The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences Robert A. Wilson

"!#$%& &'%)(*+,-.
/021%3547698;:=<?>A@CBD02EGF E=HJIK4LF ENMJO:QPR3S>C@UT3SHNB:WV
XCY,Z []\_^a`cbd[fegih_j=k&l]l][mZ h[]bon_Zqpsr%ntl]^YZ []\_^u`vbd[feg w
x nty{z `v[]p}|^_~ ;nbdbvn_€cS‚qbd^ƒedevbu„}Rk…‡†%`d^Dbdb
XCˆŠ‰‹`vnpSjŒh_`cp‰‹h5hŽ w~qD‘_‘‘ ~_€ƒ’5’S’}[][”“U‘•t–— —K˜
qn_`vp}zh_‚qZqp~ k+™}‰*š›tœ&_•7œ+žLŸqDt–tœ¡ ¢~
£Su–‘q¤ ‘5¥}~SntlWb+h9n7\Lnt[]l]n_z l]^Unb x‹¦ œ&§¨U
©,ªa«D¬Cªƒ­%ªc®°¯ƒ±
²}³u´}µ°¶¢ªa·a¯c³Lµ2µª
¸Nµ2¬”«7ªa·c¹¬”ºA±°³»¼*·d³Lµ2¬”µ5½5ªƒµ
¾ : ¿9À23547ÀK>C35Á
Â-´ ª°ÃÄ5ÂÆÅ‹µÇa±_ÇaÈm³vÉqªc®L¬CÊ˳+»iºŒ´ ª#̳d½_µq¬”ºÍ¬”«7ªÎ-Ça¬Cªƒµ-Çvªƒ¹ XARk…oÏ x ™ wÐz `v[mZ |5bÑedh|_^aed ^u`¢–Sž}iz `v[m^aj
nt`ded[W€ƒl]^ubhZJn#\^a`vgËÒo[Wp}^R`vn_Z |_^°htjUedh— [W€abÒo[med []Z x h_|Z [fev[m\^™ €ƒ[]^aZq€a^_Ó%…* ^R|^aZ ^u`vn_l*^up}[medh`vb
ҋh_`vŽ_^up°Òo[medÔnp}\S[]bdh_`vg^Dp}[medh_`cbo[]ZÔbd[f’R€ƒhZev`d[]z ‚}ev[mZq|9Õq^alWp bu~2[]Zq€alm‚qp [mZ |°ÖU^aZ Zqn_`dh x  [m^u`v€cq[]nhZ
× []Z |‚ []b+ed[W€abn_Zqp × ntZ |‚qnt|^¢ntZ2p#R[W€cqn_^alØkÓÙ_h`vp n_ZÔntZ2p#™5ev‚qnt`deЧo‚qbvb+^ulmlØh_Z x h_y— ‚}ecnLev[mhZqntl
k&Z5ed^ulml][m|^aZq€a^_Ó*Rk…oÏ x ™Gh—2^uZqbsÒo[fevÆ^ƒ’ €ƒ^ulml]^aZ5e°hL\_^a`v\S[m^uÒÚn_`+ev[]€alm^DbizSgÛ^un_€cJh_jÑed ^n_p}\S[Wb+h`dg
^up [fevh_`cb*h_Z°ed ^u[m`*Õ2^alWp baÓ
…* ^{|_^aZq^a`cntlÜ5‚qn_lm[megsh_jQed ^݀ƒhZev`d[]z ‚}evh_`cbntZ2ped ^u[m`рƒhZ5ed`v[mz ‚ ed[]h_Zqb,[]b,h_‚}ecbecntZqp}[]Z |2Ӆ* ^
^up [fevh_`cbÝbd^u€a‚ `v^upÞev ^°€ahSh_—^a`cnLed[]h_Zßhtj,l]^unp}[mZq|#bv€ƒ[]^aZ5ed[WbecbÝ[mZà^a\_^u`dgán_`d^DnR[mZ2€ƒl]‚qp}[]Z |€ah_y— ‚}ecnLœ
ed[]h_Z2ntllm[]Z |_‚q[]b+ed[W€abuÓ5…*q^jŒh_l]l]hLÒo[mZ |Ýnt`ded[W€ƒl]^ub%Òo[ml]l2z^U^ubd—2^D€ƒ[Wntl]lmgÝ[mZ5ev^a`v^ub+ed[]Z |Ðevh x × `v^unp}^a`cbu˜Led ^ug
nt—q—2^Dnt`[]Z°ed ^¢bd^u€ƒed[]h_Z x h_y— ‚ evnLev[mhZqntlk&Z5ev^al]lm[]|_^uZq€ƒ^~qn9b+^ulm^D€ev[mhZbd‚ ||_^ub+ed^DpzSged ^ҋ^azRbd[fev^_~
â}ãSãä*ådæSæ çtèé5êqëãíìCîNï7ã%ì+ë5ð_ñqætò-ó7ôõ}öS÷Sæ ~7n7\7n_[mlWntzqlm^oevh¢y^ay{z2^u`vbíhtj;k…J†`v^ubvbaø b x h|š^aeu~5Òo [W€c
y^ay{z2^u`vbd []—°[Wb‹jŒ`v^a^Ðn_b*h_jev []bÒo`d[med[]Z |RXCˆ,— `d[]lŸq~2t››_›wƒ„
R[W€cqnt^ulKˆ`vz []z
ˆ‚ edh_y9ntevn
§o[W€cŽ × ^uÒo[]b
XA™}g5y{z2hlm[W€uw x h|_Z [med[]\_^ÑRh}p}^ulm[]Z |
‰‹^a`vZ qn_`vpsš^az^al ù `cnty^aœ¡‰*n_bd^up°™Sg}bev^ay9b
Ï%p°úhL\Sg
;n€c [mZq^хN`cntZqbdl]nted[]h_ZK˜}š × ÖU^aZ ^u`vnted[]h_Z
Ù5nty^ub*ˆl]l]^aZ
š,nted‚ `cntl × ntZ |‚qnt|^†%`dh}€ƒ^Dbdbd[]Z |
ςq|_^aZq^ x qn_`dZq[]n_Ž ™5ecnLed[Wb+ed[W€antlK…N^u€cqZ []Ü5‚ ^Db*[mZRš × †
× n7Òo`v^aZ2€ƒ^ѧntz []Z ^u` ™S—^a^D€c§^u€ƒh|_Z [med[]h_Zs[mZR;n€c []Z ^ub
™5ev^a—  ^uZkbdn_`vp
™S—^a^D€cR™}g5Z5ev ^ubd[]b
n_b*Òo[]l]lKy9ntZSgnt`ded[W€ƒl]^ub*[]Z°ed ^Ðbd^u€ƒed[]h_Z × []Z |_‚q[]b+ed[W€abu„
R[W€cqnt^ulK…Nn_Z ^aZqqnt‚qbon_Zqp
ق lm[]^ x Ó2™S^Dp}[m\Sg
ˆy{z []|_‚ [meg
Ù5nty^ub*†‚2bev^ûhL\}b+ŽSg
x h_y— ‚ evnLev[mhZqntl × ^ƒ’}[W€ƒh_Z2b
ˆ`cn7\S[mZ2psÙhbd [
x h_y— ‚ evnLev[mhZqntl × [mZq|_‚ [Wbev[]€ub
†Qnt‚ql™}yÝhlm^uZqbdŽ5g
x h_ZqZ ^u€ƒed[]h_Z [Wbeˆ,— — `vhn_€cq^ubíedh × ntZ |‚qnt|^
`x cnt[]|_^ѧoh_z^a`devb
¦ []bv€ƒh‚ `vbd^
Ï%p ҋn_`vp°™5evn_z lm^u`
ù h`dy9n_lÖU`vn_yÝy9n_`vb
ÖU^ah_ü`v^ags†‚ l]lm‚qy
ÖU^aZq^a`cnLed[]\_^ÐÖU`cntyy9nt`
ˆZqZ ^ x ‚}edl]^a`
†`vhbdh}p}gintZ2pk&Z5edhZqnLev[mhZK~ †`vh}€ƒ^Dbdbd[mZq|{kbvb+‚q^ub
†Qnt‚qlÖUh`d`v^al]l
™S^uZev^aZq€a^І`vh}€ƒ^ubvbd[mZ |
ˆZqZ ^ x ‚}edl]^a`
™S—h_Ž^aZ°ý#h`vp§o^D€ƒh_|Z [med[]h_Z

!#"$&%'(*)+!-,."
…* ^u`d^Ýnt`v^¢y9ntZSghtev ^a`Ñnt`ded[W€ƒl]^ub,htj%[]yyÝ^Dp}[WnLed^Ý[]Zev^a`v^ub+eu~[mZ2€ƒl]‚qp}[]Z |sbd^a\^a`cntlhZÔ|`vn_yÝy9n_`
yh}p}^alWbؗ2h— ‚ lWnt`=[mZ x × XC;n_`dŽ¢™5ev^a^Dp}y9ntZ¢hZ x nted^a|h_`v[]n_l5ÖU`cntyy9nt`D~tÖU^ah_`v|_[Wn,ÖU`v^a^uZ¢h_ZÝú^Dn_pSœ
¦ `d[]\_^uZ#†q`vnb+^{™Sed`v‚q€ev‚ `d^9ÖU`cntyy9nt`D~n_Zqp;;n_`dg ¦ ntl]`dgSy— l]^{hZ × ^a’S[W€an_lQù ‚ Zq€ƒed[]h_Zqn_lØÖU`cntyݜ
y9nt`w~%n_ZqpÛb+^u\_^u`vn_l‹Òoq[]€cGed`v^untei€ƒh_y— ‚ evnLev[mhZqntlbd[]y¢‚ lWnLev[mhZqbhtjїqbdgS€cqh_l][mZ |‚ [Wbev[]€°—  ^uZ h_yݜ
^aZ2n Ó ¦ ^uZ Z [Wb{š,h_`v`d[Wbaø bÐ|^aZ ^u`vn_l%nt`ded[W€ƒl]^ihZ x h_y— ‚}ecnLev[mhZqntl‹†%bdgS€cqh_l][mZ |‚ [Wbev[]€ubÑjŒh}€ƒ‚qbd^ub{Z [W€ƒ^al]g
h_ZG[]Zev^a`cp}[Wbd€a[m— l][]Zqnt`vgá[]bvbd‚ ^ubu˜Ø[fe9yhtev[m\LnLev^ubÒoSgËn#`vn_Z |_^°htj€ah_y— ‚}ecnLev[mhZqntloyh}p}^alWbÝ`d^uy9nt[]Z
[]Zev^a`v^ub+ed[]Z |Òo[fev []Z;€ƒh_|Z [med[]\_^Ñbd€a[m^uZq€ƒ^ÑÒo ^uZ°lWntZq|_‚qn_|_^U[]b*ev ^Ðbd‚ z}û^u€ƒeohtjØ[mZS\_^Dbev[m|5nLev[mhZKÓ
3 143>C3S5E 33R0q4O¢0 0EN>C6u>ŒÀ23 143>C3SE 3_3S7B 6
/ :O{0 02E=>Œ6D>ŒÀ2
k¡e,[WbZ h_ed^uÒíh`+ev5giedqnteoed ^Ð^Dp}[medh_`cbp}h9Zqhtente+ed^uy—}en|_^uZ ^a`cntlhL\^a`v\S[m^uÒ nt`ded[W€ƒl]^Ñh_Z;€ah_|_Zq[fev[m\^
bv€ƒ[]^aZq€a^_~ ntZ2p9ed2nLeRk…oÏ x ™i— `vh_y[]bd^ub‹[]Z}jŒh_`vy9nLev[mhZh_Zed ^9XC— lm‚q`vn_lWw‹€ƒh|_Z [med[]\_^Ñbv€ƒ[]^aZq€a^ub Ó …*q[]b
bd‚ |_|^ub+evbQnUjŒ`cnt|_y^uZev^up{\S[m^uÒßhtjedq^oÕq^alWp~tÒoq[]€cK~€ƒh_y[]Z |UjŒ`dhy"[mevbQ|`d^DnLev^ub+eØn_‚}ed h`d[med[]^ubu~Ly¢‚2be
z^ecntŽ^aZsbd^a`v[]h_‚qbdlmgÓk¡eo[WbontlWb+h{`d^ 8q^u€ƒed^Dpi[]Zev ^Ñ`d^ul]nted[]\_^al]glm[me+evlm^nte+ed^uZ5ed[]h_Z—2nt[WpievhÝbd—2^D€ƒ[mÕ2€an_lml]g
€ƒh|_Z [med[]\_^[Wbvb+‚ ^Dbo[]ZRyn_ZSgihtjØedq^¢nt`ded[W€ƒl]^ubXC^_Ó |qÓ]~ edq^¢nt`ded[W€ƒl]^ub*hZ°k&Z jŒh_`vynted[]h_ZR…* ^uh_`vg_~ k&Zqp ‚q€œ
ed[]\_^ × h_|[]€U†`vh_|`vn_yÝy[]Z |q~S†QnLeded^u`dZ§o^u€ah_|Z [fev[mhZsn_Zqpù ^a^DpSjŒh_`vÒ*nt`cpš^aeÒíh`dŽ}b*ntZ2ph_ed ^u`vbon_lml
qn7\^,l][fededl]^h`íZ h_ed []Z |¢edhbdn7gntzh_‚}eobd—2^D€ƒ[mÕ2€,n_— — l][]€unLed[]h_Z2b%Òo[med []Zs€ah_|Z [fev[m\^bv€ƒ[]^aZq€a^DwƒÓ5ú,^u€evh_`
× ^u\_^DbdÜ5‚ ^ø bUnt`ded[W€ƒl]^Ðh_Z x h_y— ‚}ecnLed[]h_Z2ntl x h_y— l]^ƒ’}[fegRn_Zqp;قqp}^uns†Ø^un_`dlÍø bnt`ded[W€ƒl]^¢hZԉ*n7g_^ubd[WntZ
š^aeÒíh`dŽ}bÐn_`d^Z htecntz l]^i^ƒ’ €a^a—}ev[mhZqba„Nz2h_edß€ah_Zqbd[Wp}^a`¢ed ^s[my— l][]€unLev[mhZqbjŒh` x h_|Z [med[]\_^s™}€a[m^uZq€ƒ^
^ƒ’}— l][W€ƒ[medl]g_Ók¡eÐ[Wb^Dn_bdgRedhR‚ Z2p}^a`cbecntZqp#ev ^9^up}[medh`d[Wntlíp}^u€a[]bd[mhZÔevhRlmhShŽRedhev ^iy9nLûh`Ðnt‚}ev h_`v[fœ
ed[]^ub*hZ°bd—^u€ƒ[mÕ2€Ñbd‚ z}û^u€ƒevbon_Zqpiev^u€c Zq[]Ü5‚ ^Dbí`cnLev ^a`‹evqntZsedh`v^ubd^unt`c€c ^u`vb%Òo h{2n7\_^U^ay— qnb+:[ 9a^Dp
nt—q— lm[W€anted[]h_ZRevh[Wbdbd‚ ^Dbhtj%€ah_|Z [fev[m\^¢b+ed`v‚q€ev‚ `d^{ntZqpR—q`dh}€ƒ^Dbdbd[]Z |q~2z ‚}e[meÑ`d^u[mZ}jŒh`v€a^ub*ev ^Ý\5[]^aÒh_j
€ƒh|_Z [med[]\_^bv€ƒ[]^aZq€a^n_b‹jŒ`cnt|_y^uZev^up~}—^a`vqn_—qb*[myy9nLev‚ `v^_Ó
@ Aí>CE 0C?=>CBu6uD> 3_B
; :O{0 <>=@?6DF}6u>A02E=F B
…* ^ x × nt`ded[W€ƒl]^ub=y9n7gÐntl]l}z^o`d^D€ƒh_yy^aZ2p}^upÓt…*q^agÐÒo[]lml}Zqhteb+^u`d\^í—q`dh_jŒ^ubvb+[]h_Zqn_l5€ah_y— ‚}ecnLev[mhZqntl
l][mZ |‚ [WbecbQp}[m`v^u€ƒedl]g_~7z ‚}e`cnLev ^a`Øb+ed‚qp}^uZ5evbØ[]Z݀ah_y— ‚}ecnLed[]h_Z2ntlSlm[]Z |‚ []b+ed[W€abØn_Zqp{€ah_l]lm^Dnt|‚ ^ubN[mZntl]l][m^Dp
Õq^ul]p bUÒo hÒo[]bdRedhs|_^aeUntZÔ[]p}^Dnih_jÒoqnLe x × [WbaÓK¨Z ^¢Zqh_Z ^aed ^ulm^Dbdb,|_^ƒecbev ^¢[]y— `v^ubvb+[]h_ZevqnLe
x × jCnt`v^up;bd‚ zh_—}ev[my9n_lml]gR[mZ#edq^Ýp}[]\S[]bd[]h_ZÔh_j%lWntzh_`ntyh_Zq|iedq^{^Dp}[fevh_`cbaӅNhecntŽ^¢h_Zq^{hz5\S[]h_‚qb
^ƒ’ n_yݗqlm^~Nev ^Rnt`ded[W€ƒl]^ub{h_Z x × X × []Z |_‚q[]b+ed[W€abcw¢n_Zqpߚ × † X x hyݗq‚}evnted[]h_Zqn_l‹k&Z5ev^al]lm[]|_^uZq€ƒ^7wecntŽ_^
l][fededl]^Z h_ed^h_jo^un_€cÞh_ed ^u`uÓ=…* ^nt`ded[W€ƒl]^ihZ x × y^aZ5ed[]h_Zqb{š × †)n_bÐn_ZËntlmed^u`dZqnted[]\_^9Zqn_y^9jŒh_`
h_‚q`Õq^alWpÞÒo[med h‚}eu~N hLÒí^u\_^u`u~-`v^ƒjŒ^a`v`v[mZ |°evhed ^ih_ed ^u`¢nt`ded[W€ƒl]^RXŒ[]ZÞed ^ijCn_bd [mhZáRk…oÏ x ™#‚qbd^ub
^alWbd^aÒo ^u`d^7wÓq…* ^{š × †Jn_`+ev[]€alm^[]Zed‚q`dZRp}[Wbd€a‚qbvb+^Db;n_€cq[mZ ^ЅN`cntZqbdl]nted[]h_Z°Òo[fevRZ h9`v^ƒjŒ^a`v^aZ2€ƒ^Ñedh
edq^ÑjŒ‚ lml=nt`ded[W€ƒl]^Ñz5gsúhL\Sg_Ó
k¡j€ƒhyݗq‚}evnted[]h_Zqn_llm[]Z |‚ []b+ed[W€abjŒhS€a‚qbd^ubhZál]n_Z |_‚qn_|_^ÝjŒ`vh_y nR€ah_y— ‚}ecnLev[mhZqntl—^a`cbd—2^D€ed[]\_^
XŒy{gjCn7\_h`d[med^zq`d[]^ƒjp}^aÕqZ [med[]h_Z2wƒ~5ed ^uZҋ^,y[m|5e‹^a’S—^u€ƒe%ev ^ x qh_y9b+ŽSg []^a`cnt`c€cSg¢htjNl]n_Z |_‚qn_|_^Db
ntZ2pßnt‚ edh_y9ntevn ~=evh_|_^aed ^u`{Òo[medßed ^u[m`— `vh}€ƒ^Dbdbd[mZq|ԗ `vh_—^a`ded[]^ubu~evhÔÕ2|_‚ `v^°bdh_y^u hLÒ €ƒ^aZ5ev`vn_lml]g_~
z ‚}e°edq[]bedh— []€RjCntl]l]bed `vh_‚q|_Ûedq^#€ƒ`cn_€cŽ}buӈ`vz []zKø b°nt`ded[W€ƒl]^;[Wbi^a’5ev`d^uy^al]gG|^aZ ^u`vn_lA~%^_Ó |qÓ]~%^ƒ’Sœ
— lWnt[]Z []Z |¢Õ2Z [fev^nt‚}evh_y9nLecn¢ntZ2pi`v^a|_‚ql]n_`%lWntZ |‚qnt|^ub,X EÕqZq[fev^ƒœ&becnLed^UlWntZ |‚qnt|^u-b FwØhZ lmginbí€ah_Z5ed`vh_l
y^u€cqn_Z [Wb+y9bíjŒh_`…N‚ `v[mZ |Ýy9n_€c []Z ^DbaÓ}…* ^Ñnt— —qlm[W€an_z [ml][megihtjKÕ2Z [fev^nt‚}evh_y9nLecnÐevhݗq h_Z hlmh|_g9ntZ2p
yh_`v—  hlmh|_gi|^ƒe,Z h9y^uZev[mhZKәSevntzqlm^u`uø bnt`ded[W€ƒl]^h_Z°jŒh`dy9ntl|_`cntyy9nt`cb*[]b,[mZ5ed^u`d^Dbev[mZq|q~ z ‚ ejŒhtœ
€ƒ‚2b+^Dboh_Z\_^u`dg|_^aZq^a`cntlKÜ5‚ ^ub+ed[]h_Z2bntzh_‚}eoev ^`v^alWnLed[]h_Zz^ƒeҋ^a^uZ°S‚ y9n_Z°lWntZq|_‚qn_|_^ÑntZqpsjŒh_`vy9ntl
yh}p}^alWba~_[mZݗqnt`ded[W€ƒ‚ql]n_`Øn_z2h‚}eØed ^obdh_`devb=htj[]p ^untl]:[ 9unLev[mhZqb؀ƒhyÝyhZ{[]Z{ҋh_`vŽh_Z{jŒh_`vy9ntlSlWntZ |‚qnt|^
edq^ah_`vgi[]Zqbd— [m`v^up°zSgiS‚ y9ntZ°lWntZ |‚qnt|^_Ó
Rk…oÏ x ™`d^ 8q^u€ƒevbZqnted‚ `cntl]l]g;edq^i[my—qn€eÝÒo []€c x × 2n_bÐhZá[fecb¢bv€c h_lWnt`vl]g;Z ^a[]|_Szh_`cbÑ[mZ
€ƒh|_Z [med[]\_^°bd€a[m^uZq€ƒ^ÓNk¡e[Wb{|`vnted[mjŒgS[mZ |;edhÞb+^u^ x × n_€cŽSZ hLÒol]^up}|^uph_Zßed ^°h_Z ^sqntZ2pË[]Zànt`ded[W€ƒl]^ub
h_ZJ€ah_y— ‚}ecnLed[]h_Z~Q^_Ó |qÓ]~[mZJ‰‹^a`vZqn_`vpàš^az^alÍø b9— []^u€ƒ^RhZJù `cnty^ƒœ&‰*n_bd^upߙSg}b+ed^uybu~%n_ZqpGh_Zàed ^
htev ^a`2ntZqpÔ[mZÞnt`ded[W€ƒl]^ubUh_Z#l]n_Z |_‚2nt|_^~2^Ó |2Óm~-[]Z x `cnt[]|_^§ohz2^u`+ecbaø bÑnt`ded[W€ƒl]^¢h_Z ¦ []bv€ƒh‚ `vbd^_ÓK™S‚2€c
`v^ƒjŒ^a`v^aZ2€ƒ^ubUbd‚ |_|^ub+e€ƒ`vhbvbœ¡—h_l]lm[]ZqnLev[mhZhtjev ^Ýbdh_`de,Òo [W€c;[]Z5ed^a`cp}[Wbd€a[m—qlm[]Zqnt`vgRn_€ƒed[]\5[meg[]by^un_Ze
edh9—q`dhyÝh_ed^Ó

k¡j%Rk…oÏ x ™°yn7g°z^evn_Ž_^aZ;nb,n9`v^al][Wntz l]^Ð|_‚q[]p}^~q hLҋ^a\^a`D~Sed ^uZ x × qnbl][my[med^DpR[my—qn€e
_h Z x h_|Z [fev[m\^U™}€a[m^uZq€ƒ^Ó5†Qn_‚ lÖUh_`v`d^ulmlÍø bínt`ded[W€ƒl]^hZ Ev™}^aZ5ed^uZq€ƒ^U†`vhS€a^ubvb+[]Z | FÑyÝ[]|_5e*z2^U^ƒ’}—^u€ƒed^up
edhÐnte+ev^aZqp{edhÐbdh_y^*htjedq^oÒíh`dŽ¢p h_Z ^*h_Z—qn_`vbd[]Z |Ñ[mZ9€ƒhy— ‚}evnted[]h_Zqn_l}lm[]Z |‚ []b+ed[W€abu~tz ‚ e%p}hS^ubQZ h_euÓ
ú^,yÝ^uZ5ed[]h_Zqbed ^,Ônt`c€ƒ‚qbQ—2nt`cb+^u`ntZqpݗqbdg}€c h_l][mZq|_‚ [Wbev[]€*ҋh_`vŽÐzSg9™5ed^u^up}y9ntZ9[]Zedq^¢XŒy[Wbd€a[fev^upqw
\_hlm‚qyÝ^^Dp}[fev^upàzSg ¦ hLÒ*eg~ n_`+eded‚ Zq^aZÛntZq
p Òo[]€cŽSgÆX+u‘ 5¥_wƒ~=zq‚}e9[m|Z h_`v^ubÝn#€ah_y— ‚}ecnLev[mhZqntl
€ƒhZ5ed`v[mz ‚ ed[]h_ZËev ^a`v^zSgÆXC†Ø^a`v^a[]`cn ~‹u‘ 5¥_wƒÓ=…* ^u`d^°[Wb{Zqh#y^aZ5ev[mhZàh_j,[mZ2€ƒ`v^ay^aZ5evn_l*— `dh}€a^ubvb+[]Z |q~
Òo [W€c X͙5ed^u^up}y9ntZ~‹D‘_‘› ˜NÙhbd [Í~%D‘_‘_›q˜N†Ø^u`d^u[m`cnRntZqpà†Øh_l]l]n€cŽ-~u‘‘ _˜Ø™S []^az^a`ntZqpàÙ_h Zqbdh_ZK~
u‘‘_Ÿq˜Kš^a`vzh_Z Z ^~u‘‘_•5wn_Zqphtev ^a`cbсqn7\_^Òo`v[feded^uZáh_ZKӅ=ntZq^aZ qn_‚qbntZ2pޙ}^up}[]\Sgø bÐn_`+ev[]€alm^9hZ
nty{z []|_‚ [megËy[m|5ez^R^ƒ’}—^u€ƒed^upàevh#ev^a^uy Òo[medÛ`d^ajŒ^a`v^aZq€a^ub{edhev ^;p}[Wbdn_y¢z []|_‚qnted[]h_Zà— `dhz l]^ay
Òo [W€cËqnbÐnt`v|_‚qn_z l]gÔz^a^aZànRy9nLûh_`ÐjŒhS€a‚qbÐh_j x × hL\_^u`Ñed ^s—qn_b+eÐeҋ^aZ5egÔg^un_`vbuӅ* ^n_`+ev[]€alm^
n_€cŽSZ hLÒol]^up |_^ub,h_Z l]ged2nLenty¢zq[m|‚ [fegR[WbÑn Ev€ƒ^uZev`vn_lN—q`dhz lm^uy Fi[]Z x × ntZqpÔ[]bрƒhZ5ed^aZ5eUedh°`d^ajŒ^a`
h_Zqlmg°edh#XCˆl]l]^aZK~=u‘‘¥_wƒÓq…* ^u`d^Ð[WbZ hi`v^un_bdh_Z°evhp}h_‚qz}eÑÖUh`d`v^al]lAø boh`…=ntZ ^uZ qnt‚2b,ntZ2p;™S^up}[]\Sg-ø b
bv€c h_lWnt`cb+q[m—K˜-[meÐb+‚ ||_^Dbecb,`cnLev ^a`Ued2nLe x × Òíh`dŽRqnbUlm[me+evlm^9[]+Z 8q‚ ^uZq€ƒ^hZ#€ƒh|_Z [med[]\_^bv€ƒ[]^aZq€a^Ýh_j
edq[]bbdh_`deuÓ
™S^u\_^a`cntlínt`ded[W€ƒl]^ubÐ`v^a—h_`de¢hZ˗qbdgS€cqh_l][mZ |‚ [Wbev[]€9bd[my{‚ lWnLed[]h_Z2bÐÒo [W€cßnt`v^9ecntŽ_^uZÞedh#^ay¢zh}p}g
SgS—2h_ed ^Db+^DbÝn_z2h‚}e9S‚ y9ntZߗq`dh}€ƒ^Dbdbd[]Z |q~=^_Ó |qÓ]~šh`d`v[]buø b{n_`+ev[]€alm^XŒy^aZ5ed[]h_Zq^upGntzhL\_^Dwƒ~QntZqpËed ^
eҋhUn_`+ev[]€alm^DbzSgЈZqZ ^ x ‚ edl]^a`DÓ7…*q^ubd^‹bd‚ |_|^ub+eN—h_[]Z5evbØnLeØÒo [W€c{€ƒhy— ‚}evnted[]h_Zqn_ll][]Z |_‚ [Wb+evb=y[m|e
— `vhtÕ ecntz l]gЗ lWn7g¢nÑyh_`v^*n_€ev[m\^*`dhlm^Ó x h_y— ‚}ecnLed[]h_Z2ntl}yh}p}^alWbntl]`v^un_p g^ƒ’}[]b+eÒo [W€cÝn€a€ah_‚ Z5eØjŒh_`
S‚ y9ntZRz^aqn7\S[]h_`oÒo[med`v^ubd—2^D€eevh9`d^D€ƒh_|Z [med[]h_Zsed[]yÝ^~q^u`d`vh_`on_b,nÝjŒ‚ Zq€ev[mhZRhtjØÒíh`vpjŒ`v^uÜ5‚ ^aZ2€ƒg
ntZ2pßbd[my[]l]n_`d[meg_~QntZ2pËb+^u\_^u`vn_líh_ed ^u`{—qn_`vn_y^ƒed^u`vb¢Òo [W€cßZ h`dy9ntl]l]g—ql]n7gáZ h#`dhlm^s[mZۀƒh`d^ x × Ó
…* ^Db+^on_pqp}[fev[mhZqntlS—qn_`vn_y^ƒed^u`vb=y[]|_5eØbd^a`v\_^*n_b=[]Z5ed^a`v^ub+ed[]Z |Ñp nLecnjŒ`dhy)n—q‚ `d^ulmgЀah_y— ‚}ecnLev[mhZqntl
\S[m^uÒÓ5…*q[]bíb+h`+eh_j-ҋh_`vŽ¢[Wb`v^a—h_`ded^Dph_Z9[]Z;X ¦ [ ûŽ}b+ed`cn¢n_Zqp9p}^™Sy^DpSeu~u‘‘_•wƒ~tz ‚}e‹[]b%Z hte%jŒh_‚ Zqp
XŒy{‚q€c2wNnLe؈ x × €ƒhZ}jŒ^a`v^aZ2€ƒ^ubu~D^ƒev€_ÓD;k…oÏ x ™bd‚ |_|^ub+evbKedqnte=[me=[Wb=ntZÐ[]Z5ed^a`v^ub+ed[]Z |—2nLed¢edh— ‚ `cb+‚ ^
jŒ‚ `ded ^u`uÓ2k¡e[]Zq€ƒl]‚qp}^Db,nZ [W€ƒ^¢—qnt[]`htjQ—qn_—2^u`vbz5g§o[W€cŽ × ^aÒo[WbntZ2pRÙn_yÝ^Db;€ x lm^ulmlWntZqphZyÝh`d^
|_^uZ ^a`cntl[Wbvb+‚ ^Db*htjQ™SgSy¢zh_l][]€Ñ\}buÓ x h_Z Z ^D€ev[mhZ []b+e x h_|Z [fev[m\^Rh}p}^al]lm[]Z |2Ó
: °35À23S@CC0 =@<Ë3SE-6uB
Rk…oÏ x ™[mZ2€ƒl]‚qp}^ub%jŒ‚ `ded ^u`íbd^u€ƒed[]h_Zqb%h_Zš,^a‚ `vhbv€ƒ[]^aZq€a^oh_Zev ^hZ ^qn_Zqp9ntZ2p x ‚ lmed‚ `v^_~ x h_|Z [fœ
ed[]h_ZntZ2psÏ%\_h_l]‚}ev[mhZih_Zed ^Ñhtev ^a`DÓ}…* ^UjŒh_`vy^a`*Z h_`vy9ntl]lmg`v^u€a^a[]\_^ubí`vh_‚}ev[mZ ^~}z ‚}eol]^ubvbí[]Zqbd— []`d^Dp
nLeded^uZev[mhZ[mZ°[mZ5ev`dh}p}‚q€ƒedh`dgev^ƒ’Sevbu~}z ‚}e[WbontZ°^uÜ5‚qn_l—qnt`dedZ ^u`* ^a`v^_~ n_ZqphZ ^Ñ[mZ°Òo [W€c°n_Zs[]Z5ed^u`+œ
^ub+ed[]Z |°`vn_— — `vh}€c ^ay^aZ5e,Òo[med#—qbdgS€cqh_l]h_|_g°ntZqpԗqbdgS€cqh_l]h_|_‚q[]b+ed[W€abo[WbU‚ Zqp}^u`dÒ*n7g_~qedh¢û‚qp}|_^{jŒ`vh_y
€ƒhZ5ed`v[mz ‚ ed[]h_Zqb* ^u`d^9XAnt`ded[W€ƒl]^ub*h_Z;¨z}û^D€e§o^u€ah_|Z [fev[mhZzSgù2nt`cntK~ ˆ,— qn_bd[Wn{zSg ¦ n7\_^™SÒo[]Z Z ^ug_~
ntZ2p ¦ g}bdlm^a’}[]nÑzSgˆl]z2^u`+eoÖÑntlWntz ‚ `cp nq˜_ntlWb+hÐn¢b+^u`d[]^ubQh_jKnt`ded[W€ƒl]^ubQhZed ^Uš^a‚q`vn_lq‰*n_bd^ubQh_jKÖU`cntyݜ
y9nt`‹zSg ¦ n7\S[]p x nt— lWntZK~ × n_Z |_‚qn_|_^zSg9š[]Zqn ¦ `vh_Z Ž^a`cba~ × ^a’S[W€ƒhZ9zSgˆ,lfjŒhZqbdh x nt`cnty9n 99unq~_ntZ2p
†qh_Z hlmh|_gzSg{™S ^u[mlWn‰‹lm‚qyb+ed^u[mZ˜_ntZqpÝntZnt`ded[W€ƒl]^*h_Z9™S[]|_Z × n_Z |_‚qn_|_^*ntZqp¢edq^‰í`cnt[]ZÝz5g ¦ n7\S[Wp
x h_`v[]ZqnwƒÓ
x ‚ lmed‚ `v^_~ x h_|Z [fev[mhZÆntZqpJÏ%\_hlm‚}ev[mhZJ[]bZ htesZ h_`vy9ntl]lmgG[mZ2€ƒl]‚qp}^upÆ[mZJ[]Z5ed`vhSp ‚q€evh_`vgËed^a’Sevb
h_Z#€ƒh_|Z [med[]\_^¢bv€ƒ[]^aZq€a^_~z ‚}eÑy9n7g°—q`dhL\S[Wp}^¢njŒ`v‚ [me+jŒ‚ lQ—^a`cb+—^u€ƒed[]\_^jŒ`vh_y?Òo [W€cRevh^ƒ’ n_yÝ[]Z ^¢ed ^
€ƒ‚q`d`v^aZ5e,^uyݗqqn_bd[]bh_Z Ed^ay— []`d[W€ƒ[Wb+-e F9y^ƒev h}p b[mZ x × Ó…*q^Ð^ay— qnb+[Wbh_ZR|_^uZ ^a`cntl=p nLecnintZ2ntl]gœ
bd[]bUev^u€c Z [WÜ5‚ ^ubXAn_bUh_— —hbd^up;edhRbd—2^D€ƒ[mÕ2€an_lml]gRlm[]Z |‚ []b+ed[W€Ýy^ƒedqhSpqbvw[]Zp ntevntœÍ[]Z5ed^aZ2b+[]\_^ x × y9n7g
ÕqZqp;[fecb—qbdg}€c h_l]h_|[]€untlK€ƒh‚ Z5ed^u`d—qn_`+eo[]ZRedq^Ð^ay— qnb+[WbhZ°ed ^{`d[W€cR€ƒ‚ lmed‚ `v^ÐÒo[med []Z;Òo [W€cR\_^u`+œ
zqn_l=n€ed[]\S[feg°[Wbl]^unt`vZ ^DpÓ ýJ ^aed ^u`h`,Z h_eedqnteUbd^a^uyb,— lWnt‚qbd[mzqlm^~™5ev^a—  ^uZ × ^u\S[mZqbdh_Zø bn_`+ev[]€alm^
h_Z × ntZq|_‚qn_|_^intZ2p x ‚ lmed‚ `v^[Wb{n;‚qb+^ajŒ‚ l*yhSp ^a`vZá—2^u`vbd—2^D€ev[m\^h_ZÞev ^°[]bvb+‚q^ihtj hLÒ €a‚ lmed‚ `v^_~
€ƒh|_Z [med[]h_ZntZ2pslWntZq|_‚qn_|_^UyÝ[]|_5eoz^Ðb+^u^aZsedh9[]Zev^a`v`d^ul]nted^Ó
:Ø/s3 3_0 < <Ë3SENH=F}6D>C0E
š,nted‚ `cntl]l]g_~5ed ^u`d^Ñnt`v^,\Ln_`d[WnLev[mhZqb%[]ZbegSl]^Un_ZqpÜ5‚qn_lm[meg[mZsed ^n_`+ev[]€alm^Dba~5z ‚}eoh_Zed ^UÒo hlm^ed ^ug
nt`v^Ý\_^a`vg|_hSh}pÓRh_`v^¢[]y—2h`+ecntZ5edl]gjŒh_`bdh_y^ݗ ‚ `v—2h5b+^Dba~2ed ^l]^a\^alQnLeÑÒo [W€c;edq^n_`+ev[]€alm^DbÑnt`v^
Òo`v[feded^aZ[WbUn°z [me‚ Z ^u\_^aZÓ-;hb+eÑn_`+ev[]€alm^DbÒo[]l]l=z^9n_€u€ƒ^ubvbd[mz l]^ÐevhRn_p}\LntZ2€ƒ^upԂ Zqp}^u`d|`vnp}‚qnted^ub,[mZ
Ÿ
!#"$&%'(*)+!-,."
tn ZSgshtjØed ^ÐjŒ^up}^u`vnted^up°Õ2^alWp ba~qz ‚}eU€a^a`devn_[mZ l]gZqhteoedq^{nt`ded[W€ƒl]^ub*hZ;‰*n7g_^ubd[WntZ × ^un_`dZ []Z |2~ x h_Z5ed`vh_l
…* ^uh_`vg_~N™5ecnLev[]b+ed[W€an_l × ^Dnt`vZ []Z |;…* ^ah`dg~YZ2b+‚ —^a`v\S[]bd^up × ^un_`dZ []Z |2~ntZqpábd^a\^a`cntlQh_ed ^u`vbu~ntl]l%h_j
Òo [W€c`d^ulmg9ev^a`cb+^ulmgh_Z°ynted ^uy9nLed[W€an_l— `v^ubd^aZ5evnted[]h_ZqbuÓ
…* ^sz2hSh_ŽÞ[WbÐev^u€c Zq[]€untl]lmgán_p ^uÜ5‚qnLev^_„N[fe[]bÝbd‚ `d—q`d[Wb+[]Z |lmgÞb+hz2^u`u~N[mZ2€ƒl]‚qp}[]Z |Ô`v^alWnLev[m\^al]gÔjŒ^uÒ
p}[Wnt|`vn_ybu~€cqn_`+ecba~Øecntz l]^ub9h`i—  h_edh5baÓ%ˆ,ZJ[mZ5ev^a`v^ub+ed[]Z |ánt`ded[W€ƒl]^Rh_ZJR^ƒev^a`i[]ZƆØhS^ƒev`dgËzSgGÙn7g
^ag}bd^a`K[WbKy9n_`d`v^upUzSg—hSh_`egS—^ubd^ƒeded[]Z |qÓuk&Z5\Ln_lm‚qn_z l]^h_ZÑev ^htev ^a`qntZqpK~Dn_`d^Øev ^z []z l][mh|_`cnt—  []^ub
nLeed ^{^aZqpqb,h_j=ev ^{n_`+ev[]€alm^DbaӅ* ^ubd^¢n_— —2^Dnt`,edh2n7\_^^aZtûhLg_^upRbd—^u€ƒ[Wntl=nLeded^aZ5ev[mhZK~n_Zqp[]Zq€ƒl]‚qp}^
\_^u`dgÛ`v^u€a^aZ5e°n_Zqp~*[mZ |_^uZ ^a`cntlÍ~%\^a`vgG‚2b+^ajŒ‚ lÑynted^u`d[WntlÍÓo¨ZqlmgJ\^a`vgàh}€a€un_bd[mhZqntl]l]gGp}hGҋ^;ÕqZqp
€ƒhZ5ed`v[mz ‚ edh_`cb*lWnt—qbd[mZq|{[]Z5edh9`v^ƒjŒ^a`v^aZ2€ƒ^ubíevh;XŒ‚ Z —q‚ z l][]bd ^up2w~NXCy9baÓ w~ h`*ed ^l][]Ž_^_Ó
Rk…oÏ x ™°[]bedhiz^Ð`v^u€ƒhyyÝ^uZqp}^Dp°edhn_lmlKl][]z `vn_`d[]^ub,ntZqp°evhi`d^Db+^Dnt`c€c ^a`cb‹[mZ;€ah_y— ‚}ecnLev[mhZqntl
l][mZ |‚ [Wbev[]€ubK[]Zev^a`v^ub+ed^Dp[]ZЀƒh|_Z [med[]\_^bv€ƒ[]^aZ2€ƒ^_~a^ubd—2^D€ƒ[Wntl]lmg,ed h5b+^Q[]Z5ed^a`v^ub+ed^DpÑ[mZqhLÒÔev ^l][mZ |‚ [Wbev[]€uba~
€ƒhy— ‚}evnted[]h_ZÐn_Zqp—qbdg}€c h_l]h_|gy[m|e=€ƒhSh_—^a`cnLev^QyÝh`d^%^ƒü-^u€ev[m\^al]g[]ZЂ Z2p}^a`cbecntZqp [mZ |olWntZq|_‚qn_|_^_Ó
–
!%7 ! !"#%$&'()(+*
, '.-+*/!1023'.-45'(6 !- 87 ,29.:
; !=< > 5 "=?1@ !A%
B <C&9 ,
&%.DE AGF !HA !JI !&A %&!A ,
$LKNMOQP3 4RM'#%ST02UV1W)M# 4X'(4X02 4RVY02
CA &:ZD [ ,
"\ % ,
&] A8F^_`7a\ ,
! ,-,!
ZA )\ ,
!-+: ! @ 2\!
1\ !-,.)+[H6 , B
AbI !!A &dDc e !-, ,"[fDE.6g C%&!A , %`KNM2(')4X 4Xh*
(
i M-+*Y# 0MCjlkP)*2*2V1WmS!CMV1*/01024X'+(n6fcCDo7 ,! %
@
),pA !%
!Eqr=q
'(! ,)+ !%Z \ & $ ! &ts -(
A , ! `Dc I\ C
C% !A , %nu'.-v2MMwmMCj
KNM')*/OEPM!C!/Umk%*/O^'Z 4 Vfx&WZ*"M!1U ; 19y !
47 ) "\ ! ,%+CA C%
!zr+7{ "+
7 -! ,!-,
&%.| ! ,
ZA Q 'J{
`\ ,
!-,~} =4
/\! .,!Y:!-,! -!
cD B &] pA B y t[ %C
,nF , !%
A
, pAf€..y 19[ %!A ,%% !"#%$'+(Z(+*
S!10145'(+‚nS02UV1W)M#~M2(4RV2# ƒ„KNMOEPZ3= 4RM'.# ƒT'x&WZ*"M!"*/ 4RV2#%S„*/!/0RP)*"VY 4Xh*/02C @
),pA !
… ~7] !-, t[^47 ,!- %@
*) ,pA !%&
!Tq_†rq
7 !-,!-,
&%.| ! ,
ZA Q 'J AH6 , 2\ 7 /9.
`Dc -,!-! &! ,,!-
&`‡„!1 4 ˆ`VY4 #
‰ ')*Y#X# 4p(+*/'.V1* %_: q†r+7{ "
I\ !)+!-, %&I , B
ZAH6 ,29f \ &q
5
,
B -,!! !-,,! n
Š M!1'.#MCjQS02UV1W)M# 4X'+(4501 4 V‹*/0*"!CV1&W %
""Œ "/: "={†r+q{
I !!A C%Z6 ,29._I+[ &
Ž ZA
,-,!( * ) ,"[
,
,aDc b(
e !-, ,"[ %!A , %
KNM2(')4X 4Xh* i M-+*Y# 0lMCjkP)*2*"V1WGST!"MV1*/02024X'(%6fcCD
7 ,! % @
*) ,A !%6 %+ !z+†r+z7{ "
²}³u´}µ#¶¢ªa·a¯c³Lµqµ-ª ed^Dn_€c ^Db x h_y— ‚}ecnLed[]h_Z2ntl × []Z |_‚q[]b+ed[W€abnteev ^iYZ []\_^u`vbd[megRhtj‹ÖU`vh_Z []Z |^aZKÓ
ú [WbÑ`v^u€ƒ^uZ5e`v^ubd^unt`c€c;nt—q— lm[]^uby9n_€c []Z ^Ýlm^Dnt`vZ []Z |iev^u€c Z [WÜ5‚ ^ub,edh°—  hZ h_l]h_|g°n_ZqpÔbdgSZ5evnL’Ó-š^u`+œ
zh_Z Z ^ø bNn_p p `d^Dbdbd^ubn_`d^QˆlmjCnLœ¡[]Z}jŒh_`vy9nLed[W€anq~ƒ†ØÓ ¨{Ó ‰‹h7’ÑžSD• ~ƒš × ‘5žt›_›‹ˆ™ÖU`vh_Z []Z |_^uZK~ƒ…* ^%š,^ƒev ^a`dœ
lWntZqp bu˜ êqë è_êSêqë5ëã‹ìñ}éíì¡ê ˜tntZ2p
ì5ëã‹ìñ}é‹ì¡ê5æuêqëqèLêSêqë
¥