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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Visualizing
Psychology
Siri Carpenter &
Karen Huffman
by
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
Chapter 9: Life Span
Development I
Siri Carpenter, Yale University
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Lecture Overview

Studying Development

Physical Development

Cognitive Development
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Developmental Psychology:
studies age-related changes
in behavior and mental
processes from conception to death
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Studying Development– Key
Theoretical Debates



Nature vs. Nurture—
heredity vs. environment
Continuity vs. Stages—
continuous and gradual
vs. periods of abrupt
change followed by periods of little change
Stability vs. Change— characteristics maintained
vs. characteristics vary over time
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Studying Development (Continued)

What position on these
debates is most correct?

The interactionist
perspective, which
recently evolved into the
biopsychosocial model.
Biological
Social
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Psychological
Pause and Reflect:
Critical Thinking
Behaviorist John Watson said: “Give me
a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own
specified world to bring them up in, and I'll
guarantee to take anyone at random and train them
to become any type of specialist I might select—
doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even
beggar man and thief, regardless of his talents,
penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and
race of his ancestors." (Boakes, 1984, pp. 226) Do
you agree? Why or why not?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Studying Development—
Research Methods
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Studying Development—
Research Methods
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Studying Development—
Cultural Guidelines for
Developmental Research


Culture may be the most
important determinant.
Development cannot be studied
outside its sociocultural context.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1. Can you briefly describe the three key
areas of debate in developmental
psychology?
2. What are the key differences between
cross-sectional and longitudinal research?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Physical Development—
Three Stages of Prenatal
Development
1. Germinal Period:
conception to uterine
implantation
2. Embryonic Period:
uterine implantation
through the eighth week
3. Fetal Period: eighth
week until birth
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Physical Development—
Three Stages of Prenatal
Development
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Physical Development—
Hazards to Prenatal Development

•
Teratogens: environmental agents that
cause damage during prenatal
development by crossing the placental
barrier
Categories of teratogens include:
–
–
–
Legal and illegal drugs
Diseases and malnutrition
Exposure to X-rays and stress exposure
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Physical Development—
Hazards to Prenatal Development
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Physical Development—
Early Childhood

Three key areas of early childhood
development:



Brain
Motor
Sensory/perceptual
development
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Physical Development—
Brain Development
•
As child grows, neurons grow in size
and the number of dendrites and axons
increase.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Physical DevelopmentLifespan Changes in Body
Proportions
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Physical Development—Early Childhood
•
Milestones in motor development
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Physical Development—
Sensory and Perceptual Development
•
Smell, taste, touch, and hearing
are well developed at birth.
•
Vision is developed poorly
at birth.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Physical Development—
Adolescence and Puberty
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Physical Development- Adulthood
Middle Age:
• Female Menopause
• Male Climacteric
 Late Adulthood:
• Primary Aging:
gradual, inevitable
changes versus age
changes due to disease,
disuse, or neglect
• Secondary Aging:
• Changes resulting from
disease, disuse, or neglect

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1. _____ are environmental agents that
may lead to birth defects.
2. The senses of _____, ______, _____,
and _____ are all well developed at birth.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Cognitive Development

Jean Piaget believed infants
begin at a cognitively
“primitive” level and
progress in distinct stages.

Piaget’s schemas are the most basic unit
of intellect, which act as patterns that
organize interactions with the
environment.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology