International Journal of Multidisciplinary Thought,
CD-ROM. ISSN: 2156-6992 :: 05(02):17–48 (2015)
THE TRIPLE DRIVERS OF ECOPRENEURIAL ACTION FOR TAKING
THE RECYCLING HABITS TO THE NEXT LEVEL: A CASE OF
BANDUNG CITY, INDONESIA
Ratna Lindawati Lubis
Telkom University, Indonesia
This paper builds on previous publication on the concept of “the triple drivers of ecopreneurship”, a
suggested structured approach to understanding a society movement in Bandung city (Nugroho, 2015).
The triple drivers – environmental, social and economic – were identified as the key drivers for
promoting ecopreneurs society. However, with the rapid growth population, which is expected to
increase by 2.6% annually, the range and complexity of environmental problems has broadened. This
situation creates the demands to cover environmental topics and concepts in the scholarly research. To
help tackle the issue, the author conducted the pilot study to one of the waste banks in the greater
Bandung metropolitan area, namely Bank Sampah Bersinar Sabilulungan (formerly called Bank
Sampah Bandung Mandiri), which located at Bojongsoang sub-district. Furthermore, the author
attempted to expand the concept of those triple drivers in the context of examining the recycling habits,
the so-called “ecopreneurial action”. The findings reveal that one driver was dominant than the others
and are likely to provide some insights to build beliefs and practices for better “ecopreneurial action” in
Bandung city. However, when it comes into the effort for taking the recycling habits to next level, so
called upcycling habits, the capacity of the waste bank’s customers and organizer is still questionable.
Keywords: Pilot study, Ecopreneurial action, Ecopreneurial society, “bank sampah”, Recycling habits.
Introduction
The overall objective of this research is to explore the concept of “the triple drivers of ecopreneurship”
that underpin the practice of recycling habits in Bandung city, West Java Province Indonesia. Like other
developing countries around the world, Indonesia are facing an enormous challenge to intensify efforts
for addressing environmental problems. Previous studies have contributed a considerable amount of effort
in providing the topical relationship between green entrepreneurship, ecopreneurship and ecopreneurial
action, which have helped the ecopreneurship discipline to gain increasing interest among scholars and
policy makers around Indonesia (Gunawan, 2012; Lubis, 2013: Untari, 2013, Nugroho, 2015). Some
examples of how the concepts of ecopreneurship and ecopreneurial action were turned into practice along
with a current situation around Indonesia can be viewed at the following web sites:
x
x
x
http://www.ises2015.com/72-about
http://io.its.ac.id/ecopreneurship-seminar-at-spazio-surabaya/
http://www.unpad.ac.id/agenda/padjadjaran-women-ecopreneurship-day-2015/
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18
x
x
http://yepcamp.weebly.com/
http://tunashijau.org/category/ecopreneurship/
However, serious questions are being voiced as to what should be the focus of this “green concept”,
due to its potential to catalyse and build recycling habits among Indonesian people. Indeed, some
questions that associated with recycling habits demand action, not only from academia and governments,
but also from civil society, such as:
Why bother about recycling habits?
Is recycling habits bound to the local economies?
Is recycling habits bound to the local social aspects?
Or is it driven solely by environmental problems?
Do we agree that environmental destruction do not stop at borders?
What happens in distant countries, when people in developing country, such as Indonesia, can
focus on their motives behind recycling habits, such as personal benefits, health benefits and social
benefits?
Examining recycling habits in Indonesia, when most of the people are dealing with other huge issues,
such as corruption by tax officials, is a domain of challenge for academia, practitioners and policy
makers.
For the author, recycling is all about a process to change used materials or waste – things that we
would normally throw away – into useful products. An effective recycling habit, in my view, may start
from the place where the waste was created, such the household. And we all familiar with the 3R’s
concept – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – but are we following those steps on a daily basis? And perhaps, we
also familiar with the saying “throwing things away is a bad habit and recycling things is a good habit”.
Following this saying, doing the 3R’s means that every single individual understand the importance of
recycling habits so that we do not turn the earth into a wasteland. However, though the 3R’s promotion
has been extensively endorsed all over the world, not everyone is willing to make an effort to get started
on improving their recycling habits. Perhaps most of us found that some countries fine people for not
recycling and some countries have no penalties or incentives for recycling.
In an effort to learn why recycling habits is essential to Indonesia, it is important to note the new
report from National Geographic entitled “Eight Million Tons of Plastic Dumped in Ocean Every Year”.
This report clearly explain that more than half of the plastic waste that flows into the oceans comes from
just five countries: China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam and Sri Lanka, as shown in the following
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Top 10 Sources of Ocean’s Plastic Waste
Source: National Geographic (2015)
Ratna Lindawati Lubis
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Back in 2010, Synovate conducted the survey from July to September with people aged 16 to 65
years old. The survey asked the respondents a series of questions about their recycling habits, purchase of
ecological products and purchase of organic foods, as well as their general beliefs on life, in order to also
determine if there was a correlation between those beliefs and green behaviour (Ipsos, 2011). The survey
report argued that every country have their own characteristics towards the three “green habits”, that is
recycling, purchase of ecological products and organic foods. Nonetheless, it is still unclear whether the
recycling habits are directly correlated with the purchasing behaviour. In other words, it is still unclear
whether “recycling means buying green”. To help examine this issue, Synovate interviewed
approximately 22,000 people across 28 countries as part of its ongoing Global Trends study. It was found
that the three “green habits” studied did not directly correlate with each other, which means if someone
did one habit, it did not automatically mean they did the others. The survey result is shown in the Figure 2
below.
Figure 2. The three “green habits”
Source: Ipsos (2011)
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The Triple Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action for Taking...
The findings in Figure 2 reveal the three “green habits” across 28 countries from the earth’s five
continents – arranged according to their area in kilometres – that is Asia, Africa, North America, South
America, Europe.
In the context of examining the recycling habits in Indonesia, it is necessary to know what happens
to the three “green habits” among Indonesian people. In general, findings of the Synovate’s Global
Trends survey suggests that two out of three “green habits” does not prioritize for Indonesian people.
Interestingly, they are becoming choosy in their purchase behaviour in terms of preference for ecological
products. In this survey report, the sample size from Indonesia was 1,000 with random sampling method
and represented the Indonesian market with aged 16 to 65 years old (Ipsos, 2011).
Considering Indonesia is the 4th populous country in the world with its over 250 million population
in 2014 and expected to reach over 310 million in 2050, and with its total area of 1,890,000 km2 –
composed of nearly 17,504 islands – which is distributed into 34 provinces, serious questions are being
voiced as to what should be the focus of trash problems that are often intertwined with the recycling
habits. Over half of the population lives in urban areas. Indonesian cities are facing serious problems
managing Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). According to United Nations Environment Programme
International Environmental Technology Center, MSW primarily comes from households, but also
includes wastes from schools, offices, hotels, shopping complexes and from municipal services such as
street cleaning and maintenance of recreational areas (UNEP IETC, 2005).
The volume of MSW in large Indonesian cities, such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, is
rising significantly with the increasing population. According to the State Ministry of Environment
(MoE), every Indonesian generates 0.76 kg/day of MSW. This means that the total MSW produces in
2014 was approximately over 70 million tons, which is double compared to the year of 2006. In short, the
people of Indonesia still needs a good solution for their trash problems. Aside from the rising volume
MSW in large Indonesian cities, it is worth remembering the landslide disaster at Leuwigajah disposal site
in Bandung city. On 21st February 2005, after two days of heavy rain, a tremendous landslide occurred at
Leuwigajah disposal slide, as shown in the Figure 3 below.
Figure 3. Landslide Disaster at Leuwigajah Disposal Site in Bandung City
Source: Lavigne et al. (2014, p.2)
Leuwigajah disposal site had been the largest waste disposal site in West Java Province in Indonesia
and it was an open dumping site. This disposal site located in Cimahi city on the outskirts of Bandung
city, about 12km to the west of the center of Bandung city.
Ratna Lindawati Lubis
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A study reported by Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd. (2009) explained that the quantity of collapsed
waste was about 3.1 million m3, the flow distance was maximum 950m and the area covered by the waste
was about 75ha. It buried 71 houses and killed 143 people. Almost all of them were residents and the total
amount of compensation for life, homes, fields, etc., amounted to more than Rp. 56 billion. Lavigne et al.
(2014) argued that this landslide was the second deadliest waste slide in history, after what happened in
Payatas the vicinity of Manila Philippines in 2000 which killed 278 people.
Like many large cities in Indonesia, rapid population growth in Bandung city has posed serious
challenges. In 2005, the population of Bandung city was around 2.3 million, with a density of
13,693/km2. The May 2010 census count result was around 3.1 people, making Bandung city is the third
most populous city in Indonesia, after Jakarta and Surabaya. The rapid growth population in Bandung city
is expected to increase by 2.6% annually, which means the volume of MSW is expected to rise
significantly with the increasing population. The issue of MSW is not just a government task but is a
shared responsibility that includes the citizens and households of Bandung city, who are the main endusers of waste management facilities and services.
For all these reasons, it would be essential to consider the recycling habits across a range of location
in Bandung city. Nonetheless, it should be noted that many factors influencing the recycling habits.
Therefore, with an aim to explore the recycling habits in the greater Bandung metropolitan area, it is
useful to focus on the triple drivers of “ecopreneurial action” as a preliminary effort for further
investigation. This effort may provide some insight to build a more comprehensive, unified and effective
program for use in design and evaluation of “ecopreneurial action” for taking the recycling habits to the
next level.
It is in this context that the author attempted to expand the study of “the triple drivers of
ecopreneurship” concept (Nugroho, 2015). The concern with such condition, the author conducted the
pilot study to one of the waste banks in the greater Bandung metropolitan area. The term pilot study refers
to the pre-testing or trying out of a particular research instrument (Baker, 1994).
Accordingly, the main objective of this study is to investigate which of the “the triple drivers of
ecopreneurship” is dominant. Towards this end, “Bank Sampah Bersinar Sabilulungan” has been selected
as the pilot study. The author believes this pilot study would still be useful for further investigation in
order to extend the other scholars understanding of recycling habits associated with “ecopreneurial
action”.
Waste Management Policies and Regulations in Indonesia
In Indonesia, there was no waste national policy until 2007 describing the concepts, aims and measures in
national waste management. Meidiana and Gamse (2010) summarized the existing law/policy/regulations
related to environment and waste management in Indonesia.
Data presented in Table 1 illustrates that the latest national regulation for waste management is
Waste Management Law no. 18/2008 which was issued by the Government of Indonesia (GoI). In
Indonesia the definition of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) are as follows:
x Article 1 Waste Management Law no.18/2008
Municipal Solid Waste is the remnant of human daily activities and/or natural processes in the solid
form
x Article 2 Waste Management Law no.18/2008
The scope of Municipal Solid Waste in Indonesia includes household waste derived from commercial
areas, industrial area, special areas, social facilities, public facilities and/or other facilities; specific
waste includes waste containing hazardous and toxic materials, waste derived from disaster,
construction and demolition waste, waste cannot be processed due to the unavailability of technology;
and waste which does not periodically occur.
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The Triple Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action for Taking...
Table 1. Environment- and Waste-related Policies in Indonesia
Source: Meidiana and Gamse (2010)
Hierarchy of Recycling Legislation in Indonesia
In the context of recycling habits and for the purpose of findings and discussion of this study, it is
certainly worth noting to describe the official hierarchy of Indonesia legislation. Under Law no.10/2004,
Article 7 the hierarchy of laws and regulations are as follows:
1. 1945 Constitution (Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 or UUD’45)
2. Law (Undang-Undang or UU) and Governmental Regulation in Lieu of Law (Peraturan
Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang or Perpu)
3. Government Regulation (Peraturan Pemerintah or PP)
4. Presidential Regulation (Peraturan Presiden or Perpres)
5. Regional Regulation (Peraturan Daerah or Perda)
Ministerial decrees and the decrees of non-departmental chiefs do not have the binding power as
regulations. They are binding in their respective sectors as an administrative decision (Center for
Regulation Policy and Governance, 2014).
Based on the official hierarchy of Indonesia, the author summarized the existing
law/policy/regulations related to the context of this study, as illustrated in Table 2.
Up to this point, it is noted that those law/regulations/policies illustrate the indicator that GoI is
starting to concern about the recycling habits by formally introducing the concept of “Reduce, Reuse and
Recycle (3R)”, as well as defining the responsibility of producers of goods in controlling waste and the
idea that waste has an economic value. According to the State Ministry of Environment (MoE), the GoI
budgeted US$ 2 million in 2010 to 2014 for educating Indonesians about “3R”. The Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA) also joined in to help the GoI run this program (Cekindo Bisnis Grup, 2014).
Ratna Lindawati Lubis
23
Table 2. Hierarchy of Recycling Legislation in Indonesia
No.
Type
Issue
1.
Law
Waste Management
2.
Governmental
Regulation
Household Waste
3.
Ministerial
Decree
Guidelines for
Adipura Program
4.
Ministerial
Decree
Guidelines for
Reduce, Reuse and
Recycle through
Waste Bank
Reference number &
Date promulgated
Remarks
No.18/2008
7th May 2008
No.81/2012
15th October 2012
No.7/2011
21st November 2011
No.13/2012
10th August 2012
Introducing the “Adipura”
award, a yearly program for
regency/city to implement
the clean environment
Introducing Waste Bank or
“Bank Sampah” as so-called
in Bahasa Indonesia with the
following types of
organization:
x Co-operative
x Foundation
5.
Regional
Regulation
Waste Management
No.09/2011
30th June 2011
Article 19
Waste reduction target in
Bandung city
Source: Author’s document (2015)
Based on the new Ministrial Decree on “3R” the GoI has called on all of its 500-plus cities and
districts to present a so-called “recycling master plan” which should specify how each intends to “3R”. It
is also demanding that they develop a cohesive strategy on the separation, collection and transport of
household waste. Aside from that, “3R” regulation will also impose a ban on the large-scale burning of
household refuse, something of a tradition over the years (Recycling International, 2012).
Meanwhile, Article 9 Regional Regulation no.09/2011 clearly stated the waste reduction targets in
Bandung city:
a. 20% in the first three years;
b. 30% in the next five years;
c. 5% increase every five years until the year of 2025
The strong hierarchy of recycling legislation illustrates a strong foundation for academics,
practitioners and policy makers to conduct a study of ecopreneurial action around Bandung city. Put it in
other words, this strong foundation means moving up the ecopreneurial action is one option to reach the
waste reduction target in Bandung city until the year of 2025.
A Brief Description of “Bank Sampah” Movement in Indonesia and in Bandung city
Waste Banks or “Bank Sampah (BS)”, as they are called in Indonesia, can be easily found in
neighbourhoods across Indonesia, that is in Sumatra island, Java island, Kalimantan island, Sulawesi
island. Based on the available information about “BS” movement in Indonesia, the author summarized
some examples as illustrated in Table 3.
The Triple Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action for Taking...
24
Table 3. Examples of “Bank Sampah (BS)” Movement around Indonesia
Year of
Establishment
Name &
Organization Type
Region
Evidence of
Movement
As of March 2013:
5th June 2008
“BS” Gemah Ripah
as a Communitybased organization
Badegan Bantul village,
Central Java
Province
x Number of
individual
customer = 150
x Number of
communal
customer = 16
Highlights
x Net profit IDR 4,5
million/month
x The on-going progress is
to build the formal
organization of “BS”
Indonesia
As of November
2013:
15th November
2011
“BS” Malang as a
Co-operative
organization
Malang city,
East Java
Province
x Number of
individual
customer = 542
x Number of
communal
customer = 303
x Number of
institutional
customer = 198
x Gross profit IDR 30 to
35 million/month
x Trash volume = 3
tons/day
x Trash value = IDR 4 to 5
million/day
As of November
2012:
September 2012
“BS” Bontang
Bontang city,
East Kalimantan
Province
x Number of
individual
customer = 1,630
Trash value = IDR 40
million/ month
x Trash volume =
26,708 kg/month
As of December
2014:
21st October 2012
No data available
“BS” Nirwana
as a Communitybased organization
“BS” Sumapapua
(Sulawesi Maluku
& Papua)
Tangerang city,
West JavaBanten Province
Makassar city
x Number of
individual
customer = 80
x Trash volume =
500-1,000
kg/month
As of June 2013:
Total customer =
612
Trash value = IDR
667,000/month or IDR 8
million/year
Trash value = IDR 32
million/ month
Source: Author’s document (2015)
The first Indonesia “BS” meeting was held on 11 to 13 September 2011 in Yogyakarta city, Central
Java Province. The meeting discussed the following topics:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Vision, mission, objectives and work programs of “BS”.
The effort to foster collective awareness of managing waste as close as possible to the source.
The GoI program to reduce the volume of waste by 7% a year.
The MoE collaboration with its partners.
Ratna Lindawati Lubis
25
As regard to foster collective awareness of managing waste, Deputy Assistant-IV for Waste
Management MoE stated in his press release session (Vivanews, 2011):
Starting with sorting the waste and limiting the pile of waste. That way, waste management with
environmental outlook can be a new culture in Indonesia. And in the near future, some areas are to
follow having “Bank Sampah”.
Like a regular commercial bank, the customers open up their account and periodically they make
deposits with their non-organic solid waste, which are weighed and given a monetary value, based on
rates set by “BS” itself. This value is saved in customers’ account from which, like a regular commercial
bank, can be withdrawn. Generally, the basic principles of “BS” remain the same across Indonesia, that is:
collect, save, earn, change behaviour and enjoy a clean neighbourhood.
Although the government clearly stated in the Article 8 Ministerial Decree No.13/2012 that the
organization types of “BS” shall be established either as ‘Co-operative’ or ‘Foundation’, nonetheless the
author found that majority of the “BS” around Indonesia was established as a community-based
organization. This organization is non-profit and tend to be grassroots in nature, working from the ground
level upward to address environmental issues. In short, those “BS” organized by and for a particular
community of people based on shared interests of waste management around their neighbourhood.
In the context of “BS” movement around Indonesia, it is described more fully in the following links:
x
x
x
x
x
x
http://banksampahbinamandiri.com/
http://banksampahmelatibersih.blogspot.com/
https://brightfuture.unilever.co.id/stories/397066/Mengenal-Apa-Itu-Bank-Sampah.aspx
http://lpttbandung.blogspot.com/search/label/beranda
http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2014/02/nilai-ekonomis-sampah
https://www.rumahzakat.org/en/panen-sampah-jadi-bukti-keseriusan-warga-hidupkan-banksampah/#.VaYzFPmqpBe
Meanwhile, in the case of “BS” movement around Bandung city West Java Province, besides being
connected geographically, the only link between staff members and their interests is often desires and
willingness to help within their neighbourhoods. Many “BS” community-based in Bandung city hold their
regular meetings for a specific period of time where they discuss the issues of “Bandung green and
clean”.
As clearly stated earlier, the basic principles of “BS” remain the same across Indonesia. In the
context of this research, the author found that all the “BS” around Bandung city have been doing exactly
the same recycling habits, that is: collect, save, earn, change behaviour and enjoy a clean neighbourhood.
Based on the available information about “BS” movement around Bandung city, the author summarized
some examples as illustrated in Table 4.
Table 4. Examples of “Bank Sampah (BS)” Movement around Bandung city
“BS” Name
Sub-district or Kecamatan
Block number or Kelurahan
Sejahtera
Andir
RW-10 Ciroyom
Bina Usaha Sejahtera Rw 02
Antapani
RW-02 Central Antapani
Kompleks Guruminda
Arcamanik
RW-09 Cisaranten Kulon
RW-09
Astana Anyar
RW-09 Karang Anyar
Caringin
Babakan Ciparay
Caringin
Taman Sari Atas
Bandung Wetan
RW-14 Taman Sari
My Darling
Batununggal
RW-11 Cibangkong
05
Bojongloa Kaler
RW-05 Sukaasih
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26
Mekarwangi
Bojongloa Kidul
Mekarwangi
07
Buahbatu
RW-07 Sekejati
Muara Geulis
Cibeunying Kaler
RW-05 Cihaurgeulis
Pasirlayung
Cibeunying Kidul
Pasirlayung
Wargi Manglayang
Cibiru
RW-06 Palasari
Cikapundung
Cicendo
RW-16 Taman Cikapundung
Cidadap
Cidadap
Cidadap
11
Cinambo
RW-11 Padasuka
03 Dago
Coblong
RW-03 Dago Atas
Rancanumpang
Gedebage
Rancanumpang
Warung Jambu
Kiaracondong
Warung Jambu
Lingkar Selatan
Lengkong
RW-04 Lingkar Selatan
Mandalajati
Mandalajati
Mandalajati
Sehati
Panyileukan
RW-09 Cipadung Kidul
Barokah
Rancasari
RW-04 Manjahlega
Regol
Regol
Regol
Pasteur
Sukajadi
Sukajadi
Sukasari
Sukasari
Sukaasih
Sawelas
Sumurbandung
RW-11 Kebon Pisang
Ujungberung
Ujungberung
Ujungberung
Source: Author’s document (2015)
Based on the author’s observation, the deposit process can be done in the following way:
1. The eco-friendly households keep three large garbage bags in their homes and they began
separating their waste into three different sections (food waste, recycled waste, non-recycled
waste).
2. Once their three garbage bags are filled up, they bring their haul to a neighbourhood “BS” where
they then make a deposit.
3. Their garbage bags are weighed and given a monetary value.
4. Their garbage value is saved in their account from which they can withdraw.
With the help of the archival information from various websites, the author summarized the
household waste deposit process, as shown in Figure 4.
The Context
Focusing on the recycling habits in Bandung city, it is important to cite the waste management
characteristics of Leuwigajah disposal site. Sundana (as cited in Lavigne et al., 2014) stated that solid
waste generation in the Bandung Metropolitan area, which has approximately 6 million inhabitants,
exceeded 14,000 m3/day of which more than half was generated within Bandung city. Household
activities produced the highest volume of waste (7,700 m3/day), followed by industrial waste (3,200
m3/day) and public facilities (1,400 m3/day). Tasrin and Savira (2014) explained the waste production per
day in the greater Bandung Metropolitan area that based on the calculation by using the assumption of
production waste 3 litters/person/day and waste density of 0 : 25 kg/m3; as illustrated in Table 5.
Ratna Lindawati Lubis
27
Figure 4. Household Waste Deposit Process
Source: Author’s document (2015)
Table 5. Waste Production per Day in the Greater Bandung Metropolitan Area
Regency/City
Population
Number of waste production (per day)
M3
Ton
Bandung Regency
3,235,615
9,707
2.427
West Bandung Regency
1,537,402
4,612
1.153
Bandung City
2,437,874
7,314
1.828
550,894
1,653
0.413
7,761,785
23,285
5.821
Cimahi City
Greater Bandung Metropolitan
Source: Tasrin and Savira (2014)
Out of the whole volume of waste produced in the Bandung Metropolitan area, only 46% was
collected. Most of the uncollected waste was dumped in the rivers, burned by the population or buried in
the backyard.
In line with the condition of uncollected waste which was dumped in the rivers, the quantity of waste
disposed in Cikapundung River – the river that flows from north to south, pass through Bandung city –
was 7 tons/day during dry season and 10 tons/day during the rainy season (Tribun Jabar, 2015).
This condition was related to what the Head of the West Java Environmental Agency that offers the
following explanation (The World Bank Group, 2012):
All seven main rivers in the West Java province are now categorized as heavily polluted. More and
more people are living along the river banks, resulting in more waste and pollution.
The following figures show the situation of Cikapundung River at Bojongsoang sub-district, in
February 2013, in December 2014 and in February 2015.
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The Triple Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action for Taking...
Figure 5. Uncollected Waste at Cikapundung River in
February 2013
Source: Pikiran Rakyat (2013)
Figure 6. Uncollected Waste at Cikapundung River in
December 2014
Source: Pikiran Rakyat (2014)
Figure 7. Uncollected Waste at Cikapundung River in
December 2014
Source: Tribun news (2014)
Figure 8. Uncollected Waste at Cikapundung River in
February 2015
Source: Tribun Jabar (2015)
According to The World Bank (2012), a number of women in Bandung, formed a group to help clean
the Cikapundung River which runs by their homes. The group, named ‘Bugasil’ after the alley where they
live, collects garbage around their neighbourhood every Saturday. About 84 houses pay Rp. 5,000/month
for their services. All the garbage they collect is brought to a proper waste disposal facility located
nearby. And ‘Bugasil’ was not the only one that has taken action to help clean rivers. It was estimated that
there were 42 different community groups with the similar mission, so called “Let’s clean Cikapundung’.
Meanwhile, the Mayor of Bandung city budgeted Rp. 2.6 billion as an effort to revitalize slums area
on Cikapundung riverbank (Tempo Inti Media, 2015). Back in the year of 2013, the Mayor of Bandung
stated in his opening speech of “Talkshow 203 Years of the Bandung City” (Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
2013) that:
In the next two years, the delegates from Asian-African countries having a conference in Bandung
shall be able to enjoy the beauty of Cikapundung River with clear water.
Nonetheless, Chief of Bandung Regency Disaster Mitigation Agency or Badan Penanggulangan
Bencana Daerah (BPDP) Kabupaten Bandung claimed that the quantity of waste disposed per day in
Cikapundung River estimated around 6 to 7 tons, dominated by household waste, such as plastic and
Styrofoam (Kabar Rakyat, 2015). As a result, during the rainy season, from October to April, heavy rain
caused the river to overflow, pouring water into Baleendah, Dayeuhkolot and Bojongsoang districts. For
example, on 19th December 2014, more than 4,000 people have left their homes since floods hit in
Bandung regency. Flooding has also forced state-owned electricity company or Perusahaan Listrik
Negara (PLN) to shut down three power station in Baleendah for safety (Jakarta Post, 2014).
Ratna Lindawati Lubis
29
Up to this point, it becomes clear that people of Bandung city displayed a high degree of willingness
to develop their recycling habits, from eco-friendly household to “BS” community-based in their
neighbourhood, from the spirit of “Let’s clean Cikapundung” to “Bandung green and clean”. Nonetheless,
with the acceleration of climate change and increased pressure on our planet’s natural resources, the issue
of environmental sustainability has never been more urgent and proper monitoring will be required to
ensure the success of recycling habits.
As stated earlier, prior study (Nugroho, 2015) have discussed a structured approach of public
engagement through “the triple drivers of ecopreneurship”. This study have linked household
participation and behaviour towards ecopreneurial society, which provides opportunities for future
economic development, yet at the same time produce net environmental gains. Nugroho (2015, p.230)
concluded in her study entitled “Public Engagement through Ecopreneurship: Moving from Recyclable to
Marketable” that:
While a great deal of Gerakan Masyarakat Cinta Cikapundung’s or Gemricik’s public engagement
initiatives has been undertaken, the next one to be conducted is empirical study on public
engagement to evaluate the model of triple drivers of ecopreneurship and to assess whether this
model is appropriate for a change in society. However, it is hoped that Gemricik’s public initiatives
will inspire other public engagement practitioners and civil society organizations to reflect on their
change efforts.
In terms of future research, Nugroho (2015, p.230) clearly stated that:
There is a lot of pressure on organizations to demonstrate long-term impact and attribution of their
actions to the desired change, whether it be a shift in policy or a shift in public attitude. It is for this
reason that it is strongly recommended that a large-scale survey, focus group and case study be
conducted to collect more data and verify the public engagement through ecopreneurship.
Building from Nugroho’s point of view on how Gemricik’s public engagement initiatives serves as a
strong foundation for investigating the recycling habits of Bandung city residents and make sense of it,
the present work is a continued research effort by the author to support the specific attention relating to
the future challenges for recycling habits in Bandung city, particularly in the context of ecopreneurial
action.
The author acknowledged that ecopreneurial action are multidimensional. In the context of this
research, given that the “BS” community-based and environment interaction is so critical to building
beliefs and practices for promoting environmental thoughtfulness around Bandung city, the question now
is, how is it possible to emphasize the in-depth study for recycling habits? This case study report shed
some light on this question. There is, of course, a downside or negative consequence emphasizing the indepth study of the single case study. However, it is important to understand that the results from scholarly
efforts will encourage anyone concerned about recycling habits, especially those who fell that “BS”
movement around Bandung city has an important role for promoting the spirit of “Bandung green and
clean”, which is in line with the waste reduction target in Bandung city until the year of 2025.
Towards this end, “Bank Sampah Bersinar Sabilulungan” or BSB Sabilulungan in short, has been
selected as one of the start-up “BS” examples to investigate the established practice for recycling habit in
Bandung city. Based on the author’s observation, BSB Sabilulungan integrates almost all aspects of the
Ministerial Decree No.13/2012, including the organization type under the Article 8. Aside from that, the
established practice of BSB Sabilulungan is considered a convenience and a representative sample around
Bojongsoang sub-district and perhaps could provide some insights for further investigation. As an
additional information, it is important to note here that the organization type is still under the umbrella of
the private-owned foundation.
Based on the available data from internal BSB Sabilulungan, the author summarized a brief profile
of BSB Sabilulungan as illustrated in Table 6.
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The Triple Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action for Taking...
Table 6. A Brief Profile of BSB Sabilulungan (formerly known as Bank Sampah Bandung Mandiri)
Description
Details
Date of
establishment
27th September 2014
The concept was initially borrowed directly from Bank Sampah Malang
Organization
type
Under the umbrella of private-owned foundation
Address
Terusan Bojongsoang Street no.174a, Baleendah, Kabupaten Bandung
Business hours
Number of
recyclable waste
categories
Types of
customers
Monday to Friday from 08.00 a.m. to 04.30 p.m.
Saturday 08.00 a.m. to 03.00 p.m.
1) Plastics = 39 categories
2) Papers = 8 categories
3) Metals and others = 16 categories
4) Glasses = 8 categories
1) Individual = a person who register individually, not belongs to any community
2) Community = a group of people consists of minimum 20 households
3) School = a group of people consists of minimum 40 students
4) Retailer = a group of people consists of minimum 5 member
Source: Internal BSB Sabilulungan (as of May, 2015)
The following figures show the existing condition of BSB Sabilulungan as of 26th May 2015 that
provide a brief information for identification of research context.
Figure 9. BSB Sabilulungan Main Entrance
Source: Author’s document
Figure 10. BSB Sabilulungan Building
Source: Author’s document
Figure 11. Household Waste Deposit at BSB
Sabilulungan
Source: Author’s document
Figure 12. Household Waste Deposit at BSB
Sabilulungan
Source: Author’s document
Ratna Lindawati Lubis
31
The customers who came to BSB Sabilulungan are registered as the residents from three subdistricts, namely Dayeuh Kolot, Baleendah and Bojongsoang. All the customers can bring their recyclable
materials to BSB Sabilulungan office and save their profits. All the customers must separate their waste
by themselves in accordance with the recyclable categories defined by BSB Sabilulungan. As of May
2015, BSB Sabilulungan has around 2,000 customers consists of 300 individual customers and 64 group
customers (each group has 25 to 30 members).
All the customers were well informed that the selling price of waste is different depending on the
type and cleanliness. BSB Sabilulungan shreds and washes the waste to gain higher profit. The recyclable
waste collected by BSB Sabilulungan is to be sold to the factories around Bandung city who produce
recycled products. The author found that some of the recyclable waste are sold as the handicraft products,
such as shopping bags, wallet, tablecloths, or even kids clothes. Those products are sold during flea
market day around Bojongsoang sub-district.
A group of people who registered as the “community”, “school” and “retailer” are allowed to bring
their waste directly to BSB Sabilulungan office or to a temporary storage site, the so-called “BSBS unit”.
Generally, “BSBS unit” is located close to the school or around the residential area. Every “community”,
“school” and “retailer” has their own administrator, who responsible for checking the recyclable waste
categories and for making the savings report. The recyclable waste which has been stored in the “BSBS
unit” will be transported by BSB Sabilulungan’s staffs to their office based on the weekly schedule. This
process is shown in Figure 13 below.
Figure 13. Recyclable Waste Process at BSB Sabilulungan
Aside from the type and cleanliness of recyclable waste, BSB Sabilulungan set their own policy
regarding the price based on the “cash” or “deposit” type. The customers who wish to receive “cash” type
as the compensation for their recyclable waste will get the lower price compare to “deposit” type. All the
customers who choose the “deposit” type will definitely save their profits in their account. As of May
2015, BSB Sabilulungan has no policy regarding the interest rate for their customers. Table 7 illustrates
some examples of “cash” and “deposit” type for papers.
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The Triple Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action for Taking...
Table 7. “Cash” and “Deposit” Compensation Type for Papers
Waste
Categories
Papers
Code *)
Price List per kg
Cash (in Rupiah)
Deposit (in Rupiah)
K1
1,500
1,600
K2
1,500
1,600
K3
1,400
1,500
K4
1,500
1,600
K5
400
500
K6
1,000
1,200
K7
900
1,000
K8
1,400
1,500
*) Characterization of waste based on types and the potentials for recycling
Source: Internal BSB Sabilulungan (as of May 2015 the exchange rate 1 USD = 13,112 IDR)
Defining Ecopreneurial Action
Most of the constructs and discourses referred to in this study relate to entrepreneurship as an umbrella
theory and a wider academic discourse. As the range and complexity of global environmental issues has
broadened, the environmental sustainability consciousness is increasing day by day. This situation has
brought the concept of green entrepreneurs and green thinking which are directly related to
ecopreneurship.
The term ‘green entrepreneurship’ stems from Berle’s (1991) book entitled “The green entrepreneur:
Business opportunities that can save the earth and make you money”. In his book, Berle (1991) noted how
“One man’s garbage is another man’s treasure”. Topics such as recycling, nature preservation, and
renewable energy implementation are discussed in this book.
According to Linnanen, Pastakia and Schaltegger (as cited in McEwen, 2013) ecopreneurship
literature is still comparatively young. Following this point of view, it is certainly worth noting to
describe the literature of ecopreneurship concept in order to explain the relationship between
ecopreneurship, ecopreneurial and environment. Over two decades, the literature on ecopreneurship
concept comprises research papers and case study reports covering the variety of terms. This literature is
summarised in Table.8.
Table 8. Review of the Ecopreneurship Concept
The variety of terms
Relevance to ecopreneurial action
Ecopreneuring (Bennett, 1991)
Provides the business cases represent early adopters
of green products, services and emerging ecomarkets; resulting from the emerging environmental
agenda of the late 1980s and early 1990s
Environmental commitment (Keogh and Polonsky,
1998)
Emphasises the importance of green values to
exploit market opportunities centring on
environmental concerns
Ecopreneurs and ecopreneurial (Pastakia, 1998)
Facilitates exploration on six case studies as an
empirical evidence for ecopreneurial
Green business and Green-green businesses (Isaak,
2002)
Provides the basis for exploration of the business
behaviour committed to sustainability that there is
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33
the distinction between ‘green business’ and ‘greengreen business’
Environmental entrepreneurship (Schaltegger, 2005)
Emphasises the importance of environmental lens –
a key component in entrepreneurship development
for ecopreneurship
Green entrepreneurship (Schaper, 2005)
Provides the characteristics of ecopreneurship and
emphasises that environmental protection and a
more sustainable future as important goals for the
ecopreneurs
Sustainability entrepreneurs, ecopreneurs and the
development of sustainable economy (Gibbs, 2009)
In general underpins the notions of sustainable
entrepreneurship ecoprenerial activity as the future
research agenda
As regard to the growing movement of ecopreneurship, Nugroho (2015) proposed the following
concept:
Ecopreneurship represent the triple drivers of ecopreneurs action that contributes to identifying
commercial business opportunity, as well as producing net environmental gains, namely:
environmental, social and economic.
From Nugroho’s point of view and the variety of terms for ecopreneurship concept, the author
acknowledged that it is important to provide the foundation and starting point for a series of further
discussions as illustrated in Figure 14. This illustration was initially borrowed directly from World
Economic Forum approach for entrepreneurship (2009, p.14).
Figure 14. The Meanings of Ecopreneur, Ecopreneurship and Ecopreneurial
Given the complexity of the many views of the ecopreneurship concept associated with this study, it
is considered necessary and useful to elucidate how the “ecopreneurial action” is conceptually interlinked
with the “the triple drivers of ecopreneurship”. This is also important for the reader to understand the
relevance of those triple drivers to the topic under study, the so-called “Bank Sampah or BS” in Dayeuh
Kolot.
Therefore, with the help of illustration in Figure 3 and the ecopreneurship concept from Nugroho
(2015) as well as for the purpose of this research, the following definition of “ecopreneurial action” is
proposed:
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The Triple Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action for Taking...
Ecopreneurial action represent the attitudes, skills and behaviour which focuses on the
environmental, social and economic values that reflect the most thoughtful and effective practices
to build recycling habits for promoting ecopreneurial society.
In addition to the above definition, the following definition of “ecopreneurial society” is proposed:
Ecopreneurial society represent an organized group of people who are building their own future
with their ecopreneurial action.
Defining the Next Level of Recycling Habits
There is a common term when it comes to recycling (so called “3Rs” – Reduce, Reuse and Recycle). This
“3Rs” have been considered to be the base environmental awareness and a way of promoting ecological
balance through behaviour and choices. In short, the term “3Rs” has been coined into the discourse of
sustainability efforts. Meanwhile, over the last decade the term “upcycling” has been worked into the
same discourse to recycling.
The term “upcyling” was first recorded from Reiner Pilz (Kay, 1994), which he described as “old
products are given more value, not less”. Following this thought, Gunter Pauli published his German book
entitled “Upcycling” in 1996. McDonough and Braungart (2002) further proposed a new approach to the
design of products and systems which embraces consumption and growth, but within a framework where
every stage of a product’s use and reuse is planned. This new framework, so-called “cradle to cradle”
seeks to create production techniques that are not just efficient but are essentially waste free. The
principles of “cradle to cradle” design can be applied to a different range of units, the entire city, regional
plans and islands as well. In their follow-up book, McDonough and Braungart (2013a) expand the
concept of “cradle to cradle” into almost every aspects of the built and designed environment with their
words “upcycling eliminates the concept of waste” by exploring the way materials are classified as
technical nutrients for recycling, or as biological nutrients which can then be safely returned to the earth.
As regard to the growing movement of “upcycling”, Pauli (2010) introduces the concept of
“upcycling” as one of the 100 innovations that shape “The Blue Economy” with his words “to change the
perception of anything unwanted forever while giving sense and purpose not only to our material world,
but also to our professions and lifestyle”.
In the context of this study, the author noted that the goal of “upcycling” is to prevent wasting
potentially useful materials by making use of existing ones. And the term “upcycling” focuses on how to
gain a deep understanding of causation and incorporate that knowledge into a practical everyday design.
Therefore, the author believes that the next level for recycling habits is to move up to upcycling habits.
Design and Methodology
Having established an overview of recycling regulations and policies in Indonesia, following with a brief
description of “BS” movement in Indonesia and in Bandung city, continue with the academic literature
and finally set out the definition “ecopreneurial action” and “ecopreneurial society”, the author move to
review the recycling habits from the customers’ perspective as well as from the key persons who manage
the daily activity of BSB Sabilulungan.
The Aims of the Research
Obviously there are many barriers to deep inquiry in “ecopreneurial action” in which the real-life
conditions of waste bank’s customers (on one side) and the waste bank’s organizer as well as the
regulators of waste management services (on the other side) are involved. Therefore, it is particularly
important that the author use archival information in the form of newswires to identify a sample and
Ratna Lindawati Lubis
35
explore the other “BS” around Indonesia and Bandung city as a useful technique to gain historical data
regarding “BS” movement. However, the primary limitations in this study relate to the missing gaps in
data such as incomplete information especially concerning internal “BS” dynamics in the context of
management practices and financing. Prior studies (e.g., Dewi, 2013; Utama, 2014; Rizal, 2015) have
discussed the role of “BS around Bandung city and the implementation of ecopreneurship concept for
promoting the green and clean neighbourhood. Moreover, these studies have linked the advantages of
households’ waste sorting practices to the potential second income with respect to turning waste materials
into saleable handicrafts, such as baskets, bags, table mats.
The author acknowledged that conducting the pilot study to research the “ecopreneurial action” at
BSB Sabilulungan was seen as a significant effort to promote the recycling habits to the next level in the
next future. In other words, this pilot study and the next subsequent major study around the greater
Bandung metropolitan area may share similar aims and research questions.
As stated earlier, the author attempted to expand the study of “the triple drivers of ecopreneurship”
concept (Nugroho, 2015). Therefore, the author move forward with the guidance of the following three
essential questions:
1. Which of “the triple drivers of ecopreneurship” is dominant for promoting ecopreneurship
society?
2. In struggling to construct appropriate ecopreneurship society, what should be the focus of
recycling habits?
3. What are some actionable steps for taking the recycling habits to the next level?
With that in mind, the research objectives are:
1. To collect preliminary data as the specific pre-testing to determine which of “the triple drivers of
ecopreneurship” is dominant for promoting ecopreneurship society
2. To give an overview of the current condition of recycling habits through “Bank Sampah”
movement in Bandung city
3. To provide valuable insights for policy makers as well as the other scholars into ways to the need
for more discussion of both the process and the outcomes
During April to June 2015, the author conducted the methods of investigation, such as field
investigation, distribution of a-self completion questionnaires and in-depth interview.
Research Design and Sample Description
Since the issue of recycling habits is a shared responsibility that includes the householders and the waste
bank organizers, understanding their point of view and their interaction with each other is, therefore,
essential. Having said that, the research objectives were achieved by two methods of investigation, where
data were collected by survey questionnaires to the householders and in-depth interview with the waste
bank organizers. Following this line of thought, there were two primary sources of information for this
pilot study:
1. The individual customers of BSB Sabilulungan around three sub-districts, that is Dayeuh Kolot,
Baleendah and Bojongsoang
2. The key persons of BSB Sabilulungan
The author required the customers and the key persons of BSB Sabilulungan to be reflective about
their recycling effort and use a self-completion questionnaire as well as the in-depth interview for
evaluating their “ecopreneurial action”. Taking both primary sources of information into consideration, it,
therefore, can be considered that the recent effort for recycling waste materials at three sub-districts, may
further impact to bring ecopreneurial society into existence.
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The Triple Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action for Taking...
The research design consisted of three stages:
1. Development of the closed-ended and open-ended questionnaires by means of a self-completion
questionnaires to gather data from individual customers who have already incorporated waste
sorting into their daily activities. Questions that are closed-ended are designed to create data that
is easily quantifiable. Consequently, the information gained by closed-ended questions allow the
author to categorize respondents into groups based on the options they have selected. These
closed-ended questions were followed by open-ended questions. Since the open-ended questions
are exploratory in nature, it allows the respondents to provide any answer they choose without
forcing them to select from concrete options. The information gained by open-ended questions
allows the author to gain insight on all the opinions on a topic of recycling habits. Both closed
and open-ended questionnaires were designed to assess the knowledge level of the respondents’
“ecopreneurial action”, i.e. sorting organic from inorganic waste, the reason for sorting waste and
the benefits for sorting waste, etc. The intention was to identify which of “the triple drivers of
ecopreneurship” is dominant for promoting ecopreneurship society from the point of view of the
individual customers.
2. Development of the in-depth interview to facilitate sense-making and derive understanding,
which focused on the ecopreneurial action related to the environmental, social and economic
values. The intention was to identify which of “the triple drivers of ecopreneurship” is dominant
for promoting ecopreneurship society from the point of view of the key persons of BSB
Sabilulungan.
3. The use of observation during the collection days to understand the way of managing the
recyclable material. The intention was to examine the dynamic nature of recycling habits as well
as to identify how the recyclable waste bank process and the activities during the collection day.
Following the three stages of research design, the author prepared the details of each stage as
illustrated in Table 9.
Table 9. Summary of Design Stages
Design
Stage
Focus
Technique
How Captured
How
Interpreted
Output
1.
Ecopreneurial
action from the
point of view of
the individual
customers
Selfassessment
questionnaires
(n = 45)
Closed-ended and
open-ended
questionnaires,
consists of 3 sections
Value patterns
and sense
making
The dominant
driver of
ecopreneurial
action
2.
Ecopreneurial
action from the
point of view of
the key persons
Sense making
The dominant
driver of
ecopreneurial
action
Sense making
The interaction
between
customers and
organizer for
promoting
recycling habits
3.
The recyclable
waste bank
process and the
activities
In-depth
interviews
(n = 3)
Transcription from 5
questions in 1 section
completed
Field
investigation
Observation during the
collection day
As stated earlier, BSB Sabilulungan has around 300 individual customers and those customers are
registered as the residents from three sub-districts, namely Dayeuh Kolot, Baleendah and Bojongsoang. In
this pilot study, the author applied the “small scale version” with a sample size of 10-20% from Baker’s
Ratna Lindawati Lubis
37
approach (Baker, 1994). As a result, 15 individual customers from each sub-district were equally chosen
by using simple random sampling. In total, there were 45 questionnaires were distributed into three subdistricts, as shown in Table 9.
The Survey Instrument
All those 45 individual customers were able to communicate with the author, which better guarantees the
quality of the questionnaires output. They were given detailed information about the meaning of
“ecopreneurial action” before asking the questionnaires item. The author conducted the survey during the
schedule of the collection day since it was considered the least resource intensive and most effective pilot
study method. Moreover, it could draw out as much information as possible in a relatively short period of
time.
The open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires were organized into four sections and were kept as
concise as possible in order to maximize the number responses and hopefully solicit the most honest
responses. The combination of quantitative and qualitative inquiry was chosen to provide deeper
understanding of what the “ecopreneurial action” means to the customers and organizer of BSB
Sabilulungan.
The first section contained 15 statements and used a 5-point rating scale (from strongly disagree to
strongly agree). This section has three headings, each representing a driver of “ecopreneurial action”. The
three drivers were “environmental values”, “social values”, and “economic values”. All those drivers
were listed in random order on the instrument. This section also contained definitions for each of the three
drivers listed. Based on this definition, it is expected that the respondents would provide their perceptions
associated with their recycling habits.
The second section requested respondents to rank the three drivers of “ecopreneurial action” in order
of importance. A similar five-point scale (from most important to least important) was used for its useful
evaluative qualities, despite possible problems regarding respondents’ differences in interpretation of the
ranks.
The third section contained six questions. The first question gave the respondents an opportunity to
provide their satisfaction with the BSB Sabilulungan services. The second question requested the
respondents to give the information whether any change has taken place in relation to their three drivers
of “ecopreneurial action” by choosing a 5-point scale. The respondents were also asked about their
understanding to the three drivers of “ecopreneurial action” with respect to their recycling habits. And the
final question of this section was designed to solicit some personal comments regarding the respondents’
views of the “environmental values”, “social values”, and “economic values” of BSB Sabilulungan. Of
interest to this third section was to gather qualitative data for making the recycling habits might be
improved.
The fourth section contained five questions and conducted with an in-depth interview for gaining
information from key persons at BSB Sabilulungan. All the questions in this section were designed to
receive large amount of content and provide the freedom for the key persons to demonstrate their
knowledge with respect to the role of BSB Sabilulungan for promoting the “ecopreneurial action”. All the
survey items are shown in the next section.
Survey items section-1 “The Three Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action”
The purpose of this section is to evaluate the effectiveness of the waste bank movement for promoting the
ecopreneurial society in Bandung city. This section contains a number of statements about you that
describe of what you perceive are the defining characteristics of the ecopreneurial action. Before
completing questions in this section, please read the following descriptions.
38
The Triple Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action for Taking...
The Terms
Description
Ecopreneurial society
represents an organized group of people who are building their own future
with their ecopreneurial action.
Ecopreneurial action
represents the attitudes, skills and behaviour which focuses on the
environmental, social and economic values that reflect the most thoughtful
and effective practices to build recycling habits for promoting ecopreneurial
society.
Environmental values
measured the extent that one willing to assign good intention to, and have
knowledge in, the words and actions of waste sorting.
Social values
a broad measure of community cohesiveness, including shared commitment
to the goals of the clean and green neighbourhood.
Economic values
assessed whether one has a positive or negative view of household waste.
By being one of the individual customers of BSB Sabilulungan, please rank the following statement
on a scale of 1-5; where 1 is strongly disagree and 5 is strongly agree.
The Three Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action
1
2
3
4
Strongly
Disagree
Neither
Agree
5
Strongly
Agree
Disagree
Environmental Values
1. I know my household waste has to be properly
sorted.
1
2
3
4
5
2. I know that my household waste has a potential
negative impact on the environment.
1
2
3
4
5
3. I know my small effort of recycling can decrease
environmental problems in Bandung city.
1
2
3
4
5
4. I know what happens to the materials collected
for recycling.
1
2
3
4
5
5. I know that waste sorting has a positive impact
on the environment.
1
2
3
4
5
6. I am more willing to inform my neighbour about
waste sorting.
1
2
3
4
5
7. I want to participate for regular collection
around my neighbourhood.
1
2
3
4
5
8. I want to be a volunteer to help people aware for
waste recycling.
1
2
3
4
5
9. I know that there is a need of community
cohesion about waste sorting.
1
2
3
4
5
10. I know that waste recycling creates mutual
benefits around my neighbourhood.
1
2
3
4
5
11. I know the financial incentive for my household.
1
2
3
4
5
12. I know there is a prospect of turning waste
materials into saleable handicrafts.
1
2
3
4
5
Social Values
Economic Values
Ratna Lindawati Lubis
39
13. I know there is a prospect of paying my
household bills with my household waste.
1
2
3
4
5
14. I know there is a potential second income from
waste sorting practices.
1
2
3
4
5
15. I know how to sort my household waste to gain
the higher price.
1
2
3
4
5
Survey items section-2 “The Three Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action”
This section estimates which of the drivers mentioned in the previous section are most important to you.
Please rank them in order of importance on a scale of 1-3; with 1 being most important and 3 being least
important.
Example
2
1
3
Your ranking
Environmental values
Social values
Economic values
Survey items section-3 “The Three Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action”
This section is to gauge your satisfaction with the BSB Sabilulungan services and your perceptions
regarding the outcomes of each three drivers from ecopreneurial action and give you opportunity to
express your understanding about those three drivers as well as any issues you may have.
1. Consider this statement:
I am satisfied with the BSB Sabilulungan services.
Please indicate your level of agreement with the above statement ( 3 ).
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
Neither
Agree
Strongly Agree
2. Please indicate your level of agreement for the following statement:
As a consequence of being one of the individual customers of BSB Sabilulungan:
The Three Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action
a) I have greater understanding about the impact
of my household waste to the environment.
1
Strongly
Disagree
2
Disagree
3
Neither
4
Agree
5
Strongly
Agree
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
b) I have greater recycling knowledge to share
with my neighbours for promoting
ecopreneurial society.
c) I have broader view about the potential
second income with respect to turning my
household waste into saleable recyclable
materials.
40
3.
4.
5.
6.
The Triple Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action for Taking...
What is your understanding of environmental driver from the ecopreneurial action? Please provide
a short description of what you think this means and some examples with respect to your recycling
habits.
What is your understanding of social driver from the ecopreneurial action? Please provide a short
description of what you think this means and some examples with respect to your recycling habits.
What is your understanding of economic driver from the ecopreneurial action? Please provide a
short description of what you think this means and some examples with respect to your recycling
habits.
This is an opportunity for you to express any important issues you may have, or points you would
like to raise regarding the environmental driver, social driver, and economic driver of BSB
Sabilulungan.
Survey items section-4 “The Three Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action”
The purpose of this section is to evaluate the role of BSB Sabilulungan for promoting the “ecopreneurial
action”.
1. What is the concept of establishing BSB Sabilulungan?
2. Why is it important to establish BSB Sabilulungan?
3. What are all the things that influence people of recycling their household waste?
4. Now knowing that there are three drivers of ecopreneurial action, which of those drivers is
important to BSB Sabilulungan? Why?
5. How easy or difficult is it to run BSB Sabilulungan?
In order to make a further in-depth study at BSB Sabilulungan, the author uses observation as the
data collection method. This observation is a period of intensive social interaction between the author and
the research context in terms of the three drivers of “ecopreneurial action”.
Research Findings and Discussions
In this section, the author reported respondents’ reaction based on the design stages. Since this pilot study
was approached from an individual perspective, therefore the findings of ecopreneurial action have to be
interpreted and possibly reformulated from the personal point of view.
Section-1: Ecopreneurial Action from Individual Customers’ Perspective
This section addressed the extent to which intended ecopreneurial action outcomes have been achieved. In
general, the respondents were very positive in terms of their perception of the three drivers of
ecopreneurial action as the outcomes of being the customer of BSB Sabilulungan. The average of those
three drivers was calculated and is presented on the right side of the table, as shown in Table 10.
Table 10. Respondents’ Perceptions of the Three Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action
Summarized Items
Average score
Environmental values (5 items)
4.41
Social values (5 items)
4.57
Economic values (5 items)
4.95
Note: n = 45; ratings are on a 5-point scale, from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5)
Ratna Lindawati Lubis
41
All 15 items of questionnaires were given in a positive manner that suggested the respondents were
gained knowledge received from BSB Sabilulungan. The average score for all 15 items gives an overall
measure of perceptions with the knowledge gained as regard to the ecopreneurial action. The response for
the three drivers surveyed was above 4 on a 5-point scale, which indicate the positive reactions from the
respondents. This also means that BSB Sabilulungan has successfully built the ecopreneurial action
among their customers. The high average scores of the three drivers revealed a most noteworthy and eyeopening situation prevailing in Bojongsoang, Baleendah and Dayeuh Kolot sub-districts. In other words, a
conducive atmosphere to live in a clean and green neighbourhood is created, which means a positive
attitude to recycling.
Section-2: Ecopreneurial Action from Individual Customers’ Perspective
In order to interpret the results of the three drivers of ecopreneurial action investigated in this pilot study,
the respondents were asked to rate of these areas in order of importance. “Economic values” is ranked the
most important. This result shows the fact that turning the household waste into saleable materials does
matter to the customers of BSB Sabilulungan. This suggests that all the respondents perceive that in the
growing trend of recycling, waste sorting is the most attractive ideas for getting the financial incentives.
In short, recycling makes money.
The second highest ranking is achieved by “social values”, and this result is reasonably anticipated.
This result can be explained from the standpoint of practical reason, as the questionnaire items of “social
values” serve to improve the quality of life in the community. Even though these “social value” cannot be
measured in monetary terms, it represents real costs to a community. This result shows the fact that
“social values” is less attractive compare to “economic values”.
Although the “environmental value” is the first and foremost important in the context of waste bank
establishment, the finding reveals that this value is ranked the least important. This condition indicates
that future research should consider this result in more detail, using this preliminary exploration in this
study as a basis to explore what happened to the “environmental value”. Some clues are evident such as
the average score of 4.41 from section-1 of the questionnaire. This high average score indicate that the
respondents understand what “environmental values” means to them.
Section-3: Ecopreneurial Action from Individual Customers’ Perspective
The results reported from section-1 and section-2 provide an overview of the outcomes of the three
drivers of ecopreneurial action. At the same time, those results were explored in more detail in this
section. Data collection shows that 87% of the respondents indicated the greatest satisfaction with the
BSB Sabilulungan services. Following to this, a tabulation of the responses to indicate any change has
taken place in relation to the three drivers of ecopreneurial action is illustrated in Table 11.
Table 11. Effect of the Three Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action
As a consequence of being one of the individual customers of BSB Sabilulungan,
a) I have greater understanding …….
b) I have greater recycling knowledge …….
c) I have broader view …….
Average score for all questions
Note: n = 45; ratings are on a 5-point scale, from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5)
Average score
4.51
4.85
4.87
4.74
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The Triple Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action for Taking...
As shown in Table 11, the overall mean response for the level of agreement was 4.74 on a 5-point
scale, which means that change in behaviour occurs. In other words, for the time being BSB Sabilulungan
has successfully built “greater understanding”, “greater recycling knowledge” and “a broader view about
the potential second income”. Under this circumstance, the author believes that the three drivers of
ecopreneurial action is there. However, even those three drivers is there, the people capacity to move their
recycling habits to upcycling level is still questionable.
The instrument in this section also provided respondents with an opportunity to describe their
understanding with respect to the three drivers of ecopreneurial action. The author found a different level
of knowledge and understanding about the environmental values, social values and economic values with
respect to their recycling habits. The responses were, however, in general, similar to many responses in
the other sections of the questionnaire, for example, the respondents again emphasized the importance of
waste sorting knowledge for promoting the three drivers of ecopreneurial action. The following quotes
illustrate some thought of the respondents:
“Many throw their household waste without checking to put it into the correct bins. Some people are
still not used to the idea of waste sorting”
“People around my neighbourhood are gradually getting into the habit of separating their waste
into the appropriate containers, but they believe people in sub-district still need to be educated in
handling their household waste in the efficient ways”
“I may say that more public awareness about waste sorting is needed, especially among younger
generation, such as in schools”
In addition to this situation, many responses indicated that their understanding about the
environmental values, social values and economic values of recycling habits was achieved with the help
of BSB Sabilulungan. The following quotes illustrate some thought of the respondents:
“I never sort my household waste, I have never had to do it before and I would not be sure how to
sort it properly. But now, being one of the members of BSB Sabilulungan, I have a clear
understanding about what can and cannot be recycled”
“Clear messages for recycling sent out to all those who live in Bojongsoang sub-district”
“With the help of waste bank, I have no doubt people would change their recycling habits”
“With the help of waste bank, I know where my recycling ends up”
In summary, the results of this section show that the individual customers of BSB Sabilulungan are
gradually improving how they manage their household waste, which means they are interested in a
cleaner environment. But even they are on the right track, further research needs to be conducted to
investigate their capacity for upcycling. In short, taking the recycling habits to next level is still
questionable.
Section-4: Ecopreneurial Action from Organizers’ Perspective
In this section, the results will be presented systematically based on the five questions. In-depth interview
from BSB Sabilulungan key persons, observation as well as documentation was included as the process of
data reduction. Since this pilot study is approached from the standpoint of the author, therefore the
findings from this section-4 has to be interpreted as a dynamic process of meanings in the making, rather
than static meaning, which may offer wider insights to uncover the greater understanding of BSB
Sabilulungan’s role for promoting the “ecopreneurial action”.
Ratna Lindawati Lubis
43
Question-1: What is the concept of establishing BSB Sabilulungan?
Bojongsoang sub-district in the greater Bandung metropolitan area faced the problems of illegal dumping
of household waste, which is led to dirtiness, source of fly breeding as well as many potentials to various
pathogens. People of this sub-district are had to tolerate these problems until BSB Sabilulungan (formerly
Bank Sampah Bandung Mandiri) started to operate in September 2014.
One of the ideas that pushed BSB Sabilulungan towards a focus on waste issues around Bojongsoang
sub-district was that power of the word “waste” itself. When the word “waste” attaches to an item or
materials, it means valueless. As they wanted to solve this meaning, with just a little creative thinking,
they discovered the value in that item or materials. In short, they say, “waste can be re-born as a valuable
item”. BSB Sabilulungan refers to this process as “turning waste into currency”.
On the other side of the equation, BSB Sabilulungan was launched with another mission in a manner
that provides economic opportunity to some of the lower level income around Bojongsoang district. But
the organizer of BSB Sabilulungan want to put as much of the whole process of “turning waste into
currency” as possible into the hands of the people it designed to serve. In other words, BSB Sabilulungan
concept is to enhance the economic opportunities for recycling and to work to address at least some of the
illegal dumping household waste.
Question-2: Why is it important to establish BSB Sabilulungan?
All respondents reported that they perceive BSB Sabilulungan as “the school of recycling habits”.
Although expected, the author found no negative feedback with respect to the government role for
promoting the waste bank.
Some comments include:
“To educate on the benefits of recycling and remind people why it is important to do the behaviour”
“To ensure that residents are aware of the correct recycling behaviours”
“To build awareness and understanding of what can and cannot be recycled to encourage the
correct recycling behaviour”
“To educate future generations correctly through correct recycling in home from their parents or
through systems, education and processes through schools”
“To help the government to focus on strategies to build awareness of young Indonesians about the
correct recycling behaviour”
“To help people to identify if there are any improvements that can be made in order to make
recycling easier”
“To build awareness that responsibility for recycling is generally shared among household
members”
The list above represents the view of the key persons as the organizer for daily operation of BSB
Sabilulungan. At this point, the author believes that BSB Sabilulungan involve in the future of the
recycling habits and their effort can contribute to better understanding of “ecopreneurial action” practice.
In short, “ecopreneurial action” is there.
Question-3: What are all the things that influence people of recycling their household waste?
All respondents reported that moving everyone to recycle consistently will not happen quickly. And they
believe that there is no single tactic that will be effective. The following quotes illustrate some thought of
the respondents:
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The Triple Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action for Taking...
“Motivating people to act on their increasing sense of responsibility toward the clean environment
will require sustained, combined efforts tailored to different communities taking into account
demographics, geographic conditions and other factors”
“Programs must be customized to fit specific situations in which they are implemented. Appealing to
key motivators will encourage environmentally friendly behaviour, but it will require an ongoing,
concerted effort by all organizations involved in engaging a majority of people in consistent
recycling”
In addition to this thought, all respondents reported that people around three sub-districts are
motivated to recycle mainly by the financial motive. Aside from this motive, all respondents also reported
that their customers are motivated to recycle by the actual pressure they receive from family and friends
to do so.
These findings suggests that voluntary recycling programs that rely on environmental concern and
conscience for motivation are not useful approaches to influencing behaviour. In other words, people are
willing to incorporate recycling into their lifestyles where it makes practical and financial sense.
Question-4: Now knowing that there are three drivers of ecopreneurial action, which of those drivers is
important to BSB Sabilulungan? Why?
The author found that the respondents rated the most important driver of the ecopreneurial action in order
as; “social”, “environmental” and “economic” is the least important driver for running BSB Sabilulungan.
This result seems reasonable since most people around Bojongsoang sub-district were not served by any
convenient recycling network. Aside from that, although there is widespread public support for reducing
and recycling of households waste, this is not reflected in environmental consciousness. As an effort to
build public awareness and participation in environmental consciousness, a private-owned foundation
finally established Bank Sampah Bandung Mandiri, which further renamed as Bank Sampah Bersinar
Sabilulungan or BSB Sabilulungan around Bojongsoang sub-district. The public relations campaigns were
run by the manager and staffs of BSB Sabilulungan.
Question-5: How easy or difficult is it to run BSB Sabilulungan?
All respondents reported that people have less knowledge and understanding about types of waste, which
were very important to recyclable waste bank operation. As a result, training people or providing
information to people in the community was essential. But the power of the word “cash” or “deposit” is
especially important for building the recycling habits. The following quotes illustrate some thought of the
respondents:
“People need to understand about the types of waste in order to be able to sort their household
waste because our activities led to reducing household waste. In doing so, basically our effort
basically start with the social values. We help people to build their awareness and understanding the
meaning of waste and the potential of their household waste to get the compensation in terms of cash
or deposit. Having explained this ‘economic contract’, we could easily run this waste bank”
“When we started to explain the financial incentives as an exchange for their household waste,
people are suddenly eager to be our customers and they posed a lot of questions on how to separate
their household waste into the appropriate containers. So, the magnet of our services mainly come
from the rupiah terms and this condition are already predictable. We implement the concept of
‘people respond to incentives’ as the fundamental principle to affect people’s choice and behavior
for recycling. And I think that principle leads us to move easily. But we know that we still have a
long way to go. How to deal with the increasing amount of waste will remain a challenge in the
future”
Ratna Lindawati Lubis
45
There is a different point of view with respect to the three drivers of ecopreneurial action in the
context of promoting the ecopreneurial society in Bandung city. From customers’ point of view and the
variety of responses from the organizers, the author acknowledged that it is important to provide the
foundation for other scholars to cover more “ecopreneurial action” topics and concepts for further
discussions. As stated earlier, the author attempted to expand the study of “the triple drivers of
ecopreneurship” concept (Nugroho, 2015). Having said that, the author summarize the findings from this
pilot study as illustrated in Figure 15. It is important to note here, that this illustration was inspired by the
classic theory “Maslow’s hierarchy of needs” (2011).
Figure 15. The Pyramid of “Ecopreneurial Action” Priorities
Nugroho (2015) argued that “the triple drivers of ecopreneurship” are linked and mediated by a
range between today (or present) dimensions and by tomorrow (or future / expected) dimensions. Parallel
to the findings from this study, the author expands those dimensions to the terms recycling today and
upcycling tomorrow. The author believes that the timeline between recycling today and upcycling
tomorrow provides a natural guide to future research.
Conclusion
The idea of waste bank or “Bank Sampah”, as they are called in Indonesia, for promoting recycling habits
among the Indonesians is attractive. The author found that the rise of waste bank movement around
Indonesia and in Bandung city, which has been gathering speed since the term “Bank Sampah” that was
46
The Triple Drivers of Ecopreneurial Action for Taking...
introduced through Ministerial Decree no.13/2012, is not just about managing household waste. It also
reflects profound changes in recycling habits to everything from individual waste sorting to the social and
economic contract. Meanwhile, the condition of recycling habits along with the public engagement in
Bandung city was reported by Nugroho (2015) with the proposed framework, so called “the triple drivers
of ecopreneurship”. As a result, it signals the birth of “ecopreneurial action” for promoting ecopreneurial
society.
The findings from this pilot study suggest that the term ”ecopreneurial action” has been a valuable
source of concept to understand the link between the three drivers – environmental, social and economic –
to build recycling habits. Strengthening this link can be expanded in the future for promoting
ecopreneurial society. However, when it comes into the effort for taking the recycling habits to next level,
so called upcycling habits, the capacity of the waste bank’s customers and organizer is still questionable.
Therefore expanding the “ecopreneurial action” – upcycling link to include more attention to these factors
holds a promise of benefits to both fields. Such expansion will also inform efforts to transfer pilot study
findings to more widespread implementation, a concern commonly referred to as “going to scale”. Scaling
up means to focus on reaching a bigger sample size by distributing an additional questionnaire and to
measure actual recycling behaviour by means of observational study.
Following this line of thought, the author would like to paraphrase McDonough and Braungart
(2013b) because their message focuses directly to understand human role on earth as well as thinking
about the future we share:
Instead of protecting the planet from human impact, why not redesign our activity to improve the
planet? We can have a beneficial footprint. Abundance for all. The goal within our reach.
Indeed, doing nothing is not an option. Therefore, the full speed ahead may start with the next topic
of discussion entitled,”Managing recycling to upcycling: How well we do it?”.
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