TEACHERS’ MANUAL
GUIDE
the
ULTIMATE
UMPIRING
FOR FIELD, GOAL AND BOUNDARY UMPIRES
SPECIAL SECTION ON UMPIRING
AFL AUSKICK RULES
THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
INTRODUCTION
This introductory course about umpiring Australian Football outlines the basic factors that are involved in
being a field, boundary or goal umpire. The course is not intended to fully equip a person to umpire a senior
game of football but is seen as a way in which people who have a passion and an interest in football umpiring
may be introduced to some of the specifics of this rewarding involvement in our great Australian game.
MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES
It has been claimed by some researchers that our intelligence, or ability to understand the world around us, is
complex. Some people are better at understanding some things than others. For some of us it is relatively easy
to understand how a flower grows but it can be immensely difficult for us to fully comprehend how a musical
instrument is played.
Instead of possessing just one form of intelligence, it is claimed that each of us possess several different
intelligences.
Some of these are listed here:
Kinaesthetic – body awareness
Logical – number smart
Visual/Spatial – picture smart
Linguistic – word smart
Interpersonal – people smart
Musical – musical smart
An attempt has been made to include learning activities that cater for different forms of intelligence.
HOW THE COURSE WORKS
THE MANUAL
The course has been designed to be conducted over seven (7) sessions. Information sheets are provided to
give the course facilitator the knowledge of the skills and techniques of umpiring.
Lesson plans and follow-up student practical worksheets are included that are recommended for use that will
allow the participants to develop a further understanding of umpiring.
A Certificate of Achievement will be offered to each successful student who satisfies all assessment criteria.
USE OF SYMBOLS
NOTES FOR THE
COURSE FACILITATOR
PLAY DVD
OUTDOOR LEARNING
ACTIVITY
INDOOR LEARNING
ACTIVITY
UMPIRE
PLAYERS
Written and designed by:
Russell O’Toole WorkSafe Victorian Country Football League Umpiring Development Manager
Lesson Plans designed by:
Russell O’Toole WorkSafe Victorian Country Football League Umpiring Development Manager
Rod Threlfall WorkSafe Victorian Country Football League Umpiring Development Manager
Neville Nash Football Victoria Umpiring Development Manager
2
CONTENTS
UNIT 1 THE ROLE OF THE UMPIRE
Introduction
Information section
UNIT 2 FIELD UMPIRING: POSITIONING
Introduction
Information section
UNIT 3 FIELD UMPIRING: DECISION MAKING
Introduction
Information section
UNIT 4 FIELD UMPIRING: EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Introduction
Information section
Signals: Field umpire
THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
AN INTRODUCTION TO UMPIRING AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL
UNIT 5 BOUNDARY UMPIRING
Introduction
Information section
Signals: Boundary umpires
UNIT 6 GOAL UMPIRING
Introduction
Information section
Signals: Goal umpire
UNIT 7 PHYSICAL FITNESS AND NUTRITION
Introduction
Information section
LESSON PLANS
STUDENT PRACTICAL WORKSHEETS
3
THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
1
THE ROLE OF THE UMPIRE
The role of the Umpire is to apply the laws of the game and ensure the game is played in
a safe and fair manner.
The laws of the game provide the umpires with the responsibilities of managing the
game both on and off the field.
Umpiring presents exciting challenges and can be incredibly rewarding. Accepting
the demands of umpiring and performing successfully provides umpires with a great
feeling of satisfaction.
5
The following information should be used in conjunction with The Ultimate Umpiring Guide
pages 5-9 and should be read by the course facilitator prior to session 1.
Refer to Student Practical Worksheet 1 and Lesson Plan 1 at the back of this manual.
WHAT THE GAME EXPECTS OF UMPIRES
The game expects its umpires to:
• place the safety and welfare of the participants above all else
• accept responsibility for all actions taken
• be courteous and respectful and open to discussion and interaction
• value the individual in sport
• seek continual self-improvement
• be a positive role model in terms of behavior and personal appearance
WHAT PEOPLE EXPECT OF UMPIRES
People expect umpires to be:
• trustworthy – honest and impartial
• responsible – appreciate the importance of the role of the umpire
• fit – physically prepared for the task
• knowledgeable – know the rules
• punctual – arrive at the ground with plenty of time to spare before the game
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It is the expectation that the field umpire/s:
• apply the laws and their interpretations according to the spirit
of the laws
• attend to the administrative requirements necessary for the
successful staging of the game
MATCH DAY ROLE OF THE BOUNDARY UMPIRE
It is the expectation that the boundary umpires:
• apply the laws, and their interpretations, relating to boundary
umpiring with common sense and in accordance with the spirit
of the game
• be the final judge of when the ball is out of bounds or out of
bounds on the full
THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
MATCH DAY ROLE OF THE FIELD UMPIRE
MATCH DAY ROLE OF THE GOAL UMPIRE
It is the expectation that the goal umpires:
• apply the laws, and their interpretations, relating to goal
umpiring with common sense and in accordance with the spirit
of the game
• be the final judge of the scores
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THE UMPIRING ENVIRONMENT
PROACTIVE APPROACH
The umpire has a leadership role to play on the ground. During the game, most players look for guidance and
direction from the umpire and the umpire should consider this when giving instructions.
All actions need to be positive. Umpires need to be enthusiastic about what they do and encourage players to play
the game and enjoy themselves. If an umpire appears disinterested or negative in his/her actions and the manner in
which he/she deals with the players, then this feeling can affect the way the players respond to all umpires.
A positive, supportive approach from the field umpire will always create a better environment in which the
game can be played.
PRE-MATCH (MEETING PLAYERS AND OFFICIALS)
Umpires should
• project themselves in a positive, firm and confident manner – it displays control
• meet as many players as possible, especially the captain and the coach of each team
• never discuss how the game will be umpired. An exception to this may be when umpiring under-age players..
for example... “I will pay the free kicks to the player in front who is playing the ball”
• not speak about other umpires’ performances in previous weeks
DURING THE MATCH
• always try to get along with the players
• do not accept abuse from players/officials. Check with your local league or umpiring group for appropriate
use of the send-off rule
• try to block out comments from over the boundary line. Devise some simple coping strategies, such as
repeating a positive comment to yourself: “I am umpiring well. I pay all free kicks I see.”
• supporters can get emotional. Remember that verbal attacks are not usually personal, but expressions of
frustrations from supporters
POST-MATCH
• avoid arguments about incidents that occurred during the match
• enter into sensible discussions of the match
• take the opportunity to get to know the club coaches, officials and players better
• if the atmosphere is tense after a game, collect your gear, politely excuse yourself and leave
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THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
2
FIELD UMPIRING
POSITIONING
9
The following information should be used in conjunction with The Ultimate Umpiring Guide
pages 10-15 and should be read by the course facilitator prior to session 2.
Refer to Student Practical Worksheet 2 and Lesson Plan 2 at the back of this manual.
INTRODUCTION
While a thorough knowledge of the rules and interpretations is essential, the
ability to make correct decisions is more difficult unless the right position is
achieved from where to view each incident.
The ability to be in the best position is, without doubt, the most important skill in umpiring.
Two major skills that enable a field umpire to adjust his/her positioning continuously are:• Anticipation – being able to think ahead and accurately determine where the play will head next.
• Identifying the intent of players – being able to correctly predict what players will endeavour to do with
the football once they gain possession i.e. kick or handball.
An umpire needs to be aware of where, when and how fast to run.
After completing this unit, the participants should be able to demonstrate the
correct positioning for field umpires:
• during general play
• during set plays
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IN GENERAL PLAY
During general play situations, the umpire should endeavour to be approximately 20-25 metres from the contest
at all times.
This distance allows him/her a good view of the immediate contest and of the players on the fringe of the contest.
By maintaining this control distance, the umpire can move quickly towards the next act of play as the contest
moves on.
If the umpire is too close to play, his/her focus often narrows on the players contesting the ball and
awareness of the fringe players is often lost.
CONTROL DISTANCE
THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
CONTROL DISTANCE
SIDE ON POSITION
SIDE-ON
The ideal position to view any contest is side-on to the contest. From a side-on view it is unlikely that the
umpire will have his/her view interrupted.
If the umpire finds himself/herself “front-on”, that is, looking at the front of the players contesting, he/she
may be unaware of any incidents of holding or interferences that are occurring in the contest.
Similarly when the umpire is behind the contest, it becomes more difficult to determine what, if any,
interference has occurred and to what extent.
By maintaining the correct side-on position and appropriate control distance, the umpire allows himself/
herself more time to watch the contest and, consequently, more time to judge the contest.
DEVIATION
With the modern style of play, the umpire may be in the ideal position one moment but because of a sudden
shift in direction of play, he/she may find himself/herself behind or front on to the contest.
When this occurs, the umpire should endeavour to sprint to the side of the contest immediately. He/She
needs to move away from the line of the contest so that a side-on position can be achieved.
Examples of when this may occur:• the ball and play heads to the boundary line
• quick kick into forward line from boundary line
• ball kicked over umpire’s head
KEY POINTS
• Control distance – 20-25m from general play
• Side on to contest
• Deviation – trigger to side of contest when caught “front-on” or “behind play”
The umpire needs to develop an understanding of the angle he/she needs to run
at and also to ensure he/she sprints to position.
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AT SET PLAYS
The previous section on positioning discussed the umpire’s position in general
play while play is in motion.
This segment discusses the umpire’s position for certain events when play stops
during the course of the match.
On these occasions when the play stops, the umpire needs to be in the correct
position to maintain effective control.
CENTRE BOUNCE OR THROW
The umpire should begin his/her bounce or
throw by coming in with his/her back to the
wing area.
After bouncing or throwing the ball he/she
should back away quickly attempting to obtain
a side-on position 20-25m away.
BOUNDARY THROW-INS
The initial position at the boundary throw
in should be 15 metres from the boundary
umpire, on the long side of the ground which is
between the play and the furthest goals.
When the boundary umpire throws the ball
in, the umpire should be moving and be side-on
– perhaps slightly in front – to the ruck players as
they contest the ball.
After the ruck contest, and having seen no
infringements, the umpire should quickly make
his/her way back to the centre of the ground
(the major axis) so play is in between the
umpire and the boundary line.
12



FIELD BOUNCE
KICKING IN AFTER A BEHIND
THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
The umpire should always have his/her back to
the centre of the ground.
After bouncing/throwing the ball, he/she
should back quickly away attempting to obtain
a side on position 20-25m away.
After a behind has been scored, the umpire
should position himself/herself in the middle of
the ground 20-25 metres from the kick-off line.
This allows him/her good verbal and visual
control to clear the area of any players who are
closer than 5 metres to the goal square.
As the player brings the ball back into play, the
umpire sprints to a position side-on to the contest.
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CONTROLLING SET KICKS
A set kick occurs when the umpire has awarded a mark or a free kick to a player.
In order for the umpire to have good control at set-kick situations, he/she needs to ensure he/she is close
enough to communicate effectively.
It is recommended he/she be adjacent to the player on the mark, at a distance of 15 metres.
SIDE ON POSITION
PROTECTED CORRIDOR
When moving in to control a set play situation, the umpire must watch a number of areas:
• he/she must tell the player on the mark where to stand
• he/she must ensure there is a protected area of 10 metres surrounding the player about to take his/her kick
• he/she must observe the player with the ball and be ready to call play on quickly if that player deviates from
his/her line of kick
Once the umpire calls “play on” in these circumstances, the player loses the right of the protected area and
can be tackled from any direction.
Instructions must be clear and precise so that players will comply.
It is important to remember:
A player awarded a free kick or mark must go back to the spot where the mark was taken or the breach
occurred before being allowed to kick or play the ball, unless the advantage play has been called.
If a player kicks or plays the ball without complying with this law, the field umpire must stop the play and
enforce compliance.
A player is not permitted to kick or play the ball from a position to the side of the spot, or to the side of a line
directly behind the spot, without first having gone back to, or behind the spot.
However common sense must prevail in circumstances where the player taking the kick, may be slightly off line.
KEY POINTS
• 25 metres from the player on the mark
• observe player with the ball
• clear the ‘protected 10m corridor’
• be aware the player with the ball may choose to play on
Umpiring will help develop life skills such as leadership, clear thinking,
decision-making, coping with pressure situations and to help foster a
healthy lifestyle.
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THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
3
FIELD UMPIRING
DECISION MAKING
15
The following information should be used in conjunction with The Ultimate Umpiring Guide
pages 16-20 and should be read by the course facilitator prior to session 3.
Refer to Student Practical Worksheet 3 and Lesson Plan 3 at the back of this manual.
INTRODUCTION
The major field-umpiring duties and responsibilities in a match are to make decisions on the incidents that
occur throughout the match.
Not all of these decisions involve infringements against the rules by a player, but could include where the ball
goes, what the score is or simply to let the play flow and not blow the whistle.
This unit looks at the important factors that prepare umpires to be able to make decisions correctly and
confidently.
It is a rare skill to be able to evaluate the situations that are confronted in a calm focussed manner, while
those around are swept up in the emotion of the moment.
Football is extremely fast and the umpire often has only a split second to make the appropriate decision.
The skills the umpire can develop to help achieve this calm and accurate decision-making ability can be
applied to other areas of the umpire’s lifestyle.
During this unit you will experience an interactive DVD session that will test your decision making skills and processes.
After completing this unit the participants should be able to:
• discuss the key elements in good decision making
• discuss and explain the Spirit of the Laws
INFORMATION SECTION
KNOWLEDGE OF THE LAWS AND INTERPRETATIONS
The most important factor in decision-making is a thorough knowledge of the laws and interpretations.
In order to umpire correctly, the umpire must be able to identify incidents that are illegal and outside the laws
of the game.
It stands to reason therefore, that a thorough learning and understanding of the laws is essential before this
can be achieved.
During the hectic pace of the game, the umpire’s reflexes and reaction times to situations may vary.
The umpire will be called upon to judge an incident instantly and he/she must call on his/her knowledge of
the laws of the game and interpretations immediately.
Like any subject that we learn, if we are able to recall things quickly and correctly, it gives us a great deal of
confidence.
An umpire grows in confidence as he/she develops his/her skills in recalling rule interpretations quickly
and correctly.
PROTECTION OF THE BALL PLAYER
The spirit of the Australian Football Laws is to keep the ball in motion. The spirit of the game is to take
possession of the ball and create the play. Officials, spectators and umpires all admire the player who is
prepared to make the play and get the ball for his/her team.
Therefore, to remain consistent with the spirit of the game, and to encourage players to strive to gain the
football, it is important that the umpire “protects” the ball player.
By protecting the ball player, we mean making sure that all illegal tackles on him/her are penalised, and that
the last decision we make is to penalise the ball player for holding the ball.
If the umpire is prepared to award the tackler ahead of the player who goes in and gets the ball, then the
player will be reluctant to get the ball and make the play. The game then becomes scrambly and packs result
all over the ground.
This is against the spirit of the laws and the spirit of the game.
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RESPONSE TIME
When an umpire adjudicates on any incident, it is important for them to have the confidence of the players
and officials.
One of the key factors to achieve this confidence is how quickly the umpire reacts to an infringement of the rules.
Wherever possible, the umpire needs to penalise the offending player immediately after observing any
infringement.
By doing this, the umpire demonstrates confidence in his/her ability to make decisions and a conviction that
the decisions are correct.
Once players and officials see how quickly the umpire responds, they know that he/she has not been
influenced by anything apart from reacting to what he/she sees.
Provided the umpire remains consistent with his/her reaction time, the support and confidence from the
players and officials grows into a respect for the umpire’s decision-making ability.
If an umpire takes too long to react to an incident, he/she appears doubtful and unsure of his/her decision.
Players and officials find it difficult to have confidence in an umpire who lacks confidence in himself/herself.
For the smooth flow of the match, the umpire should focus on reacting as quickly as possible after observing
all infringements.
THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
The spirit of the game is to encourage players to strive to gain the football and
create the play. It is important that the umpire upholds this spirit by protecting
the ball player.
PROACTIVE APPROACH
Most of the players on the ground look for guidance and direction from the umpire concerning what they are
required to do. The umpire should consider this when he/she gives his/her instructions. The umpire has a
leadership role to play.
All of his/her actions need to be positive. The umpire needs to be enthusiastic about what he/she does and
encourage players to play the game and enjoy themselves. If the umpire appears disinterested or negative in
his/her actions and in dealing with players, then this feeling can affect players the same way.
A positive, supportive approach from the field umpire will always create a better environment in which the
game may be played.
KEY POINTS
• knowledge of the laws
• protection of the ball player
• response time: immediately after observing infringement
• proactive approach
Key factors in achieving the confidence of the players are to react quickly to any
infringements of the laws of the game and to show leadership to the players by
providing positive guidance and direction.
Course facilitators should refer to the “Where to Look” checklist that is located on pages
17-18 of The Ultimate Umpiring Guide.
Informal questioning may be used to determine the participants’ knowledge and
understanding of this section.
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SPIRIT OF THE LAWS
In an effort to achieve consistency in decision-making, there is an emphasis on understanding the “spirit of the
laws” (i.e. the philosophies underlying the laws) and officiating according to the laws.
FAIRNESS AND SAFETY
It is the spirit and intention of the laws to ensure that a match is played in a fair manner and to protect players
from sustaining injury. All breaches of the laws shall be penalised.
For coaching purposes, seven main areas (spirit of the laws) have been identified.
CONTEST FOR THE BALL
“The player whose sole
objective is to contest the ball
shall be permitted to do so.”
DIVING ON THE BALL
“The ball shall be kept
in motion.”
MARKING CONTESTS
“The player whose sole
objective is to contest a mark
shall be permitted to do so.”
TACKLING
“A player who is tackled illegally
while in possession of the ball
will be awarded a free kick.”
RUCK CONTESTS
“The player whose sole
objective is to contest the ruck
shall be permitted to do so.”
ADVANTAGE PLAY
“The ball shall be kept in motion
by permitting the team offended
against to take advantage,
provided play is continuous.”
50-METRE PENALTY
“After a mark or free kick has been
awarded, a 50-metre penalty will
be awarded against the opposing
team which unduly delays the play
or abuses an umpire.”
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THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
4
FIELD UMPIRING
COMMUNICATION
19
The following information should be used in conjunction with The Ultimate Umpiring Guide pages
21-25 and should be read by the course facilitator prior to session 4.
Refer to Student Practical Worksheet 4 and Lesson Plan 4 at the back of this manual.
INTRODUCTION
We are all required to communicate with others every day.
Although we believe we have expressed ourselves well, it is quite amazing how much information is not
relayed effectively.
The umpire needs to communicate his/her decisions and directions to players and have them respond
correctly to his/her requirements.
Therefore it is crucial that the umpire communicates all of his/her messages effectively.
WHAT THE UNIT COVERS:
This unit explains the ways in which an umpire communicates with players and the techniques he/she uses to
have players follow his/her instructions.
After completing this unit the participants should be able to demonstrate:
• the indications field umpires use,
• the appropriate use of the whistle and
• how to speak to players as equals
INFORMATION
Successful umpires can contribute most of their success to being good, effective communicators. When the
umpire controls the match, as he/she should, it is also important to encourage an understanding and mutual
respect between himself/herself and the players. The umpire must endeavour to create an environment where
the players will follow directions respectfully.
VERBAL/NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Not only does the umpire verbally instruct players, he/she also communicates to them with his/her whistle,
signals and body language.
Successful umpires communicate their decisions effectively by:
• blowing the whistle strongly
• verbally describing their decision clearly and concisely
• providing a signal correctly and positively
Players appreciate an umpire who communicates his/her decisions well. They have much more faith and
confidence in the umpire when they understand what he/she is doing.
MUTUAL RESPECT
Respect cannot just simply be expected, it must be earned. Umpires earn respect with what they “say and do”
and how they “say and do it”.
It is important the umpire uses words like “please” and “thank you” when issuing directions to players.
Provided this is not “overdone”, it has a big impact on earning respect from players.
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STEPS IN GOOD COMMUNICATION ARE:
Blowing the whistle loudly gets the attention of everyone.
SHOW
Communicating with players in the immediate vicinity of the incident is done both verbally and with
clear signals.
GO
Being ready to move promptly to take up position for the next act of play
BLOW
SHOW
GO
BODY LANGUAGE
The use of appropriate body language enhances effective communication. The umpire must be seen by
players and officials as non-threatening and non-intimidating.
THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
BLOW
Positive forms of body language which achieve this are:
• smiling and nodding
• being non-invasive
• appropriate presence
• eye-to-eye contact
The umpire needs to be aware of not intruding into the players’ personal space. When speaking to players
remain at least an arm’s length distance away.
Another strong feature of an umpire’s body language is eye-to-eye contact with players. Whenever an umpire
speaks to or listens to a player, he/she should maintain eye contact. This displays to the player the umpire’s
strong self confidence and that he/she is not afraid to look at and talk to the players.
The other feature of body language the umpire needs to be aware of is “presence”. This means the umpire
needs to position himself/herself at the appropriate distance from the players he/she is communicating with.
He/She may need to be close enough to restrict or prevent unruly behaviour, or may need to remain at a
distance and just observe proceedings.
RESOLVING CONFLICT
Since Australian Football is a very emotional and exciting game, there are moments when a player may lose
focus and become aggressive and/or abusive towards an umpire.
One of the golden rules when dealing with conflict is to always remain calm.
While others may be emotional and have lost focus, it is important that the umpire has a calming influence
and does not “add fuel to the fire” by retaliating in the same manner.
When you remain calm you are able to think more clearly, take stock of the situation better, and respond in
the appropriate manner.
When speaking to players who are emotional, there are some proven guidelines to be followed:
• keep calm
• demonstrate respect
• use positive and appropriate body language
• be a good listener
• avoid sarcasm when speaking to players
Key Points
• strong whistle
• respect for players
• remain calm in crisis
• clear voice message and indications
• presence – correct distance when communicating
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FIELD UMPIRE SIGNALS
START GAME
HOLDING THE BALL
HIGH TACKLE
ILLEGAL SHEPHERD/BLOCK
HOLDING THE MAN
KICKING IN DANGER
TRIP
PUSH IN THE BACK
RUN TOO FAR
ADVANTAGE
ABUSE
FIELD BOUNCE/THROW UP
ALL CLEAR GOAL
ALL CLEAR BEHIND
END OF GAME
DELIBERATE OUT OF BOUNDS
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THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
5
BOUNDARY
UMPIRING
23
The following information should be used in conjunction with The Ultimate Umpiring Guide pages
29-33 and should be read by the course facilitator prior to session 5.
Refer to Student Practical Worksheet 5 and Lesson Plan 5 at the back of this manual.
INTRODUCTION
There is a public perception that compared to field umpiring, boundary umpiring has less pressure associated
with its role.
However, although the boundary umpire makes few decisions with regard to player infringements, he/she
plays a critical support role to the successful staging of a game of Australian Football.
Boundary umpiring is a common way many young people become involved in an umpiring career. It provides
an opportunity to have a support role, while observing all umpiring disciplines that may lead to a change of
discipline to field umpiring under-age games.
After completing this unit the participant should be able to:
• explain the duties and responsibilities associated with boundary umpires
• demonstrate the boundary umpire’s indications to the field umpire
• demonstrate correct positioning during all situations in the game
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INFORMATION SECTION
It is the boundary umpire’s responsibility to:
• be the sole judge of when the ball is out of bounds
• apply the laws relating to boundary umpiring in accordance with the spirit of the laws
MAIN DUTIES:
• Adjudicate when the ball has fully crossed the boundary line:
– Out of bounds
– Out of bounds on the full
• Throw the ball back into play when out of bounds
• Return the ball to the field umpire after a goal is scored
• Monitor the centre square for players entering during a centre bounce or throw-up
INDICATIONS FOR BOUNDARY UMPIRES
When the ball has bounced fully over the boundary line, the umpire blows his/her whistle loudly and signals to
the field umpire with the appropriate signal.
THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
THE BOUNDARY UMPIRE’S ROLE
INDICATING OUT OF BOUNDS
When the ball bounces completely over the boundary line, the boundary umpire blows his/her whistle loudly
and extends one arm straight up above his/her head with his/her hand open. The boundary umpire looks to the
field umpire until the field umpire indicates the ball can be thrown back in.
Once the field umpire signals for the ball to be thrown in, the boundary umpire retrieves the ball and throws
it in where it first crossed the boundary line.
INDICATING OUT OF BOUNDS ON THE FULL
When the ball goes completely over the boundary line on the full after being kicked, and without having been
touched, the boundary umpire indicates out-of-bounds on the full.
The boundary umpire blows his/her whistle loudly and extends his/her arms horizontally straight out at
shoulder height while keeping his/her hands open.
After receiving acknowledgment from the field umpire, the boundary umpire then backs off in the direction
of the likely next act of play.
Whenever the boundary umpire is within 15 metres of where the ball crossed the line, he/she shall run to the
exact spot and indicate exactly where the ball completely crossed the line to the field umpire, prior to backing
off in the direction of the likely next act of play.
OUT OF BOUNDS
OUT OF BOUNDS ON
THE FULL
FREE KICK MARK FOR
OUT ON THE FULL
BALL HIT THE POST ON
THE FULL
KICK IN BY FULL-BACK
If the full-back, when kicking off after a behind, kicks the ball over the boundary line without being touched, the
boundary umpire shall give the out-of-bounds on the full indication.
It is important that all signals by the boundary umpire are crisp and sharp and demonstrate the boundary
umpire’s confidence in his/her decision.
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POSITIONING FOR BOUNDARY UMPIRES
Boundary umpires decide prior to the match which side of the ground they wish to begin. Sides are then
changed each quarter.
AT THE CENTRE SQUARE
At the beginning of each quarter and after a goal has been scored, the boundary umpires position themselves on
diagonally opposite corners of the centre square. They must supervise the square lines that meet at their corners.
Once the ball has been bounced or thrown in the air, the boundary umpire moves off toward the boundary
line at a 45-degree angle.
DURING GENERAL PLAY
The boundary umpire follows play from goal to goal. They need to position themselves where they can have a
good view of the boundary line but ensure they do not interfere with the players contesting the ball. When the
play is on the other side of the ground, the boundary umpire moves inside the playing area, but no further than
the closest side of the centre square.
Boundary umpires should never place themselves between the players and the ball.
AT SET KICK AT GOAL
When a player is taking a set shot at goal after a mark or free kick, the boundary umpire runs and stands
behind the behind post. This allows the boundary umpire to assist the goal umpire. The goal umpire is the final
judge of a score and can overrule the decision of a boundary umpire where necessary.
AFTER A BEHIND IS SCORED
From Set Kick
The boundary umpire is positioned behind the behind post for the set shot. When the goal umpire signals a
point, the boundary umpire runs backward along the boundary line for approximately 50 metres.
General Play
If the boundary umpire is still running towards the goal when the behind is scored, he shall move quickly to the
boundary line and position himself/herself approximately 50 metres from the goals.
Boundary umpires need to position themselves where they have a good view of
the boundary line but do not interfere with players contesting the ball.
Boundary umpires should never place themselves between the players and the ball.
26
THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
6
GOAL
UMPIRING
27
The following information should be used in conjunction with The Ultimate Umpiring Guide
pages 34 – 41 and should be read by the course facilitator prior to session 6.
Refer to Student Practical Worksheet 6 and Lesson Plan 6 at the back of this manual.
INTRODUCTION
Although a major focus is placed on field umpires and their influence on the game, the goal umpire also has a
high profile and plays an important role in the match.
During televised matches, when a goal is scored, the goal umpire appears large as life on the television while
he/she makes and indicates his/her decision.
Remember, it’s the goal umpire who is the final judge of a score.
After completing this unit the participants should be able to successfully
demonstrate these procedures correctly:
• judging a score
• indicating a score
• recording the score
28
INFORMATION SECTION
It is the very important responsibility of the goal umpire to:
• be the final judge of a score
• keep record of all the goals and behinds scored in a match
• furnish a report to the controlling body
JUDGING THE SCORE
In order for a score to be registered, the football must be completely over the behind or goal lines, or have hit
the goal post.
A goal is scored:
• when the ball completely crosses the goal line after being kicked by a player on the attacking team without
touching a player or goal post.
A behind is scored when the ball:
• crosses the behind line
• is touched by a player before crossing the goal line
• is taken over the goal or behind line by a player
• hits the goal post or travels over the goal post.
THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
THE GOAL UMPIRE’S ROLE
OUT OF BOUNDS:
If the ball touches the behind post on the full having been kicked, or passes over the behind post, then the ball
is considered out of bounds.
RECORDING THE SCORE
Having identified the score, the second most important duty of the goal umpire is to properly record the score.
This completed score is forwarded to the controlling body as the official score and result of a match.
A sample scorecard that has been completed in the correct manner follows.
29
CONFER EACH QUARTER
At the end of each quarter, the goal umpires confer to check each has the same score. If the scores are not the
same, the goal umpires discuss the situation during the break and try to resolve the matter.
As a guide, there are three general rules for resolving different scores:
1. It is often the goal umpire at the non-scoring end who has the accurate score as he/she has not been under
pressure to make decisions.
2. It is easier to “forget” to record a score than it is to add a score in error.
Therefore, the umpire with the extra score is usually correct.
3. Check the scoreboard. The goal umpire with the same score as the scoreboard is
usually correct as the other umpire may have made a mistake.
TOTAL AT END OF MATCH
Add up the goals and behinds scored by each team at the end of the match, and record the total scores.
INDICATIONS
When goal umpires are indicating a goal or a behind decision, the indications with hands and arms should be
crisp and precise.
This reflects the confidence one has with the decision one has made.
This type of indicating brings a trust and confidence in the goal umpire’s performance to the players and officials.
This crisp style should also be reflected in a goal umpire’s flag waving. Flag waving really completes the
indication process and must be of a high standard.
The following pictures demonstrate the appropriate signals given by a goal umpire.
30
GOAL
BEHIND
TOUCHED
HIT THE POST
POSITIONING FOR GOAL UMPIRES
The standard positioning of a goal umpire comes under two categories:
• under the flight of the ball
• astride the score line
UNDER THE FLIGHT OF THE BALL
For the goal umpire to determine whether the football in flight has
gone through the goals, over a goal post, or through the behinds,
he/she needs to position himself/herself under the flight of the ball.
When the ball is within scoring distance, the goal umpire’s initial
position should be in line with the ball and the centre of the goal line.
While the ball is in flight, the goal umpire should run to get
underneath the line of the ball as it crosses the score-line.
THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
Any form of adjudication requires the umpire to be in the best possible position from which to judge an
outcome correctly.
Goal umpiring, without doubt, requires the umpire to be in the best possible position from which to
determine the correct score.
ASTRIDE THE LINE
There are some occasions that require the goal umpire to “straddle”
(or stand astride) the score-lines and out of the way of the players.
They are when:
• the ball is dropping in flight
• the ball is bouncing along the ground towards goal
• players are running for a close kick
• there is a contest on the goal/behind line.
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RECORDING OF SCORES BY GOAL UMPIRES
Record progressively. Record the scores progressively, that is, 1 2 3,
rather than 1, 1, 1, 1.
See sample score-cards.
The following is a sample scorecard that may be photocopied and given to the Course participants to complate.
Game:
Club:
Club:
Venue:
Date:
Sample
score card
Club:
GOALS
Club:
BEHINDS
GOALS
1st Quarter
2 nd Quarter
3 rd Quarter
4 th Quarter
Total
Total Points
Goal umpire’s name:
32
Signature:
BEHINDS
THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
7
PHYSICAL FITNESS
& NUTRITION
33
INTRODUCTION
WHAT THE UNIT COVERS
Although this unit deals specifically with the necessary training and dietary requirements of an Australian
Football umpire, it also outlines some key facts about a healthy lifestyle which can provide anyone with a
vibrant, active way of life.
TRAINING AND DIETARY REQUIREMENTS
• areas of fitness that form the basis of training
• different food groups and the way in which the body utilises their valuable ingredients
Whether you intend to go out and umpire a game of football or not this unit on lifestyle management should
assist your everyday life.
After completing the unit the participants should be able to:
• describe the four areas of fitness
• identify the different nutrients from various food groups
• create a training program to assist in preparing umpires for their matches
34
WHY UMPIRES MUST BE FIT
As mentioned in previous units, for an umpire to perform well he/she must be able to maintain an appropriate
position from which to view and to adjudicate on Laws and Interpretations.
Maintaining position requires a variety of physical efforts. The umpire will be required to jog, run or sprint to
“keep up” with play. This type of activity can be taxing on an umpire who has not physically prepared properly.
The modern style of play evolves around moving the ball quickly and the umpire must be physically
conditioned to keep up with the game.
Studies have proven beyond doubt that as a person’s physical fatigue increases, their concentration drops.
The higher level of fatigue, the greater the effect on concentration.
This means the better prepared the umpire can be to cope with the physical demands of the game, the
better his/her resistance to fatigue.
Therefore, concentration levels can remain high through the course of the game.
THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
There is no reference to this module in The Ultimate Umpiring Guide.
The importance of this section, though, should be understood by today’s youth.
In summary, umpires need to be physically fit so they are able to:
• consistently maintain the appropriate position from which to make valued judgments
• resist fatigue and so maintain optimum concentration levels
35
FITNESS
There are several areas of fitness required by an umpire that form the basis of the umpire’s fitness training:
CARDIO-RESPIRATORY ENDURANCE
Working muscles need oxygen and nutrients to operate efficiently. Cardiorespiratory endurance is the ability to
supply these essential ingredients through the heart, lungs, and circulatory system.
It is possible to increase your cardiorespiratory endurance by including ‘aerobic’ activities in your exercise
program. They are called ‘aerobic’ because they require an on-going supply of oxygen at a much faster rate
than under resting conditions.
Our sports require a good aerobic base whether they involve running, swimming, or rowing. While many
of the activities may be of short duration or repeated bursts, aerobic fitness or efficient heart, lungs and
circulatory system will assist greatly in the ability to recover more quickly.
MUSCULAR STRENGTH
When a muscle or muscle group can produce its maximum force or highest tension level against a resistance,
it is said to have strength. Strength is a basic requirement for almost all sports and is important in many daily
activities. Without strength your muscles would find it impossible to endure.
AEROBIC ENDURANCE
Aerobic Endurance refers to the ability of the muscles to resist fatigue when repeating a sub-maximal effort
over a period of time where oxygen intake and consumption are equal. (jogging/walking)
ANAEROBIC POWER/ENDURANCE
Anaerobic fitness is the ability to resist fatigue when repeating near maximum effort over a given time when
oxygen consumption is greater than intake. (running/sprinting)
Speed, agility, and quickness are important components in tennis, athletics, hockey, various football codes,
basketball, badminton, squash, volleyball and table tennis.
(Many of the above listed sports are played over an extended period of time and although all include short
bursts of energy, they do require cardiorespiratory endurance capabilities to assist in coping with oxygen debt).
Anaerobic power requires the muscles to provide instant or short-term energy when the uptake of oxygen is
not always readily available. Extreme examples would include events such as shot-put, long-jump, and sprints,
as they rely on the stored glycogen in the muscles.
FLEXIBILITY
Flexibility refers to the range of motion around the joints or series of joints. The development of flexibility
assists in the prevention of muscular tears and strains.
In order for a joint to move fluidly through its complete range of movement, in needs to be flexible. Lack of
flexibility is triggered by differing factors such as the bone structure of a joint and the size and strength of the
muscles, as well as ligaments and other connective tissues.
The ability of muscles to stretch to their optimum length is dependent on these factors. By including
stretching exercises in your daily routine, you can greatly improve your flexibility. Stretching warms up the
muscles by increasing the blood flow. By doing this you allow muscles and tendons to become more flexible,
which in turn will decrease stiffness and reduce the chance of strains and sprains.
MUSCULAR ENDURANCE
When a muscle has the ability to maintain sub-maximum force levels while contracting a muscle or muscle
group repeatedly for extended periods it is said to have endurance, e.g. rowing.
AGILITY
Agility is the ability to change direction quickly while travelling at speed. This is an important element to an
umpire’s running and positioning skills.
36
NUTRITION
The food groups necessary to keep our bodies functioning correctly are:
FATS
Weight for weight fat provides
twice the energy of protein or
carbohydrates. Fat however
is a secondary source of fuel
because it requires a great deal
more oxygen before use can
convert it to an energy source.
MINERALS
Minerals are essential for basic
good health. One mineral,
iron, is important for the
manufacturing of haemoglobin
which helps transport of oxygen
through the bloodstream.
THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
Foods provide our bodies with energy. As umpiring makes extreme demands upon energy levels, an umpire’s diet
needs to include enough of the right food groups to meet the demands placed upon him/her. A sound nutritional
diet should be balanced with a variety of foods.
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrate is the major
source of energy. It is stored
as glycogen.
PROTEIN
Protein is used for the build up
and repair of body tissues.
VITAMINS
The body uses organic
substances called vitamins in
small amounts to help the correct
functioning of muscles and
nerves. Vitamins also assist in the
releasing of the stored energy.
37
ESSENTIAL FOODS
Foods can be divided into five basic food groups – each of which provides important nutrients. Listed below
are these five groups with the recommended daily intake of each group.
FOOD GROUPS
MAIN NUTRIENTS
1. Bread and Cereals
Four or more servings Bread, cereals, rice, spaghetti, flour,
whole grain varieties are better
Carbohydrates, B vitamins, protein, roughage, minerals
2. Fruit and Vegetables
Four or more servings – include one serve of Vitamin C (rich
citrus fruit), one serve of Vitamin A (leafy vegetables or orangeyellow vegetables
Vitamins A and C, minerals, roughage
3. Meat Group
One or more servings – meat, poultry, fish, eggs, cheese, soya
beans, nuts, beans, and
Protein, iron, vitamins B and E, energy
4. Dairy products
Two or more servings
• adult 300ml • children and teenagers 600ml
Calcium, vitamins A, B and E, protein, energy
5. Butter/Margarines
One tablespoon or more
Vitamins A and E, Essential fats, Energy
For more information visit any of the following websites.
www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au www.nutritionaustralia.org
www.goforyourlife.vic.gov.au
www.health.gov.au
www.vichealth.vic.gov.au
WATER
As well as ensuring the correct amounts of nutrients in the umpire’s diet,
the amount of water he/she consumes is also an important factor in his/her
energy levels. Ideally water should be consumed before umpiring as well as
throughout the match, as it assists in the prevention of dehydration. If an
umpire waits until he/she is thirsty before drinking water then he/she will find
his/her body has already begun the dehydration process.
38
The extracts below have been taken from A Winning Diet produced by the Australian Institute of Sport.
In Australia we enjoy an abundance of food choices. There are thousands of different food products on
supermarket shelves, most fruits and vegetables are available all year instead of brief seasons, and we can
dine out on the cuisine of any country we fancy. Despite this, many of us think there are only two types of food,
‘good’ foods and ‘bad’ foods. Some people think that a ‘good diet’ means giving up all the foods that are ‘bad’
for us – often the foods they enjoy most.
The good news from sports dieticians is that no foods are ‘good’ or ‘bad’ by themselves, and no food needs
to be completely banished from a balanced diet. The first rule of a balanced diet is to explore and enjoy the
variety of foods around us. Variety helps us enjoy what we eat and makes sure that we can meet our nutrient
needs from a range of good food sources. Priority should be given to nutrient-rich foods that best look after the
special needs of training and keep us healthy. However, there is room for all foods, especially those that are fun
to eat or part of eating out socially.
Although some popular diet books have spread the myth that certain foods shouldn’t be eaten together, the
truth is that meals are improved by mixing and matching foods together. In fact, many foods cleverly combine
to enhance the nutritional value of the total meal.
DECREASE THE INTAKE OF FOODS HIGH IN FATS AND OILS
THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
ENJOY A VARIETY OF NUTRITIOUS FOODS
For most Australians, a high-fat diet is second nature. Although our bodies need some fats and oils, our
typical eating patterns well exceed these requirements. The health disadvantages of high-fat eating include
an increased risk of becoming overweight, and problems with heart disease and some cancers. For an
athlete, the most immediate problem is that a high fat intake displaces some of the energy we really need from
carbohydrate foods. In a balanced diet, lower-fat eating makes way for our new fuel foods. Cutting back a little
on fats and oils is good for all athletes. However, if one is concerned with losing some body fat or keeping it off,
then one should pay special attention to low-fat eating strategies.
Lower-fat eating means reducing one’s intake of foods that are visibly fatty. Many foods hide large amounts of
fats and oils, often added in cooking and preparation. These should also be targeted.
Strategies for reducing intake of fats and oils
• select the trimmed cuts of meat such as beef, lamb, pork and chicken
• choose low-fat dairy products
• cook with minimal amounts of fats and oils
• avoid smothering food with butter or greasy sauces
• learn to read the labels on food items regarding the total fat content
FLUID REQUIREMENTS
Each day we need to replace about two litres of fluid to balance general body losses – even before sweat losses
during training and performance are taken into consideration. Sweating is our body’s way of getting rid of the
heat generated by exercise, and sweating rates increase as the work becomes harder and the environment
becomes hotter. Being in fluid-balance means replacing losses from day to day, but also preventing
dehydration occurring during each training session. One can not train one’s body to get used to dehydration,
just like your car can not get used to performing with an empty radiator. Fluid needs will be important to
everyone’s competition strategies, so athletes should start to develop good drinking habits in advance.
Fluid replacement strategies
• drink with every meal
• keep a supply of fluids on hand every day
• take extra care in warmer weather
• be conscious of weight loss during training periods
• rehydrate quickly after each training session
39
HIGH CARBOHYDRATE FOODS AND DRINKS
Carbohydrate foods play a vital role as a training fuel. The critical source of energy for exercising muscles
is the body’s carbohydrate stores – a little from glucose and a larger amount from glycogen stores in your
muscles. These stores can only provide for up to a couple of hours of continuous exercise, and must be
constantly refilled from the carbohydrates in our diets. Running low on carbohydrates causes fatigue – we have
all experienced how bad it feels to run out of fuel! The more we train, the greater the needs of daily intake of
carbohydrates.
Typical Australian eating habits do not provide adequate carbohydrates. For general health benefits and
to provide energy levels for a light to moderate training program, sports dieticians recommend that that
carbohydrate foods should make up more than half of our total energy intake.
Nutritious carbohydrate-rich foods
• breads and breakfast cereals
• pasta, rice and other grains
• all forms of fruit
• sweetened low-fat dairy foods e.g. flavoured yoghurt
• pancakes, scones and other foods made with flour
BALANCED FOOD INTAKE
Now that we know more about how foods fit into a balanced diet, we must arrange the balanced diet to fit into
our total nutritional needs and our daily timetable. How much you need to eat depends on how much energy
you expend and whether you wish to maintain your current body-fat and weight levels. These factors will vary
from person to person, and at times you may want to change the balance to lose or gain weight. In other words,
eat enough to keep your weight and body fat on target.
We should also arrange our daily plan of meals and snacks to keep pace with energy. Skipping meals
– particularly breakfast – and overeating later is a typical trap. Aim to get into a healthy eating rhythm that fits
in with your training times and other daily commitments, such as work or school.
40
ACCREDITATION
Should candidates wish to gain VET credit for the following units of competency, application can be made to
the AFL SportsReady Australian School-Based Apprenticeships Program.
CERTIFICATION
Through a registered training organisation (RTO), candidates may also apply for recognised current
competencies. Candidates may then also be issued with a statement of attainment for the following units of
Competency from the National Sport and Recreation Industry training package:
• SRSAFL 004A
Interpret and apply the fundamental laws of Australian Football at junior or beginner level.
• SRSAFL 005A
Use basic communication strategies to umpire Australian Football at junior or beginner level.
• SRSAFL 006A
Provide reports and receive feedback relevant to umpiring Australian football at a junior or beginner level.
THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL
AUSTRALIAN SCHOOL-BASED APPRENTICESHIPS
• SRSAFL 007A
Demonstrate fundamental positioning skills relevant to umpire Australian football at a junior or beginner level.
Candidates who umpire football competitively in any season of formal competition may also apply
for the following units of competency from the National Sport and Recreation Industry training package:
STREAMS
• SRSOGP 002A
Apply rules and regulations to conduct games and competitions.
• SRSOGP 003A
Judge competitive situations.
• SRXCAI 003B
Provide equipment for activities.
• SRXFAC 001B
Maintain equipment for activities.
ELECTIVES
• SRXGRO 002A
Deal with conflict.
• SRXGCS 004A
Meet client needs and expectations.
• BSBFLM 303A
Contribute to effective workplace relationships.
Deirdre Hardy
Australian Schools Based Apprenticeships Consultant
AFL SportsReady
GPO Box 4337
Melbourne 3001
Phone: (w) (03) 8663-3050
(m) 0400-155405
41
NOTES
42