SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE) – volume 3 Issue 5 – May 2016
Use of Green Energy for Smart City: A Review
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2
Akshat Jain , Aniket and Mohit Bajpai
1,2
3
Student B. Tech., Computer Engineering, Poornima Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
2
Assistant Professor, Poornima Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Abstract: The requirements of Electricity in World Including India
are increasing Day-By-Day. Shortage of electricity has made the
countries realize about the use of Renewable Energy as much as
possible. Renewable energy refers to energy resources that Aries
naturally and repeatedly in the environment. Renewable energy can
arise from any natural thing like Air, Water, Sun, etc. Basically in
India some, It is hard to reach the Electricity in Proper Way. So by
using Solar Energy as Source it is possible to generate electricity in
rural areas. As per the record of 2015, there are 12,151 un-electrified
villages. Indian Government has proposed that till the 2017 more than
10,000 villages will be electrified. This paper reviewed that How Solar
Energy can be used to generate Electricity and it also included the use
of Solar Energy in India and how we can Increase it. The paper also
focuses on the uses of Solar Energy in India & World.
Keywords: Electricity, Renewable energy, Solar energy.
I INTRODUCTION
A Smart City is an urban Development to improve the quality of
life using various types of technologies and to improve the
efficiency of services. Smart city applications are developed with
the goal of improving the management of urban flows and
allowing for real time responses to challenges. The Smart city's
assets include local department’s information systems, schools,
libraries, transportation systems, hospitals. For making a City
Smart, Renewable Energy is best to use in cities. It is the energy
from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or
solar power .Renewable energy resources are always available to
be tapped and will not run out, this is why some people call it
Green Energy. In Renewable Energy, one type is SOLAR
ENERGY. Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun
harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as
solar heating, photovoltaic, solar thermal energy, solar
architecture and artificial photosynthesis. [1]Solar Energy is one
of the greenest and cleanest Technologies. Although Solar
Energy in India is led by Solar Thermal. It is expected that Solar
PV in India will to be the single largest source power in the times
to come. This Paper talks about the Economic, technical and
policy aspects of Solar Energy and Comparison of Solar energy
used by World and India. Solar Energy has experienced a vast
growth in recent years. Use of Solar energy will lead to save
Electricity and to use
Solar Energy in huge quantity. As the maintenance of Solar
Panels is also easy. To expand bilateral development cooperation
in the field of Solar Energy by increasing use of solar energy in
India Through technical as well as financial cooperation, a MOU
is signed between India & Germany. India has Geographical
advantage with excellent solar radiation across the country. The
Government of India has set the target to increase country’s
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share of renewable, particularly solar energy, in the total
energy mix from the current 20 Giga watts to 100 Giga watts
by 2020. This target would result in a five-fold expansion
from 6 percent to 15% [2-3]. The amendment of Electricity
Act 2003 put renewable in focus and place larger targets to
buy Renewable Energy and strictly imposing Renewable
Energy generation. He mentioned that like Renewable Power
Obligation (RPO), the government will bring Renewable
Generation Obligation (RGO) for every power generator to
also generate renewable energy in their mix. Strict
enforcement of RPO and RGO will be done with stiff
penalties. While the Electricity Act, 2003, the policies
framed under the Act, and also the National Action Plan for
Climate Change (NAPCC) provide for a roadmap for
increasing the share of renewable in the total generation
capacity in the country, there are constraints in terms of
availability of renewable sources evenly across different
parts of the country. This inhibits the State Commissions,
especially in those states where the potential of renewable
sources is not that significant, from specifying higher
renewable purchase obligation [4-5]. Solar Energy plays a
key role in making Smart City as it is the Best Source to
generate Electricity and can be used for years. Now days,
Solar Energy is used for Medical Services. In rural parts of
India where it is hard to reach the Medical Emergency, Solar
Energy is used to provide Medical Service. In some
countries Solar Energy is used to reduce the waste and to
recycle it. It is thus no surprise that Solar Energy is and will
continue to play a dominant role in the Indian Power
Scenario [6-8].
II REVIEW OF SOLAR ENERGY
Use of Solar Energy in World [2,4,5]
Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first
developed in the 1980s. The 392 MW Ivanpah installation is
the largest concentrating solar power plant in the world,
located in the Mojave Desert of California. The 579 MW
Solar Stars, near Rosamond, California, is the station.
Historically, the United States had been the leader of installed
photovoltaic for many years, and its total capacity amounted to
77 megawatts in 1996—more than any other country in the
world at the time. Then, Japan stayed ahead as the world's
leader of produced solar electricity until 2005, when Germany
took the lead, the country is currently approaching the 40,000
megawatt mark. Germany is the world's top photovoltaic (PV)
installer, with a solar PV capacity as of December 2012 of more
than 32.3 gigawatts (GW). The German new solar PV
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SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE) – volume 3 Issue 5 – May 2016
installations increased by about 7.6 GW in 2012 and solar PV
provided 18 TWh (billion kilowatt-hours) of electricity in 2011,
about 3% of total electricity. Some market analysts expect this could
reach 25 percent by 2050 [2].
Germany has a goal of producing 35% of electricity from
renewable sources by 2020 and 100% by 2050. Worldwide
growth of photovoltaic has averaged 40% per year since 2000
and total installed capacity reached 139 GW at the end of 2013
with Germany having the most cumulative installations (35.7
GW) and Italy having the highest percentage of electricity
generated by solar PV (7.0%).Worldwide growth of photovoltaic
is extremely dynamic and varies strongly by country. By the end
of 2014, cumulative photovoltaic capacity increased by more
than 40 gigawatt (GW) and reached at least 178 GW, sufficient
to supply 1 percent of the world's total electricity consumption of
currently 18,400 terawatt hours (TWh). As in the year before, the
top installers of 2014 were China, followed by Japan and the
United States, while the United Kingdom emerged as new
European leader ahead of Germany and France. Germany
remains for one more year the world's largest producer of solar
power with an overall installed capacity of 38.2 GWIn 2014,
cumulative photovoltaic capacity increased by 40.1 GW or 28%
and reached at least 178 GW by the end of the year, sufficient to
supply 1 percent of the world's total electricity consumption of
currently 18,400 (TWh) terawatt hours . Although this represents
a new all-time record in the history of global PV deployment,
overall expectations had been higher as module shipments
amounted to 44–46 GW and suggested higher overall
installations. Annual installation for 2014 expanded slightly by
5% when compared to worldwide installation of 38.3 GW in
2013.
As in the year before, the world's top installer of 2014 were
China (+10.6 GW), followed by Japan (+9.6 GW) and the United
States (+6.2 GW), while the United Kingdom (+2.3 GW)
emerged as new European leader ahead of Germany (+1.9 GW)
and France (+0.9 GW). Germany remains for one more year the
world's largest producer of solar power with an overall installed
capacity of 38.2 GW China is expected to continue its rapid
growth and to triple its PV capacity to 70,000 megawatts by
2017. In 2016, China became world's largest producer of
photovoltaic power . By the end of 2014, cumulative
photovoltaic capacity reached at least 178 gigawatt (GW),
sufficient to supply 1 percent of global electricity demands. Solar
now contributes 7.9 percent and 7.0 percent to the respective
annual domestic consumption in Italy and Germany. For 2015,
worldwide deployment of about 55 GW is being forecasted, and
installed capacity is projected to more than double or even triple
beyond 500 GW between now and 2020 .By 2050, solar power is
anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity,
with solar photovoltaic and concentrated solar power
contributing 16 and 11 percent, respectively. This will require
PV capacity to grow to 4,600 GW, of which more than half is
forecasted to be deployed in China and India.
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Fig.1- Solar PV Growth World Wide in GW in last six years
Use of Solar Energy in India
With about 300 clear, sunny days in a year, India's
theoretically calculated solar energy incidence on its land
area alone is about 5,000 trillion kilowatt-hours (kWh) per
year (or 5 EWh/yr.). The solar energy available in a year
exceeds the possible energy output of all fossil fuel energy
reserves in India. The daily average solar power plant
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generation capacity over India is 0.25 kWh per m of used
land area, which is equivalent to about 1,500–2,000 peak
(rated) capacity operating hours in a year with the available
commercially-proven technologies. India is both densely
combination for solar power in India. In solar energy sector,
some large projects have been proposed, and a 35,000 km2
area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power
projects, sufficient to generate 700 to 2,100 gigawatts [7].
India is endowed with rich solar energy resource. The
average intensity of solar radiation received on India is 200
MW/km square (megawatt per kilometer square) [3]. On 16
May 2011, India’s first 5 MW of installed capacity solar
power project was registered under the Clean Development
Mechanism. The project is in Sivagangai Village, Sivaganga
district, Tamil Nadu . In January 2015; the Indian
government significantly expanded its solar plans, targeting
US$100 billion of investment and 100 GW of solar capacity
by
2022.
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SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE) – volume 3 Issue 5 – May 2016
Fig.4- Use of solar in India
Fig.2- Use of photovoltaic over other resources
Fig.3- Solar installations in India
Fig.5- Circuit connection of solar in a house
Use of Solar Energy in Rajasthan
Benefits of Solar Energy over Electricity
With regard to solar energy production, Rajasthan is one of
India's most solar-developed states. There its total
photovoltaic capacity has passed 500 MW, having reached
510.25 MW by the end of the 2012-13 fiscal years. The
district of Jodhpur leads with 42 projects totalling 293 MW,
followed by Jaisalmer and Bikaner. In total, there were 84
projects with installed capacity of 512.9.The French group
AREVA solar is currently engaged in constructing a 250
MW concentrated solar power (CSP) installation, which
will become the largest CSP installation in Asia. A
4,000MW Ultra Mega Green Solar Power Project (UMPP)
is being built near Sambhar Lake in Rajasthan. Upon
Completion, it would be world's largest Solar Power Plant.
It is expected to be built in 4 phases, with the first phase
likely to be commissioned by the end of 2016 with 1,000
MW capacities. The total cost of each phase of the project
is estimated to be 70 billion (US$1.0 billion) and the entire
project is expected to be completed in 7 years [8]. The
present Prime Minister Narendra Modi has put great
emphasis on solar projects and is inviting FDI in this
sector.
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Here are some benefits of solar energy.
Solar energy is not only sustainable, it is renewable and this
means that we will never run out of it. It is about as natural
a source of power as it is possible to generate electricity.
The creation of solar energy requires little maintenance.
Once the solar panels have been installed and are working
at maximum efficiency there is only a small amount of
maintenance required each year to ensure they are in
working order.
They are a silent producer of energy. There is absolutely no
noise made from photovoltaic panels as they convert
sunlight into usable electricity.
There are continual advancements in solar panel
technology which are increasing the efficiency and
lowering the cost of production, thus making it even more
cost effective.
During operation solar electricity power plants produce
zero emissions .The second priority of using solar energy is
transformation of it into electricity. If to cover a silicon
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SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE) – volume 3 Issue 5 – May 2016
crystal with a thin, pure for light layer of metal, than the
photons stream, while passing through a metal layer, will
release free electrons from the crystal of silicon. Those
electrons will start to concentrate in the metal layer. This
will cause a potential difference between crystal and a
metal layer. If to connect thousands of such crystals in
series or in parallel (to increase voltage and current), we'll
get a solar battery that produces direct current.
IV CONCLUSION
In conclusion, solar panels can provide renewable energy
as an alternative source of energy to us and the
concentration of light by using convex lens could save
money along with limited source of energy. The world
would absolutely change with use of solar energy because
it is less polluted source. People would wake up every day
breathing fresh air instead of smelling the polluted air and
smog. Countries where electricity is a major issue to
generate with less available resources solar or green energy
could be a option to overcome and strengthen their
economy. Cities could use this as an important source of
energy at different places such as street lights, etc.
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