Reservation Status
of Tasmanian Native
Higher Plants
By Naomi Lawrence - David Storey - Jennie Whinam
Biodiversity Conservation Branch
February 2008
Depar tment of
Pr imar y Industr ies and Water
Reservation Status of Tasmanian Native Higher Plants
1
Authors:
N. Lawrence, D. Storey and J. Whinam
This book is copyright.
Copyright © 2008 Crown in right of State of Tasmania.
Drawings:
Richard Hale
Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research,
criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no
part may be reproduced by any means without the permission of
the publisher.
Design:
Graphic Services,
Information & Land Services Division
The Crown does not accept legal responsibility for the accuracy,
completeness, or relevance to the user’s purpose of the information
herein and those using it for whatever purpose are advised to verify
it and to obtain any appropriate professional advice.
ISBN-13: 978 0 7246 6431 3 (book)
ISBN-13: 978 0 7246 6432 0 (pdf)
Published by:
Department of Primary Industries and Water,
GPO Box 44 Hobart, Tasmania 7001.
Cite as:
Lawrence N., Storey D. & Whinam J. (2008). Reservation Status of
Tasmanian Native Higher Plants, Biodiversity Conservation Report
07/1. Department of Primary Industries and Water, Tasmania,
Australia.
All of the data used in this assessment can be made available
electronically by the Department of Primary Industries and
Water (DPIW) upon request. An extract of the data in this
report will be made available on the Natural Values Atlas
(NVA) that is maintained by DPIW. Additional data can
also be made available on request, including the full data set
ordered by reserves (providing a list of all species that have
been recorded in each reserve) and ordered by species
(providing a list of all reserves in which each species occurs).
This will enable users to undertake analyses of the data that
are tailored to their own requirements.
For data requests contact the Vegetation Section of DPIW
Phone: 03 62336556
E-mail: [email protected]
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
1
Executive summary
2
Background
3
Methods
4
Results
5
Summary
5
Look up table and explanations
16
Breakdown for each taxon
19
Appendices 329
References 339
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are greatly indebted to the staff of the Tasmanian Herbarium
for their help with distributional information and taxonomic changes and
all those who have contributed data to the Natural Values Atlas (previously
GTSPOT) over the years. We would like to thank the many people who
have assisted in the development of the data set used to undertake
the assessment. In particular, we would like to thank Mick Brown, Jamie
Kirkpatrick, Fred Duncan and Louise Gilfedder for their assistance and Penny
Wells, Mick Brown, Brooke Craven and Stephen Harris for their advice and
guidance. We also acknowledge the invaluable technical assistance provided
by Kristy Goddard, Felicity Faulkner, Wieslawa Misiak and Adam Smith. We
gratefully acknowledge the skills of Gina Donnelly and Andrew Gibson,
who designed the cover and layout of the book, and Richard Hale for the
botanical illustrations.
Funding for the research for this report and the review of the database was
largely provided by the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Program.
Reservation Status of Tasmanian Native Higher Plants
1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report provides a range of information on the
reservation status of vascular plant species in Tasmania,
including records of individual species within the reserve
system and summary analyses of various trends in the data.
The report aims to support conservation planners, biological
consultants, land managers and land use decision-makers by
providing them with detailed information on the reservation
status of individual species and groups of species. The
information underpins various reporting requirements
including the Tasmanian Reserve System and the National
Reserve System, and is intended to be freely available.
The full report includes detailed information on the
reservation of each species at the State and bioregional level,
as well as summary information relating to a series
of indicators.
These indicators include:
»» the extent of reservation, including whether the species is
fully reserved (reserved at all of its locations), reserved in
all bioregions, or reserved in more or less than half of the
bioregions in which it occurs;
»» information on the size classes of reserves in which the
species occurs (eg occurs in one or more reserves that
are >500ha, or >1,000 hectares);
»» information on the type of reserves in which the species
occurs (eg informal reserves, private reserves and
dedicated formal reserves including the World Heritage
Area); and
»» stochastic risk (measured by whether the species has
a restricted distribution either in a single reserve or in
adjoining reserves, meaning that it is at potential risk of
a stochastic event affecting the entire population for
the species).
The introductory section of the report provides summary
information relating to the above indicators, which has
been analysed at the family level and supra-group level
(ie dicotyledons, gymnosperms, monocotyledons and
pteridophytes). It includes summary data on the total
number, and percentage, of species that are unreserved,
partially reserved, and fully reserved, as well as lists of species
that were unreserved, only recorded from one reserve, or
only recorded from one reserve class as at June 2006. A list
of reserves for which flora data was not available at the time
of this analysis is also provided.
The assessment is based on the Tasmanian CAR Reserves
Spatial Layer as at June 2006, and reserve type classifications
follow the Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement 1997.
Species location data is based on the Natural Values Atlas
as at June 2005 which also incorporates data from the
Tasmanian Herbarium1. The NVA is the most comprehensive
data set of species locations currently in Tasmania. However
it does not, as yet, capture all of the survey data that exists
for Tasmanian species and therefore there are still some gaps
in the information, which this project has helped to identify.
For subsequent assessments all efforts will be made to
identify any data gaps and to locate and incorporate this data
into the NVA.
The methodology is explained in detail in the Background
Section to the report and appendix 2.
1 All of the data used in this assessment can be made available electronically by the
Department of Primary Industries and Water (DPIW) upon request. An extract of
the data in this report will be made available on the Natural Values Atlas (NVA) that is
maintained by DPIW. Additional data can also be made available on request, including
the full data set ordered by reserves (providing a list of all species that have been
recorded in each reserve) and ordered by species (providing a list of all reserves in
which each species occurs). This will enable users to undertake analyses of the data that
are tailored to their own requirements.
B ACKGROUND
This report provides information on the reservation status of
the native vascular flora in Tasmania.
The Tasmanian reserve system forms an integral part of the
Australian reserve system and represents the combined
efforts of public and private land-holders to achieve a state
wide system of terrestrial protected areas. The state’s reserve
system is a major contributor to the conservation of native
biodiversity at the state and national level. Within this system,
reserves that have perpetual protection have the greatest
capacity to protect our native biodiversity in the long term and
are thus a major and important component of the system.
The aim of the reserve system is to protect examples of all
regional ecosystems, along with all the elements that make up
these ecosystems and their associated conservation values,
including individual native vascular plant species.
As a part of reviewing the effectiveness of the reserve system
in achieving this aim, it is important to know which species
occur within the reserve system, which do not and which
are under represented. To this end, periodic assessments of
the reservation status of the biodiversity within the reserves
needs to be undertaken, using new information about
reserves, species and species assemblages.
Botanical surveys undertaken in the 1970s revealed that
a large proportion of species were either unreserved or
poorly reserved at that time, particularly species within
dry sclerophyll vegetation. The earliest assessment of the
reservation and conservation status of native vascular flora in
Tasmania was an analysis of unreserved species, undertaken
by Brown et al. (1977). The list of unreserved higher plant
species was revised and a list of poorly reserved species was
compiled and published by Duncan (1985).
As the pool of information on species locations expanded,
and the requirement for information to help identify areas to
be incorporated into the reserve system emerged, the need
for an updated assessment became evident. This was
Reservation Status of Tasmanian Native Higher Plants
undertaken by Kirkpatrick et al. (1991a, 1991b) and remains
the most recent published assessment of the reservation status
of Tasmanian native vascular plant species prior to this report.
There were further upgrades to the published data as part of
the studies leading to the Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement
1997 (R. Barnes and J. Sheridan 1996) however this data was
not widely circulated. In addition, North et al. (1998) carried
out a large number of surveys in reserves and analysed the
contribution of the resulting flora records to the reservation
of the State’s flora.
Since that time a significant amount of additional data has
been collected, the reserve system has been expanded,
and plant taxonomy has undergone revision. Advances in
technology, particularly desk-top GIS and spatial data sets,
have also enabled a more complex and comprehensive
analyses of species reservation status to be undertaken.
The 1991 assessments of Kirkpatrick et al. predated the
establishment of the National Reserves System (NRS)
Program and the Regional Forest Agreement (RFA). There
is a need to align the assessment of species reservation
status with the requirements of both the NRS and RFA for
comprehensiveness, adequacy and representativeness (see
definitions, Appendix 1). These assessments also predated
the development of bioregional boundaries under the
Interim Bioregionalisation of Australia (IBRA) system.
Bioregions and subregions are now used as a key
mechanism for assessing gaps in the current reserve system
and identifying priorities for improved representation of
ecosystems and their components.
be undertaken in the near future to review other special
attributes of native vascular species.
Rather than providing a simple categorisation of the
reservation status of each species, such as “well, moderately
or poorly reserved”, this assessment provides both
the full data set and a more detailed analysis against
a range of indicators that contribute to the adequacy,
comprehensiveness and representativeness of each species
in the reserve system. These reservation indicators are
designed to form a useful tool to assist those involved in
land-use planning, management and decision making. Further
indicators could potentially be developed for different users
as needs arise.
Unlike the assessments undertaken in 1991 that also
examined conservation status, the current assessment
focuses only on the reservation status of Tasmanian native
vascular plants. The more complex task of undertaking a
review of the conservation status of native plants is now
predominantly a process undertaken under the auspices of
the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 and
the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity
Conservation Act 1999. However, subsequent work will
3
METHODS
Geo-referenced point data for native vascular plant species
was extracted from the Natural Values Atlas in 2005 and
intersected with various spatial layers including CAR reserves,
bioregions, 10km grid and coasts and islands. The data
extracted was then exported into other database programs
and queried to generate the results in accordance with
the indicators listed below in table 1. The methods used to
undertake the analysis are described in detail in appendix 2.
It is important to note that not all plant survey data for the
state has been captured within the NVA and thus there will
be some gaps in the data. Consequently the reservation
status of some species is likely to be underestimated. This
assessment will serve to help identify some of these gaps and
these will become priorities for incorporation into the NVA
for future assessments.
Aligning the analysis with the Reserve System
requirements for CAR
All previous assessments of the reservation status of
Tasmanian vascular flora predate the National Reserve
System Program and the Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement
1997 (RFA). Under the RFA the Tasmanian and Australian
Governments agreed to establish a comprehensive, adequate
and representative (CAR) reserve system to ensure the longterm conservation and protection of Tasmania’s biodiversity,
old growth forest and wilderness values.
The current assessment aligns with CAR principles (Appendix
1) and the reserve categories defined under the RFA.
The indicators that this assessment reports against were
developed to help determine the degree to which the CAR
principles are being met for native vascular plant species. The
CAR reserve system established under the RFA comprised
existing and new reserves on both public and private land.
The reserve classes used for this assessment are:
Indicators
»» Formal Reserves. Reserves equivalent to IUCN Protected
Area Management Categories I, II, III, IV, or VI as defined
by the IUCN Commission for National Parks and Protected
Areas (1994). The status of Formal Reserves is secure,
requiring action by the Tasmanian Parliament for revocation.
Some Formal Reserves are also Dedicated Reserves, which,
in Tasmania, comprise the following reserves: National
Parks, State Reserves, Game Reserves, Nature Reserves,
Historic Sites and Forest Reserves not subject to the Mineral
Resources Development Act 1995 (Tas)2 .
The indicators reported against in this assessment are those
which would best assist in the determination of the degree to
which the CAR requirements are currently met for a species
by the current reserve system. There are 13 indicators that
were reported against in this assessment, (Table 1).
»» Informal Reserves. Reserves, other than a Forest
Reserve, on State Forest comprising an area identified
as Protection Zone under the Management Decision
Classification System, or other administrative reserve on
public land, which is managed to protect CAR values.
»» Private CAR Reserves. Private land that is managed in
the long term for the protection of CAR values under
secure arrangements, including proclamation under
legislation, contractual agreements such as management
agreements and covenants, and reserves set aside under
independently certified forest management systems.
»» Values managed by prescription. These include those
areas protected by management prescription under the
Forest Practices Code or in Forest Management Plans.
This assessment includes only formal, informal and private
CAR reserves, as values managed by prescription are not
spatially defined across their full extent and, as a consequence,
are not available within the CAR reserves spatial layer. The
definitions for CAR detailed in appendix 1 were used as
the basis for developing useful indicators that would enable
assessments of reservation status to be undertaken by others.
2 The descriptions for Formal and Dedicated Reserves are based on the definitions in
the Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement, November 1997.
Table 1. The 13 assessment indicators
No.
Indicator
Explanation
1
Fully Reserved
All records occur with in the CAR reserve system.
2
Partially reserved 1
Examples reserved in all bioregions in which the species occurs.
3a
Partially reserved 2
Reserved in half or more of the bioregions in which the species occurs.
Indicates
Comprehensiveness
Representativeness
Comprehensiveness
Representativeness
Comprehensiveness
Representativeness
3b
Partially reserved 3
Reserved in less than half the bio-regions in which the species occurs
Comprehensiveness
Representativeness
4
Not reserved
Was not recorded with in the CAR reserve system.
Comprehensiveness
Representativeness
5
No data
There were no observations for the species recorded in the NVA as at 2005.
6
Not in a reserve >1000 Ha
Was not recorded in any CAR reserve greater than 1000 hectares.
Adequacy
7
Not in a reserve > 500 Ha
Was not recorded in any CAR reserve greater than 500 hectares.
Adequacy
8
Not in a dedicated formal reserve
There are no records occurring in any dedicated formal reserve.
Adequacy
9
Reserved only in Private reserves
All the records in reserves occur only in private reserves.
Adequacy
10
Reserved only in informal reserves All the records in reserves occur only in informal reserves.
Adequacy
11
Reserved only in the WHA
All records in reserves occur only within the Tasmanian Wilderness World
Heritage Area
Adequacy
12
Potential stochastic risk
Potentially has restricted distribution within a single or adjoining reserve/s
Adequacy
*Note: The analysis was based on NVA records as at June 2005.
Because the data used in the assessment is point data, it
is not possible to indicate what proportion of the species
population is incorporated into the reserve system. Therefore
it is currently not possible to have an effective indicator for
this component of the adequacy requirement.
The indicators relating to reserve size and reserve number
have only been reported on for the dedicated formal and
formal reserves in this assessment. This is because in the
current CAR reserve layer informal reserves on State forest
(which are, in many places, interconnected linear reserves in
the landscape) have been coded with the same identification
tag and grouped as the same reserve. The same is also true
of some groups of private reserves. This makes it difficult
to undertake a meaningful analysis on these reserves for
indicators 6 and 7 in particular.
Reservation Status of Tasmanian Native Higher Plants
5
RESULTS
Table 2. Comparison of results for 1991–2007
Reservation Status
Summary
This section provides an overall summary of the results of
this assessment. The Macquarie Island species were assessed
separately and the results are presented at the end of this
section. The results for each of the species assessed are given
in the next section.
No. of species
%
1991
2007
1991
2007
Unreserved
256
74
14.3
4.1
Partially or fully reserved
1535
1693
85.7
93.7
100
100
No data
40
Total
1791
1807
2.2
*Note: Results based on NVA records as at June 2005.
There were 1807 taxa assessed, of these 474 are endemic
and 459 (25%) are listed under the Tasmanian Threatened
Species Protection Act 1995 and/or the Commonwealth
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
The data in table 2 shows that the number of species not
reserved has dropped considerably from 14.3% of the native
vascular plant species assessed in 1991 to 4.0% of species
assessed in 2007. The increase in the number of species
assessed is due to taxonomic changes and the discovery of
new species over the 16 years since the last assessment was
published.
Table 2 presents a comparison of the results of the 1991
and the 2007 assessments. It was not possible to do an exact
comparison in accordance with the criteria used in the 1991
assessment for two reasons:
»» the exact identity of many of the species assessed in
1991 could not always be determined due to taxonomic
changes.
»» the original data set used to undertake the analysis could
not be located in electronic form and it was not possible
to efficiently recreate the data from the hardcopy of the
1991 report.
Table 3. Breakdown of results against indicators for supra groups
Indicators
1
2
3a
3b
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
No. taxa in
group
Fully res.
Res. in all
bio-regions
occurs
Res. in
>50% bioregions
Res. in
<50% bioregions
Not
reserved.
No data
Not in res.
>1000 ha
Not in res.
>500 ha
Not in
dedic.
formal res.
Private
reserves
only
Informal
res’s only
All res’d in
WHA
Stochastic
risk ?
Dicotyledonae
1073
65
506
473
26
41
27
34
22
75
1
5
14
29
Gymnospermae
11
0
7
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Monocotyledonae
622
39
244
305
29
31
13
32
17
57
9
11
6
29
Supra Group
Pteridophyta
101
4
59
37
3
2
0
3
1
5
0
0
2
3
Totals
1807
108
816
818
59
74
40
69
40
137
10
16
22
61
*Note: Results based on NVA records as at June 2005.
Table 3 shows a breakdown of the results by supra group.
Note that some species fall into more than one indicator
category. For example, a species that is ‘fully reserved’ will
also be ‘reserved in all bioregions in which it occurs’. There
is a relatively low proportion of the species (6%) within
the dicotyledons that are fully reserved, a little less than
half (47%) are reserved in all the bio-regions in which they
occur, less than half (46%) of the dicotyledons are partially
reserved and 4% are not reserved. Most of the dicotyledons
that are reserved occur within either dedicated formal or
formal reserves that are larger than 500 hectares. For the
monocotyledons, relatively few are fully reserved (6.5%) or
not reserved (5%). Close to half of all the monocotyledons
are reserved in all the bioregions in which they occur. There
are relatively few monocotyledons not reserved in a reserve
greater than 1000 hectares (5%) or which do not occur in a
dedicated formal reserve (9%).
All the native conifer species (Gymnospermae) are reserved
with none fully reserved, with more than half reserved in all
the bioregions in which they occur. All gymnosperms are
within reserves of greater than 1000 hectares in the formal
reserve system and all occur in at least one, dedicated formal
reserve. Nearly all of the ferns and fern allies (Pteridophyta)
are reserved, with only 2 species unreserved. There are very
few Pteridophytes reserved in less than half the bioregions in
which they occur (3%) or which do not occur in a dedicated
formal reserve or in a reserve greater than 1000 hectares.
Overall there are relatively few species (6%) that are fully
reserved, or not reserved (4%) or for which there is no data
(2%). Overall more than half (54%) of all the native vascular
plant species in the state are reserved in all the bioregions
in which they occur. The species for which there is currently
no data are either monocotyledons or dicotyledons, with
dicotyledons making up over half (67%) of these.
The data for species that are reserved only in one reserve
class are given in table 4. Less than 2% of all species are
reserved only in private or informal reserves. This is a low
percentage for the private and informal reserve system and
reflects that much of the survey data for these reserves was
not in the NVA at the time this assessment was undertaken.
Reservation Status of Tasmanian Native Higher Plants
Thus this result is not an accurate indication of the extent
to which private and informal reserves are increasing
representativeness of species within the reserve system. A
larger percentage of species occur only in dedicated formal
and formal reserves. While this would be expected, given that
the largest number of species is represented within them, it
may also be influenced by the limited data for private and
informal reserves available at the time of this analysis. Of the
dedicated formal reserves, the WHA has 26% of the species
that only occur in this reserve class. A list of species which
only occur in each of the reserve classes (including WHA) is
given in appendix 3.
Table 5 shows the number of reserves for which there is
currently no vascular flora species data recorded in the data
set within each of the reserve classes. A list of these reserves
is provided in appendix 4. There are in total 305 reserves
with no vascular flora species data, which is 30% of all the
reserves (excluding informal).
Table 5. No. of reserves with no vascular flora species data recorded
Reserve Class
Reserve type
Dedicated Formal
Forest Reserve
Table 4. No. of species which only occur in one reserve class
Reserve Class
No. of
species
% of
vasc flora
84
4.6
Dedicated formal reserves
WHA Component
22
1.2
Formal reserves
67
3.7
Private reserves
10
0.5
Informal reserves
16
0.9
*Note: Results based on NVA records as at June 2005.
2
Game Reserve
5
Historic Site
17
National Park
1
Nature Reserve
26
State Reserve
14
Total
Formal
No
78
Conservation Area
31
Forest Reserve subject to MRDA
13
Nature Recreation Area
Total
3
34
Private Nature Reserve*
Private Sanctuary*
Total
Informal
Total
6
187
193
Data not available
N/A
305
* Note – where a Private Nature Reserve or a Private Sanctuary also has a
conservation covenant registered on title, the Private Nature Reserve or Private
Sanctuary is given precedence in reporting (ie it will not also be counted in the
conservation covenant category).
Results based on NVA records as at June 2005.
A breakdown of the data by family group was undertaken to
determine if there were families that stood out as relatively
less well reserved based on the indicator data. The indicators
provide an overall indication of how well CAR principles are
being met for each family group. (Table 6).
7
Table 6. Breakdown of assessment results by family
INDICATOR
FAMILY
No of taxa
1
2
3a
3b
4
5
6
7
8
9
Fully res’d
Reserved in
all bio-reg’s
occurs
Res’d in
>0.5 bioreg’s occurs
Res’d in
<0.5 bioreg’s occurs
Un-res’d
No data
Not in res
>1000 ha in
any bio-reg
Not res
>500 ha in
any bio-reg
Not in
dedic.
formal res.
Res’d priv.
res. only
10
11
Res’d inform Res’d only in
res. only
WHA
12
Stochastic
risk?
Adiantaceae
7
0
2
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Aizoaceae
4
0
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Alismataceae
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Amaranthaceae
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Apiaceae
39
2
14
24
0
1
0
0
0
4
0
1
2
3
Apocynaceae
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Araliaceae
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Asclepiadaceae
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
6
3
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
Aspleniaceae
200
19
94
80
6
11
9
8
5
11
0
0
2
3
Athyriaceae
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Azollaceae
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bignoniaceae
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Blechnaceae
11
0
8
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Boraginaceae
5
0
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Brassicaceae
22
4
6
11
1
3
1
2
2
3
0
0
0
3
Brunoniaceae
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Burmanniaceae
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Callitrichaceae
3
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Campanulaceae
17
0
7
10
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
Caprifoliaceae
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Caryophyllaceae
16
2
8
7
0
0
1
1
1
2
0
0
2
0
Casuarinaceae
7
1
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Centrolepidaceae
14
4
7
6
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
Chenopodiaceae
15
0
5
7
0
1
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
Clusiaceae
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Convolvulaceae
7
0
4
3
0
0
0
2
2
2
1
0
0
0
Crassulaceae
7
0
3
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
INDICATOR
FAMILY
No of taxa
1
2
3a
3b
4
5
6
7
8
9
Fully res’d
Reserved in
all bio-reg’s
occurs
Res’d in
>0.5 bioreg’s occurs
Res’d in
<0.5 bioreg’s occurs
Un-res’d
No data
Not in res
>1000 ha in
any bio-reg
Not res
>500 ha in
any bio-reg
Not in
dedic.
formal res.
Res’d priv.
res. only
10
11
Res’d inform Res’d only in
res. only
WHA
12
Stochastic
risk?
Cucurbitaceae
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Cunoniaceae
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cupressaceae
6
0
4
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cuscutaceae
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cyatheaceae
3
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
118
6
57
53
4
4
0
2
1
5
1
0
2
5
Dennstaedtiaceae
7
0
6
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dicksoniaceae
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dilleniaceae
14
0
7
4
0
1
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Donatiaceae
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Droseraceae
8
1
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dryopteridaceae
4
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Elaeocarpaceae
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Elatinaceae
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Epacridaceae
94
6
52
40
1
0
1
1
1
5
0
0
2
3
Ericaceae
4
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Escalloniaceae
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Eucryphiaceae
3
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Euphorbiaceae
13
1
10
3
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
1
Fabaceae
58
0
28
26
1
2
1
1
1
5
0
0
0
1
Fagaceae
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Frankeniaceae
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fumariaceae
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Gentianaceae
14
3
5
6
1
0
2
0
0
1
0
1
1
3
Geraniaceae
7
0
4
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Gleicheniaceae
7
0
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Goodeniaceae
15
1
6
6
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Grammitidaceae
7
2
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Gunneraceae
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Gyrostemonaceae
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Haemodoraceae
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Haloragaceae
20
0
4
13
2
0
1
1
0
4
0
0
0
0
Hydatellaceae
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hydrocharitaceae
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Reservation Status of Tasmanian Native Higher Plants
9
INDICATOR
FAMILY
Hymenophyllaceae
1
2
3a
3b
4
5
6
7
8
9
No of taxa
Fully res’d
Reserved in
all bio-reg’s
occurs
Res’d in
>0.5 bioreg’s occurs
Res’d in
<0.5 bioreg’s occurs
Un-res’d
No data
Not in res
>1000 ha in
any bio-reg
Not res
>500 ha in
any bio-reg
Not in
dedic.
formal res.
Res’d priv.
res. only
8
0
7
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
11
Res’d inform Res’d only in
res. only
WHA
0
0
12
Stochastic
risk?
0
Iridaceae
6
0
2
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Isoetaceae
5
0
1
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Juncaceae
34
1
13
19
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Juncaginaceae
7
0
0
5
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Lamiaceae
15
0
7
7
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
Lauraceae
4
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Lemnaceae
3
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
Lentibulariaceae
6
2
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Liliaceae
40
3
13
23
2
0
2
2
2
3
2
0
1
0
Linaceae
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lindsaeaceae
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Loganiaceae
6
0
2
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lycopodiaceae
9
1
5
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lythraceae
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Malvaceae
4
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Marsileaceae
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Menyanthaceae
4
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mimosaceae
23
0
11
10
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
Monimiaceae
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
Myoporaceae
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Myrtaceae
56
0
28
27
1
0
0
4
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
Oleaceae
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Onagraceae
11
0
3
7
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ophioglossaceae
3
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
15
211
15
74
100
13
18
6
25
12
28
4
7
0
Osmundaceae
Orchidaceae
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Oxalidaceae
3
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Pittosporaceae
11
0
6
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Plantaginaceae
13
1
5
7
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Plumbaginaceae
2
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
137
7
58
67
3
6
3
3
2
9
2
1
2
5
Poaceae
INDICATOR
FAMILY
No of taxa
1
2
3a
3b
4
5
6
7
8
9
Fully res’d
Reserved in
all bio-reg’s
occurs
Res’d in
>0.5 bioreg’s occurs
Res’d in
<0.5 bioreg’s occurs
Un-res’d
No data
Not in res
>1000 ha in
any bio-reg
Not res
>500 ha in
any bio-reg
Not in
dedic.
formal res.
Res’d priv.
res. only
10
11
Res’d inform Res’d only in
res. only
WHA
12
Stochastic
risk?
Podocarpaceae
5
0
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Polygalaceae
5
0
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Polygonaceae
10
0
0
8
2
0
0
1
1
3
0
0
0
1
Polypodiaceae
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Portulacaceae
6
0
1
3
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Posidoniaceae
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Potamogetonaceae
6
0
1
5
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Primulaceae
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Proteaceae
40
5
25
14
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
Psilotaceae
3
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Pteridaceae
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ranunculaceae
25
0
9
13
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Restionaceae
14
1
5
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rhamnaceae
28
0
11
15
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
Rosaceae
12
1
8
2
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
Rubiaceae
18
0
10
6
2
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
Ruppiaceae
3
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rutaceae
28
3
18
9
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
Santalaceae
8
0
4
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sapindaceae
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Schizaeaceae
3
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Scrophulariaceae
39
8
21
16
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
0
2
2
Selaginellaceae
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Solanaceae
4
0
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Stackhousiaceae
5
0
4
1
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
Sterculiaceae
4
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Stylidiaceae
9
1
5
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Thelypteridaceae
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
Thymelaeaceae
21
0
10
9
0
0
2
1
0
2
0
1
0
1
Tremandraceae
5
0
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Typhaceae
3
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
1
Urticaceae
5
1
4
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
Violaceae
9
1
5
4
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Winteraceae
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Reservation Status of Tasmanian Native Higher Plants
11
INDICATOR
FAMILY
Xanthorrhoeaceae
1
2
3a
3b
4
5
6
7
8
9
No of taxa
Fully res’d
Reserved in
all bio-reg’s
occurs
Res’d in
>0.5 bioreg’s occurs
Res’d in
<0.5 bioreg’s occurs
Un-res’d
No data
Not in res
>1000 ha in
any bio-reg
Not res
>500 ha in
any bio-reg
Not in
dedic.
formal res.
Res’d priv.
res. only
5
0
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
11
Res’d inform Res’d only in
res. only
WHA
0
0
12
Stochastic
risk?
0
Xyridaceae
4
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Zannichelliaceae
7
1
4
2
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
2
0
1
Zosteraceae
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Zygophyllaceae
Totals
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1807
108
816
818
59
74
40
69
40
137
10
16
22
61
*Note: Results based on NVA records as at June 2005.
There are two large families that do stand out, which
together comprise almost one-quarter of all the species
assessed: the Orchidaceae (12%) and Asteraceae (11%). The
nature of the life history and ecology of species provides
an insight as to why many species within these families are
apparently less frequent in the reserve system.
In the case of the Orchidaceae, some of the most extensively
reserved vegetation types are also those with a low level of
orchid diversity. Low light levels generally preclude orchids
from being a significant component of rainforest, swamp
forest or wet sclerophyll forests. Buttongrass moorlands
are too acidic and alpine environments too harsh for many
orchids to thrive. By far the greatest diversity of orchids is in
dry eucalypt forests and woodlands. These forests are subject
to frequent fires and other kinds of disturbance that favour
orchid diversity and abundance. These forests and woodlands
coincide with extensive tracts of non-reserved tenures. It is
also probable that the orchids are under surveyed as many
are virtually impossible to identify without flowers and
flowering is often sporadic and may not occur for several
seasons in a row. The distribution patterns of orchids is
another factor possibly contributing to this situation. Orchids,
in general, tend to occur in small, isolated, widely distributed
populations, an attribute that would make them subject to a
low level of chance of being picked up in surveys. This in turn
might lead to orchid records giving a poor indication of their
real distribution in reserves.
The Asteraceae, like orchids, generally require disturbance
for recruitment. Many species in the Asteraceae are annuals
or short-lived perennials. As a result of their life histories and
ecology, members of these families may be under-surveyed
in the reserve system. In addition, both these families have a
relatively high proportion of species, (33% of species in the
Orchidaceae and 20% of species in the Asteraceae), listed as
threatened under State and Commonwealth legislation.
Another big group, the Cyperaceae, also has a large
proportion of species for which the CAR principles are
potentially not well met. This may reflect the fact that
wetlands are not well reserved in many regions of the
State and/or are not well surveyed, with 18% of species in
this family also listed as threatened. Other groups with a
relatively high proportion of species listed as threatened
in Tasmania include the Fabaceae (32%), Epacridaceae
(20%), and Rhamnaceae (46%). This data provides valuable
information in regard to species or groups that may not be
effectively conserved by reservation alone and may need
different strategies to ensure they are effectively protected.
It also indicates groups where additional survey data is
required within the reserve system to gain a more accurate
assessment for those species.
To gain an indication of how well the current reserve
system incorporates the full range of native vascular plants, a
breakdown of the number of species not reserved in one or
more of the bioregions in which they occur was undertaken
(Table 7). Table 7 shows that there are many species, including
common species (see results next section), that are not
reserved in all of the bioregions they occur in. A further
review of these species is required to determine if this
adversely impacts on the effective conservation of them.
Table 7. No. of species occurring in a bioregion that are not reserved in that bioregion
Bioregion
No. of
species
Figure 1. Reserve distribution by bioregion in Tasmania
Total number and area of reserves
Dedicated Formal
Formal
Private
No. reserves
Area ha
No. reserves
Area ha
No. reserves
Informal
Area ha
No. reserves
Area ha.
King
144
26
19200
34
51800
21
6000
-
14500
Northern Slopes
239
28
26500
77
48200
65
11100
-
51600
Flinders
163
30
51400
76
65000
24
2400
-
11800
West
45
13
801400
37
472500
3
1500
-
98700
Central Highlands
97
12
219400
41
207600
9
19200
-
30800
Northern Midlands
323
8
1700
20
8200
40
16500
-
1500
Ben Lomond
186
12
26300
57
67600
38
6300
-
38300
Southern Ranges
99
20
294500
37
20300
26
3600
-
71900
South East
170
82
80900
85
46800
114
18300
-
53500
Total
948
231
1521300
464
988000
340
84900
-
372600
Total number of all reserves
1037
Total area of all reserves Ha
2956800 ha
*Note: Reserves with cross-bioregional boundaries will be counted in each of the bioregions in which they occur.
A species may be unreserved in more than one bioregion, therefore the total number of species will not equal the combined total for each bioregion.
Results based on NVA records as at June 2005.
In many cases the result may be due to deficiencies in the
data itself. For example, there are cases where a species
has a single point recorded in a bioregion and where it has
not been possible to determine what that record actually
represents. It could potentially be a mis-identification; it
may represent a single plant or a large population. It could,
for example, be a single plant on a roadside in which case
reservation of the species in that bioregion may not be
possible or desirable. Any further review of these species
would serve to increase the accuracy of the data in the
Natural Values Atlas and to refine future analyses.
The data in Table 7 and Figure 1 shows, as might be expected,
that bioregions with relatively large numbers of species not
represented in the reserve system are those that either have
fewer reserves, in terms of number and/or area reserved,
(for example the Northern Midlands), and/or are regions
with large areas subject to intensive land uses. For example
the Northern Slopes, Flinders and South East bioregions are
major agricultural regions. In such bioregions the capacity
Reservation Status of Tasmanian Native Higher Plants
to expand the reserve system may be limited and other
strategies for the conservation of unreserved species and
other species for which the CAR requirements are not well
met, may need to be considered.
Table 8 shows the distribution of the reserves by class and
type according to size class and the number of species
represented within each reserve category. This data shows
that over half of the dedicated formal reserves (66%) and
other formal reserves (67%) and nearly all the private
reserves (95%) are less than 500 ha in size. The proportion
of reserves in the size classes less than and greater than
500 ha is very similar for dedicated formal reserves and
other formal reserves. When looking at the number of
native vascular flora species that are currently recorded
as represented within these different reserve classes the
highest representation (80%) is within the 19 National Parks.
Although National Parks represent a small proportion in
terms of number of reserves within the reserve system (2%)
they are all substantially larger than 1000 ha and in area make
up a large and significant component of the reserve system.
Almost equal in terms of species represented within them
are the Conservation Areas. There are, however, 185 of these
Conservation Areas compared to 19 National Parks with a
similar distribution of reserve size classes. Within the private
reserves, Private Property Conservation Covenants have the
highest number of species represented (35%) within them.
Overall the total number of species in the State that are
represented in dedicated formal (86%) and other formal
(85%) reserves is very similar. The informal reserves currently
hold 69% and the private reserves 49% of the entire native
vascular flora according to the data currently held. These
results however are probably an underestimate given that
data for private reserves is not yet fully captured in the NVA
and the same may be the case for informal reserves.
13
Table 8. Reserve size class by reserve class and type and number of species within each category
Reserve size class
Reserve class/type
Dedicated
formal
reserves
6
6
25
5000-<10000
2000-<5000
1
3
20
4
44
1
2
2
1
12
1
2
3
8
1
345
1440
3
Nature Reserve
727
54
21
2
2
3
1
State Reserve
977
32
16
3
5
5
2
Wellington Park
490
10000<20000 20000<50000 50000<100000 100000 or >
1
29
1
3
63
50
7
13
32
11
Conservation
Area
1428
87
52
10
11
13
7
Forest Reserves
subject to Mineral
Resources Act
967
19
72
36
20
20
4
Nature
Recreation Area
902
7
9
2
1
1
2
1
1
Regional Reserve
757
1
2
3
5
3
4
2
1532
114
Conservation
Agreement
0
3
Private land in
WHA
60
Private Nature
Reserve
172
Private Property
Conservation
Covenant
645
11
1
123
1
19
84
1556
Unable to
separate
1
1
0
Total no. of
reserves
1000-<2000
Historic Site
Private Sanctuary
Total all
500-<1000
National Park
Total
Total
10
478
406
Total
Informal
100-<500
Forest Reserve
Public authority
land in WHA
Private
reserves
<100
Game Reserve
Total
Other
formal
reserves
No sp.
1
1
3
252
2
1
2
185
171
24
1
21
1
134
50
35
39
16
5
5
2
2
402
3
1
1
2
10
4
1
15
255
76
4
5
340
335
15
5
2
895
283
86
8
5
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
383
23
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
525
271
66
54
52
23
17
6
3
5
1037
1250
*Note: species will occur in more than one of the reserve classes, so the total number of species that occur in the reserve classes (dedicated formal etc.) will not equal the combined total of the reserve types.
Results based on NVA records as at June 2005.
In conclusion, a substantially larger percentage of Tasmanian
native vascular plant species has been recorded as occurring
within the Tasmanian reserve system compared with the
previous assessments of Kirkpatrick et al. in 1991. There are
still a significant number of species (over 100) and some
families for which the CAR principles are potentially not
being well met (based on the data set as at 2005) and these
need further assessment. There are a large number of species
that do not have their full distributional range represented in
the reserve system and further assessment of these species
should be undertaken to determine if they are priorities for
reservation in particular bioregions.
Crassula moschata is the only species occurring on Macquarie
Island that is listed as threatened (rare) under the Tasmanian
Threatened Species Protection Act 1995.
All species on Macquarie Island that do not occur in the rest
of Tasmania, have been assessed as fully reserved. Where
species also occur on the Tasmanian mainland the relevant
indicator is given in the results.
When looking at the number of native vascular flora species
currently recorded as represented within these different
reserve classes the highest representation is currently within
the formal reserves, with National Parks alone having 80% of
the native vascular flora represented within them. There are
currently 74 species (a list of these is provided in appendix
5) that are not known to be reserved, and therefore should
be specifically targeted for inclusion in the reserve system,
where this is possible. There are also 137 species that are
not represented within dedicated formal reserves, and 61
species (a list of these is provided in appendix 6) that are
potentially subject to stochastic risk due to their distribution
in the reserve system. There are 40 species for which there
is currently no data and therefore are priorities for survey to
establish how well reserved they are.
Macquarie Island
Given the substantial geographic separation of Macquarie
Island from the rest of Tasmania and its sub-antarctic latitude
(the rest of Tasmania is within temperate latitudes) a separate
assessment has been undertaken for Macquarie Island
vascular flora. A total of 40 native vascular plant species are
recorded on Macquarie Island, these are listed in Buchanan
(2005). Of these only eight species also occur in Tasmania (3
dicotyledons, 2 monocotyledons and 3 pteridophytes).
Reservation Status of Tasmanian Native Higher Plants
15
Lookup Tables And Explanations
This section explains how to use and interpret the results
of the assessment undertaken. The tabulated results are
presented in the breakdown of the results.
The results are presented for each taxon assessed. Where the
assessment was undertaken at species level and incorporates
all data for all subspecies and varieties of that species this is
indicated by # directly after the species name. Species names
are listed in alphabetical order. An explanation regarding this
is given in the methods in appendix 2.
Table 9 and Table 10 provide definitions for each symbol
used in the results breakdown for each taxon provided in the
following section.
Table 9. Key to Codes
Code
Is endemic to Tasmania
t
In Australia only occurs in Tasmania (occurs beyond Australia)
r
Rare in Tasmania
v
Vulnerable in Tasmania
e
Endangered in Tasmania
x
Extinct in Tasmania
x?
Presumed to be extinct in Tasmania
VU
Nationally Vulnerable
EN
Nationally Endangered
CR
Nationally Critically Endangered
EX
Nationally Extinct
EW
Nationally Extinct in the Wild
Assessment undertaken at the species level.
In this case all data for the species, including all subspecies
and varieties of that species, was combined and used for the
assessment. In all other cases the assessment was undertaken
for each taxon.
Field Name
Other Formal Res.
Table 10. Explanation of fields in the assessment table
Field Name
Explanation
Species name,
family
For each species, the full name is given as it
appears in Buchanan 2005, as well as its current
common name as it appears in Wapstra et al.
2005. The family to which the species belongs
is also listed.
Endem.
Taxa that are considered endemic at state and/
or national level are indicated. See Table 9 for
code meanings.
Listed State/Nat
Species listed in the EPBCA 1999 (codes in
capital letters) and/or the TSPA 1995 (codes in
lower case letters) are indicated. See Table 9 for
code meanings.
Bioreg.
A list of the number and name of each
bioregion in which the species occurs.
Records
The total number of species records currently
recorded within each bioregion
Reserves
The number of species records currently
recorded within reserves in each bioregion
No. of Reserves
The total number of reserves in which the
species occurs within each bioregion listed.
Dedic. Formal Res.
The number of dedicated formal reserves, as
defined on page 4 in which the species occurs
for each bioregion listed and how many of
these reserves are of a size greater than 1000 ha.
Explanation
Y
#
There are 16 columns of information and data provided in
the assessment results. Table 10 explains how to interpret the
information presented in these columns.
No. Ha
»»Is the total number of reserves in the
bioregion listed that are greater than 1000 ha.
The number of other formal reserves, as defined
on page 4 in which the species occurs for each
bioregion listed and how many of these reserves
are of a size greater than 1000 ha.
There are two sub fields under this field which
provide this information.
»»Is the total number of reserves for the
bioregion listed.
No. Ha
»»Is the total number of reserves in the
bioregion listed that are greater than 1000 ha.
Informal Res.
The number of informal reserves, as defined
on page 4 in which the species occurs for
each bioregion listed and how many of these
reserves are of a size greater than 1000
hectares.
There are two sub fields under this field which
provide this information.
»»Is the total number of reserves for the
bioregion listed.
No. Ha
»» Is the total number of reserves in the
bioregion listed that are greater than 1000 ha.
Private Reserves
The number of private reserves, as defined
on page 4, in which the species occurs for
each bioregion listed and how many of these
reserves are of a size greater than 1000 ha.
There are two sub fields under this field which
provide this information.
»»Is the total number of reserves for the
bioregion listed.
There are two sub fields under this field which
provide this information.
»»Is the total number of reserves for the
bioregion listed.
Explanation
No. Ha
»»Is the total number of reserves in the bioregion
listed that are greater than 1000 ha
% of Records in
Reserves
The percentage of the total number of records
for a species occurring within reserves in each
of the bioregions listed.
Indicator
The 13 indicators numbered from 1-12 as
defined in the table below (Table 11)
Table 11. Explanation for indicator numbers in the indicator columns
Indicator
Explanation
1
Fully Reserved:
2
Partially reserved 1.
3a
Partially reserved 2.
3b
Partially reserved 3.
4
Not reserved:
5
No data
6
Not in a reserve > 1000 ha
7
Not in a reserve > 500 ha.
8
Not in a dedicated formal reserve
9
Reserves only in private reserves
10
Reserved only in informal reserves
11
Reserved only in the WHA
12
Potential stochastic risk
Note. For expanded explanations refer to table 1.
Reservation Status of Tasmanian Native Higher Plants
17