FIRE PROTECTION KEY DESIGN CONCEPTS
IN HEALTHCARE FACILITIES
Scott Twele, Aman Shah
Steven Dannaway
A I A H e a l t h c a r e G ro u p
Introductions
Presenters – Coffman Engineers
• Scott M.Twele, P.E.
Operations Manager, Fire Protection Engineering – San Diego
• Aman Shah, P.E.
Senior Engineer, Fire Protection Engineering – San Diego
• Steven Dannaway, P.E.
Engineer, Fire Protection Engineering– Los Angeles
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Agenda
Applicable Codes, AHJs, Jurisdiction
• Occupancy Classification
• Defend-In-Place + Smoke Compartments
• Means of Egress
• Suites
• Vertical Openings
• Hazardous Areas/Incidental Uses
• Corridors
• HVAC
• Fire Protection Systems
• Removal of Acute Care Services (OSHPD)
Note: Red text = 2016 code change
•
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Fire Record
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Applicable Codes and Jurisdiction
California
•
OSHPD – CBC 1.10
provides authority
• OSHPD 1 (Hospitals)
• OSHPD 2 (Skilled Nursing +
Intermediate Care Facilities)
• OSHPD 4 (Correctional
Treatment Centers)
•
Local Jurisdictions
•
•
Outpatient MOB
OSHPD 3 (Licensed clinics
+ freestanding buildings
under Hospital License)
Applicable Codes
•
California Building Standards
• California Building Code
(CBC), based on the
International Building Code
(IBC)
• CFC, CEC, CMC, CPC, etc.
•
NFPA Standards
• Referenced by Chapter 35
of the CBC/Chapter 80 of
the CFC.
• NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
(CMS + TJC)
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CMS + NFPA 101 – Life Safety Code
•
Enforced by Centers for Medicaid and Medicare
Services (CMS)
– Agencies with “Deemed Status” conduct evaluations on
behalf of CMS – ex. “The Joint Commission” (TJC)
• CMS official adoption of 2012 editions of NFPA 101
and NFPA 99
– Effective 07/05/2016 – Surveys use 2012 starting 11/01/2016
• What facilities must comply with NFPA 101?
– Hospitals, Long-term care facilities, Ambulatory Surgery
Centers, Hospice inpatient facilities, religious non-medical
healthcare institutions, inclusive care of the elderly
– Defined in CMS Final Ruling on adoption of 2012 NFPA 101
•
•
CMS amendments to LSC
Design to both CBC and NFPA 101 recommended!
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Occupancy Classifications
Healthcare Facility Occupancy Classifications
Use
CBC
NFPA 101
Inpatient (> 24 hrs)
Group I-2
Healthcare – Ch. 18
Outpatient > 6 Incapable Group I-2.1
Ambulatory – Ch. 20
Outpatient 1 < x < 5
Incapable
Group B Ambulatory
CBC 422
Ambulatory – Ch. 20
Outpatient, 0 incapable
Group B
Business – Ch. 38
• CBC did not adopt 2015 IBC change: Group I-2 two separate “condition” groups.
• Outpatient Facilities - Define # of patients “Incapable of Self-Preservation”.
Infusion/Chemo/Dialysis often fall under this category.
• Ambulatory Healthcare (NFPA 101): 4 or more patients incapable
Note: CMS amendment to NFPA 101 - Chapter 20 applies to ASC with 1 or more patients
Incapable of Self Preservation
Other Occupancies
• Many facilities also contain Group B, Group A, Group S, and/or Group F-1 occupancies
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Multiple Occupancies and
Occupancy Separations
Occupancy Separation – Group I-2
(discussion applies to I-3 too)
2016 CBC
• 2013 CBC: Group I-2 = 2-hour separation from
all occupancies, 3-hours from F-1
• 2016 CBC eliminates requirement. Accessory,
Non-separated, or Separated Occupancy
approaches permitted (careful! NFPA 101 for
Healthcare – still requires 2-hour!)
• 2016 CBC adds exception 3: “No separation
required between Group B, E, R-2 sleeping units
and S-2 occupancies accessory to Group I-2, I2.1, and I-3 of Type I.”
2013 CBC
• 2016 CBC Table 508.4 footnote added about F1 commercial kitchen and I-2 (not Group I-3)
reduces to 2-hours. OSHPD typically
requires Central Plant type rooms to be
classified as Group F-1 (chiller, boiler, etc.)
(3-hours)
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Defend-In-Place: “Total Concept”
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Defend-In-Place Concept
• Compartmentation
• Smoke barriers, evacuation zones may
include one or more smoke
compartments
• Corridor integrity
• Hazardous rooms/areas
• Facility Emergency Plan + Staff Training
• CBC/CFC and NFPA 101 require
emergency plans for Group I-2
• The best LS strategy will not function
properly without proper staff training +
emergency plan.
• Means of Egress/Evacuation
• Refuge Area to accommodate patients
• Exits available so relocated occupants
are not trapped
• Fire Protection Systems
• Suppression (sprinklers)
• Detection and Zoning of Systems (fire
alarm + sprinklers)
• NFPA 99 requires sprinkler
zoning to align with evacuation
zones, NFPA 72 in combination
with CBC/CFC indirectly require
this.
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Smoke Compartments
•
•
•
Group I-2 and Group I-2.1: Stories used for patient sleeping or treatment or other
stories with more than 49 occupants, regardless of occupancy/use. Existing Group I2.1 exceptions
Group B Ambulatory: Aggregate area of one or more of Ambulatory Care Facilities >
10,000 sq. ft.
2016 CBC Change: Added exception 3 to CBC 407.5 that correlates to NFPA 101
exceptions for smoke compartments:
New Exceptions
Existing Exceptions
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Smoke Compartment Section
Red = smoke barrier
Blue = 2-hour fire barrier
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Smoke Compartments
• Maximum Area per Smoke Compartment: 22,500 sq. ft.
California did not adopt 2015 IBC changes to increase smoke
compartment size to 40,000 sq. ft. Remains 22,500 sq. ft., same as NFPA
101.
• Maximum “Smoke Barrier” Travel Distance = 200 feet to a smoke barrier door.
•
• Refuge area calculation – Slight Variation between CBC and NFPA 101.
•
Low hazard areas – patient rooms, treatment rooms corridors, waiting
areas, etc.
Refuge Area Calculations
CBC
NFPA 101
All Floors
Stories w/bedridden patients
30 sf per bedridden patient
+
6 sf for ambulatory care recipients
and other occupants
30 sf per bedridden patient
Stories w/o bedridden patients
6 sf per occupant (total OL)
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Smoke Compartments
• Two means of egress required from each smoke compartment.
• Opposite Swinging Doors at cross-corridor conditions.
• Exits are not required from each individual compartment but cannot have all
exits into same smoke compartment. No dead-end compartments!
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Smoke Compartments
• The only exit from a room is not allowed to be directly across a smoke barrier.
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Means of Egress
Even with smoke compartments +
defend-in-place, compliant exiting is still
required per CBC Chapter 10.
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Chapter 10 – Means of Egress
•
CBC 1008 Means of Egress Illumination
•
Group I-2, exit discharge exterior landings – Minimum 1 footcandle upon loss of any
single lighting unit during normal conditions.
•
Group I-2 emergency illumination – Minimum 0.2 footcandle upon loss of any single
lighting unit.
•
Emergency illumination required in new spaces
• Electrical equipment rooms
• Fire Command Center
• Fire Pump Room
• Generator Rooms
• Public restrooms with area greater than 300 sq. ft.
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Means of Egress – Egress Width
• Group I-2 occupancies do not qualify for the reduced egress factor exception
of CBC.
• 0.2 inches/occ. for doors/horizontal components and 0.3 in./occ. for stairways.
Minimum Egress Width Requirements
Egress Component
Egress Width
Stairways/Ramps
44 inches between handrails (I-2/I-2.1)
(CA amendment)
Doors
44-inch clear width – serving bed/gurney occ. (I-2/I-2.1)
32-inch clear width – otherwise
Corridors
96 Inches – Group I-2, serving bed or gurney occupants or
nonambulatory person
72 inches – Group I-2.1 or Group B Ambulatory, serving means of
egress for bed or gurney occupants (Ch. 10)
96 inches – Group I-2.1 or Group B Ambulatory, corridors serving
bed/gurney movement during normal day-to-day operations
(OSHPD 3 – CBC Chapter 12)
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Means of Egress – Horizontal Exits
Group I-2: 2/3 exits via HE
Other: 1/2 exits via HE
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Means of Egress – Door Locking
• NFPA 101 and IBC allow locked
egress doors under certain
conditions in healthcare
occupancies.
• CBC prohibits locked egress
doors in the means of egress –
SFM amendment
•
•
•
Delayed egress
Local alarm at Unlocked
egress door
Restrict Access into Space
• 2016 CBC – Group I-2
occupancies can pass through
two doors with delayed egress
• Relocation vs. Exiting – AMC?
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Means of Egress – Other Considerations
• Daylighting the basement – CBC 407.4.1.2 (California amendment)
Group I-2 occupancies below grade
• An exterior exit door is required at the basement level
•
• Egress Through Stairways on First Floor (OSHPD Interpretation):
The means of egress on a Level of Exit Discharge is not permitted to
egress through an exit stairway. A separate path of travel to an exterior
egress door is required (not through the stairway).
• In other than Group I-2 occupancies, 2016 CBC allows means of egress to
pass through enclosed elevator lobbies. Prohibited in Group I-2
occupancies. Smoke containment system (smokeguard) is an option.
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Means of Egress – Habitable Rooms
• CBC 407.4.1 Group I-2 – Habitable Rooms require direct access
to the corridor or shall be located within a “Care Suite.”
•
•
OSHPD CAN 2-407.4.1 clarifies application of requirement
Habitable rooms are:
• Patient Areas: sleeping rooms, patient treatment rooms, staff
• Staff areas: Nourishment rooms, clean/soiled utility rooms, lounges, locker rooms, work
areas, consult rooms, offices, workstations, sleeping rooms, etc.
• Visitor Areas: Waiting rooms, visitor lounges, etc.
•
Not included:
• Individual bathrooms, closets, housekeeping rooms/similar spaces
• Control rooms in radiology/imaging spaces, medication rooms from nursing stations,
mixing rooms in pharmacies, small storage rooms, small clean/soiled linen storage
rooms where no issuing or sorting rooms, MEP utility rooms
•
OSHPD CAN 2-407.4.1 additional clarifications
• MRI + Radiology rooms can be defined as “care suites” – good!
• Egress through Anteroom to corridor is permitted without a suite.
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Suites – Group I-2 and Group I-2.1
Sleeping
• Non-Sleeping
• Non-Patient Care (NFPA 101).
•
•
• 1-hour fire barrier separation
from remainder of building,
including adjacent suites.
• OSHPD CAN 2-407.4.1 – MRI
and Imaging Suites
• Non-Patient Care Areas, CBC vs.
NFPA 101
•
Sleeping Suite Max Size (CBC 407.4.4.5.1)
•
5,000 sq. ft. basic
•
7,500 sq. ft. fully sprinklered
•
10,000 sq. ft. fully sprinklered + smoke
detection throughout suite.
Non-Sleeping Suite Size (CBC 407.4.4.5.1)
•
10,000 sq. ft.
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Suites – Means of Egress
• Non-Suite areas cannot egress through suites.
• CBC amendment – the fire-rated corridor requirements do not apply in
sprinklered Group I-2 suites. NFPA 101 and IBC do not require firerated corridors in Group I-2/Healthcare occupancies.
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Suites – Means of Egress
Suite Egress Requirements
Type
Two Means of Egress
Travel Distance to Suite Boundary
Sleeping
Greater than 1,000 sf
Non-Sleeping
Greater than 2,500 sf
CBC
• 100 feet (one intervening room)
• 50 feet (two intervening rooms)
• 100 feet (two intervening rooms, fully
sprinklered, smoke detection)
NFPA 101
• 100 feet (NFPA 101)
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Vertical Openings
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Vertical Openings
•
CBC 404.5 Two-Story Atrium, Group I-2
•
Smoke control is now required in 2-story atriums in Group I-2. I-2.1?
•
Other occupancies, three stories or more (same)
Vertical Opening Options
CBC – 712, 1019
NFPA 101 – 8.6
Atrium
• I-2: Smoke control req.
• Other: Smoke control > 3 stories
Atrium
• Smoke control req.
Two-story Unprotected Opening
• Prohibited in I-2, I-2.1
• Other occupancies, now permitted to contain an
open exit access stairway
Convenience Opening
• Permitted in healthcare (I-2)
• Open egress stairways prohibited
No similar option
Communicating Space Prohibited in healthcare (I-2)
Would be allowed by CBC, no specific term/code
section
Partial Enclosure, Two-Story Opening
Exit Access Stairways
• Prohibited in I-2, I-2.1
• Multiple options for other occupancies
Exit access stairways only permitted by one of the
other options in NFPA 101, 8.6.
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Vertical Openings
• Consideration to both NFPA 101 and
CBC compliance
• Separation of floors with fire-rated
construction to avoid openings:
•
•
•
•
•
Walls
Vertical Shutters/Horizontal
Sliding Doors (Openings)
Doors complying with ASTM E
119 (equivalent to wall)
Tyco Model WS sprinklers
(Alternate Method)
Occupancy classification/separation
– I-2 occupancy more restrictive.
Other classification allows for
additional options.
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Hazardous Areas – 2016 CBC
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Hazardous Areas – NFPA 101
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Hazardous Areas
•
•
•
Group I-2 and I-2.1: One-hour separation is
typical.
Other occupancies. sprinkler protection may
be acceptable in lieu of 1-hour rating.
Where sprinkler protection is permitted in
lieu of a 1-hour rating, both codes require
“smoke resistive construction” to separate
these rooms.
•
•
•
•
Full height walls
Smoke Dampers at air transfer openings.
Not req’d at duct penetrations.
Doors shall be self-closing or automatic
closing. No louvers. Undercuts
compliant with NFPA 80 (3/4-inch).
OSHPD classifies CUP rooms like
boiler/chiller rooms as Group F-1 occupancies
regardless of CBC Table 509. Occupancy
Separation from Group I-2 = 3-hours.
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Corridors – Construction Reqs
• CBC vs. NFPA 101 vs. IBC
Fire partitions vs. smoke-resistive vs.
smoke partitions
• CBC includes exceptions that reduce
corridor protection to align with NFPA
101.
• 1-hour fire partitions
• FSDs (multiple exceptions)
• Exceptions: Most doors can be
non-rated. Do not require selfclosing or automatic closing.
devices Smoke Resistive (no
louvers). Positive Latching req.
Roller latches prohibited
• Doors must be self-closing/autoclosing if they swing into the
“required width” of corridor.
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Corridors
•
CBC 407.3.2 Corridor Glazing
• Unlimited glazing permitted with 20-minute rated fire-protection glazing in
approved frames + 1,296 sq. in. max panel.
2016 CBC
2013 CBC
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Corridors – Obstructions
• OSHPD has been restrictive about allowing
equipment/storage within the corridor.
• NFPA 101 now includes allowances/criteria for
wheeled equipment in the corridor.
(equipment/carts in use, furniture, medical
carts not in use, patient lift and transport
equipment not in use).
• Conflicts between program/owner reqs and
OSHPD enforcement of CBC. Wheelchair
alcoves or gurney areas have been required to
be separated from the corridor.
Example of non-compliant storage arrangement
open to corridor.
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Corridors – Spaces Open to Corridor
• Areas open to the corridor – Staff supervision + smoke detection in the
corridor + area
• Waiting areas
• Nursing Stations
• Gift Shops
• Nursing Home/Psychiatric facility allowances
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HVAC System – Fire/Smoke Dampers
•
Fire Barriers: Fire/smoke dampers required at all penetrations (California)
•
Corridors: Fire/smoke dampers required at penetrations. Exception for fully
ducted system (minimum thickness + ducts = steel) where duct system does
not serve corridor. Use this exception to strategically minimize FSDs
•
Smoke Barriers: IBC – Smoke dampers not required at smoke barrier
penetrations for fully ducted system in sprinklered building. Not adopted by
CBC
•
Exit Enclosures, Exit Passageways: Penetrations of exit components prohibited
except those items necessary for exit component (sprinkler, fire alarm, lighting,
ventilation, etc.).
FSD Actuation Methods: Duct detectors vs. full area smoke detection (five
methods in CBC 717.
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HVAC System – Fire/Smoke Dampers
HVAC System – Sequence of Operations
• Early discussion – understand Owner requirements for HVAC
system operation during a fire event.
• What areas must HVAC system continue to operate?
• Is full HVAC shutdown acceptable?
• Critical Care Areas or Hazardous Exhaust?
• Allows HVAC design development to achieve objectives without
significant cost and complication.
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Fire Protection Systems – Fire Alarm
•
Notification – Discuss with Owner and AHJ
• Public vs. Private Mode Signaling
• (CA) Audible notification appliances –
chimes or similar sounding devices in
patient areas.
• (CA) In patient areas, visible notification
appliances only may be acceptable.
•
CBC 915 Carbon Monoxide Detection
• Section relocated from CBC 420 and
increased in scope.
• In certain conditions, CO detection
required in Group I-2, I-4, R
sleeping/dwelling units and Group E
classrooms.
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Removal of Acute Care Services
•
•
•
Based on OSHPD CAN 1-6.1.4.5.1
Existing facilities that do not satisfy SPC
compliance can be decommissioned.
OSHPD has laid out the process for
removal of acute care services.
General takeaways
• “Split Jurisdiction” is not permitted
multiple structures that are part of
the same Detached Hospital Building
• Exterior Wall or Fire Wall
Separation And Seismic Separation is
required for a building to be defined
as a separate Freestanding nonhospital building. Only Free standing
non-hospital buildings can be
removed from OSHPD jurisdiction
and moved to the Local Jurisdiction.
• Buildings on the same lot cannot be
applied to separate buildings that are
under OSHPD and local jurisdiction.
• Smoke Compartments + Egress from Hospital
• Utilities must originate in hospital and not pass
through decommissioned bldg. to access
hospital.
• Utilities can only be shared by bldgs. under
OSHPD jurisdiction. Local jurisdiction require
separate utilities.
• Acute care services + patient access
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Closing Thoughts
Healthcare Facilities have a good fire record
Credit the development of model codes and standards IBC and LSC for
mitigation of the life safety hazards in such facilities.
IBC/CBC trending towards NFPA 101
Safety features have been proven to establish a high level of safety in facility.
A/E/C responsible for correctly implementing established safety features.
Compartmentation, Fire Protection Systems, Means of Egress,
Emergency Plan + Staff Training: TOTAL CONCEPT!
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
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