Biochemistry
Heather McDermott, Taylor Dunn
& Chloe Entenberg
Elements, Atoms and Molecules
Elements
Atoms
Molecule
Compound
Chemical
Bond
A pure substance that contains only one type of atom
96% of all mass of living things is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Is the basic unit of matter
Contains protons (+), electrons (-), and neutrons (0)
The smallest component of a compound
A substance formed by the bonding of two or more
elements
They have a chemical formula Example: H20
The forces that hold together the atoms that
make up compounds
Ionic Bonds-The giving of electrons from one element to another
Chemical Bonds-The sharing of electrons between two elements
•Properties of Water
•
Polar covalent compound
•
•
Polar = the electrons are unevenly shared between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms
Oxygen pulls on the electrons greater than hydrogen
•
The shared electrons are more likely closer to the oxygen
•
Partial positive pole and partial negative pole
•
Strong cohesion and adhesion
•
•
Cohesion = attraction between molecules of the same substance
•
Adhesion = attraction between molecules of different substances
Hydrogen bonding = weak bonds that can be broken easily, responsible for special
properties
•
Waters liquid form is more dense than solid form
•
When lakes freeze they freeze from the top down
Macromolecule Structures
Carbohydrates (C, H, O)
Function: source of energy
MONOMERS
•
•
•
Monosaccharide
• Simple sugar
C6H12O6 (1:2:1 ratio)
Examples
• Glucose
•
•
Fructose
•
•
Fuel for cells
Sweetest
Galactose
•
Milk sugar
POLYMERS
•
•
Disaccharide
• A double sugar formed
when two
monosaccharaides
combine in a dehydration
synthesis reaction
Polysaccharide
• A complex molecule made
of three or more
monosaccharaides
Starch (sugar storage in
plants)
• Glycogen (sugar storage
in animals)
• Cellulose (structural
component to plant cells)
•
Macromolecule Structures
Proteins (C, H, O, N)
Function: Structural component to living things, helps build
muscle mass, controls cell processes and reactions, enzymes
MONOMERS
•
Amino Acid
• Contains amino and
carboxyl groups (NH2 and
COOH)
• R = radical, different for
each type of amino acid
POLYMERS
Protein
• Amino acids joined by
dehydration synthesis to
form dipeptides and
polypeptides
• Process
1)
Form a amino acid chain
2)
Twist amino acid chain
3)
Fold amino acid chain
4)
Bring 2-4 amino acid chains
together
•
Macromolecule Structures
Lipids (C, H, O)
Function: membranes of cells, store energy
MONOMERS
•
•
•
Fatty acid chain
• Carboxyl and hydrocarbon
groups
Saturated fat
• Carbon are full of
hydrogen
• No double bonds
• Solids, unhealthy
Unsaturated fat
• Contain double bonds
• Liquid, healthier
POLYMERS
•
•
Triglyceride
• 1 glycerol and 3 fatty
acids
Phospholipids
• Component of cell
membranes
Macromolecule Structures
A callout,
this can
be edited
or
deleted
Nucleic Acids (C, H, O, N, P)
Function: Store and transmit info to carry out cell processes and
make protein, transmit genetic info from one generation to the
next
MONOMERS
•
Nucleotide
• Structure
Sugar
• Phosphate
• Nitrogen base
•
POLYMERS
•
Nucleic Acid
• DNA
• RNA