Pressure
Temperature
Level
Calibration
Thermal solar energy
Alexander Wiegand
Chairman and CEO WIKA
Over the past 60 years WIKA Alexander Wiegand SE &
Co. KG has built a reputation as a renowned partner and
competent specialist for any task in the field of pressure
and temperature measurement. On the basis of steadily
growing efficiency, innovative technologies are applied
when developing new products and system solutions.
Within the WIKA Group 7.300 employees are dedicated
to maintaining and improving technology in pressure
and temperature measurement. Over 500 experienced
employees of the sales department consult the
customers and users competently on a partnership
basis.
The reliability of the products and the readiness to face
all challenges of the market have been the key factors for
WIKA to achieve a leading position in the global market.
More than 300 engineers and technicians are searching
continually on behalf of WIKA to provide solutions for
innovative products, improved materials and more
economical production methods. In close co-operation
with renowned universities, institutes and industrial
companies, solutions for specific applications are
developed and designed.
Contents
Unlimited opportunities
4
Collector field
8
Power block
12
Thermal storage
14
Water treatment
16
Service
18
References
19
Pictures:
Page 6:
Solar Millennium AG
Page 9:
Abengoa
Page 8:
Page 11:
Page 14:
Page 19:
Solar Millennium AG, Paul Langrock
©2009
NOVATEC BIOSOL AG
Solar Millennium, AG
Solar Millennium, AG, fotosearch.de, Abengoa
3
Unlimited opportunities
The sun generates 400,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
Watts and will continue to do so for the next 5 billion
years. More energy reaches the earth in 30 minutes
than mankind can use in an entire year. The sun is
the source of life; without it our ecological system
could not exist.
Our energy consumption has nearly tripled over the last
30 years and approximately 80 % of this energy is gained
from fossil fuels - largely oil.
The debate on energy focuses mainly on three essential
criteria: The safety factor, CO2 emissions and production
costs.
4
The advantages of solar energy are impressive:
n Unlimited availability
n No pollutant emissions
n No climate damage due to greenhouse effects
The reduction in CO2 emissions is the main benefit of
this technology. Over the past 50 years, CO2 content
in the atmosphere has increased by roughly 20 % and
intensified the negative effects of greenhouse gases on
our climate and the planet's ecological system.
Unlimited opportunities
Security against uncontrollable failures is as good or
even better than for other technologies. However, the
disadvantages of this alternative soon become clear
when we look at reliable and continuous supply, as this
is only guaranteed so long as the sun shines, and is
interrupted at night or on cloudy days with little sunshine.
In order to ensure uninterrupted supply, we need modern
technologies for thermal storage.
These technologies store energy during sunny periods
and pass it into the mains network when there is no
sunshine.
At present the costs for gaining energy from solar sources
are still higher than for conventional power generation;
nonetheless, we are looking at a technology with tremendous potential. It should also be noted that a direct cost
comparison with conventional energy does not take into
account the environmental damage the latter creates.
5
Suitability of locations for solar thermal power plants
very good
good
suitable
unsuitable
Solar energy is best exploited in the “sunbelt”.
This zone has up to 2,600 kWh/m2/year available,
compared to approx. 1,000 kWh/m2/year in Central
Europe.
This sunbelt is located in the regions between latitude
40 degrees north and latitude 40 degrees south,
e.g. between southern Spain and South Africa. One
thousandth of the desert area would itself be sufficient to
cover energy requirements with solar plants alone.
6
At present there are two technologies for generating
solar energy: Photovoltaic and solar thermal systems.
In photovoltaic energy generation, a solar module
consisting of a group of semiconductor layers releases
electrons. These solar modules are generally employed
in (semi) independent units, such as pocket calculators,
sensors, transmitters, satellites, batteries, as well as on
roofs or in the modules installed in solar complexes.
Unlimited opportunities
Solar modules convert sunlight directly into electricity,
whereas solar thermal systems concentrate sunlight to
heat thermal carriers up to 400 to 800 °C. At the moment,
solar thermal systems are the only solar energy form that
can compete with nuclear power plants or fossil fuels.
The experiences gained with plants in Spain and the
USA are future-oriented. According to a study by Greenpeace and the European Solar Thermal Industry Association (ESTIA)*, by 2040 these plants will be supplying
more energy than nuclear and hydro power plants put
together.
*Concentrated Solar Thermal Power - Now, Greenpeace, ESTIA, Solarpaces; Brussels, September 2005
7
Collector field
Parabolic trough power plant
Solar thermal energy is based on the principle of
radiation concentration to heat a thermal carrier
fluid, which is then used to generate steam. This
steam is then used to generate electrical energy.
Using special mirrors, the collector fields capture sunlight
and reflect it onto fluid-filled tubes (parabolic trough
power plant, Fresnel reflectors), a tower (solar tower
power plant) or a motor (Stirling Dish plant).
8
Parabolic trough power plant
This technology employs curved mirrors which are set,
using hydraulic devices, at ideal angles to the sun. In
the focal line of these mirrors are located high-efficiency
tubes, in which the thermal carrier fluid (synthetic oil) is
heated to temperatures of approx. 400 °C.
This oil is pumped into a series of heat exchangers to
generate steam. The steam drives a turbine which in turn
generates electrical energy.
Collector field
Solar tower power plant
Solar tower power plant
A solar tower power plant consists of a heliostat field,
which is computer-controlled to face the sun in order to
capture maximum solar radiation. The mirrors reflect the
radiation and guide the rays to a receiver at the top of the
tower.
The thermal carriers are air, steam, oil, liquid sodium
or liquid salt. As with conventional plants, the heat
dissipated by these media is used to generate electrical
energy via steam turbines.
Temperature measurement of the HTF
The state-of-the-art HTF oils (heat transfer fluid) are
thermal oils which can be heated up to 400 °C. If this
temperature is exceeded, the oil is split into carbons
and hydrocarbons by cracking. These products reduce
the thermal carrier capacity.
WIKA sensors, temperature transmitters and
thermowells are specifically designed to ensure
accurate, quick and reliable temperature
measurement for the HTF. This increases the
efficiency and safety of the system.
9
Stirling Dish plant
Stirling Dish plant
Fresnel reflectors
Stirling Dish plants are particularly suited to decentralised energy generation. This plant uses mirrors with a
diameter of 3 to 25 m and produces outputs up to 50 kW.
Fresnel reflectors guide sunlight to a permanently
installed receiver. These flat reflectors allow for wide
opening angles and short focal points at far lower weight
and volume compared to the parabolic versions.
The parabolic mirror tracks the position of the sun and
focuses the radiation onto a receiver in the focal point of
the dish. A thermal carrier, usually helium or hydrogen, is
heated at this point.
A Stirling motor converts the heat into mechanical
energy and then, employing a generator, into electrical
energy.
10
Fresnel reflectors
The design of this system is simpler and less expensive
than any other system as the receiver is not mounted
on the mirror and does not require a hydraulic system to
track the sun. To improve efficiency several receivers can
be installed which bundle the radiation at preset intervals.
Collector field
Solar thermal power plant with Fresnel technology in Puerto Errado (direct steam generation)
Pressure measurement of the HTF
To avoid the oil solidifying, which would lead to a blockage in the HTF system, the oil must be kept permanently
in circulation.
WIKA diaphragm seal assemblies (with process transmitter in picture) ensure the precise measurement of
pump pressures at process temperatures up to 400 °C.
11
Power block
Turbine
Steam
Generator
Heat exchanger
Water-steam circuit
Steam turbine
The water-steam circuit transports steam from the point
of generation (heat exchanger unit) to the steam turbine
and returns the condensate to the boiler.
Over 70 % of electrical energy generated worldwide is
produced with steam turbines. In these, the water-steam
circuit and the auxiliary turbine systems need to be
monitored and controlled precisely.
Steam is used as thermal carrier for the following
reasons: It is an inexpensive medium and available
virtually everywhere. Due to the relationship between its
pressure and temperature, the temperature can be set
with high precision and modulated via control valves.
Furthermore, it enables the transport of large amounts of
energy from the point of generation over great distances
to the point of use.
12
Pressure, temperature and level measurement
technology is employed in the steam and condensate
circuits for lubrication of the turbine, speed control, and
the systems for steam extraction.
Power block
Level measurement
For safety reasons, the tanks of the steam and condensate circuits require robust, reliable level control, in many
cases supplemented by redundant systems.
Bypass systems provide local displays with analogue
output signals and/or alarm contacts. These are lowmaintenance mechanical systems which can withstand
process temperatures up to 400 °C.
Temperature measurement
The monitoring of temperature in the power
block is essential for constant energy generation
at maximum output.
Temperature sensors with local displays
and HART® protocol are integrated into the
monitoring system of the plant.
The thermowells for the
temperature sensors are
designed in accordance with the
ASME 'Performance Test Codes
19.3. Rev. 2010' standard.
13
Thermal storage
During the daytime the collector field provides sufficient energy
to cover the daily requirements and for storage in salt tanks.
During nighttime the hot salt is pumped into the tank containing cold salt via a heat exchanger and transfers heat to the
medium. This medium generates steam which is converted into
electrical energy using a turbine.
Liquid salts for thermal storage
The most modern method for thermal storage is based
on the use of liquid salts as a storage medium in special
tank vessels.
A solar power plant with thermal storage has the advantage of also being able to generate electricity using
the heat stored during daytime in those parts of the day
without sunshine (up to 8 hours).
14
In this type of plant design, the liquid salts are stored in
two tanks: a hot and a cold tank. A heat exchanger heats
the salts during daytime on their transfer to the hot storage tank.
When thermal energy is required, the salts are again
passed through the heat exchanger to heat a thermal
carrier oil up to 400 °C.
Thermal storage
Surface measurement
Multi-point measurement
The liquid salt tanks are made
of temperature-resistant carbon
steel or stainless steel.
In order to measure the temperature in the cold and hot
salt tanks at various points, “multi-point” thermocouples
are used.
“Skin-point” temperature sensors are suitable for monitoring
the temperatures at the tank walls by measuring at different points. This enables recording the mechanical stress
of the tank walls which is induced by thermal expansion.
These are employed to measure temperatures at various
points of the cold and hot salt tanks. These measurements, together with heating resistors connected via a
control circuit, prevent a drop in the temperature of the
salt to the solidification point of approx. 250 °C.
15
Water treatment
Geographical areas offering the most sunshine are
also those suffering from the largest shortages of
water. A thermal solar plant with parabolic troughs
requires approx. 3,000 litres of water per generated
MWh, and a solar tower plant requires approx. 1,900
litres.
The largest part of the water is consumed by the wet
cooling system of the power block. In comparison,
thermal solar power plants based on Stirling Dish
technology are the most economical, requiring only
80 litres per MWh.
16
Power plants require filtered water, osmosis water, and
demineralised water for operation.
The filtered water is used as industrial water for the
cooling tower and for the fire-extinguishing systems. The
osmosis water is used for cleaning the mirrors of the
parabolic troughs or heliostats. The demineralised water
is employed to operate the circuit and the closed cooling
water system.
Water treatment
Pressure transmitters
WIKA pressure transmitters are used in various process
stages of the water treatment plant. The untreated water
contains numerous solids and sludge, which might block
the pressure-channel holes in the instrument. For this
reason, process connections with flush diaphragms or
diaphragm seals are used.
17
Service
Consulting and training
We not only manufacture instruments, but also offer
training, locally or in our facilities, based on the extensive
knowledge and experience of our team.
Calibration
In our training we confer our know-how to the operating
personnel and explain the correct handling of pressure,
temperature and level measuring instruments.
The reliability and reproducibility of the instruments is
essential for the correct and efficient operation of solar
thermal power plants. Regular calibration of the instruments is needed to ensure correct operation of the plant.
WIKA has calibration laboratories for pressure and
temperature, as well as offering an on-site calibration
service. Furthermore, we supply a comprehensive range
of portable and stationary calibration instruments for use
in laboratories.
Commissioning
Correct installation and commissioning of the instruments
are essential for their reliable operation. We offer qualified and experienced personnel who would be pleased
to support you with the start-up in your plant.
18
References
Realised projects
Spain:
„„ ANDASOL I, Guadix
„„ ANDASOL II, Guadix
„„ ANDASOL III, Aldeire
„„ ASTEXOL II, Badajoz
„„ EXTRESOL I, Torres St. Miguel
„„ EXTRESOL II, Torres St. Miguel
„„ GEMASOLAR, Fuentes
„„ HELIOENERGY I, Écija
„„ HELIOENERGY II, Écija
„„ IBERSOL, Puertollano
„„ PUENTE ERRADO II, Calasparra
„„ SAMCASOL I, La Dehesa
„„ SAMCASOL II, La Dehesa
„„ SOLABEN III, Logrosán
„„ SOLACOR I, Córdoba
„„ SOLACOR II, Córdoba
„„ SOLNOVA I, Sanlúcar
„„ SOLNOVA III, Sanlúcar
„„ SOLNOVA IV, Sanlúcar
„„ VALLE I, San José, Cádiz
„„ LEBRIJA, Sevilla
„„ VALLE II, San José, Cádiz
„„ MANCHASOL I, Ciudad Real
Other countries:
„„ MORON, Sevilla
„„ COALINGA, USA
„„ MAJADAS, Majadas del Tietar
„„ MANCHASOL II, Ciudad Real
„„ ORELLANA, Orellana la Vieja
„„ PALMA DEL RIO I, Córdoba
„„ PALMA DEL RIO II, Córdoba
„„ PS 10, Sanlúcar la Mayor
„„ PS 20, Sanlúcar la Mayor
„„ BENI MATHAR, Morocco
„„ HASSI R‘MEL, Algeria
„„ KURAYMAT, Egypt
„„ SHAMS, VAE
„„ SOLANA, USA
19
WIKA worldwide
Europe
North America
Austria
WIKA Messgerätevertrieb
Ursula Wiegand GmbH & Co. KG
Perfektastr. 83
1230 Vienna
Tel. +43 1 8691631
Fax: +43 1 8691634
[email protected]
www.wika.at
Romania
WIKA Instruments Romania S.R.L.
050897 Bucuresti
Calea Rahovei Nr. 266-268
Corp 61, Etaj 1
Tel. +40 21 4048327
Fax: +40 21 4563137
[email protected]
www.wika.ro
Canada
WIKA Instruments Ltd.
Head Office
3103 Parsons Road
Edmonton, Alberta, T6N 1C8
Tel. +1 780 4637035
Fax: +1 780 4620017
[email protected]
www.wika.ca
Belarus
WIKA Belrus
Ul. Zaharova 50B, Office 3H
220088 Minsk
Tel. +375 17 2945711
Fax: +375 17 2945711
[email protected]
www.wika.by
Russia
ZAO WIKA MERA
Wjatskaya Str. 27, Building 17
Office 205/206
127015 Moscow
Tel. +7 495-648018-0
Fax: +7 495-648018-1
[email protected]
www.wika.ru
Mexico
Instrumentos WIKA Mexico
S.A. de C.V.
Viena 20 Ofna 301
Col. Juarez, Del. Cuauthemoc
06600 Mexico D.F.
Tel. +52 55 50205300
Fax: +52 55 50205300
[email protected]
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Benelux
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6101 WX Echt
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Fax: +31 475 535446
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Bulgaria
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Croatia
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Tel. +385 1 6531-034
Fax: +385 1 6531-357
[email protected]
www.wika.hr
Finland
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Melkonkatu 24
00210 Helsinki
Tel. +358 9 682492-0
Fax: +358 9 682492-70
[email protected]
www.wika.fi
France
WIKA Instruments s.a.r.l.
Parc d‘Affaires des Bellevues
8 rue Rosa Luxembourg
95610 Eragny-sur-Oise
Tel. +33 1 343084-84
Fax: +33 1 343084-94
[email protected]
www.wika.fr
Germany
WIKA Alexander Wiegand SE & Co. KG
Alexander-Wiegand-Str. 30
63911 Klingenberg
Tel. +49 9372 132-0
Fax: +49 9372 132-406
[email protected]
www.wika.de
Italy
WIKA Italia S.r.l. & C. S.a.s.
Via G. Marconi 8
20020 Arese (Milano)
Tel. +39 02 93861-1
Fax: +39 02 93861-74
[email protected]
www.wika.it
Poland
WIKA Polska spółka z ograniczoną
odpowiedzialnością sp. k.
Ul. Legska 29/35
87-800 Wloclawek
Tel. +48 54 230110-0
Fax: +48 54 230110-1
[email protected]
www.wikapolska.pl
Serbia
WIKA Merna Tehnika d.o.o.
Sime Solaje 15
11060 Beograd
Tel. +381 11 2763722
Fax: +381 11 753674
[email protected]
www.wika.rs
Spain
Instrumentos WIKA S.A.U.
C/Josep Carner, 11-17
08205 Sabadell Barcelona
Tel. +34 933 9386-30
Fax: +34 933 9386-66
[email protected]
www.wika.es
Switzerland
MANOMETER AG
Industriestrasse 11
6285 Hitzkirch
Tel. +41 41 91972-72
Fax: +41 41 91972-73
[email protected]
www.manometer.ch
Turkey
WIKA Instruments Istanbul
Basinc ve Sicaklik Ölcme Cihazlari
Ith. Ihr. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti.
Bayraktar Bulvari No. 17
34775 Yukari Dudullu - Istanbul
Tel. +90 216 41590-66
Fax: +90 216 41590-97
[email protected]
www.wika.com.tr
Ukraine
TOV WIKA Prylad
M. Raskovoy Str. 11, A
PO 200
02660 Kyiv
Tel. +38 044 4968380
Fax: +38 044 4968380
[email protected]
www.wika.ua
United Kingdom
WIKA Instruments Ltd
Merstham, Redhill RH13LG
Tel. +44 1737 644-008
Fax: +44 1737 644-403
[email protected]
www.wika.co.uk
USA
WIKA Instrument, LP
1000 Wiegand Boulevard
Lawrenceville, GA 30043
Tel. +1 770 5138200
Fax: +1 770 3385118
[email protected]
www.wika.com
WIKA Process Solutions, LP.
950 Hall Court
Deer Park, TX 77536
Tel. +1 713 47500-22
Fax: +1 713 47500-11
[email protected]
www.wika.com
Mensor Corporation
201 Barnes Drive
San Marcos, TX 78666
Tel. +1 512 396-4200
Fax: +1 512 396-1820
[email protected]
www.mensor.com
Latin America
Argentina
WIKA Argentina S.A.
Gral. Lavalle 3568
(B1603AUH) Villa Martelli
Buenos Aires
Tel. +54 11 47301800
Fax: +54 11 47610050
[email protected]
www.wika.com.ar
Brazil
WIKA do Brasil Ind. e Com. Ltda.
Av. Ursula Wiegand, 03
CEP 18560-000 Iperó - SP
Tel. +55 15 34599700
Fax: +55 15 32661650
[email protected]
www.wika.com.br
Chile
WIKA Chile S.p.A.
Av. Coronel Pereira 72
Oficina 101
Las Condes - Santiago de Chile
Tel. +56 2 365-1719
[email protected]
www.wika.cl
Colombia
Instrumentos WIKA Colombia S.A.S.
Dorado Plaza,
Avenida Calle 26 No. 85D – 55
Local 126 y 126 A
Bogotá – Colombia
Tel. +57 1 744 3455
[email protected]
WIKA Alexander Wiegand SE & Co. KG
Alexander-Wiegand-Straße 30∙63911 Klingenberg∙Germany
Tel. +49 9372 132-0∙Fax +49 9372 132-406
[email protected]∙www.wika.de
14017891 09/2013 GB
Asia
Azerbaijan
WIKA Azerbaijan LLC
Caspian Business Center
9th floor 40 J.Jabbarli str.
AZ1065 Baku
Tel. +994 12 49704-61
Fax: +994 12 49704-62
[email protected]
China
WIKA Instrumentation Suzhou Co., Ltd.
81, Ta Yuan Road, SND
Suzhou 215011
Tel. +86 512 6878 8000
Fax: +86 512 6809 2321
[email protected]
www. wika.com.cn
India
WIKA Instruments India Pvt. Ltd.
Village Kesnand, Wagholi
Pune - 412 207
Tel. +91 20 66293-200
Fax: +91 20 66293-325
[email protected]
www.wika.co.in
Iran
WIKA Instrumentation Pars Kish
(KFZ) Ltd.
Apt. 307, 3rd Floor
8-12 Vanak St., Vanak Sq., Tehran
Tel. +98 21 88206-596
Fax: +98 21 88206-623
[email protected]
www.wika.ir
Japan
WIKA Japan K. K.
MG Shibaura Bldg. 6F
1-8-4, Shibaura, Minato-ku
Tokyo 105-0023
Tel. +81 3 5439-6673
Fax: +81 3 5439-6674
[email protected]
www.wika.co.jp
Kazakhstan
TOO WIKA Kazakhstan
Raimbekstr. 169, 3rd floor
050050 Almaty
Tel. +7 727 2330848
Fax: +7 727 2789905
[email protected]
www.wika.kz
Korea
WIKA Korea Ltd.
569-21 Gasan-dong, Kumcheon-gu
Seoul 153-771
Tel. +82 2 86905-05
Fax: +82 2 86905-25
[email protected]
www.wika.co.kr
Malaysia
WIKA Instrumentation M Sdn. Bhd.
No. 27 & 29 Jalan Puteri 5/20
Bandar Puteri Puchong
47100 Puchong, Selangor
Tel. +60 3 806310-80
Fax: +60 3 806310-70
[email protected]
www.wika.com.my
Philippines
WIKA Instruments Philippines, Inc.
Unit 102 Skyway Twin Towers
351 Capt. Henry Javier St.
Bgy. Oranbo, Pasig City 1600
Tel. +63 2 234-1270
Fax: +63 2 695-9043
[email protected]
www.wika.com.ph
Singapore
WIKA Instrumentation Pte. Ltd.
13 Kian Teck Crescent
628878 Singapore
Tel. +65 6844 5506
Fax: +65 6844 5507
[email protected]
www.wika.com.sg
Taiwan
WIKA Instrumentation Taiwan Ltd.
Min-Tsu Road, Pinjen
32451 Taoyuan
Tel. +886 3 420 6052
Fax: +886 3 490 0080
[email protected]
www.wika.com.tw
Thailand
WIKA Instrumentation Corporation
(Thailand) Co., Ltd.
850/7 Ladkrabang Road, Ladkrabang
Bangkok 10520
Tel. +66 2 32668-73
Fax: +66 2 32668-74
[email protected]
www.wika.co.th
Africa / Middle East
Egypt
WIKA Near East Ltd.
Villa No. 6, Mohamed Fahmy
Elmohdar St. - of Eltayaran St.
1st District - Nasr City - Cairo
Tel. +20 2 240 13130
Fax: +20 2 240 13113
[email protected]
www.wika.com.eg
Namibia
WIKA Instruments Namibia Pty Ltd.
P.O. Box 31263
Pionierspark
Windhoek
Tel. +26 4 61238811
Fax: +26 4 61233403
[email protected]
www.wika.com.na
South Africa
WIKA Instruments Pty. Ltd.
Chilvers Street, Denver
Johannesburg, 2094
Tel. +27 11 62100-00
Fax: +27 11 62100-59
[email protected]
www.wika.co.za
United Arab Emirates
WIKA Middle East FZE
Warehouse No. RB08JB02
P.O. Box 17492
Jebel Ali, Dubai
Tel. +971 4 883-9090
Fax: +971 4 883-9198
[email protected]
www.wika.ae
Australia
Australia
WIKA Australia Pty. Ltd.
Unit K, 10-16 South Street
Rydalmere, NSW 2116
Tel. +61 2 88455222
Fax: +61 2 96844767
[email protected]
www.wika.com.au
New Zealand
WIKA Instruments Limited
Unit 7 / 49 Sainsbury Road
St Lukes - Auckland 1025
Tel. +64 9 8479020
Fax: +64 9 8465964
[email protected]
www.wika.co.nz