E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Frequency Spectrum
and Applications
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Si CMOS/BJTs
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
SiGe HBT
III - V FETs/HBTs
Automotive
Road
Pricing
Transport
communications
Collision
Avoidance
Navigation/Aerospace
GPS
x - band
Radar
A/D + D/A Converters
GSM
Communications
DCS
DECT
ISM
WLAN
G -Ethernet
0.1 0.2
0.5
1
2
5
DBS
WLAN
LMDS
10 20
50
Frequency (GHz)
100
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Wireless Applications
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Defence Applications
Phased-array radar
Secure Communications
Electronic warfare
(e.g. Electronic Surveillance
Measures, ECM, ECCM, decoys)
Explosive/Biological
weapon Detection
Altimeters
Smart munitions
Remote sensing, for surveillance
(e.g. Synthetic aperture radar,
Radiometers for passive millimetre-wave imaging)
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Space Applications
Communications satellites
(e.g. Low earth orbit mobile systems,
Steerable phased-array antennas
For footprint control)
Astronomy (using
radiometers)
Altimeters
Station-keeping
Remote sensing, for environmental monitoring
(e.g. Synthetic aperture radar, Radiometers)
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Civil Applications
Direct Broadcasting by Satellite (DBS)
Satellite TVRO
Bluetooth
VSAT earth terminals
Autonomous cruise control
Mobile phones
Automatic tolling & telematics
LOS communications
Search & rescue
Fibre-optic systems
Security scanners
Global positioning (GPS)
RFID and tagging
Broadband Wireless
Smart cards
(e.g. MVDS Æ LMDS)
Medical systems
Wireless local loop
Wireless WANs, LANs, HANs, PANs
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Wireless Communications
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
RFID and Tagging
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Short Range
Received signal from
Reader @ frequency Fi
Reader
(read range 1-2m)
Antenna
Nonlinear
Device
Transmitted signal to
Reader @ Frequencies
Fi, 2Fi, 3Fi
Incident frequency Fi: 2.400-2.4835GHz or 5.725-5.875GHz
Often used for Road Tolling – windscreen tag
Microwaves required – high frequency = narrow antenna beam
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Medium Range
Tolling and Access
Tags for auto tolls
RFID for gate and garage entry
Telematics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Long Range
www.carnetics.co.uk
Uses Orange network and internet
~ £430
FleetCAD Trakker (USA)
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Space Systems
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Iridium now used by the US Military only!
DBS
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
The 3 signals arrive at slightly different
times, so position can be calculated
Basic GPS £129
Voice direction £499
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Satellite TV: 10.7-12.5 GHz (Europe)
Astra 2D UK spot beam
50cm dish + indoor unit
Astra 2D
Built by Boeing, launched Ariane 5, Dec 2000
2 metre dish, 16 x 39W transmitters
1600 watt solar panels, 1445 kg launch mass
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Mobile Communications
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
In the very, very, very
early days of mobile
radio telephony…..
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
First Generation of Mobile
Phones (German’s C-Net)
…… circa 1988
Motorola CD/CF451:
Analogue Technology
8V 3Ah Ni-Cd battery
4.6 Kg…Paving Stone?
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
GSM
GSM/CDMA
CDMA
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
W-CDMA
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Spatial Division Multiple Access Scheme
BS
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
MicroNet: Wireless Interconnects
Micronet or Network-on-Chip : a network of entities which operate concurrently and
communicate asynchronously
Fractal model of system design: network of sub-systems, down to network of transistors
Control is layered and distributed locally - behaviour can be decomposed to run on
architectural clusters with the optimal mix of computational elements
A clean separation between computation and communication, and, behaviour and timing leads to a compositional design style
www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/~dka
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
B. A. Floyd et al., IEEE Journal Solid State Circuits, 37, 5, pp. 543-552, 2002
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Low real-estate dipoles
λ/4 dipole at 100 GHz
750 μm in air
75 μm in dielectric of 100
RF SOI CMOS Transceiver Circuitry
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)
and
Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC)
DSRC is a communications approach to allowing short range (< 30 m) communications
between vehicles and the roadside for a variety of purposes, such as intersection collision
avoidance, transit or emergency vehicle signal priority, electronic parking payments, and
commercial vehicle clearance and safety inspections.
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Millimetre-Wave Applications
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
26 GHz Multipoint-to-Multipoint MESH
network (Radiant Networks)
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
“High resolution radar for automobile applications”
Advances in Radio Science (2003)
R. Schneider and J. Wenger (DaimlerChrysler AG)
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
University of California at Davis (UCD)
95 GHz Radiometric Millimetre-Wave Imager
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)
is based on:
MPEG
&
Coded Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (COFDM)
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Multipath propagation = like echoes
t
Main path
Multiple received pulses
Single data pulse
‘multipath’ interference disturbs FM reception but is tolerated in DAB through COFDM
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Echoes restrict the data rate
OFDM solution = split the data up and send it over hundreds of carriers
Amplitude
1 carrier @1Mb/s
Frequency
Amplitude
100 carriers @10kb/s
COFDM
Frequency
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
COFDM
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
An OFDM signal’s spectrum
Sine and cosine carriers
are used to increase the
density of carriers
COFDM
Since there is still a
chance some carriers will
be lost, clever coding is
used so that their data
can be recovered
L-band DAB 1228-1575MHz is coming soon to the UK
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Jan 03
www.worlddab.org
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Ultra Wideband (UWB)
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Optical Communications
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Microwave (or Millimetre-Wave) Video Distribution System (MVDS)
or Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS) Concept
Cheap microwave/mm-wave
receiver; small unobtrusive dish
Local transmitter
fibre optic
backbone
DISTRIBUTION
CENTRE
‘Last-Mile’ or ‘Radio-Over Fibre’ or ‘Fibre Radio’ communication systems
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics
Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
High Speed Optical Communication System