m r n r g c m p n l. r ' l i u n -o n t l r , r ' i l ' l l i t - p - , i - - r r understood. The Land and Resource Slanagcmcnt
Plan for the Black TIills \ational Forest proposes
managing ponderosa pine habitats at l:1 or 18
m'/ha projcctccltrec basal area uhen the a\erage
dbh ol the st:rnd i-s25 cm. Basal area would bc
highcr for larger diameter lrees and louer for
smaller di:rmeter trees. During it'intcr. Nlcmiarn"s
ponderosa pine habiLat-"uiLh
turkcvs sr-'lcctr-'rl
greater lhan i00/o overstorr' canopr cofer and
g r e , r t e jr2 r n ' h . . rh , r - r l . r r ,r r . T h i r t r - i u ' r rp , r , ' n t
of our studv arca 1{as\rintcr habitat for turkevs.
\lanagingponderosapinc stitndslo I4 or I8 rn'?/ha
basal arca in mrtLrrcslands rill reduce a,'ailabilit,vol'* inter habitat for tLrrke,ys
in the Black Hills.
Hower,er. m:uragingstandsto 14 to lB rntAa b:r-.al
arca $ould be consislent\rilh sLlmmerhahitLltsol
adulLturkers rithout poult-s.On an annutrl basis.
tLlrkeys selecled the luli range of ponderosa pinc
habilats that occur in the tslack Hills. If turkcr.s
are a management priorit_-v.it'intcr habitat shoulcl
be abundant and tell distlibtrtcd (lTofirnan et o/.
1993) at lorrcr elevations of Lhe BIacL Hills.
Management directed tolarcl maintaining habitats
in all of ovcrstorv canopv rover categorieswiLhin
!egelation lvpes \,,ouldensure that habitat neecls
for turkers would be met as well as rnanv other
rrildlife species(Hoover and Wills 198.1).
frlaclohabitatsof N{crriarn'sTurkevs
2\:l
Acknowledgements
This lese:rrchwas supported Ly thc LSD.{. Forest -sen icc. Rockl llountain Forest and Rangc Ex
perinrent ,\tation, Nrtional \\ ilcl TrLrkeyFcdcration.
Black Hills Nrtional Iole-st. ancl South DakoLa
Came. Fish and Park-s.['c cxtcnd specialthanks
fo| thc support and cncouragementof Dr'. A. J.
BjrLgstad (cleceasecl).Tcchnical assislance (l1
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rrith data collr:ction. NI. (ireen r.olunteeredhis tirne
throughout this sLrrdvand ll. Tarlor allol.cd acrccss to his pnrpcrtl lbr ttapping and data crollccLion.Dr. L. l'lake. Dr. C. Hur-.t.Dr. R. Jonas.ancl
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3 17 t .
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l n d f . \ 1 . S r d n l e \ L 9 1 J ; . l l . o l o g r o l r h e e a s r (r n \ L i l , l
tL,rlo r u inter:ireh nafdged pine fon'sl in urth
. f n l h b u m a . T a l l l i , f b . r R e s . S t L B L r l l .\ o . 2 i . T a l
rlraslee. IL. i0 1,.
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. l o l r n - q r nD
. . H. l(r80. Tlre conrpids,,,iol rsage and arail:rl,il
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(;r.rr Br-.ni Nar. 1q:252 25i1.
\la.ki.\. D. L.. l.l[]2. lillosr of X'lenia s rurrfvs !r soull
.enlral \\ asliingron iLith slrtial rilcn nce ro hahnll !l;lizrtio,,. \l!\h. Srate I rir.- P! lmu. LS. Thcsis.
2lI
RLrnrble
cr"l \r'Jcrsun
\\ rshington.
J.
\\ ilrll.
1 B : 1 3 ?r23 i l 2 .
L 9 [ ] 6 .l h r r l h a b i t aot f X { e , . i a n , 'rsu r k e r si n $ u r l !
( l n r r u lS a - . h i n g t o ,\,,.) . r h i L e sSr . i . 6 0 : l 0 B l l 2 .
\ l o s t e l l e r1. . . a n d : ' r P o r u n a l .1 9 8 5 .l d . n d i n i g e r r n , , . . f l l s
ni a ri,.i!hl, rontingencr tallc: probabili-.ticarrJ Ir
p l o r u t o r ra p p r o a | [ . s ./ n D . C . H o a g l i r -F . X ' l o s t e l ] e r _
l r d J . $ r . T u k e \ ' l e d s . )F- i r po r i n sd a r ar a l r l ( \ .r r e n d s .
u n d s h a p e sl.o h n { i t e ! a n d s o , , s .\ d , } o r t . t l , .
I B9-221.
N c r n o -l i . S . . a r d \ \ ' . \ l I l i , u l r . l 9 ; 9 . } j J l f c r \o l r a d t up a r l a g c so n b e h o r i o ro f r i l d r u r k e rh e n s .l . \ \ i l , l . U o n
oge.'13::160-16;.
\ . , , . C . \ \ " . . C . n . B \ . j a . u n d J . N I .P e . k . 1 e i , l . l \ r e c h r n y ,
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n r r k e rh t h c l l l . r rk H i l l so { S o u t hl ) a l o r a ./ r i C . ( i . S a r , 1 . . s 1 ,lnn d H . ( i . S . h u l r z( ( d s ) . t r ' i l d r u r k ,r n l n r g e
n n i L : c u n e n tp r o b l e m sa n r lp m g r u m sL. r n . \ 1 i * o u r i
P r e s s .( i o l r r n r L i rP. p . i i 9 .
.. and
. l ! 1 1 5 .T h e r i l d ( u r k e ! i i d r i
B l a c kH i l s . S . D a k .L i e p t G
- , , f c . F i s h . D dP a ' l s . B u l L .
\o. 6., i'ien(. 5l p.
R o s e .B . J . 1 9 5 6 . \ n e r a l L r a t nor rl r w oi n r r o d u . t i , ) r s . 1\ I e f
riunr's{ild t,,'L.r ro I'lontlDr. llonr_ SLareCoLl..Boz.narr. \l.S Thesi-..
Runble. N'1.A. J990. Ficologlof l\l rriurr s rurkers iUeleogns
sallapdtD D1ctri.!nilii \he Blacl Hil s. SourhDalota.
t . n i r . t r ! o . . L a h m i , i . P h . D .D i s r e r r a , ' , .
. 1 9 9 2 .R o o s l i nh
g a b i t aor 1N l ( r r i u i ' ! t L U L . \ s , r t h f
Bla.k Hills. S,)urh Dalota- J. \l i d . Iarasc.
;6:;5(r759.
H r r b l r . .X ' I .1 . . n r d S . H . l n l e 6 o n . 1 9 9 2 . - r r r u r i l i c a t i oorl
hahitar\ li)f identifling li!hiLar,rlectior h\ Nl.ffienri
r ' ( - . - r. : , . 1 1 ' . \ " r . s 2 . l . l t t l l
S , l i . n , n i r zS. . D . . l l . L . c , { . r r d r . o n dK . H _J o n i , 51. 9 U 5 .H a l itlt nced\:uxl Drarag,r.ft oll'lernanis rrrrkr:vin south
c e n r a l \ ( \ L \ ' l o x i . o .h o . . N a r . \ { i ] d T u r l e r - q r n p .
5:t ()9232.
, s . o L r\ .i . E . . a n d l l - 1 . .l l o e k e r .1 9 7 5 . F i l o s r o f \ l e r r i a r n s
* i l d t u r k | v o n r h e F d 1 A | a , h . . I n d i a nR , i s ( i , \ a r i o r .
l'rn. \url.$ild Iurk6 Srm|.:J:l1l-l;8.
to::. 8,.t, ,.,."f\t"r Jr i r l r i i i . f c o n r r o l J. . I l a r r i a |N l r n a g e:.1 0 : 2 2 0 . 2 2 : j .
S h u r p e (. J . \ l ' . - ( 1 .W . I l e n d e e -a i d S . \ \ r . ^ ] t e D . L ( ] ; 6 . I f
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S h r r - H . G . . r n r l R . H . S n i t h . l 9 ; 7 . H a h i r a uL s ep . e r n so f
\ l , . r r i a n r ' sr u r k e ri n A r i z . r a . f ( 1 . A i r l $ i l l l . R e s r o r .
l ' r i . W - 1 8 R . \ r i z . D e p t .( i a n r a | r l I r " h . T u c s o n3. j J
p
. 1 9 8 6 .l r \ ) r { i L so l l i n r b e , . h r N e sotr \ l d . i I r ' s r , , r
k . r p o p u l a t i . r Fl.l , ) 1 , 1 . , ,{in r l r s i s R e p o r t .\ r i z . I ) { t .
G a m l o n ( l F i s h .T u i s o r . 1 1 1 r .
- \ f . r l . . l ) . \ \ . . T L L r D . h . a ; . { . \ \ r i g h t .a n r lt r . J . H a r n r r
rick. 975. HabitatLr:cerll r:,r,onul rrorementsofrild
l u r k . r r s i nt h es o u t h . a s P
t.n!. \dtl. trildTurlie!S!ht,.
J : 1 2 21 3 0 .
Reteiret!
ll0 .lanuar,t
,sL(!. R. D. C.. and J. H. ]iirri,.. I qBO.Principrls aDd p'o(,r l u r e s o f s t a t i s t i c : :a l , i r n r t r i < r l u p p r o a c h .l l c G a * - H i
llook Co. 63:J p.
t h!ni.$. D. 1...dndL.J.Ta or. 1990. Sr!,j|lesigns and tesrs
l;r.on,r)aring rsoufce ule a!.1a\ail!bilir\. J. Sildl.
Itanase.;1:i]22-130.
l . r c s k . D . t r . . a n d K . l . - q , \ . r q n . 1 1 1 8 9t. n i l e r s ( , . r r t r , i r s o r \
relationship: iir porrL rosa pine lorests. J. Ilargc Nlrn
dge. 12:2(13-208.
I 992
Atcepted fr.t publivLtinn
|,3 Ju.nc 199.1
Mrcrohabitat-"of lllerriam's'fulkev-s
24,5