RES integration into the current
interconnected energy system
Andrej Hanzel, managing director
Centrum pre vedu a výskum,s.r.o.
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RENEWABLES
PROS - CONS
Renewable sources
• Amount of present major fuels in Earth is limited
(coal, gas, crude oil, nuclear).
• Generation of electricity is not very
environmentally friendly
– SOx, NOx, solid particulars (???) is dangerous for
environment
– Ra wastes is still very huge problem
– CO2 is also very huge problem
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Renewable is future of mankind
• The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's
atmosphere, oceans and land masses is
approximately 3,850,000 exajoule (EJ) per year.
This is more energy in one hour, than the world
uses during whole year.
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Sunshine-not equal across Europe (Earth)
Wind turbine –
limited opportunities for generation
1991 1992 1993 1994
1995 1996 1997 1998
1999 2000 2001 2002
2003 2004 2005 2006
Average yearly utilization of installed capacity is 17%
Source: Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik
20420
6054
4380
2833
2035
1090
609
317
173
103
5000
1523
10000
0
14494
8675
11849
15000
16469
Wind installed capacity [MW]
20000
18283
25000
Slovakia wind  8 MW
Renewable
• Achilles tendon
– Very low energy density
• Density of sunshine is 3,5-7 kWh/m2/day
• It is several hundred thousand lower energy density then in coal
– Very complicated prognoses of occurrence
– Consumption of electricity is often in time when generation is
not possible (sun doesn’t shine, wind is not flowing, water is
not falling etc.). Reserve capacity is needed on base of
classical fuel.
• Governmental support/incentives is very questionable.
Cooperation on European level
Europe is interconnected but…
Technical problems of cooperation on
European level
• Each control area must be able:
– To maintain export/import in range of ±20MWhr
• Basic formula for energy is:
generation = consuption
Marginal cost is going up
Jednotkové _ Náklady 
EUR/MWhr
(EUR)
Celkové _ Náklady Stále _ Náklady  Pr emenlivé _ Náklady

Výroba
Výroba
Load factor present power plants is
lower – cost is increasing
Increasing of cost
[MWhr]
Land Occupation
Solar
26-30,000 m2/MW
Wind
5,000 m2/MW
Biomass
100,000 m2/MW
Hydro
5,000 m2/MW
Coal Fired
1,500 – 2,000 m2/MW (1/2 for ash deposit)
Lignite
5,000 – 6,000 m2/MW (2/3 for ash deposit)
Nuclear
500 - 600 m2/MW
Purchase prices/incentives for renewable
Technology
Small Hydro
Photovoltaic
Wind
Biomass
Biogas
Output
EUR/MWhr
1-5 MW
109,08 - 61,72
100kW-4MW 387,65-382,61
1MW
80,91
113,1 - 144,88
96,36 - 159,85
These incentive increase retail and wholesale prices
Is it generally agreed by public? Discussion didn’t held
yet.
What to do?
• Superconductivity – in room temperature
solves everything
– Energy storage is to be without problem with
high eficiency
Thank you for your kind attention!