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Marine and
Coastal Systems &
Resources
AP Environmental
Science
Review #14
Name the five oceans of
the world.
• Pacific,
Atlantic, Indian,
Southern, and Arctic
What percent of the
Earth’s surface is covered
in ocean?
• 71%
(and oceans contain 97.5%
of our water supply!)
Contrast bathymetry and
topography.
• Bathymetry
is the measurement
of ocean depths. Topography is
the study of landforms and
geographic features.
True/False
• Ocean
water is about 97% H2O by
mass.
True
• When ocean water evaporates,
dissolved salts evaporate as well.
False; the salt remains in the
ocean
Where did the dissolved salts
in the ocean originate from?
• Runoff
containing salts and the
erosion of rock
True/False
• Water
density increases as
salinity decreases.
False
• Water pressure increases with
depth.
True
Name the Oceanic Zone!
• Heated
winds
by sunlight and stirred by
Surface zone
• Below
the surface where density
increases rapidly with depth
Pycnocline
Name the Oceanic Zone
• Beneath
the pycnocline; not
affected by sunlight or wind
Deep zone
• Gently sloping topography
ringing the ocean
Continental shelf
What are some of the ecosystem
services that oceans provide us
with?
• Climate regulation, ecotourism
and recreational opportunities,
carbon storage by
phytoplankton and plants,
economic benefits from the
fishing industry
Which environmental factors
drive ocean currents?
• Density
differences, heating,
cooling, wind, and gravity
Name the Term
•A
process in which surface currents
converge and surface water sinks
Downwelling
• A process in which horizontal surface
currents diverge from one another
and cold deep waters are pulled to
the surface
Upwelling
True/False
• Ocean
water is saltier at the surface
than it is at lower depths.
False; saltier water is denser
• Ocean
water is colder at the surface
than it is at lower depths.
False; the sun warms the surface
What triggers El Niño conditions?
• Air
pressure decreases in the
eastern Pacific and increases in
the western Pacific. This
weakens equatorial winds and
warm waters flow eastward.
What triggers La Niña events?
• Winds
blowing westward
strengthen and unusually cold
waters rise to the surface and
flow westward
What is causing ocean
acidification?
• The
ocean is absorbing large
amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2).
When this molecule interacts with
water, it creates carbonic acid.
Hydrogen ions (H+) can dissociate
from this acid, which lowers the
water’s pH.
What are some environmental
effects of ocean acidification?
• The
hydrogen ions steal deplete
calcium carbonate in the ocean by
reacting with the calcium. Calcium
carbonate is used to make shells, so
shelled creatures are growing smaller
on average. The organisms at higher
trophic levels are also not able to grow
to their full potential as a result. Coral
bleaching is another associated
problem which will be discussed on an
upcoming slide.
What are some economic effects
of ocean acidification?
• Fish
are smaller, so fishermen
are making less money;
reduced food security; reduced
ecotourism to coral reefs and
aquatic tourist attractions
Name the Ocean Zone
• Nearly
all of the ocean’s
primary productivity occurs
here
Photic zone
• Also known as the open ocean
Pelagic zone
Name the Ocean Zone
• The
ocean floor
Benthic zone
• Experiences low and high tides
twice a day
Intertidal (littoral) zone
What are tides, and what
causes them?
• The
periodic rising and falling of
the ocean’s height at a given
location
• The gravitational pull of the sun
and moon
What environmental stresses do
intertidal organisms experience?
• Wave
action, predation, very
dry conditions, very wet
conditions, changes in water
level
Name the Marine Ecosystem
• Tides
wash over gently sloping silty
substrates; home to shorebirds,
fish, and shellfish
Salt marsh
• Contain trees with stilt-like roots;
protect coastal areas from storm
surges
Mangrove forest
Name the Marine Ecosystem
• Rivers
flow into the ocean, mixing
freshwater with salt water
Estuary
• Contains large brown algae that
provides shelter to many
organisms
Kelp forest
True/False
• Coral
is an organism.
True! It is a small invertebrate
related to anemones and jellyfish.
• Coral skeletons are made of
calcium carbonate.
True
What are some ecosystem
services coral reefs provide?
• Ecotourism
(snorkeling, boating,
Scuba diving), protection of
coastal areas from storm surges,
habitat for many species
(including some endangered
species)
What is coral bleaching, and
what is causing this?
• Coral dies and leaves behind its
calcium carbonate colorless (white)
skeleton
• Ocean acidification is killing the
zooxanthellae (small organisms living
within the corals). These organisms
normally provide the coral with food
and color. Without the
zooxanthellae, the coral dies.
Name the Ocean Location
• Organisms
here are adapted to
extreme pressure and darkness
Deep zone
• Bacteria are the primary
producers here by using
chemosynthesis to break down
sulfur compounds
Hydrothermal vents
What are some of the negative
effects of plastic pollution on marine
ecosystems?
• Can
be ingested by aquatic life
which can cause death or
starvation, organism can get
trapped in plastic pollution,
plastic can take hundreds of
years to degrade, it can release
toxins into the water
True/False
• Most
oil pollution in the ocean
comes from small, non-point sources
True (Ex. small personal boats)
• Oil spilled by tankers worldwide has
decreased over the past three
decades
True, there has been an
increased emphasis on spill
prevention
How does mercury enter
marine ecosystems?
• Mercury
is emitted into the
atmosphere from coal combustion
and mine tailings. It is deposited in
rain, and can runoff into aquatic
ecosystems. Here it is converted to
methylmercury which undergoes
biomagnification.
True/False
• All
fish are equally
environmentally unfriendly to
consume.
False; check out the “Seafood
Watch” guide put out by the
Monterrey Bay Aquarium to see
which fish are most sustainable to
eat
True/False
• Some
dinoflagellate algae can produce
neurotoxins.
True; areas with large algal blooms are
sometimes “dead zones” with very few
species
• Red tides are created after shark feeding
frenzies.
False; some dinoflagellates produce
reddish pigment which discolors the water
Provide three examples of
industrial fishing practices.
1)
2)
3)
Long driftnets
Longline fishing (many baited
hooks all in the water at once)
Trawling (dragging weighted
nets across the ocean floor)
Provide pros and cons of
industrial fishing.
• Pros:
catch more fish at once,
greater profit, food security
• Cons: bycatch (catching
organisms you did not mean to
catch), depleting populations
faster than they can repopulate,
trawling can destroy benthic
ecosystems by disturbing sediment
Contrast marine protected
areas and marine reserves.
• Marine
protected areas restrict
human activity, however their
regulations vary widely. Marine
reserves are “no-take” areas
which do not allow fishing of
any kind.
Provide a pro and con of marine
reserves.
• Pro: allows the fish populations
to repopulate (reducing fishing
pressure on populations)
• Con:
Individuals in the fishing
industry may loose money;
some may say it impedes on
the rights of businesses