Therapies
Therapy involves:
• Identifying the problem
• Identifying the cause
• Deciding a form of treatment
Types of therapists:
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Counseling psychologists
Clinical psychologists
Psychiatrists
Psychiatric nurse practitioners
Psychoanalysts
Clinical social workers
Pastoral counselors
The History of Psychological
Disorders Is Indeed Varied.
Phillip Pineal in France and
Dorethea Dix in America.
Treatment Used on Is Based on
the Therapists Background.
Behavioral therapies
Cont.
• Some believe they are biologically rooted
• Some believe they are a response to social
conditions
• Some believe it’s the result of flawed
thinking
Therapies Are Classified Into
Two Main Categories:
structured verbal intervention.
directly impact the nervous system.
The Psychotherapies
Psychotherapy is a Planned,
Emotionally Charged Confiding
Interaction Between a Trained
Socially Sanctioned Healer and a
Sufferer.
There are two categories of
psychotherapies:
1. Insight or talk therapies
The second type of psychotherapy
are the behavior therapies
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis Comes From
Freudian Psychoanalytic
Techniques.
Cont.
• free association
Cont.
• resistance
Cont.
• results from anxiety and repression.
Dreams latent content.
Patient begins to trust the
analyst.
psychoanalysts insist that they
are helpful.
• Few psychoanalysts today
.
Humanist Therapies
People are motivated by healthy
needs and self-fulfillment .
The Best Known Is Carl Roger’s
client centered therapy
Problems occur when positive self-image is
threatened.
Uses a Technique Called
Reflective Listening
• Constantly seeking clarification
Behavior Therapies
Interested the elimination of the
problem.
They Use Counter Conditioning.
Systematic Desensitization.
• introduced by psychiatrist Joseph Wolpe in
1958.
Cont.
• Mary Cover Jones’s rabbit experiment
showed how to eliminate a child’s fear.
Progressive laxation Also
Eliminates Unwanted Behaviors
Exposure treatment
• A more aggressive type of systematic
desensitization
Behavioral Therapists Also Use
Observational Learning.
.
Aversive Stimuli
Replacing a positive response to a
harmful situation with a negative
response
Cont.
The person’s ability to discriminate impacts
the effectiveness of this treatment.
Dialectic behavior therapy
• Focuses on getting people to accept
themselves
Cognitive Therapies
Thinking Affects Feelings.
• Depressed people misinterpret things.
Rational Emotive Therapy
• Created by Albert Ellis
• problems arise from irrational thinking.
you can reach your goals by
positive self talk.
Many cognitive therapists feel
depressed people do not possess
a self serving bias.
Children can be taught skills
that will buffer them against
depression.
Donald Meehanbaum Uses
Something Called Stress
Inoculation Training.
Cognitive therapy actually changes
the brain.
Interpersonal therapy
Concentrates on improving social
relationships by building social skills
Group and Family Therapies
All of these therapies except for
traditional psychoanalysis can
occur in small groups.
The social context shows others
have similar problems.
Family Therapy..
Evaluating Psychotherapy
The National Institute of Mental
health estimates that 15% of
Americans seek mental health help
each year.
Is Psychotherapy Effective?
• 75% clients report satisfaction, 50% report
to be very satisfied.
What Are the Clinical
Perceptions?
Most therapists testify to the therapy’s
success.
Outcomes Research
Mary Lee Smith and her
colleagues in 1980 combined the
results of 475 investigations in a
statistical study.
• Findings overwhelmingly supported the
efficacy of psychotherapy.
Psychotherapy will not transform
your life permanently.
In General, Therapy Is Most
Effective When the Problem Is
Clear Cut. For Example:
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Phobias
Depression
Unassertiveness
Frustrated sexual performance
What is the most effective form of
psychotherapy?
No one therapy that is better
Are There Commonalities Among
Therapies?
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Three benefits:
Hope
New perspectives of world
The development of an empathic, trusting,
caring relationship.
Consensus on effective therapy
Behavioral therapies are best for:
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General phobias
Enuresis
Autism
Alcoholism
Cognitive behavior therapy for:
• Chronic pain
• Eating disorders
• Depression
Insight therapies
• Couple relationship problems
Bio-medical Therapies
Alters the brain's chemistry with
drugs
• Overloading its’ circuits with electroconvulsive shock
• Disconnecting its’ circuits with
psychosurgery
Drug Therapies
– Began in 1953 with an antipsychotic drug
called chlorpromazine
This is the most common
biomedical treatment .
• Psychopharmacology, is the study of drug
effects on the mind and behavior.
Anti-psychotic Drugs
They treat psychosis
The newest generation of antipsychotic drugs are called
atypical
antipsychotics(risperadone,
olanzapine, paliperidone)
reduce the symptoms of psychosis
Anti-anxiety Drugs
The most heavily prescribed are
Benzodiazepine (Xanex, Ativan,
Valium and Librium
These drugs have side effects
Anti-Depressant drugs
• Turn up the volume on messages transmitted over
certain brain pathways.
• Iprioniazids (nardil, parnate)
• Inhibit the monoamine oxidase enzyme(MAO)
Produces dangerous side effects
Tricylics (Tofranil and Elavil)
• Increase the supply of Serotonin and
Norepinephrine by decreasing reuptake at
the receptor sites
Selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRI)
• Increase the available supply of Serotonin
by preventing reuptake
Suicide is related to use of these
drugs
The full effect of anti-depressant
drugs really take 4 to 5 weeks and
usually the effect is aided by
cognitive therapy.
For those suffering from bi-polar
disorder. Lithium is a stabilizer.
Stimulants (caffeine, nicotine, ,
ritilin, amphetamines
• Produce excitement or hyperactivity
• Effective in treating narcolepsy and ADHD
Current drug therapies reduce or
increases activity at all receptors
for a given transmitter.
Electro-convulsive therapy
Manipulation of the brain
through shock treatment.
• Called ECT.
Today, patients receive
anesthetics
75 to 100 volts of electricity are
applied to the right temple for about
1/10 of a second.
It is ineffective in treating other
psychological disorders.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Under experimentation
• High-powered magnetic stimulation is
applied to specific parts of the brain
• Can cause seizures and convulsions
Psychosurgery
Removes or destroys brain tissue
to change behavior.
• Developed by a Portuguese physician
named Egas Moniz
.
Nerves are cut between the
frontal lobes and the thalamus
and hypothalamus
Some types of psychosurgery are
used in extreme cases of brain
disorder .
Other alternatives
Therapeutic communities
• Introduced by Maxwell Jones in 1953.
Patients control their own lives, including
treatment plans.
Deinstitutionalization and
community mental health
Known as the community mental
health movement