• The liver is the largest internal and most
metabolically complex organ in humans.
• The liver performs more than 500 different functions
for example: fighting off infection, neutralizing
toxins, manufacturing proteins and hormones,
controlling blood sugar and helping to clot the
blood.
• medical terms related to the liver often start in
'hepato'- or 'hepatic'.
• At any given time, your liver contains about 10% of
the blood which your body contains and it pumps
about 1.4 liters through per minute. • (fun fact) For the Greeks, the liver was considered
the seat of the emotions. They practised
something called 'hepatoscopy' which involved
sacrificing oxen or goats and examining their
livers to determine whether their military
campaigns would succeed or fail. The Greeks
viewed the liver as being the organ in closest
contact with divinity.
• The liver is the only organ that can regenerate itself
thus making it possible for one person to donate
part of their liver to another person. When a
portion of the liver is transplanted, the donor's
liver will regenerate back to its original size while
the transplanted portion will grow to the
appropriate size for the recipient. • The liver is positioned just under the ribs.
• The liver is dark reddish-brown in colour and made
up of two sections (lobes), the right being much
larger than the left. It has two blood supplies:
one from the heart and the other, full of
nutrients, from the intestines (the portal vein).
Right
Left
• Two-thirds of the liver is made up of liver cells; the
rest is made up of tubes known as bile ducts.
. The pancreas is a carrot shaped gland which lies just below
your stomach
. The larger end of the pancreas is on the right tucking into the
gut.
. The tail end in on the left, touching your spleen.
. The pancreas is made from a substance called exoane tissue.
.The pancreas is a glandular organ that secretes digestive
enzymes and hormones.
. It lies beneath the stomach and is connected to the small
intestine at the duodenum.
• it makes and secretes bile to help your body absorb
fats and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K)
• It metabolizes and stores carbohydrates, fats, sugars,
vitamins (and other nutrients obtained from the
foods we eat) for energy and brain function.
• It breaks down harmful chemicals (bilirubin and
ammonia) produced by the body and keeps the body
regulated and healthy.
• It manufactures proteins to help maintain blood purity
and proper flow.
• It breaks down hormones, detoxifies water and removes
drugs, alcohol and environmental toxins
• And it filters waste products from your blood.
• Assimilating and storing fat-soluble vitamins
• Creating bile
• Filtering blood
• Metabolizing fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
• Metabolizing hormones, internally-produced wastes, and
foreign chemicals
• Producing urea (a primary waste product, flushed from
the body in urine)
• Purifying and clearing waste products, toxins, and drugs
• Regulating and secreting substances important to
maintaining body functions and health
• Storing important nutrients (such as glycogen glucose),
vitamins, and minerals
• Synthesizing blood proteins
Bile Production
• One of the functions of the liver as it relates to the
digestive system is that it produces bile. Bile is
necessary for the breakdown of fats. The liver
makes bile and stores it in the gallbladder. When a
person consumes fatty foods, the gallbladder will
release bile into the stomach in order to help the
acids of the stomach breakdown the fat.
Nutrients and Toxins
• The liver also processes nutrients and toxins. When a
person eats, the stomach and small intestine digests
the food (or liquids or medications and vitamins).
The broken-down substances are absorbed by the
intestine walls and travel to the liver. The liver then
breaks them down further.
Molecules that are nutritional are transformed in such a
way that become the most beneficial for what the body
needs at the time. Toxins are broken down into molecules
that are the least harmful possible.
Glucose
• The liver also receives and produces glucose. Most of
the glucose the liver receives is produced during the
digestive process in the small intestine. The enzymes
in the small intestine break down the molecules in
carbohydrates and sugar, producing glucose
molecules, which then travel from the small intestine
to the liver. The liver stores it as glycogen. When
you need energy, the liver will transform the
glycogen back into glucose, which is then sent into
the bloodstream.
Toxin Metabolism
The liver also can play a role in the digestive system by
the way that it filters out toxins. Some things that the
digestive system absorbs can build up in the blood and
poison the tissues of the digestive tract or other organs.
The liver is one of the main areas in which toxins and
other things are broken down (a process called
metabolism). This is another way in which the liver
interacts with the digestive system---by metabolizing
some of the nutrients and chemicals that it absorbs. For
example, the liver plays a major role in the way the
digestive system handles alcohol, by helping process and
eliminate the chemical.
Blood Sugar
Another function of the liver is how it works with the
digestive system to modulate the amount of sugar in the
blood. When the digestive system absorbs excess sugar
in the form of glucose, the liver may take some of this
energy and convert it into a highly compact carbohydrate
called glycogen. This allows the liver to store excess
sugar when it has been consumed. During periods in which
the digestive system is not absorbing sugar, the glycogen
can be converted back into glucose and used to keep
blood sugar levels high--even during times of starvation.

The pancreas is a cream-coloured gland, lying just
underneath the stomach.

The pancreas makes a fluid called pancreatic juice which
contains many enzymes and flows along the pancreatic duct
that goes from the pancreas to the duodenum.

These enzymes include amylase, trypsin, and lipase

Amylase, one of the enzymes produced by the pancreas
breaks down starch to maltose.

Another is lipase which breaks down neutral fats to fatty
acids and glycerol.

Another is trypsin, which is a protease and breaks down
proteins to polypeptides.
Pancreatic juice contains sodium hydrogencarbonate which
neutralises the hydrochloric acid in the chime coming from the
stomach
The more acid the chime has, the more pancreatic juice is
released