Introduction
Raw-material oriented Industry
- Raw-material oriented industries are those
industries that are having their locations
stuck close to source of raw materials.
- Sugar milling is one of the examples of
raw-material oriented industries.
This slideshow will be talking about the
following points:
- Features of RM-O industries.
- Case study – Sugar Milling
Features of RM-O industries
• RM-OI usually refers to industries which
initially process scattered natural
resources
• Material Index > 1 (weight-losing)
• Affected by
– nature of RM
• Fragility
• Perishability
• Value
-Material Index is calculated by
(Total weight of localized RM used)
-----------------------------------------------(Weight of finished products)
Weight-losing industry
• Sugar Milling
Industry is a
weight-losing
industry, 7 tonnes
of cane are needed
for produce 1
tonnes of raw sugar
• MI= 7
Fragility
• ↑fragile RM = ↑RM-O
• ∵too difficult or expensive to transport
• ↑transport cost
• E.g.
Saw mill found near forest
Perishability
• ↑perishable RM= ↑ RM-O
• ∵can keep the products in fresh state
• E.g.
Fruit-canning
Vegetables
Milk
Value
• ↓RM value = ↑RM-O
• ∵↓value ≠worth to transport the cheap RM
• E.g.
– Aluminium Production
Case Study – Sugar Milling
• Queensland in Australia (Coastal)
Along the 2100km of tropical
and sub-tropical coast, there are
8000 cane farms and 34 sugar
mills
What are the RMs?.?
• Cane (甘蔗)
Sugar mills tend to locate near
cane growing districts, why?
To be discussed……..^.^
Requirements for growing cane
• Alluvial flats, particularly those with deep and well drained soils of
volcanic origin
• Completely frost-free conditions
• Mean monthly temperature should not fall below about 18℃
• Annual Rainfall >1000mm (optimum > 2000mm)
• However, a slightly drier period is required (for the canes to be
sweetened), but should still be at least 75mm per month.
• Conclusion:
–
–
–
–
Hot
Wet
Flat land
Deep soils
– =River valleys along the coast of Queensland and far Northern NSW
Why cane is a decisive factor?
• Cane is burnt to remove weeds and leaves (to make
cutting easier)
• Crops must be removed to the mill without delaying to
avoid fermentation(發酵) of the juices in the cane
stalk(莖)
• Hence, long distance haulage, stopovers(中途停留)
while in transit and trans-shipment must be avoided
• Perishable
1 month later
• Transport Cost
– Farmers find it unprofitable to be more than
65 km from the mills
• Bulky and cumbersome(笨重) crop of low
specific value (low value per unit weight)
– Difficult and costly to transport
– E.g. average yield = 84 tonnes per hectare
• Only 2.5 tonnes per hectare of wheat and
most other cereals.
• Therefore, KEEP THE HAUL as SHORT as
possible!!!
• Mills should locate in the midst of their assigned
cane areas
• 34 mills scattered along the sugar coast are
joined to their 8000 cane farm suppliers by some
3200 km of light railways
Sugar milling consists of a few relatively simple processes. First, the weighed
cane is crushed between giant rollers to extract the juice from the stalk. Then, the
impurities in the juice are removed by a cleaning process.
Third, the cleaned juice is concentrated into sugar crystals by a series of boiling
and spinning processes. Finally, the crystals are dried in large revolving drums.
• That’s all for our presentation
• Thank You~~>3<
• T.T’’
• ^(00)^
• >w<