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A. Salisbury et a 2017. Enhancing gardens as habitats for invertebrates
Online Resource 1; Further details of Materials and Methods
Enhancing gardens as habitats for plant-associated invertebrates: should we plant native or
exotic species?
Andrew Salisbury1*, Sarah Al-Beidh1, James Armitage1, Stephanie Bird1/2, Helen Bostock 1, Anna
Platoni1, Mark Tatchell3, Ken Thompson4, Joe Perry5
1 Royal
2
Horticultural Society, RHS Garden Wisley, Woking, Surrey, GU23 6QB, UK
Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, Whitelands College, Holybourne Avenue,
London, SW15 4JD
3Laurels
4
Farm, Oborne, Sherborne, Dorset, DT9 4LA, UK
Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10
2TN, UK
5 Oaklands
Barn, Lug’s Lane, Broome, Norfolk, NR35 2HT, UK
*E-mail: [email protected] T: 01483 479703
Contents
Fig. S1
Experimental plot layout
2
Table S1
Plant species adopted for each species group and treatment
3
Table S2
Invertebrate identification from Vortis samples for allocation of functional
6
group.
References
7
A. Salisbury et a 2017. Enhancing gardens as habitats for invertebrates
Fig S1. Experimental plot layout
Key
H = Site 1 (Howard’s Field)
1 – 6 = Block number
D= Site 2 (Deers Farm)
N = Native plants
Z = Near Native plants E = Exotic plants
A, B, C = plant group (See Table S1)
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A. Salisbury et a 2017. Enhancing gardens as habitats for invertebrates
Table S1. Plant species adopted for each species group and treatment. Note that there is no factorial
relationship between plant species group and treatment. For example, consider the plant species
selected for treatments Native and Exotic and species groups A and C, for position 4. In species
group A, treatment Native has Valeriana officinalis, whilst Exotic has Diascia personata. In species
group C, Native has Eupatorium cannabinum and Exotic has Verbena bonariensis. There is no
particular reason why Verbena bonariensis should not have been included in species group A and
Diascia personata in species group C. Care was taken to ensure that Exotic plants were not closely
related to their Native counterparts. However, in two cases the Exotic plants were part of the same
family as the Native they mirrored, these were Euryops tysonii (Asteraceae) which mirrored with
Leucanthemum vulgare and Hebe rakaiensis (Plantaginaceae) which mirrored with Veronica spicata.
(Previously published in supplementary information with Salisbury et al. 2015).
Species group A
Position in
plot
Native
Near-native
1
Lonicera
periclymenum
'Graham Thomas'
Lonicera tragophylla
2
Primula vulgaris
Primula japonica
Crimson'
3
Hyacinthoides
scripta
4
Valeriana officinalis
Valeriana phu 'Aurea'
Diascia personata 'Hopleys'*
5
Deschampsia
cespitosa
Stipa tenuissima
Uncinia rubra Colensoǂ
6
Buxus sempervirens
Sarcococca hookeriana var.
humilis
Pittosporum tenuifolium
7
Viburnum opulus
Viburnum sargentii
Azara serrata*
8
Lythrum salicaria
Lythrum virgatum 'Dropmore
Purple'
Mirabilis jalapa *
Genista lydia Boiss.
Callistemon rigidus*
9
non-
Cytisus scoparius
Exotic
§
Eccremocarpus scaber
'Miller's
Hyacinthoides hispanica
¶
Oxalis adenophylla
Nerine bowdenii
10
Geranium
sanguineum
Geranium macrorrhizum
Leptinella squalida 'Platt's Black'
11
Stachys officinalis
Stachys byzantina
Lobelia tupa*
12
Armeria maritima
Armeria juniperifolia
Sisyrinchium striatum Sm.
13
Scabiosa columbaria
Scabiosa caucasica
Eryngium agavifolium
14
Leucanthemum
vulgare (Vail)
Rhodanthemum
hosmariense
Euryops tysonii
†,ǂ
A. Salisbury et a 2017. Enhancing gardens as habitats for invertebrates
Species group B
Position
in plot
Native
Near-native
Exotic
1
Lonicera periclymenum
'Graham Thomas'
Lonicera tragophylla§
Eccremocarpus scaber
2
Dianthus deltoides
Dianthus plumarius
Acaena microphylla
3
Primula vulgaris
Primula japonica
'Miller's Crimson'
Oxalis adenophylla
4
Eupatorium cannabinum
Eupatorium maculatum
'Orchard Dene'
Verbena bonariensis
5
Dryopteris filix-mas
Schott
Dryopteris wallichiana
Blechnum chilense
6
Buxus sempervirens
Sarcococca hookeriana
var. humilis
Pittosporum tenuifolium
7
Rosa rubiginosa
Rosa glauca
Fuchsia magellanica var. gracilis
8
Lythrum salicaria
Lythrum virgatum
'Dropmore Purple'
Mirabilis jalapa*
9
Cytisus scoparius
Genista lydia
Callistemon rigidus*
10
Geranium sanguineum
Geranium macrorrhizum
Leptinella squalida 'Platt's Black'
11
Knautia arvensis
Knautia macedonica
Alstroemeria psittacina
12
13
Armeria maritima
Malva moschata
Armeria juniperifolia
Malva alcea
Sisyrinchium striatum
Osteospermum jucundum
14
Leucanthemum vulgare
Rhodanthemum
hosmariense
Euryops tysonii †ǂ
4
A. Salisbury et a 2017. Enhancing gardens as habitats for invertebrates
Species group C
Position
in plot
Native
Near-native
Exotic
1
Lonicera periclymenum
'Graham Thomas'
Lonicera tragophylla§
Eccremocarpus scaber
2
Dianthus deltoides
Dianthus plumarius
Acaena microphylla
3
Hyacinthoides nonscripta ¶
Hyacinthoides hispanica
¶
Nerine bowdenii
4
Eupatorium
cannabinum
Eupatorium maculatum
'Orchard Dene'
Verbena bonariensis
5
Molinia caerulea
Moench
Calamagrostis
brachytricha
Carex testacea
6
Buxus sempervirens
Sarcococca hookeriana
var. humilis
Pittosporum tenuifolium
7
Rosa rubiginosa
Rosa glauca
Fuchsia magellanica var. gracilis
8
Veronica spicata
Veronica austriaca
subsp. teucrium
Hebe rakaiensis
9
Malva moschata
Malva alcea
Osteospermum jucundum*
10
Helianthemum
nummularium
Halimium umbellatum
Brachyglottis monroi
11
Stachys officinalis
Stachys byzantina
Lobelia tupa*
12
Armeria maritima
Armeria juniperifolia
Sisyrinchium striatum
13
Scabiosa columbaria
Scabiosa caucasica
Eryngium agavifolium
Leucanthemum
Rhodanthemum
Euryops tysonii†,ǂ
vulgare
hosmariense
* Plants replaced due to winter losses in 2010/11
†
Replaced Euryops pectinatus which was lost in winter 2010/11
ǂ
Plants replaced due to winter losses in 2011/12
¶
Incorrect species supplied – replaced with correct species in summer 2010
§
Incorrect species supplied – replaced with correct species spring 2011
* Original Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius died due to Phytophora root rot – replaced spring 2011
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A. Salisbury et a 2017. Enhancing gardens as habitats for invertebrates
Table S2. Invertebrate identification from Vortis samples for allocation of functional group. Reference
specimens of arthropods identified to species have been deposited in the Royal Horticultural Society
reference collection.
Taxonomic group
GASTROPODA
PULMONATA
CRUSTACEA
ISOPODA
ARACHNIDA
ARANEAE
OPILIONES
ACARINA
DIPLOPODA
HEXAPODA
COLLEMBOLA
INSECTA
THYSANOPTERA
PSOCOPTERA
ORTHOPTEROID
EPHEMEROPTERA
NEUROPTERA &
MECOPTERA
HEMIPTERA
STERNORRHYNCHA
AUCHENORHYNCHA
HETEROPTERA
DIPTERA
LEPIDOPTERA
HYMENOPTERA
SYMPHYTA
Parasitica & all other
Hymenoptera
COLEOPTERA
Carabidae
Ptiliidae, Lathridiidae,
Ciidae
Staphylinidae
Scarabaeoidea
Throscidae, Silphidae,
Anobiidae, Cantharidae
and Malachiidae
Dermestidae
Kateretidae and
Nitidulidae
Phalacridae
Coccinellidae
Tenebrionidae
Oedemeridae,
Salpingidae, Anthicidae
Scraptiidae
Chrysomelidae
Apionidae
Curculionidae
Level of
identification*
Primary identification work
Subclass
n/a
Subclass
n/a
Family
Order
Subclass
Class
Roberts 1993
n/a
n/a
n/a
J. Denton
Family
Hopkin 2007
S. Al-Beidh & S. Bird
Order
Order
Species
Order
Order
n/a
n/a
Marshall and Haes 1988
n/a
n/a
A. Salisbury
Suborder
Species
Determiner
Species
Family
Order
Le Quesne 1965; Le Quesne
and Payne 1981
Southwood and Leston 1959
Unwin 1981
Porter 1997
Suborder
Family
n/a
Expert identification
D. Notton
Species
Family
Luff 2007
Unwin 1984
A. Salisbury
A. Salisbury
Family
Species
Species
Joy 1932
Jessop 1986
Joy 1932; Hodge and Jones
1995
A. Salisbury
Species
Species
Peacock 1993
Joy 1932; Hodge and Jones
1995; Kirk-Spriggs 1996
Thompson 1958
Majerus and Kearns 1989
Buck 1954
A. Salisbury
A. Salisbury
Levey 2009
Hubble 2010
Morris 1990
Joy 1932; Duffy 1953; Morris
1990, 1997, 2008
A. Salisbury
A. Salisbury
Species
Species
Species
Species
Species
Species
Species
J. Denton
A. Salisbury
A. Halstead
A. Salisbury
A. Salisbury
A. Salisbury
A. Salisbury
A. Salisbury
A. Salisbury
A. Salisbury et a 2017. Enhancing gardens as habitats for invertebrates
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References
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Pythidae, Mycteridae, Oedemeridae, Mordellidae, Scraptiidae, Pyrochroidae, Rhipiphoridae,
Anthicidae, Aderidae and Meloidae). Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Royal
Entomological Society, London
Duffy EAJ (1953) Coleoptera Scolytidae and Platypodidae. Handbooks for the Identification of British
Insects. Vo V Part 15. Royal Entomological Soceity, London
Hodge PJ, Jones A (1995) New British Beetles Species Not in Joy’s Practical Handbook. British
Entomological and Natural History Society, Reading
Hopkin SP (2007) A Key to the Collembola (Springtails) of Britain snd Ireland. AIDGAP, Shrewsbury
Hubble D (2012) Keys to the Adults of Seed and Leaf Beetles of the British Isles. (Coleoptera:
Bruchidae, Orsodacnidae, Megalopodidae & Chrysomelidae). FSC, Telford
Jessop L (1986) Dung Beetles and Chafers. Coleoptera:Scarabaeoidea. Handbooks for the
Identification of British Insects. Vol 5 Part 11., Second edition. Royal Entomological Society of
London, London
Joy NH (1932) A Practical Handbook of British Beetles. 2 Vols. HF & G Witherby, London
Kirk-Spriggs AH (1996) Pollen Beetles. Coleoptera: Kateretidea and Nitidulidae: Meligethinae.
Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Vol 5, Part 6a. Royal Entomological Society,
London
Le Quesne WJ (1965) Hemiptera Cicadomorpha Deltocephalinae. Handbooks for the Identification of
British Insects. Vo II. Part 2(b). Royal Entomological Society, London
Le Quesne WJ and Payne KR (1981) Cicadellidae (typhlocybinae) with a Checklist of the British
Auchenorhyncha (Hemiptera, Homoptera) Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Vo
II. Part 2(c) . Royal Entomological Society, London
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Levey B (2009) British Scraptiidae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Vo 5 Part 18.
Royal Entomological Society, St Albans
Luff ML (2007) The Carabidae (ground Beetles) of Britain and Ireland. Handbooks for the
Identification of British Insects Vo 4. Part 2., 2nd. Royal Entomological Society, St Albans
Majerus M, Kearns P (1989) Ladybirds. Naturalists’ Handbooks 10. Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd.,
Slough
Marshall JA, Haes ECM (1988) Grasshoppers and Allied Insects of Great Britain and Ireland,. Harley
Books, Colchester
Morris MG (1990) Orthocerus Weevils. Coleoptera Curculionoidea (Nemonychidae, Anthribidae,
Urodontidae, Attelabidae and Apionidae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects
Volume 5, Part 16. Royal Entomological Society of London, London
Morris MG (1997) Broad-Nosed Weevils. Coleoptera: Curculionidae (Entiminae). Handbooks for the
Identification of British Insects. Vol 5, Part 17a. Royal Entomological Society, London
Morris MG (2008) True Weevils (Part II) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Ceutorhynchidae). Handbooks
for the Identification of British Insects Vol 5. Part 17c. Royal Entomological Society, St Albans
Peacock ER (1993) Adults and Larvae of Hide, Larder and Carpet Beetles and Their Relatives
(Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and of Derodontid Beetles (Coleoptera:Derodontidae). Handbooks
for the Identification of British Insects Vol 5, Part 3. Royal Entomological Society of London,
London
Porter J (1997) The Colour Identification Guide to Caterpillars of the British Isles (Macrolepidoptera).
Vicking, London
Roberts MJ (1993) The Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. Compact Edition. Part 1 & 2. Harley
Books, Colchester
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Salisbury A, Armitage J, Bostock H, Perry J, Tatchell M, Thompson, K (2015) Enhancing gardens as
habitats for flower-visiting aerial insects (pollinators): should we plant native or exotic species? J
Appl Ecol 52:1156–1164
Southwood TRE and Leston D (1959) Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles . Frederick Warne,
London
Thompson RT (1958) Coleoptera Phalacridae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects Vo
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