Mahboob Elahi
18 December, 2015
1
Sequence of Presentation
Explanation of Concepts Related to Eco-Friendly Freight
Transport
Objectives of PAKSTRAN Project
Modes of Freight Transport & its Impacts on Environment
Basic Facts about Freight Transport
Components of Road Freight Transport
Major Trucking Problems Vs: Eco-friendliness
Imperatives Eco-friendly Transport
Recommendations (Phase-I)

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Modes of Freight Transport
LAND: Road, Rail, Pipelines
WATER: Shipping (land based sources of
pollution, water based sources of
pollution
AIR: Air freight (ODS, GHGs)
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GHGs Emission Control
Total GHG Emissions: 369.00 Mt CO2e (2012)
Share of transport: 42.572 Mt CO2e (11.7%)
Share of transport in energy sector: (25.1%)
Share of road freight truck transport: (7-10%)
4
Fuel Consumption in Transport Sector
Unit: TOE
Fuel Type
2015
Aviation
23.9
Motor Spirit
164.0
HSD
299.0
Lube/Greases 5.3
N.Gas
92.4
2030
56.6
281.0
538.0
9.5
68.3
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EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines, g/kWh
Tier
Euro I
Euro II
Euro III
Euro IV
Euro V
Euro VI
Date
CO
HC
NOx
PM
1992, < 85 kW
4.5
1.1
8
0.612
1992, > 85 kW
Oct-96
Oct-98
October 1999 only
4.5
4
4
1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.25
8
7
7
2
Oct-00
2.1
0.66
5
Oct-05
Oct-08
1.5
1.5
0.46
0.46
3.5
2
0.36
0.25
0.15
0.02
0.1
0.13*
0.02
0.02
1.5
0.13
0.4
0.01
31 December 2013
Smoke
0.15
0.8
0.5
0.5
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Components of Road Freight Transport
1.INFRASTRUCTURE: Road & related Infrastructure
 Road and Infrastructure (Fixed Assets)
 Roads
 Intermodal facilities
 Trucking Terminals
 Warehouses
 Consolidation centres
 Workshops and fuel stations
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Components of Road Freight Transport
2. VEHICLES and
1.
2.
3.
4.
ROLLING STOCK (Liquid Assets)
Road: trucks, oil , gas, chemicals and water tankers other
freight vehicles: delivery vans, pickups, stations wagons,
tractor trolleys, animal driven carts
Railways: goods carriages (close & open wagons) container
carriages
Shipping: barges, ships, ocean liners, oil tankers, container
ships
Airways: cargo planes, air freighters
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Components of Road Freight Transport
3. OPERATIONS (Fuels, Emissions, Logistics, Licensing, Financing,
Legalities)
 FUELS: Fuel economy, fuel quality, fuel substitution, low carb-fuels
 EMISSIONS: Short-lived emission, GHG, long-lived emissions
 LOGISTICS: Fleet composition, fleet operations, fuel management,
fleet maintenance & operation costs, inter-company comparison, IT
 LICENSING: Obtaining and maintaining, truck drivers’ training
 FINANCING: Credit market, credit facilities and costs, leasing,
insurance
 LEGALITIES: Registration, MVE, sovereign guarantee,
inconsistencies
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Impact of Road Transport on Environment
Impacts:
 Air Quality (particulate matter, CO, Nox, SO2, Pb, VOC )
 Climate Change (CO2, Nox, CH4, CFCs, PFCs, )
 Noise (human health and reduction inland prices)
 Water quality (water bodies, wet lands, oceans, oil spills, ballast water)
 Soil quality (contamination, lost of fertility, heavy metals)
 Biodiversity (deforestation, wet lands, damage to habitat and species)
 Use of land(sprawling, segregation of communities, barriers,
aesthetics)
 [human health, buildings, agriculture, visibility, global warming]
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Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)
Primary Gases
 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
 Methane (CH4)
 Non-methyl Volatile Organic
Compound
 Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
 Ozone (O3)
 Water Vapour and Cloud (H2O)
 Black Carbon
Lifetime (years)
2 Months
30-95
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114
4-18 Days
9 Days
3-8 Days
Contribution
9-26%
4-9%
3-7%
36-72%
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Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)
IPCC Gases:
Lifetime(Year)
 Chlorofluocarbons (CCF12F2)
100
 Hydrofluorocarbons (CHC1F2)
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 Tetrafluoromethane (CF4)
50,000
 Hexafluoroethane (C2F6)
10,000
 Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6)
3,200
 Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF3)
740
GWP (100 yrs)
10,000
1,810
7,390
12,200
22,800
17,200
[GWP: 20-yr, 100-yr, 500-yr]; [GWP of CO2 is the base @ 1]
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Air Pollutants Controlled under PEPA
Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)
Non-Greenhouse Gases (Non-GHGs)
Oxides of Nitrogen as (NO)
Oxide of Nitrogen as (NO2)
Ozone (O3)
Lead (Pb)
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
Respirable Particulate Matter (PM10)
Respirable Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Hydrocarbons
Ammonia (NH3)
Benzene
Benzoyl, Pyrene
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Arsenic, Nickel
Trucking Problems Vs: Eco-friendliness
 Aging Vehicles
 Archaic Technology
 High Turnover of Second Hand Vehicles
 Overloading
 High Air Drag
 Low Quality Fuels
 High Exhaust Levels
 Unfriendly Driving Practices
 Poor Urban Planning and Highway Routes
 Poor Enforcement of Laws, Rules and Regulations
 Overburdened Trucking Sector VS Freight Railways
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Trucking Problems Vs: Eco-friendliness
 Determination of CPEC as Eco-friendly
 Lack of Incentives for Eco-friendly Trucks on CPEC
Routes
 Unorganized and Informal Structure of Trucking Sector
 No Reward or Incentives for Innovations in the Sector
 Poor Trucking Infrastructure in the Cities and Facilities on
Routes
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Imperatives of an Eco-friendly
Transport
It implies that the chosen mode of transport (freight transport) will have
no or minimum adverse impact on the ecology and environment in its
areas of operations, which means that:
1. All transport infrastructure is environmental friendly (appropriate
routes and locations use of durable materials, low maintenance costs,
minimum carbon-footprints, life cycle analysis)
2. The aerodynamic design of vehicles and trailers should be friendly,
minimum air drag, skirting of trailer wheels, comfortable drivers
cabin, proper load distribution, maximum use of recyclable materials,
efficient braking and maneuverability, maximum permissible age of
vehicles and accepted annual depreciation rates
Contd…
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Imperatives of an Eco-friendly
Transport
3. Vehicles are fitted with engines with high fuel economy (KM/L), engine
designs are compatible with the available fuel quality, encourage Euro
complaint engines and exhaust system, allow fuel substitution and new
low carbon fuels
4. Strict enforcement of environmental protection laws for pollution
control and reduction of GHG emissions
5. Appropriate fleet composition, route planning, consolidation centers,
trucking terminals, keeping separate maintenance and operating cost
accounts, use of bench marking and standard for inter-se comparison,
use of IT for monitoring and control of truck movements
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Imperatives of an Eco-friendly
Transport
6. Availability of trained truck drivers, their training and retraining,
monitoring performance of HTV, eco-friendly driving habits
7. Opening credit facilities for road freight transport by eliminating
barriers and low markups rates
8. Computerized databases and registration system of road freight
transport and revamping of the MVE system
9. Harmonize laws and rules relating to truck transport to remove
inconsistencies, especially at interprovincial and cross broader trade
routes, review system of penalties and liabilities from accidents
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Recommendations (Phase-I)
 Open Sector for new Investments
 Development of Trucks Stands in Major Cities and Port Areas
 Establishment of Trade Facilitation Centres at Across Border Areas
 Designation of Dedicated Truck Lanes of Busy Routes
 Encourage Production of Clean and Alternate Fuels
 Develop and Enforce Quality Standards of Truck Manufacturing
 Launch Awareness and Education Programmes for Proper Maintenance
and Tune-ups
 Establish Truck Drivers Training Schools and Refresher Courses
 Support Transition of Trucking from Informal to Formal Sector
 Coordination Between Different Polices at National and Provincial Levels
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Thank you
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