NYS Dairy Farm Survey
Dairy Farm Energy Use
Energy Efficient Lighting
for Agricultural Buildings
Milk cooling
19%
Feeding Eq Manure Eq
3%
2%
Misc
1%
Lighting
18%
Scott Sanford
Senior Outreach Specialist
Biological Systems Engineering
Vacuum Pump
13%
Water heating
28%
Ventilation
16%
Source: Dairy Farm Energy Audit Summary, NYSERDA, July 2003
2
What is Light?
Electromagnetic Radiation
Sensitivity of an average
humans eye
Color Temperature
•
•
•
•
Skylight (clear blue sky)
Daylight
Cool white / Bright White
Warm White / Soft White
12-20,000K
5000 - 6500K
3500 - 4100K
2700 - 3000K
•
•
•
•
High pressure sodium lamp
Mercury Vapor
Incandescent
Match or candle flame
2100K
5700K
2500 - 2900K
1700 - 1900K
°
°
°
273 K = 0 C = 32 F
5
1
Light Quality
Color Rendering Index
8
7
Source: http://www.neon-lighting.com/articles/Types%20of%20Lamps.htm
Low Pressure Sodium
How is light measured?
Lumen, Foot Candle, Lux?
Color of an object depends on sensitivity of the eye and
the wavelengths (colors) produced by light source.
Source: The Light Measurement Handbook – Alex Ryer, International Light
Technologies; http://files.intl-light.com/ILT-Light-Measurement-Handbook.pdf
10
Incandescent Phase-Out
Incandescent Phase-Out
• Benefits
• Period: 2012 to 2014
• Per Household (Typical 18% lights)
• Lights emitting 310 to 2600 lumens
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• 1295 kWh – 1737 lbs. CO2 per year
• ~ $160/year savings
Increased efficiency by 27%
~ 25 watt to <150 watt bulbs
Jan 1, 2012 – 100 watt – 1690 L ≤72W
Jan 1, 2013 – 75 watt
– 1170 L ≤53W
Jan 1, 2014 – 60 watt
– 850 L ≤43W
Jan 1, 2014 – 40 watt
– 475 L ≤29W
Doesn’t ban specialty lamps
• US Benefits
• 143,917,273,500 kWh / yr
• 96.4 M tons CO2 / yr
• 2020
• General Purpose only
• All general purpose lamps minimum
efficiency of 45 lumens per watt
• Energy Security Act of 2007
11
12
2
Halogen Lamps
Incandescent Replacements
• Type of incandescent lamp
• Efficiency ~ 15-20 L/watt (27%+)
• Life span Twice incandescent
• Halogen A-type Medium base
• Meet new efficiency std. – 27%
• Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)
• 2000 to 2500 hours
• 75% more efficient
•
•
•
•
•
• Linear Fluorescent – T8 or T5
• 83% more efficient
• LED
• 75% ++ more efficient
• Long Life - ~ 25,000 - 50,000 hours
Low light loss depreciation – 94%
Dimmable
No Mercury
Higher surface temperature
Phase out in 2020
13
Compact Fluorescent Lamps
14
Water & Dust Tight Enclosure
(CFL)
• 75% less power than incandescent lamps
• 60 watt incandescent = 14 watt CFL
• Range from 5 watts to 32 watts
• Equivalent Incandescent: 20w to ~200w
• Excellent color rendering qualities
• CRI – 82
• 6 to 12 times longer life than incandescent
• Average Life: 6,000 to 12,000 hours
• Frequent switching shorten life
• Low starting temperatures
• down to -20
°F, older models to 32°F or 0°F
• Saves 500 lbs of coal over CFL’s life
• 1233 lbs of CO2 emissions
• Reduce mercury emissions
Install in sealed fixtures in dusty/moist areas
Required for barns
For enclosed fixtures - use rated lamps.
Protection from breakage
CFL Lamps contain mercury
15
Energy Act of 2005
16
Fluorescent Lamps
T-12
• T-8 Fluorescent lamps (1” dia)
• T12 Fluorescent Magnetic Ballast
T-8
T-5
• Similar to popular T-12 lamps but 1” versus 1.5” diameter
• Phased out July 1, 2010
• 20% more Lumens per watt than T-12 lamps
• T-8 & T-12 provide about the same output per bulb (~5%)
• Replace with electronic ballast
• Convert fixture to T8 Fluorescent (best)
• Std – 2800 L
(T12 – 2900 L)
• 100% plus longer life than T-12 lamps
• Average Life: 20,000 to 30,000 hours versus ~ 10,000 hours
for T12
• 25% Energy savings
• Ballasts 40% more efficient (electronic versus magnetic)
°
No Flickering – T-12 flickers >50°F
• Starting temperatures down to 0 F (Depends on ballast)
• -20
•
17
°F for High Output version
18
3
T5 vs T8 Fluorescent Lamps
Fluorescent Lamps
T-12
• T-5 Fluorescent lamps (5/8” dia)
T-8
T-5
•
•
• Efficiency ~ same to 5% more than T8 ***
• 20-30,000 hrs life
• Std – 2900 L
°
Average temperature in WI 47°F (8°C)
Lamp Output @ 50°F (10°C)
• T8 – 72% of full output
• T5 – 42% of full output
• Mean Output for 45.2” lamp
°
°
• T5 rated at 95 F vs T8 rated at 75 F
HO – 4600 L
• 0 F start temperatures
• Electronic ballasts
°
T-5 lamp fixtures
with cover holds
heat in which
increase efficiency
• High output version -20 F start temperatures
• Different base and lengths (21.6”, 33.4”, 45.2”, 57.1”)
• Lamps not as readily available in Retail stores
• Lamps cost more
20
19
Cold Weather Fluorescents
Retrofits T-12 to T-8
• T8 & T12 lamps
• Same length lamps
• same bases / fixtures
• Single Pin (Fa8) – 8 foot lamps
• Medium Bipin (G13) – 4 foot lamps
• Recessed Double contact (R17d) - High Output lamps
• Fixture in good condition and correct type
• Must change Ballast & lamps
• Conversion cost - $30-$50 for parts.
22
Electrical Code for Ag Buildings
Other Energy Policy Changes
• Mercury Vapor lamps
• If housing animals
• Considered damp/wet & corrosive
• No new ballasts can be Mfg or imported
• No Sales after Jan 2008
• Fixtures
• Rated for damp/wet Location
• Non-corrosive materials
• Stainless Steel / Plastic
• Cover with gasket
• Surface wiring in conduit
• Wet-rated switch
• Metal Halide Probe-Start Lamps
• No new ballasts can be Mfg or imported
• No Sales after Jan 2009
• Replace with Pulse-Start Metal Halide
• 25% energy savings
•Utility Re-wiring Programs!!!
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24
4
High Intensity Discharge Lamps
Full Cut-off Reflector
• Mercury Vapor Lamps (discontinued)
More light in target area
• Efficiency – 35 Lumens / watt
= Lower wattage needs
Replaced by
Standard HID Fixture with Refractor
• High Pressure Sodium
• 150% more efficient
30% of light goes up
• 2.5 watts MV = 1 watt HPS
• 175 w MV 70w HPS
• 90 Lumens / watt
• Yellow/orange light
• CRI similar to Mercury Vapor lamps
• Pulse-Start Metal Halide
• Uses 50% less energy
Hubbell SkyCap
• 2 watts MV = 1 watt PSMH
• 70 lumens / watt
GE Sky-Guard
• Good color rendering characteristics
• Free stall barns
RAB Down Blaster
25
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What does it cost to operate a 175
watt MV yard light per year?
•
•
•
•
•
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
• Assumption $ 0.12/kWh, 4380 hrs/yr
Courteous of Outdoor Lighting Associates, Inc – Ames IA
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27
Does it need to be on all night?
What does it cost to operate a 175
watt MV yard light per year?
Outdoor Lighting Controls
• Control with Clock / timer
•
•
•
•
•
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
• Photo / Motion Sensor
• Not with HID lamps
$104
• Half-Night photo sensor/ Photo sensor w/ timer
• Measures night length daily and turns on light 1st half
of night or has a time clock
• Replaces standard photo sensor
• Cost ~ $30 - $50
• Brands (many others)
• Intermatic K4536SST
• Mid-Night Tracker
• Ripley Lighting Controls
• Assumption $ 0.12/kWh, 4380 hrs/yr
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5
New Tech:
Induction Lamps
Induction Lamps
• Type of Fluorescent
• No Electrodes
• Long Life – 100,000 hours
• 22 years at 12 hour/day
• CRI – 80-90
• CCT – 3000-5000K
• Maintain 85% output
°
• -30 to 130 F
• Efficiency
• 70-80 L/watt
• Higher Capital Cost
• Lower Maintenance
• Lamp replacements
32
31
Temperature Impacts on an LED
New Tech - LED
• LED (Light Emitting Diode)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Long life 25 to >100,000 hrs
Efficient - 60 -100 L/watt
Sensitive to heat not cold
Contains lead, chromium and arsenic but
no mercury
Recyclable (95%) – Contains Aluminum
Driver (similar to ballast)
Very directional light
Life not shorten by switching
Dimmable to 10% of full output
Lamp Depreciation - < 10%
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Buy Lumens not watts
Lighting Upgrade Example
• Dairy Barn – 200 x 34 ft (~ 100 cows)
Energy use for different lighting Technologies*
Lumens
Incandescent
Halogen
CFL
LED
• 100 watt Incandescent every 10 ft – 3 rows
465-600
40
28
9
8
750-940
60
43
13
10-12
• 30 lights – 3000 watts – 1530 Lumens/each
• Life 750 hrs
1050-1170
75
53
18
14-17
1490-1675
100
72
23
23
2680-2800
150
42
26
• Upgrade lighting while maintaining the same
light level or increase
* General purpose – Omnidirectional lamps
35
6
Comparison of Lamp Technologies
Replacement Options
•
•
•
•
Type
Halogen – 72 w – 1000 hrs – 1490 L
CFL – 26 watt – 10,000 hrs – 1550 L
LED – 23 watt – 25,000 hrs – 1700 L
T8 Fluorescent
• 68 watt / 2 lamp & ballast
• 2800 L/lamp – 20,000 hrs
• Typically 2 lamp fixtures
Watts
Life
Lumens Lamp Annual Savings
/ lamp $/ea
$*
$
1530 $1.20 $1191
XXX
Incand
100
750
Halogen
72
1000
1490
1.50
888
$303
CFL
26
12,000
1550
5.50
354&
838
LED
23
25,000
1700
50.00
417
774
T8#
32
20,000
2750
3.50
373
819
* 8 hours/day @ $0.12/kWh, 30 lamp unless noted, included cost of lamp replacement;
# 15 fixtures (80% more lumens); Fixtures ~ $125 installed – 2.5 yr payback;
& de-rated life to 5000 hrs.
Comparison of Lamp Types
Lumens/watt
Disposal of Fluorescent & HID
Lamps
Lamp type
Incandescent
• All contain Mercury
• High Pressure Sodium, Metal Halide, Mercury Vapor
• T-5, T-8, T-10, T-12, Compact Fluorescent, Induction
• WI State law requires
• All businesses to recycle
• or dispose as Hazardous waste
• Distill mercury, smelt metals, glass reused
• Contact:
• Town or County recycling Coordinator
• RecycleABulb.com
• CFL recycling – Free in most locations
• 5 mg Hg per CFL bulb
39
Color
White
CRI
100
CT (K)
1000
Halogen
12-21
2-6000
White
100
3000
Mercury Vapor
26-39
24,000
White Bluish
15-50
38005700
2800
Starting
Temp. (F)
Instant On
°F
>- 40°F
-22°F
-20°F or
0°F
>- 40
Contain
Mercury
Yes
No
Yes
No
No *
Recycling
Require
Yes
Recycling
Require
Compact
Fluorescent
45-55
6000 to
10,000
White
82
2700
Light Emitting
Diodes - LED
55-100
25,000 –
100,000
White
68-92
varies
-30 to
-20 F
Yes
No
70
9000 –
12,000
White
52-90
3000 –
5000
-20
Yes
Recycling
Require
T-12 HO
Fluorescent
• Recycling
Average
life (hrs)
7-20
Metal Halide
41-79
10,000 20,000
Bluish
65-70
30004300
Pulse Start
Metal Halide
60-74
15,000 32,000
Bluish
62-75
32004000
T-12 (1.5”)
Fluorescent
62-80
9000 to
12,000
White
52-90
30005000
T-8 HO
Fluorescent
104
18,000
White
75
30005000
High Pressure
Sodium
66-97
24,000
Yelloworange
22-70
19002100
T-8 (1.0”)
Fluorescent
83-93
15,000 40,000
White
60-86
30006500
T-5 (5/8”)
Fluorescent
95
20,000 –
30,000
White
85
30006500
°
°F
-22°F
°F
50°F
-20°F
-40°F
0°F
0°F
-40
No *
Recycling
Require
No *
Recycling
Require
Yes
Recycling
Require
Yes
Recycling
Require
No *
Recycling
Require
Yes
Recycling
Require
Yes
Recycling
40
Require
* Requires warm-up to reach full output
References
Thank You
• Lighting Research Center at RPI www.lrc.rpi.edu
• Energy-Efficient Agricultural Lighting
extension bulletin
http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/A3784-14.pdf
• Lighting system for Dairy Freestall barns and
milking centers
http://www.uwex.edu/ces/dairymod/cowhousing/documents/Ligh
Scott Sanford M.Eng.
tingDairyFacilities.pdf
Sr. Outreach Specialist
• Dairy Lighting Systems for barns
http://www.milkproduction.com/Library/?q=hidden:meta:category:Housi
ng;Illumination
41
[email protected]
608-262-5062
7