technical report no. 43
national carbon
accounting system
The Impact of Tillage on
Changes in Soil Carbon
Density with Special
Emphasis on Australian
Conditions
Frank Valzano, Brian Murphy and Terry Koen
The National Carbon Accounting System:
• Supports Australia’s position in the international development of
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and sinks, and scenario development and modelling capabilities that
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For additional copies of this report phone 1300 130 606
THE IMPACT OF TILLAGE ON CHANGES
IN SOIL CARBON DENSITY WITH SPECIAL
EMPHASIS ON AUSTRALIAN CONDITIONS
+
Frank Valzano , Brian Murphy^ and Terry Koen^
+
^
Private Consultant, Gladesville, NSW.
NSW Department of Infrastructure, Planning
and Natural Resources, Cowra, NSW.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report No. 43
January 2005
Printed in Australia for the Australian Greenhouse Office
© Commonwealth of Australia 2005
This work is copyright. It may be reproduced in whole or part for study or training
purposes subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgement of the source and no
commercial usage or sale results. Reproduction for purposes other than those listed
above requires the written permission of the Communications Team, Australian
Greenhouse Office. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights
should be addressed to the Communications Director, Australian Greenhouse Office,
Department of the Environment and Heritage, GPO Box 787, CANBERRA ACT 2601.
For additional copies of this document please contact the Australian Greenhouse Office
Publications Hotline on 1300 130 606.
For further information please contact the National Carbon Accounting System at
http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/ncas/
Neither the Australian Government nor the Consultants responsible for undertaking
this project accepts liability for the accuracy of or inferences from the material
contained in this publication, or for any action as a result of any person’s or group’s
interpretations, deductions, conclusions or actions in reliance on this material.
January 2005
Department of the Environment and Heritage Cataloguing-in-Publication
Valzano, Frank
The Impact of tillage on changes in soil carbon density with special emphasis on
Australian conditions / Frank Valzano, Brian Murphy and Terry Koen.
p. cm.
(National Carbon Accounting System technical report; No. 43)
ISSN: 1442 6838
1. Soils-Carbon content-Analysis-Australia. 2. Tillage-Environmental aspects-Australia.
3. Land use-Australia. I. Murphy, Brian. II. Koen, Terry. III. Australian Greenhouse
Office. IV. Series
363.73874’00994-dc21
ii
Australian Greenhouse Office
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Australian Greenhouse Office (AGO) of the
Department of the Environment and Heritage, has
implemented a new modelled approach to estimate
soil carbon fluxes resulting from changes in land use
as a part of the development of the National Carbon
Accounting System (NCAS). This review supplies
data for refining the modelling of soil carbon stocks
per unit of land under different tillage practices,
including conservation tillage practices. Results
reported in this review are based on total soil carbon
and take no account of different forms of soil carbon
in the soil.
The effects of location, climate, soil type and land
use management practices on soil carbon densities
have been evaluated. Data from over 50 independent
studies across Australia was compiled to create a
comprehensive data set of 586 values. Information
identifying associated site histories, climate and soil
type was recorded.
Of the trials considered, many had incomplete
information, lacking details on:
•
soil properties below a depth of 10 cm;
•
carbon densities;
•
soil bulk densities;
•
implements used during tillage operations;
•
other issues relating to tillage operations;
•
stubble management practices; and
•
historical site management data.
To address some of these limitations, it was
necessary to predict carbon and bulk densities for
selected studies.
The review clearly indicated that the introduction
of a cropping phase into uncleared land or a well
established pasture with high plant biomass,
reduced soil carbon density by 10 to 30 t/ha in
soils to 30 cm depth. Further analysis, including
correlation and regression tree analysis, clearly
showed that soil carbon density was affected by
the complex interaction of climate, soil type, tillage,
stubble management and plant growth. Increasing
levels of tillage and soil disturbance were found to
decrease soil carbon densities in many instances.
However, the results were complex and clearly
there were numerous factors influencing soil carbon
densities in soils.
This review and data re-analysis shows that while
there was a general tillage effect on soil carbon, with
conservation tillage practices retaining up to 25%
more carbon than conventional tillage practices,
there were other factors that determine carbon levels
in soil, such as climate (temperature, rainfall) and
soil type.
Soil carbon density increased with increasing rainfall
and falling temperatures. Rainfall was shown to
interact with tillage operations, contributing to
less pronounced tillage effects in low rainfall areas
than in high rainfall areas. This result relates to the
effect of rainfall on the potential for plant biomass
production. In low rainfall areas, rainfall is the key
factor influencing plant growth (and carbon levels),
while in higher rainfall areas tillage operations
become a more important issue, as rainfall is no
longer the limiting factor controlling plant growth.
As expected, soil type directly influenced soil
carbon levels. Well structured soils such as ferrosols
and dermosols comprised higher carbon levels
than poorer structured soils such as sodosols and
kandosols. The soil carbon density levels were
especially low in some soils with sodic surfaces. Soil
type interacted with tillage management, influencing
the extent to which tillage changed carbon densities.
Inherently poor quality soils (e.g. sodosols and
vertosols with poorly structured surface soils) gave
lower carbon levels regardless of the intensity of
tillage used. This effect confounded results in some
instances, as low intensity tillage practices on poor
quality soils produced lower carbon densities than
more intensively managed systems on better quality
soils due to initially low carbon density levels in the
poor quality soils.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
iii
Cereal cropping systems produced lower carbon
densities than other cropping systems. However,
when in rotation with pastures or legumes, cereal
cropping did not result in decreased carbon levels.
These results correspond with existing research,
where crop rotations were shown to maintain or
increase organic carbon levels in soils.
Examination of the literature indicates that there
is limited comprehensive information on tillage
practices around Australia that could be used to
specifically predict likely soil carbon densities under
different tillage systems. Given the findings of this
study, it is perhaps necessary to identify in greater
detail those management actions that increase soil
carbon density and those that cause soil carbon
losses. These also need to be related to the specific
climatic variables and soil types of a specific area.
Application of soil carbon models would be a
potentially effective means of achieving this.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Assistance from the following people is
acknowledged:
•
Andrew Rawson – review and advice;
•
Ian Packer – review;
•
Jenny Kesteven – climate data;
•
Adrian Webb for advice and support; and
•
Gary Richards for advice and support.
Australian Greenhouse Office
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
1
Executive Summary
iii
Acknowledgments
iv
Introduction
1
1.1
Background
1
1.2
Objectives
1
2. Background and Methodologies
2.1
1
Definitions
1
2.1.1
Tillage
1
2.1.2
Stubble Management
2
2.1.3
Classification
3
2.2
Estimation of Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks
4
2.3
Bulk Density Pedotransfer Functions
5
2.4
Carbon Density Predictions in the 10-30 cm Layer
9
2.4.1
Estimations From the 0-10 cm Portion
9
2.4.2
Estimations From the 0-15, 0-20 and 0-25 cm Portion
9
2.5
Verification (0-30 cm Depth)
2.6
Statistical Analysis
10
2.6.1
10
Data Presentation
3. Cropping Practices
10
13
3.1
Winter Rainfall Areas
13
3.2
Summer Rainfall Areas
13
3.3
Limitations of Data
13
4. Data Overview
16
4.1
General
16
4.2
Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) Cells
16
4.3
Climate
18
4.3.1
Rainfall
18
4.3.2
Temperature
18
4.4
Soil Type
18
4.5
Cropping Systems
18
4.6
Soil Tillage Practices Considered in Current Study
18
4.7
Statistical Significance
20
4.8
Nitrogen
22
5. Carbon Stocks
24
5.1
5.2
Results And Discussion
24
5.1.1
Broadscale Variation in Carbon Density
24
5.1.2
Climate Effects on Carbon Densities
24
5.1.3
Soil Type and Carbon Densities
27
5.1.4
Tillage Management Effects on Carbon Densities
27
5.1.5
Soil and Tillage Management
30
5.1.6
Time-Management Effects on Soil Carbon
30
5.1.7
Crop Types and Carbon Densities
31
Classification and Regression Tree Analysis
32
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
continued
Page No.
5.2.1
General
32
5.2.2
The 0 to 30 cm layer
32
5.2.3
The 0 to 10 cm layer
40
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
42
6.1
General
42
6.2
Outcomes and Recommendations
43
7. Select References
45
Appendix 1.
Glossary
56
Appendix 2.
Pedotransfer Function Evaluations
58
Appendix 3.
Relationship Between 0-10 And 0-30 cm Soil Portions
67
Appendix 4a.
Detailed Study Descriptions
68
Appendix 4b. Location, Climate and Soil Information
80
Appendix 5.
Crop Management and Associated Carbon Densities
105
Appendix 6.
Supplementary Report – Frank Valzano and Brian Murphy
135
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.
Distribution of bulk densities for different management classes based on measured values.
5
Figure 2.
Mean measured (black) and predicted bulk density (grey) results for 103 typical
Australian soil horizons.
7
Figure 3.
Variance in PTF predictions in relation to actual recorded bulk density values (ranked);
103 data points.
8
Figure 4.
a) Mean ratio of carbon density in 0 to 10 cm layer to other depth layers. This can be
used to predict carbon density at depths greater than 10 cm. b) Box-plots showing
medians and range in data.
9
Figure 5.
Relationship between actual and estimated carbon densities (18 profiles; 0-30 cm depth).
11
Figure 6.
Example of box-plots used to identify trends in data.
11
Figure 7.
Example of classification and regression tree-box-plot combinations used to identify
associations and variance in data.
12
Figure 8.
General information presented or not shown in articles examined (79 studies).
14
Figure 9.
Tillage and stubble management information found in articles examined.
15
Figure 10.
Data points on a State by State basis.
16
Figure 11.
Number of studies considered in review.
17
Figure 12.
Number of data points per IBRA cell considered in current study.
17
Figure 13.
Average annual rainfall ranges.
19
Figure 14.
Average daily temperature ranges.
19
Figure 15.
Distribution of tillage practices identified in the current study on a State by State basis.
20
Figure 16.
Studies containing total nitrogen data.
23
Figure 17.
Data points on a per State basis - total nitrogen.
23
Figure 18.
Box-plots of carbon densities (t/ha) at (a) 0-30 cm and (b) 0-10 cm depths, state by state basis.
24
vi
Australian Greenhouse Office
LIST OF FIGURES
continued
Page No.
Figure 19a. Relationship between rainfall (up to 1000 mm/year) and soil carbon densities (t/ha).
25
Figure 19b. Relationship between rainfall and soil carbon (less than 550 mm and greater than 550 mm rainfall).
25
Figure 20.
Relationship between mean daily temperature and soil carbon densities (t/ha).
26
Figure 21.
Box-plots of soil type effects on carbon densities (t/ha) at (a) 0-30 cm and (b) 0-10 cm depths.
27
Figure 22.
Mean tillage management effects on carbon densities, 0-30 cm depth.
28
Figure 23.
Mean tillage management effects on carbon densities, 0-10 cm depth.
28
Figure 24.
Box-plots of management effects on soil carbon densities.
29
Figure 25.
Soil type - Management effects on carbon densities, 0-30 cm depth.
33
Figure 26.
Interaction between management and time effects on carbon densities, 0-30 cm depth.
34
Figure 27.
Interaction between management and time effects on carbon densities, 0-10 cm depth.
34
Figure 28.
Box-plots of crop effects on carbon densities, (a) 0-30 cm and (b) 0-10 cm depths.
35
Figure 29.
Regression tree and box-plots for climate, soil and management effects on soil carbon, 0-30 cm depth. 36
Figure 30.
Subset regression tree and box-plots for Group number 2 (Figure 29), climate, soil and
management effects on soil carbon, 0-30 cm depth.
38
Figure 31.
Subset regression tree and box-plots for Group number 5 (Figure 29), climate, soil and
management effects on soil carbon, 0-30 cm depth.
39
Figure 32.
Regression tree and box-plots for climate, soil and management effects on soil carbon, 0-10 cm depth.
41
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.
Management classes used in the current study.
3
Table 2.
Implement classes used in the current study.
3
Table 3.
Pass classes used in the current study.
4
Table 4.
Cropping system classes.
4
Table 5.
Time breakdown for different management practices.
4
Table 6.
Published pedotransfer functions for the estimation of soil bulk density (international sources).
5
Table 7.
Summary of soils used to evaluate various PTF equations.
6
Table 8.
Summary details of bulk density PTF studies.
6
Table 9.
Comparison between predicted carbon density (CD) and actual carbon density results
(0-30 cm depth).
10
Table 10.
Descriptions of relevant IBRA cells.
18
Table 11.
Soil types and associated number of data points reviewed in current study.
18
Table 12.
Main cropping systems examined in the current study.
20
Table 13.
Studies with statistically significant tillage/stubble management effects.
21
Table 14.
Summary statistics for soil carbon densities to 30 cm for the management classes
used in the analysis.
30
Table 15.
Differences in carbon density for the tillage practices considered in this review (0-30 cm depth).
31
Table 16.
Mean carbon densities (t/ha) as affected by soil management and soil type
32
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
vii
viii
Australian Greenhouse Office
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
As a part of the development of the National
Carbon Accounting System (NCAS), the Australian
Greenhouse Office (AGO) is implementing a new
modelled approach to estimating soil carbon fluxes
resulting from changes in land use. This review
aims to supply data for the estimation of soil carbon
stocks per unit of land under different tillage
practices, including conservation tillage practices.
Although different types of soil carbon have been
identified (e.g. in Dalal and Chan 2001), only total
soil carbon was considered in this report.
Relevant definitions and abbreviations are listed in
the Glossary (Appendix 1).
1.2 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
2. BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGIES
Soil carbon densities are influenced by a number of
variables, including:
•
climate;
•
soil type;
•
land use (crop/tillage/soil management
regime); and
•
land use history.
The current study considers all of the above factors
with particular focus on the effects of land use
management and soil type on carbon density.
To facilitate comprehension and to simplify the
evaluation process, a standardised classification
scheme for soil management systems was developed.
Pertinent definitions and classes are described in the
following sub-sections.
Identify the main tillage practices being
applied in the cropping areas of Australia.
2.1
To review published studies to determine
stocks of soil carbon under examples of
the main tillage practices in different IBRA
(Interim Biogeographical Regionalisation for
Australia) regions where cropping is a major
land use.
It is necessary to clearly define different types of
tillage practices, as confusion can often arise given
the diverse range of names and connotations given
to different and/or similar soil management regimes
in various areas of Australia.
To assemble and analyse selected, existing,
unpublished data on stocks of soil carbon
under examples of the main tillage practices
in different IBRA regions where cropping is a
major land use.
DEFINITIONS
2.1.1 Tillage
Tillage operations can be divided into two main
groups, conservation and conventional practices.
Conservation tillage practices are associated with
reduced or no soil disturbance and include practices
ranging from ‘zero tillage/direct drill’ to ‘reduced
tillage/minimum tillage’. Conventional tillage, by
contrast, contributes to greater soil disturbance
and is associated with more ‘traditional’ cropping
practices. Crop residue (stubble) may be burnt,
grazed or incorporated in either conservation or
conventional tillage systems.
Definitions for soil management systems have been
adopted from Charman and Roper (2000), Geeves
et al. (1995) and Holland et al. (1987). For the
purposes of this review, tillage practices were
divided into three categories (from least soil
disturbance to most):
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
1
•
No-tillage (NT) / zero tillage (ZT) /
direct drill (DD);
•
Reduced tillage (RT) / minimum tillage
(MT); and
•
Traditional tillage (TT) / conventional
tillage (CT).
No-Tillage (NT)
No tillage or direct drill systems are those in which
stubble is retained for the maximum length of time
prior to sowing a new crop. Weeds are controlled
with herbicides and there may be limited or no
grazing. Ground disturbance is kept to a minimum
at sowing time and seedbeds are not tilled prior to
sowing. Permanent beds, raised beds, controlled
traffic and precision agriculture are also grouped
under the no-tillage classification.
Reduced Tillage (RT)
The aim of reduced tillage systems is to minimise
soil disturbance, while at the same time achieving
a viable seedbed for crop growth. Landholders
practicing reduced tillage may utilise cultivation
implements that minimise the area, depth and
extent of soil disturbance, thus limiting the overall
impact of cultivation on soil physical properties and
structure. As with no-tillage systems, weeds and
diseases are usually controlled with herbicides and
grazing. Crop residues are usually burnt and/or
incorporated into the soil.
systems is often used to control weeds, pests and
diseases. Crop residues are usually burnt in these
systems.
2.1.2 Stubble Management
It is impossible to consider the effects of tillage on
soil carbon without identifying stubble management
impacts. In brief, stubble management is the control
of surface residues subsequent to harvesting
a crop. Stubble may be treated in a number of
ways, including incorporation, grazing, burning
or retention (standing or treated i.e. by slashing,
bashing, harvest spreading or grazing). The actual
practice used is dependent upon the requirements
of the subsequent crop in addition to traditional
methodologies or practices.
Stubble Incorporation (SI)
This traditional practice is commonly used in
northern parts of Australia and 10-20% of the time
in the south. Stubble incorporation involves the use
of tillage implements to incorporate remnant plant
residue into the soil following harvest. Traditionally
this practice was considered useful in returning
organic matter to the soil and protecting the soil
from erosion. However, it can contribute to the
transference of plant pathogens from one crop to
another, offers less surface protection than stubble
retention practices, and also destroys soil structure/
porosity.
Stubble Retention (SR)
Conventional Tillage (CT))
Conventional tillage systems are characterised by
a significant number of tillage operations prior
to sowing a crop. In many instances three or
more tillage operations are customary during the
preparation process of a seedbed. The extent of
tillage will vary from area to area depending upon
crop variety grown, soil type and climate. Tillage
implements may differ from those used for reduced
tillage practices, resulting in more extensive soil
disturbance per tillage operation. Tillage in these
2
Stubble retention involves leaving crop residues at
the soil surface (standing or treated i.e. by slashing,
bashing, or harvest spreading) that are sometimes
grazed prior to sowing a succeeding crop. This
method of stubble management protects the soil
surface from erosional processes, particularly
raindrop impact, while retaining carbon at the soil
surface. Stubble retention is used in no till systems.
Australian Greenhouse Office
Stubble Burning (SB)
Traditionally, crop residues were burnt in the late
summer period after harvesting of a crop. This
‘early-burn’ method of stubble management is no
longer practiced in most areas. In many instances,
crop residues are burnt just prior to sowing a new
crop, minimising the time in which a soil is exposed
to ambient conditions and possible erosion. Burning
is conducted in most traditional and reduced tillage
systems when fire restrictions are lifted – March.
Minimum tillers and direct drillers practice late
burns, just prior to sowing a new crop.
Table 1. Management classes used in the
current study.
Management class
DDa
Direct drill/stubble retained, incorporated or burnt late
DDb
Reduced till/stubble retained/incorporated or burnt
Gm
Low productivity pasture but not overgrazed,
or productive pasture with moderate grazing
GI
Highly productive pasture, may be irrigated
Gh
Overgrazed pasture, low cover, sometimes
surface compaction evident
Pw
Relatively undisturbed woodland
TTa
Cropped using multiple tillage with tyned implements,
stubble incorporated or retained
TTb
Cropped with multiple disc tillage,
stubble burnt or heavily grazed
2.1.3 Classification
A number of classes were developed to describe
the effects of tillage, tillage implements, tillage
passes, general crop types and time on soil carbon
stocks. These simplifications facilitated the statistical
analysis and interpretation process.
The main soil management and tillage treatments
were organised into categories similar to those
described by Geeves et al. (1995) (Table 1). Although
Geeves et al. (1995) used this classification system for
dryland cropping regions in SE Australia, it was still
considered appropriate for use in the present study.
Consequently, the simplified classifications were
applied to all agricultural systems examined
(Table 4).
Management effects were further subdivided into
implement classes and pass classes (Tables 2 and 3)
to help identify possible equipment and disturbance
effects on soil carbon density levels. Numerical
values were applied to the implement classes
ranging from 0 (least disturbance) to 5 (maximum
disturbance) (Table 2).
Table 2. Implement classes used in the
current study.
Implement class
0
No implements - pasture or woodland
1
Tyne (scarifier, chisel, seeder)
2
Offset, two-way, tandem disc
3
Mouldboard plough
4
Disc plough
5
Rotary hoe
Numerical values were also used to classify the
number of passes tillage implements made during
seedbed preparation. Values ranged from 0 for no
cultivation to 3 in situations where the soil was tilled
three or more times prior to sowing (Table 3).
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
3
Table 3. Pass classes used in the current study.
Table 5. Time breakdown for different
management practices.
Pass class
Time class
0
No cultivation
1
Direct drill (no additional cultivation)
1
0-5 years
2
1-2 passes in addition to sowing
(minimum/reduced tillage)
2
6-10 years
3
11-15 years
3 or more passes in addition to sowing (reduced/
conventional tillage)
4
Greater than 15 years
3
2.2
A number of cropping systems were reviewed in the
current study. These systems ranged from dryland
cereal cropping to sugar cane growing. As with other
management components, simplified codes were
applied to the cropping system types to determine
cropping system effects on soil carbon stocks
(Table 4).
Table 4. Cropping system classes.
Code
Description
Gr
Cereals – oilseed crops
Pa
Pasture
SC
Sugar cane
Co
Cotton
Fo
Forests/woodland/scrubland
Veg
Vegetable cropping
Leg
Legumes
Gr-Pa
Cereals/oilseed-Pasture rotation
Gr-Leg
Cereals/oilseed-Legume rotation
Fa
Fallow
A ‘time’ class was developed to identify the length
of time current management practices were used.
Management time was divided into 4 classes moving
in 5 year increments until 15 years (Table 5).
4
ESTIMATION OF CARBON
AND NITROGEN STOCKS
Soil total carbon and total nitrogen stocks were
estimated to a depth of 30 cm using organic carbon
(OC) (g/g), total nitrogen (TN) (g/g) and bulk
density data. Initially, the amount of soil present on
a per hectare (ha) basis was determined, as follows:
Eq. 1
TS (Mg) = BD (Mg m-3) x SV (m3)
x 10,000 m2
Where TS is the total soil to a depth of 30 cm on a
per ha basis; BD is the bulk density of the soil; SV is
soil volume to a depth of 30 cm.
There is the potential for changes in bulk density to
affect the estimation of soil carbon densities. This
occurs because changes in bulk density affect the
reference depth of 30 cm as discussed in Murphy
et al. (in prep.). Results indicate that this is only
relevant for changes in land use involving the GI
and Gm management classes (see Figure 1). This
means that the estimates of carbon density for the
Gm and GI management classes have probably been
underestimated by 5 to 10%.
The quantity of carbon and nitrogen was then
estimated as follows:
Eq. 2
TCS = TS x OC
Eq. 3
TNS = TS x TN
Where TCS is total carbon stock; OC is organic
carbon (g/g); TNS is total nitrogen stock; and TN
is total nitrogen (g/g).
Australian Greenhouse Office
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Figure 1. Distribution of bulk densities for different management classes based on measured values.
Due to incomplete data sets, only total carbon data
is reported. Although total nitrogen densities are
not presented in this report, they were determined
where possible and are available from the authors.
2.3
BULK DENSITY PEDOTRANSFER
FUNCTIONS
Soil bulk density information is required to convert
organic carbon percentage estimates into density
equivalents (tonnes/ha) (Section 2.2). In instances
where studies did not provide bulk density
estimates, pedotransfer functions (PTFs) were used.
Examples of published PTFs are shown in Table 6.
Table 6. Published pedotransfer functions
for the estimation of soil bulk density
(international sources).
Study
Equation
Adams (1973)
BD = 100/{OM/K1 +
(100 – OM/K2)}
Alexander (1980)-A
BD = 1.66 – 0.308 (OC0.5)
Alexander (1980)-B
BD = 1.72 – 0.294(OC0.5)
Rawls (1983)
BD = 100/{(OM/K1) +
([100-OM}/K3)}
Manrique and Jones (1991)-A BD = 1.51 – 0.113 x OC
Manrique and Jones (1991)-B BD = 1.660 – 0.318 x OC1/2
Bernoux et al. (1998)
BD = 1.398 – 0.0047 (% Clay)
– 0.042 (% OC)
Tomasella and Hodnett (1998) BD = 1.578 – 0.054 (% OC)
– 0.006 (% Silt) – 0.004 (% Clay)
Kaur et al. (2002)
BD = a + b * x1 + c * x2 + d *
x3 + e * x4
Where BD, bulk density of soil (Mg/m3); OM, organic matter (units are percent for
Adams 1973 and Rawls 1983); K1, bulk density of organic matter is (0.224 Mg/m3);
K2, bulk density of mineral matter is (1.27 Mg/m3); K3, mineral bulk density (Mg/m3,
obtained from Rawls 1983); OC, organic carbon, percent; a, b, c, d, e are estimated
parameters (obtained from Kaur et al. 2002) a = 0.313; b = -0.191; c = 2.102 x 10-.02;
d = -4.76 x 10-.04; e = -4.32 x 10-.03; x1 = OC; x2 = clay; x3 =clay2; and x4 = silt.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
5
The PAWCER (plant available water capacity
estimation routine) by Littleboy (pers. comm.)
was also considered:
Eq. 4
Table 7. Summary of soils used to
evaluate various PTF equations.
θmax = (0.995+0.0011sand) x 13.2exp
Silt %
OM %
OC %
BD
29.5
15.4
3.2
1.9
1.4
Standard Error
1.9
1.0
0.4
0.2
0.02
Median
24
12
2.2
1.3
1.4
19.7
10.2
4.0
2.3
0.2
72
55
31.7
18.4
1.3
Minimum
2
1
0.3
0.2
0.7
Maximum
74
56
32
18.6
2.0
103
103
103
103
103
Mean
(-2.845 x d)+(1.0054+0.0041 x clay) x θ15
where d is soil depth in metres; and θ15 is
gravimetric water content at 1.5 MPa. Bulk density
was then estimated from θmax and clay content, as
follows:
Eq. 5
Clay %
Standard Deviation
Range
BD = (85.82 + 0.12 clay)/(θmax +37.74)
A PTF developed by Merry (pers. comm. 2000)
in Spouncer et al. (2000) was tested:
Count
Eq. 6
Predicted bulk density means and variance are
summarised in Figures 2 and 3 respectively. Variance
in data was estimated using a mean square error
equation as follows:
BD = 1.608 – 0.0872 x %C
The aforementioned PTFs were evaluated using 103
soil horizons from Stace et al. (1968) and Geeves et al.
(1995) (Table 7; Appendix 2). The published PTFs are
summarised in Table 8.
Eq. 7
Σ(BD-EBD)2/n
Table 8. Summary details of bulk density PTF studies.
Study
OC/M
range
Clay
range
Silt
range
BD range
range
Soil
type
Horizon
No. of
samples
Country
Soil
management
Adams (1973)
4 to 99%
OM
-
-
0.15-1.25
Podzolic
soils
Organic
and
eluvial
horizons
70
UK
Forest soils
Rawls (1983)
0.1-12.5%
OM
0.1 to
94%
0.1 to
93%
0.7-2.09
Range of
soil types
-
2721
USA
Range of
management
practices
Alexander
(1980-A/B)
0-19.18%
OC
1.6 to
64.7%
6.3 to
87%
0.24 to
1.98
Range of
soil types
2-292 cm
721
California
-USA
Range of
management
practices
Generally
higher
than 1% OC
Mostly
lower
than 27%
-
mean 1.3
or less
Various
soil
Taxonomy
classifications
-
12 000
(US
database)
USA
Range of
management
practices
0.04 to
12.16%
OC WB
3.9 to
90.7%
-
0.74 to
1.58
Oxisols;
Ultisols and
alfisols
1.5160 cm
323
Brazil Amazonia
-
OC
-
-
-
Range of
soil types
Range of
614
Brazil horizons (10 sites) Amazonia
-
0.07 to
2.32% OC
WB
0 to
48.1%
0 to
56%
0.85 to
1.86
Range of
soil types
Top and
subsoil
horizons
Manrique and
Jones (1991-A/B)
Bernoux et al.
(1998)
Tomasella and
Hodnett (1998)
Kaur et al. 2002
6
224
India
Agriculture,
pine forest,
oak forest
and barren
Australian Greenhouse Office
Where BD is the recorded bulk density; EBD is the
predicted bulk density; and n is the number of data
points used.
have not been used in the current study due to
inconsistent estimates for bulk densities above
1.1 Mg/m3.
The results indicate that PTFs based on organic
carbon alone produce the best bulk density
estimates, giving more reliable predictions than
other PTF’s using a wider range of soil properties
[e.g. Kaur et al. 2002; Bernoux et al. 1998]. See
Appendix 2, Table B for data and calculations.
Tomasella and Hodnett (1998), Bernoux et al.
(1998) and in particular Kaur et al. (2002) all
underestimated soil bulk density. Tomasella and
Hodnett (1998) gave reasonable estimates of soil bulk
density between 1-1.4 Mg/m3, but underestimated
higher bulk densities by 0.1 – 0.3 Mg/m3. Kaur
et al. (2002) gave inconsistent estimates for all bulk
densities (hence a very high variance of 0.23).
Due to the limitations of these PTFs and the
need for additional soil data they were not used
to predict bulk density in the current study.
The PTF described by Adams (1973) underestimated
bulk densities above 1 Mg/m3, but gave accurate
estimates for bulk densities below 1 Mg/m3. These
results were largely affected by the low bulk density
soils used by Adams (1973) and the high organic
matter contents in the soils 4-99%. Similarly, the PTF
by Rawls (1983) underestimated soil bulk density
above 1.1 Mg/m3. Although both PTFs gave good
results for low BD soils (<1.1 – 1.0 Mg/m3), they
The PTF by Littleboy (pers. comm.) was not tested
extensively due to the large range of soil parameters
required. Initial estimates indicated that this PTF
underestimated soil bulk density. The wide range
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i>˜ÊՏŽÊi˜ÃˆÌÞÊÃ̈“>ÌiÃÊ­£äÎÊÃ>“«iî
Figure 2. Mean measured (black) and predicted bulk density (grey) results for 103 typical Australian soil
horizons. Note: A and R = mean of Adams (1975) and Rawls (1983); MJ, A and M = mean of Manrique and
Jones (1991-B), Alexander (1980 –B) and Merry (pers. comm. 2000); TH, B and K = mean of Tomasella and
Hodnett (1998), Bernoux et al. (1998) and Kaur et al. (2002).
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
7
of soil parameters (PSA, moisture characteristics)
required by this PTF precludes its use given the
often limited soil data in many carbon-related
studies. Consequently, this equation was not used
to predict bulk densities.
estimates. This is probably related to the wide range
of soils used by Alexander (1980) and perhaps the
similarity of Californian soils with Australian soils.
Both Manrique and Jones (1991) and Alexander
(1980) had difficulties predicting bulk densities
above 1.5 Mg/m3.
Merry (pers. comm. 2000) gave a mean estimated
BD of 1.44 for the 103 test horizons. Although this
PTF over-estimated some bulk densities below
1.3 Mg/m3, it gave an overall low variance of 0.042
The data shows that the mean of Manrique and
Jones (1991-B), Alexander (1980-B) and Merry
(pers. comm. 2000) had the lowest variance levels
of the equations considered. Given the above
findings, the mean of these equations was used
to predict bulk density in the current study. The
combined mean gave more robust estimations and
a lower variance than individual equations. These
equations were also selected because they only
required organic carbon values to predict BD.
for the 103 test data points. At measured bulk
densities of between 1.4 to 1.7 Mg/m3, this PTF
gave good results.
Although Equation A by Manrique and Jones
(1991) gave a mean bulk density close to the
measured BD, it did not deviate greatly from a
BD of 1.5 Mg/m3. Because of this insensitivity,
this equation was not used in the current study.
Equation B, by contrast, gave good BD estimates in
most instances with a lower variance of 0.05. Both
equations from Alexander (1980) also gave good BD
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Figure 3. Variance in PTF predictions in relation to actual recorded bulk density values (ranked);
103 data points.
8
Australian Greenhouse Office
2.4
CARBON DENSITY PREDICTIONS
IN THE 10-30 CM LAYER
2.4.1 Estimations From the 0-10 cm Portion
Many studies do not provide soil carbon information
below a depth of 10 or 15 cm. From previous work in
the Northern Territory (NT) and Queensland (Qld),
Skjemstad (pers. comm. 1999) in Spouncer et al.
(2000) found that on average, the amount of carbon
in the 0-10 cm portion of a soil profile is similar to
that found in the 10-30 cm portion when converted
to tonnes C/ha. This relationship was tested by
Spouncer et al. (2000) on CSIRO and PIRSA data
and was found to be valid. The ratios were
1.1 (South Australia, SA), 0.9 (Qld) and 0.9 (NT).
For the current study, carbon density from the
10-30 cm portion of the soil was also evaluated using
33 randomly selected soils. A relationship of 0.94 was
identified for a range of soil types and management
practices. The mean of the aforementioned ratios
a)
1.2
(0.97) was used to estimate carbon densities in the
10-30 cm portion of the soil.
Relationships between the 0-10 and 0-30 cm portion
of the soil are summarised in Appendix 3.
2.4.2 Estimations From the 0-15,
0-20 and 0-25 cm Portion
Due to differences in the depth of data in some
studies, it was necessary to predict carbon densities
from the 0-15, 0-20 and 0-25 cm portions of the soil.
Randomly selected data from the reviewed studies
was used to determine the ratios. A ratio (0-15:15-30)
of 0.7 was found for the 15-30 cm portion of the soil.
This was reduced for the 20-30 cm portion of the soil,
where a ratio of 0.24 was determined. This again was
reduced by around half in the 25-30 cm portion of the
soil, where a ratio of 0.1 was identified (Figure 4a).
Variability in predictions steadily decreased from the
10-30 cm ratio to the 25-30 cm ratio (Figure 4b).
b)
Ó°ä
1.0
1.5
,>̈œ
Ratio
0.8
0.6
0.4
1.0
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.0
10-30 cm 15-30 cm 20-30 cm 25-30 cm
Predicted depth
10-30cm 15-30 cm 20-30 cm 25-30 cm
Predicted depth
Figure 4. a) Mean ratio of carbon density in 0 to 10 cm layer to other depth layers. This can be used to
predict carbon density at depths greater than 10 cm. b) Box-plots showing medians and range in data
(see Figure 6 for detailed box-plot explanation).
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
9
2.5 VERIFICATION (0-30 CM DEPTH)
Eighteen randomly selected profiles (5 depths
each; total 90 data points) from Geeves et al. (1995)
were selected to verify the bulk density and carbon
density predictions used in the current study
(Table 9). To avoid possible bias, the data points
from Geeves et al. (1995) were different from those
used for the bulk density-PTF evaluation process
(Section 2.3).
Differences in estimates (from actual carbon
densities) ranged from 0.9 t/ha for cereal cropping
soils to over 21 t/ha for woodland soils. In most
instances, however, estimates were within 5 t/ha
of actual (recorded) carbon densities.
Table 9. Comparison between predicted carbon
density (CD) and actual carbon density results
(0-30 cm depth). Carbon density (below 10 cm
depth) and bulk density were predicted for
‘estimated CD’.
Profile
Estimated CD
(t/ha)
Difference
(t/ha)
1
23.6
24.5
-0.9
2
43.1
46.6
-3.5
3
85.6
83.2
2.5
4
37.2
32.4
4.8
5
118.6
97.3
21.3
6
22.6
25.7
-3.1
7
49.8
51.9
-2.1
8
37.2
35.5
1.7
9
30.9
36.5
-5.6
10
18.2
14.1
4.1
11
17.9
27.6
-9.7
12
47.7
37.0
10.7
13
39.1
42.2
-3.1
14
35.3
41.0
-5.7
15
36.0
39.8
-3.7
16
24.3
33.3
-9.0
17
56.4
48.1
8.4
18
29.1
26.8
2.3
752.6
743.3
10
Eq. 5
y = 0.8x + 8.7 (r2 = 0.93)
The regression shows that the estimations used to
predict bulk density and ultimately carbon densities
gave good approximations for the 18 profiles
selected. Therefore we were confident to use our
predictions in this study.
2.6 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Given the unbalanced nature of the data and the
lack of a ‘control’, classification and regression tree
(CART) techniques were used to ascertain the effects
of location, climate, soil and management on soil
carbon densities. S-Plus was used for the CART
analysis and Sigma-Plot was used to present the
results in a graphical form.
2.6.1 Data Presentation
Actual CD
(t/ha)
Total
Actual and predicted carbon densities were
regressed against one another, giving the following
relationship (Figure 4):
Where appropriate box-plots were utilised to
identify patterns in data (Figure 6). Combinations
of box-plots and classification trees were used to
identify trends and relationships in data for the tree
regression analysis (Figure 7).
Australian Greenhouse Office
Ã̈“>Ìi`ÊV>ÀLœ˜Ê`i˜ÃˆÌÞÊ­ÌɅ>®
£Óä
ÞÊrÊä°ÇnäÈÝʳÊn°Èxnx
, ÓÊrÊ䰙ÎΙ
£ää
nä
Èä
{ä
Óä
ä
ä
Óä
{ä
Èä
nä
£ää
£Óä
£{ä
VÌÕ>ÊV>ÀLœ˜Ê`i˜ÃˆÌÞÊ­ÌɅ>®
Figure 5. Relationship between actual and estimated carbon densities (18 profiles; 0-30 cm depth). Carbon
density (at depths greater than 10 cm) and bulk density were predicted for ‘estimated carbon density’.
150
Outliers
TC.30cm.tonne.ha
1««iÀÊ܅ˆÃŽiÀ\ʙä¯Ê«iÀVi˜Ìˆi
1««iÀÊi`}iʜvÊLœÝ\ÊÇx¯Ê«iÀVi˜Ìˆi
100
Median is horizontal line in box
50
œÜiÀÊi`}iʜvÊLœÝ\ÊÓx¯Ê«iÀVi˜ÌˆiÊ
œÜiÀÊ܅ˆÃŽiÀ\Ê£ä¯Ê«iÀVi˜ÌˆiÊ
Outliers
0
Co
Fa
Fo
Gr Gr_Leg Gr_Pa Leg
Pa
SC
Veg
crop.class
Figure 6. Example of box-plots used to identify trends in data.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
11
Average temperature (˚C)
12.8
< 12.8
Average
temperature (˚C)
< 17.4
17.4
117.2
(8)
Management
class
Groupings
Isbell
GI,Gh,Gm,
DDa,DDb,TTa,TTb
7 others
Pw
Ferrosol
Isbell
Kandosol
Sodosol
Chromosol
Dermosol
41.2
(282)
41.9
(6)
180
103.0
(6)
28.3
(263)
79.3
(7)
Median
Number of data points
Total carbon in top 30cm (t/ha)
160
140
120
1««iÀÊi`}iʜvÊLœÝ\ÊÇx¯Ê«iÀVi˜Ìˆi
100
80
Median is horizontal line in box
60
œÜiÀÊi`}iʜvÊLœÝ\ÊÓx¯Ê«iÀVi˜Ìˆi
40
1««iÀÊ܅ˆÃŽiÀ\ʙä¯Ê«iÀVi˜Ìˆi
20
œÜiÀÊ܅ˆÃŽiÀ\Ê£ä¯Ê«iÀVi˜ÌˆiÊ
ˆÀViÃ\ʜÕ̏ˆiÀÃ
0
1
2
3
4
Group number
5
6
Figure 7. Example of classification and regression tree – box-plot combinations used to identify
associations and variance in data.
12
Australian Greenhouse Office
3. CROPPING PRACTICES
A review of literature indicated that there was a lack
of information identifying the main tillage practices
used in cropping areas of Australia. Recent work
by Swift and Skjemstad (2002) identifies stubble
burning practices in IBRA regions, but fails to
present sufficient detail on the tillage practices used
to fully represent the variability of such practices.
Although stubble retention practices provide some
insight into overall management regimes, this
information does not necessarily identify tillage
practices used, as stubble burning/retention are
used in both conventional tillage and conservation
tillage operations. Other reviews on agricultural
practices in Australia (e.g. Poole 1987, Holland et al.
1987, Hamblin and Kyneur 1993, National Land and
Water Resources Audit 2001) only provide general
information without presenting specific details on
tillage practices used in IBRA regions.
3.1 WINTER RAINFALL AREAS
Poole (1987) categorises winter rainfall area cropping
into two broad rotational systems. The first is
represented by rotations of annual legume pastures
and cereal crops with varying pasture and crop
phase lengths. These systems comprise short fallow
periods during land preparation prior to sowing
in the February-April period. This system is used
in Western Australia, Tasmania and in the better
rainfall areas of South Australia, Victoria and New
South Wales.
The second system, by contrast, has long fallow
periods, which are used to preserve soil moisture
levels and also control weeds and disease. Pasturewheat-fallow-wheat rotations are typical of this
system and are used on fine-textured soils in drier
regions of the Mallee in South Australia, the Mallee
and Wimmera areas of Victoria and drier areas of
southern and central New South Wales.
Increasingly conservation farming practices are
being used in many winter rainfall areas. The
introduction of herbicides has played a major role
in reducing the number of cultivations necessary
for weed control. Under the title ‘conservation
farming’ comes many soil management practices
ranging from reduced tillage to direct drilling of
various forms (Section 2.1). In all cases crop residue
retention may or may not be used depending upon
site specific circumstances. In addition, crop residues
may or may not be grazed by animals during fallow
periods (Poole 1987).
3.2 SUMMER RAINFALL AREAS
Holland et al. (1987) suggests that farming systems
and cultural practices in summer rainfall areas
(north of 32°S) are largely determined by rainfall
characteristics. Compared with southern Australia,
pastures and livestock play a significantly reduced
role in summer rainfall areas where continuous
cycles of crop-fallow are common. The length
of fallow in these areas varies between 5 and
19 months. A fallow of 6 months commonly precedes
wheat and 6-10 months is common for sorghum.
The extended fallow periods are used for water
conservation purposes. Four broad agricultural
systems are identified:
•
Rainfed cropping in the wheatbelt of New
South Wales and Queensland;
•
Rainfed cropping in tropical Australia;
•
Irrigated cropping throughout the summerrainfall zone;
•
Rainfed cropping on the coast of northern
New South Wales and southern Queensland.
Historically, the requirement to till the soil for weed
control during fallow periods has contributed to
widespread erosion in these areas. Stubble retention
and reduced tillage practices during the fallow are
becoming more commonly practiced with herbicides
used for weed control.
3.3 LIMITATIONS OF DATA
In many instances the reviewed studies lacked
important information necessary to evaluate changes
in soil carbon (Figures 7 and 8). Specific information
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
13
that was frequently missing and did not allow a full
account of changes in soil carbon density from the
examined trials.
a.
b.
Lack of information on plant biomasses in
years preceding the cropping phase of a trial.
Ideally years since clearing and the phase in
the crop/pasture rotation should be identified.
A legume phase in the crop may have
better nutrient levels and so better biomass
production.
The exact timing of burning of stubble is
frequently not given. This is important as
it determines how long the surface soil is
protected by stubble cover and for how
long the stubble is available for biological
breakdown.
c.
Information about the amount of stubble
present in a cropping rotation was not
presented in many studies. Stubble quantities
will impact on soil carbon levels in the
medium to longer terms, and therefore need
to be considered when evaluating the effect
particular management practices have on
carbon stocks.
d.
The grazing intensity and duration of stubble
between crops. This can influence the amount
of time that stubble will protect the soil
surface and the amount of stubble available
for biological breakdown.
e.
Identification of the degree of soil disturbance
before and during sowing.
f.
Details of fertiliser application.
100
80
80
*iÀVi˜Ì>}i
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
soil type
depthÎäÊV“
carbon
data
carbon historical
method
C
study did not have information
total
N
Min
N
exch.
BD
study had information
-ÌÕ`Þ
Figure 8. General information presented or not shown in articles examined (79 studies). Note: Depth
indicates measurements of soil carbon to a depth of 30 cm; carbon method refers to the analytical method
used to determine carbon in samples; historical C refers to historical carbon levels in the soil prior to the
experiment; and exch. refers to exchangeable cations.
14
Australian Greenhouse Office
g.
Frequently only minimal information is given
on the grazing intensities and biomass levels
in the pasture phases between cropping
phases.
h.
Soil conditions (physically and chemically) are
often not stated at the commencement of the
trial. This is essential as direct drilling into a
soil (for example) that is already structurally
degraded may result in low plant biomass
production and low carbon content.
70
60
*iÀVi˜Ì>}i
50
40
30
-ÌÕ`Þ
20
10
0
hist prior to t-5
Vœ“«Ài…i˜ÃˆÛiʈ˜vœÀ“>̈œ˜
hist t-5 to t0
tillage specific
ܓiÊ`iÌ>ˆi`ʈ˜vœÀ“>̈œ˜
stubble
}i˜iÀ>Êˆ˜vœÀ“>̈œ˜
ˆ“ˆÌi`
-ÌÕ`Þ
Figure 9. Tillage and stubble management information found in articles examined.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
15
4. DATA OVERVIEW
4.2
4.1 GENERAL
A large number of studies were reviewed to identify
carbon densities under different management
regimes across Australia (see bibliography). Of these,
studies providing the most complete information
to evaluate the effects of soil management on
carbon were used (Appendix 4a). 586 data points
were compiled from over 50 separate studies
(Figure 9). Studies had at least 1-2 useful data
points with some providing over 50 data points.
The majority of studies originated from NSW and
Queensland (Figure 10). Very few studies were
identified from the States of Tasmania or South
Australia. No relevant studies were found for
the Northern Territory or the Australian Capital
Territory.
INTERIM BIOGEOGRAPHIC
REGIONALISATION FOR
AUSTRALIA (IBRA) CELLS
The majority of studies occurred in IBRA cells 7,
70 and 76 (Figure 12). Descriptions of the IBRA
cells are shown in Table 10. These regions coincided
with the States of NSW, WA and Queensland. See
Appendix 4b for detailed tabulated information.
350
xΰ™Ê¯
300
>Ì>Ê*œˆ˜ÌÃ
250
200
Óx°{ʯ
150
100
£Î°£Ê¯
50
ΰnʯ
ΰ{ʯ
ä°Îʯ
0
NSW
Qld
WA
Vic
Tas
SA
State
Figure 10. Data points on a State by State basis.
16
Australian Greenhouse Office
40
{È°£Ê¯
35
30
œÕ˜Ì
25
ÓÈ°Îʯ
20
15
10
™°Óʯ
Ç°™Ê¯
Ç°™Ê¯
5
Ó°Èʯ
0
NSW
Qld
Vic
Tas
WA
SA
State
Figure 11. Number of studies considered in review.
160
Ó{°{ʯ
140
Ó䰣ʯ
120
œÕ˜Ì
100
80
££°Îʯ
60
n°Óʯ
Ȱxʯ
40
È°Çʯ
x°xʯ
x°£Ê¯
ΰ{ʯ
20
Ӱ{ʯ
Ó°äʯ
Ó°Çʯ
£°Çʯ
0
7
8
12
17
18
22
24
26
27
54
70
76
other
IBRA region
Figure 12. Number of data points per IBRA cell considered in current study. Note: ‘other’ includes regions
20, 35, 42, 43, 44, 61, 67 and 78.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
17
Table 10. Descriptions of relevant IBRA cells
IBRA cell
Description
7
NSW South West Slopes
8
Riverina
12
Tasmanian Midlands
17
Darling Riverine Plain
18
Mulga Lands
22
Brigalow Belt North
24
Cobar Peneplain
26
New England Tableland
27
NSW North Coast
54
Carnarvon
70
Avon Wheatbelt
76
Brigalow Belt South
20
Sydney Basin
35
Eyre and Yorke Blocks
42
Wet Tropics
43
Central Mackay Coast
44
Einasleigh Uplands
61
Jarrah Forest
67
Geraldton Sandplains
78
Victorian Midlands
4.3
Table 11. Soil types and associated number
of data points reviewed in current study.
NSW
Qld
SA
Tas
Vic
WA
Total
Chromosol
78
6
0
0
4
31
119
Dermosol
21
0
0
3
0
0
24
Ferrosol
2
16
0
5
0
0
23
Hydrosol
0
3
0
0
0
0
3
Kandosol
68
5
0
0
0
33
106
Podosol
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
Rudosol
0
6
0
0
0
2
8
Sodosol
43
1
2
3
12
2
63
Tenosol
0
0
0
3
0
9
12
Vertosol
100
116
0
6
4
0
226
Total
312
153
2
20
22
77
586
CLIMATE
4.3.1 Rainfall
A large number of studies originated in annual
rainfall zones of between 450 mm to 750 mm
(Figure 12). Fewer studies, by contrast, occurred in
lower rainfall areas of between 250 and 450 mm per
year. Only a very small number of sites occurred in
high rainfall areas exceeding 850 mm per year. The
majority of these sites were in the North Queensland
area. See Appendix 4b for tabulated data.
4.3.2 Temperature
The majority of studies originated in areas receiving
average daily temperatures of between 14.8 to
19.7 degrees Celsius (Figure 14). See Appendix 4b
for tabulated data.
18
4.4 SOIL TYPE
Several soil types were considered, ranging from
duplex chromosols to uniform vertosols (Table 11;
Appendix 4b). Vertosols were the most common soil
type examined, followed by chromosols, kandsols,
sodosols and dermosols. A small number of studies
considered ferrosols, hydrosols, tenosols and
rudosols.
4.5 CROPPING SYSTEMS
Grain/cereal cropping systems were the most
common system considered in the present study
(Table 12). Only a very small number of studies
comprised sugar cane growing systems and these
were all located in Queensland. A detailed summary
of cropping systems is presented in Appendix 5.
4.6
SOIL TILLAGE PRACTICES CONSIDERED
IN THE CURRENT STUDY
Tillage practices in the current study have been
summarised on a State by State basis (Figure 15).
Please note that this summary does not accurately
portray actual practices used in different States, as
it is largely based upon experimental site data (not
survey data) over a 20 to 30 year time period.
Australian Greenhouse Office
160
140
23.6 %
22.0 %
120
19.8 %
œÕ˜Ì
100
80
13.5 %
11.5 %
60
40
6.1 %
3.7 %
20
0
250-350
350-450
450-550
550-650
650-750
750-850
850+
,>ˆ˜v>Ê­““®
Figure 13. Average annual rainfall ranges.
120
19.8 %
17.7 %
17.7 %
100
16.4 %
80
Count
12.1 %
60
6.8 %
40
3.7 %
4.5 %
20
1.4 %
0
<12
<15
<16
<17
<18
<19
<20
<21
>21
/i“«iÀ>ÌÕÀiÊÀ>˜}iÊ­œ
®
Figure 14. Average daily temperature ranges.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
19
Table 12. Main cropping systems examined in the current study (See Section 2.1.3 Table 4 for definitions).
NSW
%
Qld
%
SA
%
Tas
%
Vic
%
WA
%
Total
%
Co
47
8.0
24
4.1
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
71
12.2
Fa
6
1.0
3
0.5
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
9
1.5
Fo
21
3.6
3
0.5
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
1
0.2
25
4.3
Gr
124
21.2
81
13.9
2
0.3
0
0.0
17
2.9
76
13.0
300
51.4
Gr-Leg
37
6.3
14
2.4
0
0.0
7
1.2
0
0.0
0
0.0
58
9.9
Gr-Pa
13
2.2
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
1
0.2
0
0.0
14
2.4
Leg
10
1.7
2
0.3
0
0.0
0
0.0
2
0.3
0
0.0
14
2.4
Pa
47
8.0
14
2.4
0
0.0
6
1.0
2
0.3
0
0.0
69
11.8
SC
0
0.0
10
1.7
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
10
1.7
Veg
7
1.2
1
0.2
0
0.0
6
1.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
14
2.4
A detailed list of management and soil distributions
on a per State and IBRA region basis can be found in
Appendices 4b and 5.
4.7 STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Of the 56 studies considered, over 20 identified
significant tillage effects on soil carbon levels
(Table 13). In most instances increasing levels
of tillage or increasing tillage periods resulted
in reductions in soil carbon. For detailed study
80
70
60
*iÀVi˜Ì>}i
DDa
50
DDb
40
TTa
30
TTb
20
10
0
NSW
Qld
Tas
Vic
WA
State
Figure 15. Distribution of tillage practices identified in the current study on a State by State basis
(go to Section 2.1.3, Table 1 for definitions).
20
Australian Greenhouse Office
Table 13. Studies with statistically significant tillage/stubble management effects.
Study
Result
Blair et al. 1998
Sugar cane trash burning resulted in greater soil carbon loss than equivalent trash retention plots
Blair 2000
No-tillage plots had higher carbon levels than cultivated plots
Carter and Mele 1992
Slight significant carbon increase in DD plots compared with stubble burnt cultivated plots
Cavanagh et al. 1991
Higher carbon levels in DD plots compared with CT plots
Chan and Mead 1988
Higher carbon levels in DD plots compared with CT plots
Chan and Hulugalle 1999
Higher carbon levels in intensively cropped plots compared with minimum tillage plots
Chan et al. 1992
No significant difference between CT and RT treatments. Significant difference between DD SR and CT SB
Chan et al. 2002
Carbon levels significantly lower in CT plots compared with DD plots
Conteh et al. 1998
Higher carbon levels in cotton stubble incorporation plots compared with stubble burning
Dalal and Mayer 1986a
Reductions in carbon and nitrogen with increasing cultivation period
Hamblin 1980
DD plots had slightly higher carbon levels than CT plots
Hamblin 1984
Carbon in CT plots was slightly lower than in equivalent direct drill and zero tillage plots
Heenan et al. 1995
C and N were lost at slower rates in DD stubble retained plots than in CT stubble burnt plots
Holford et al. 1998
Carbon was lower in long fallow treatments compared with other rotation treatments
Hulugalle and Entwistle 1997 Carbon was significantly lower in CT plots compared with RT plots
Hulugalle et al. 2002
Decrease in carbon levels with increasing tillage time
Loch and Coughlan 1984
Carbon levels slightly higher in SR compared with SB plots
Macks et al. 1996
Lower carbon levels in TT plots compared with DD plots
Mason 1992
Fallowing resulted in lower carbon levels than plots that were not fallowed. Lower carbon levels
in stubble burnt plots than in stubble incorporated plots
Smettern et al. 1992
Higher carbon levels in DD plots than in equivalent CT treatments
Sparrow et al. 1999
Intensively cropped plots had lower carbon levels compared with intermittent cropping plots
Standley et al. 1990
Losses in carbon were less in zero tillage plots than in plots prepared with disc or blade ploughs
Valzano et al. 2001b
Higher C levels in RT plots compared with DD plots
White 1990
Higher C and N levels in DD plots compared with RT plots
Willis et al. 1997
Significant differences between different tillage types
summaries, the reader is directed to Appendix
4a. Definitions for management abbreviations are
presented in Sections 2.1.1, 2.1.2 and in the Glossary
(Appendix 1).
•
The movement and incorporation of organic
matter deeper into a profile where moisture
conditions facilitate microbial breakdown;
•
The deterioration of soil physical and
associated structural properties, which then
contributes to possible soil erosion and/or
lower crop yields and dry matter production;
or
•
Physical removal of potential organic matter
source e.g. burning, grazing, baling.
Tillage-induced reductions in organic carbon may be
related to a number of mechanisms, including:
•
The physical disruption of organic matter
resulting in a higher rate of microbial
breakdown;
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
21
Importantly, there are confounding factors which
will influence the extent to which tillage modifies
soil carbon levels. For example, Valzano et al.
(2001b) showed that direct drill treatments resulted
in significantly lower organic carbon levels than
equivalent reduced tillage treatments. In this
instance, more intensive tillage facilitated improved
plant growth by breaking up the crusted surface
horizon of a sodosol. The associated improvements
in crop emergence and growth in reduced tillage
plots contributed to higher organic carbon levels
over time. This example illustrates the importance of
soil type and original soil condition when evaluating
the effects of different tillage practices on soil
properties.
Some studies showed no significant tillage effects
on soil carbon levels (e.g. Burch et al. 1986, Chan
et al. 1992, and Fettell and Gill 1995). Burch et al.
(1986) suggested that tillage did not significantly
affect soil organic carbon due to the brevity of their
trial (3 years) and also due to low rainfall during the
experimental period, which resulted in poor crop
growth regardless of treatment. It was proposed
that the dry matter production and stubble retention
were key features influencing carbon levels in this
instance. Chan et al. (1992) found that differences in
effects were only present when comparing extremes
in soil management (DD SR vs CT SB). When similar
treatments (CT and RT) were compared, organic
carbon was not significantly affected. Fettell and
Gill (1995) found no significant differences between
direct drill and cultivated plots on a red-brown
earth in Condobolin. They attributed this result to
similar crop yields and dry matter production for all
cultivation and stubble treatments, few and shallow
tillage passes (for cultivated treatments), and the
occurrence of some soil mixing to 5 cm in direct drill
plots. The reader is directed to the study by Fettell
and Gill (1995) for a more comprehensive discussion
on the effects of tillage and stubble management on
soil properties.
22
Although several studies showed that stubble
burning (compared with stubble retention or
incorporation) decreased soil organic carbon levels
over time (e.g. Blair et al. 1998, Conteh et al. 1998,
Heenan et al. 1995 and Loch and Coughlan 1984),
these effects are not universal. Other studies such
as Haines and Uren (1990) and Carter and Mele
(1992) have reported small or no responses of
organic carbon to stubble management. A lack of
response may be attributed to such factors as plant
mass production (rainfall related), base line levels of
carbon in soil, and historical management practices.
If a site has already reached an equilibrium in terms
of carbon levels and management, then tillage and
stubble burning may not produce significant short
term effects.
All of the aforementioned studies highlight the
importance of climate, location, soil type, original
soil condition, plant mass production, amount
of plant matter retained, level and type of tillage
used and length of a trial when determining the
significance of treatment effects on soil properties.
Such factors need to be considered when evaluating
the overall effect of tillage on soil carbon densities,
as site-specific issues may alter treatment outcomes.
4.8 NITROGEN
Fewer studies provided information on total and
available nitrogen levels in the soil. These studies
have been identified in Appendix 4a. In general
the nitrogen data was limited and was not always
recorded to the same depth as equivalent carbon
data. A total of five studies in New South Wales and
Queensland provided nitrate-N data. This compared
with 39 studies providing information on total
nitrogen levels in soil (Figure 16).
A total of 248 total nitrogen data points were
calculated from the 39 studies (Figure 17). No further
analysis was carried out on the nitrogen data,
however, those studies having nitrogen data are
identified.
Australian Greenhouse Office
£È
În°xʯ
£{
ÎΰÎʯ
£Ó
œÕ˜Ì
£ä
n
È
£Ó°nʯ
£ä°Îʯ
{
Ó
Ó°Èʯ
Ó°Èʯ
ä
-7
+`
-
/>Ã
6ˆV
7
-Ì>Ìi
Figure 16. Studies containing total nitrogen data.
120
39.9 %
100
Count
80
30.2 %
60
18.1 %
40
8.1 %
20
2.4 %
1.2 %
0
NSW
Qld
SA
Tas
Vic
WA
State
Figure 17. Data points on a per State basis - total nitrogen.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
23
5. CARBON STOCKS
Many independent studies in Australia
have examined tillage effects on soil carbon
(Appendix 4a), but few if any have compared tillage
impacts on an Australia-wide basis. For this reason
carbon densities have been estimated and compiled
from a large number of studies around Australia.
Factors such as site history, soil type and current
management regime have all been considered
when presenting the effects of tillage (and stubble
management) on soil carbon. The following
summarises the effects of climate, soil
and management regimes on soil carbon stocks.
5.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A detailed summary table of site and management
effects on carbon density can be found in Appendix 5.
5.1.1 Broadscale Variation in Carbon Density
The results indicate that carbon densities for
the examined data were very similar between
the States, except for Tasmanian soils, which
>®
äqÎäÊV“
comprised higher carbon levels than the other States
(Figure 18). Elevated carbon levels in these soils
are associated with the types of soils considered
(ferrosols, dermosols, vertosols) and also the lower
temperatures and higher rainfall within the region.
Carbon density variability in Tasmanian soils was
also greater than in other States. The wide range
of soils examined may have contributed to this
variability, ranging from relatively low organic
carbon soils (tenosols and sodosols) to high organic
carbon soils (dermosols and ferrosols).
5.1.2 Climate Effects on Carbon Densities
Through its effects on soil moisture and soil
temperature, climate has an effect on the rates of
addition of carbon to the soil by plant growth and
other biological activity, and the decomposition of
carbon to the soil. The relationship between carbon
density and climate can be complex, as the resulting
levels of soil carbon are dependent on the balance
between carbon inputs and the decomposition of
soil carbon.
L®
äq£äÊV“
£xä
>ÀLœ˜Ê`i˜ÃˆÌÞÊ­ÌɅ>®
>ÀLœ˜Ê`i˜ÃˆÌÞÊ­ÌɅ>®
nä
£ääÊ
xä
Èä
{ä
Óä
ä
ä
-7 +`
-
/>Ã
-Ì>Ìi
6ˆV
7
-7
+`
-
/>Ã
6ˆV
7
-Ì>Ìi
Figure 18. Box-plots of carbon densities (t/ha) at (a) 0-30 cm and (b) 0-10 cm depths, state by state basis.
24
Australian Greenhouse Office
140
Carbon density- 0–30 cm depth
i>˜ÊV>ÀLœ˜Ê`i˜ÃˆÌÞÊ­ÌɅ>®
120
100
y = 0.0002x 2 – 0.1749x + 67.159
R 2 = 0.4423
80
60
40
20
0
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
i>˜ÊÀ>ˆ˜v>Ê­““®
Figure 19a. Relationship between rainfall (up to 1000 mm/year) and soil carbon densities (t/ha).
140
Carbon density- 0–30 cm depth
i>˜ÊV>ÀLœ˜Ê`i˜ÃˆÌÞÊ­ÌɅ>®
120
100
y = 0.0009x 2 – 1.1692x + 409.47
R 2 = 0.8073
80
2
y = 0.0018x – 1.3297x + 267.52
2
R = 0.6677
60
40
20
0
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
i>˜ÊÀ>ˆ˜v>Ê­““ÉÞÀ®
Less than 550 mm per year
Greater than 550 mm per year
Figure 19b. Relationship between rainfall and soil carbon (less than 550 mm and greater than
550 mm rainfall).
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
25
Results for a number of the studies were examined
to detect general trends between soil carbon densities
and climate. These are preliminary analyses to detect
general trends and the more detailed analyses were
carried out later in the report. The relationships
reported are general trends that are consistent with
expected results based on other data and known
effects of climate on soil carbon densities. The
relationships are only indicative and not presented
as diagnostic, firmly established relationships.
In general, carbon density increased with increasing
rainfall (see Figure 19a), possibly as a consequence
of increased plant growth. However, in some areas
of higher rainfall (> 1000 mm) (see Blair et al. 1998),
higher temperatures may also be present resulting
in lower levels of soil carbon as decomposition rates
are accelerated.
A closer examination of the data in Figure 19a
indicates a breakpoint at about 550 mm. The data
was split at this point and analysed to produce two
distinct relationships between rainfall and soil carbon
(see Figure 19b). The breakpoint at 550 mm may
reflect an overall change in management systems,
from a predominantly cropping system in areas
above 550 mm to a more grazing-based system for
areas below 550 mm. Cropping systems are likely to
be more intensive when rainfall is above 550 mm.
Overall, relationships between soil carbon density
and rainfall are likely to be complex as rainfall not
only affects plant growth rates and organic matter
decomposition rates, but also the land management
practices. This brief examination of the data cannot
identify all the likely trends.
As expected, the data show that soil carbon density
decreases with increasing daily temperatures.
Increasing temperatures are associated with
increased soil biological activity (in the presence of
adequate soil moisture) and can facilitate increased
biological and chemical breakdown of organic
matter in the soil and loss of soil carbon (see Figure
20). Again this relationship is only indicative and is
consistent with expected results from other studies
on soil carbon. Not only is their variability in the
data in Figure 20 associated with differing soil types
£{ä
>ÀLœ˜Ê`i˜ÃˆÌއÊäqÎäÊV“Ê`i«Ì…
i>˜ÊV>ÀLœ˜Ê`i˜ÃˆÌÞÊ­ÌɅ>®
£Óä
£ää
ÞÊrÊ£°{ÎnÇÓÝ ÓÊqÊxÓ°ÈÈ£ÝʳÊx£{°£x
, ÓÊrÊä°xÈ{x
nä
Èä
{ä
Óä
ä
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£Ó
£{
£È
£n
Óä
ÓÓ
i>˜ÊÌi“«iÀ>ÌÕÀiÊ­œ
®
Figure 20. Relationship between mean daily temperature and soil carbon densities (t/ha).
26
Australian Greenhouse Office
and land management practices, but the range of
soil temperatures in the data set is restricted to those
associated with dryland agriculture. There is no data
from the colder, alpine type areas, which would be
required to obtain definitive relationships between
soil carbon densities and temperature.
5.1.3 Soil type and carbon densities
Trends indicate that soil type influenced carbon
density levels (Figure 20). As expected, betterstructured soils such as dermosols and ferrosols
coincided with higher carbon densities. Less fertile
soils such as sodosols and chromosols had equally
low carbon densities, with medians of less than
30 t/ha. The greatest variability in data was noted
in both dermosols and ferrosols, indicating that other
factors may dramatically alter conditions in these
predominantly fertile soils. Figure 20 shows that
relative changes in carbon density were similar
between the 0-30 cm and 0-10 cm portions of the soil.
However, variability in dermosols and ferrosols was
less in the 0-10 cm portion (Figure 20b) of the soil
compared with equivalent 0-30 cm portions (Figure 20a).
>®
5.1.4 Tillage Management Effects
on Carbon Densities
Carbon densities steadily decreased as the level
of soil disturbance increased (Figures 22, 23 and
24; Table 14 and 15). As may be expected, highly
productive pastures had the highest carbon densities
at 0-30 cm depth, followed by forest soils, grazed
pastures and cropped soils. Although differences
between tillage practices were not great, the data
shows that conventional tillage practices (TTb) with
stubble burning reduced carbon densities by up to
10 t/ha compared with equivalent DDb practices.
However, this effect was not present at a depth of
0-10 cm, giving similar carbon densities regardless of
tillage intensity (Figures 23 and 24b). The differences
between the grazing management practices (GI,
Gm and Gh) were very clear.
Standard errors in the graphs show that the level
of variance in the data is reduced with increasing
tillage intensity. This effect was expected, as tillage
will homogenise soil properties over time, reducing
the level of variability in the process.
äqÎäÊV“
L®
äq£äÊV“
£xä
>ÀLœ˜Ê`i˜ÃˆÌÞÊäq£äÊV“Ê­ÌɅ>®
>ÀLœ˜Ê`i˜ÃˆÌÞÊäqÎäÊV“Ê­ÌɅ>®
nä
£ääÊ
xä
Èä
{ä
Óä
ä
ä
…Àœ“œÃœ iÀÀœÃœ >˜`œÃœ ,Õ`œÃœ /i˜œÃœ
iÀ“œÃœ Þ`ÀœÃœ *œ`œÃœÃ -œ`œÃœ 6iÀ̜܏
…Àœ“œÃœ iÀÀœÃœ >˜`œÃœ ,Õ`œÃœ /i˜œÃœ
iÀ“œÃœ Þ`ÀœÃœ *œ`œÃœÃ -œ`œÃœ 6iÀ̜܏
Figure 21. Box-plots of soil type effects on carbon densities (t/ha) at (a) 0-30 cm and (b) 0-10 cm depths.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
27
™ä
ՓLiÀÃʈ˜ÊL>ÀÃÊÀi«ÀiÃi˜Ìʓ>˜>}i“i˜ÌÊVœÕ˜Ì
nä
/œÌ>Ê
ÊÌɅ>Ê­ÎäÊV“®Ê
Çä
Èä
xä
{ä
ÓÓ
ÈÓ
{
n™
Îä
È
££Î
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…
>
//>
£xÓ
Óä
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ä
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“
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//L
>˜>}i“i˜Ì
Figure 22. Mean tillage management effects on carbon densities, 0-30 cm depth. Error bars are
standard errors of means.
70
ՓLiÀÃʈ˜ÊL>ÀÃÊÀi«ÀiÃi˜Ìʓ>˜>}i“i˜ÌÊVœÕ˜Ì
Total C t/ha (10 cm)
60
50
40
Ç
30
20
ÓÇ
Ó
10
0
GI
Pw
Gm
{Î
È
Çx
£Ó£
™È
DDb
Gh
DDa
TTa
TTb
Management
Figure 23. Mean tillage management effects on carbon densities, 0-10 cm depth. Errors bars are
standard errors of means.
28
Australian Greenhouse Office
At 0-30 cm depth, carbon densities in DDa treatments
are lower than DDb treatments and similar to TTa
treatments. This may be attributed to poorer plant
growth in these soils, which is sometimes observed
following the adoption of direct drill/zero tillage
practices on difficult soils as described in Valzano et
al. (2001b). Past management practices and relatively
short trial periods may also have contributed to lower
organic carbon results for the DDa treatments. If trial
sites were conventionally tilled prior to the adoption
of direct drill/zero till management, then the limited
time allocated to an investigation (usually 3 years)
may not be sufficient to elevate organic carbon levels.
This factor must be considered for all treatments,
as past soil conditions and uses will directly impact
upon current management effects.
Tillage effects were more pronounced when
particular percentile groupings were considered
(Table 14). Data in higher percentile groupings
(>0.50 percentile) gave the clearest management
effect, showing a steady increase in carbon density
with less intensive or intrusive practices as follows:
>®
TTb < Gh < TTa < DDa < DDb < GI < Gm < Pw.
At lower percentiles, these trends were not as clear
or even present, indicating that carbon levels at the
lower end of the carbon density spectrum reach
an approximate baseline, causing an apparent
minimisation of tillage effects. At this end of the
spectrum, other factors such as original soil quality/
type, past management history or climate may be the
dominant factors influencing carbon levels.
Further analyses were conducted examining the
differences in carbon density between individual
land management practices (Table 15). Reflecting
results from Table 14, low percentile ranges
(5-10%) result in smaller differences in soil carbon
density than higher percentile ranges. A reversal
of treatment effects was also observed at this low
percentile range, often showing that more intensive
tillage treatments produced higher carbon densities
than less intensive land management practices.
As with Table 14, management effects became
clear at percentile ranges above 50%.
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Figure 24. Box-plots of management effects on soil carbon densities, (a) 0-30 cm and (b) 0-10 cm depths.
Floating bars represent outliers in the data set.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
29
Table 14. Summary statistics for soil carbon densities to 30 cm for the management classes used in
the analysis.
TTb
TTa
DDb
DDa
Gh
GI
Gm
Pw
n
152
138
89
113
6
4
62
22
Mean (t/ha)
31.7
35.2
41.1
35.7
37.4
63.6
53.3
58.9
Std deviation
11.8
16.5
25.0
16.3
12.3
43.2
28.6
34.5
Std error
1.0
1.4
2.6
1.5
5.0
21.6
3.6
7.4
Minimum
10.3
13.4
13.5
17.3
20.1
24.9
13.1
24.8
0.05 percentile
13.5
16.6
18.1
18.7
22.4
27.7
22.6
25.4
0.10 percentile
17.9
19.3
19.0
19.7
24.6
30.5
25.5
29.2
0.25 percentile
25.0
22.8
25.9
22.7
31.1
38.9
34.4
38.4
0.50 percentile
30.1
35.3
36.5
29.0
38.0
52.6
46.4
45.1
0.75 percentile
37.5
41.7
44.3
44.4
41.9
77.2
66.1
65.4
0.90 percentile
47.0
48.1
67.9
63.1
49.7
105.5
81.7
115.8
0.95 percentile
51.2
57.2
90.7
67.7
53.0
115.0
94.9
123.1
Maximum
87.8
119.5
157.4
94.2
56.4
124.4
154.5
150.5
These findings have two important implications:
1.
Even for supposedly conservative tillage and
grazing practices, soil carbon densities can be
low given certain combinations of climate, soil
type and past management actions.
2.
There is significantly greater potential for the
more conservative management practices to
maintain or build up soil carbon densities.
However this will only occur for certain
combinations of climate, soil type and
management actions.
A more detailed analysis of variable interactions
and associations is presented in Section 5.2 and is
discussed more fully in the supplementary report.
5.1.5 Soil and Tillage Management
The combined effect of tillage and soil type was
considered (Figure 25 and Table 16). With the
exception of sodosols, the data shows that carbon
densities generally decreased with increasing soil
disturbance. These results correspond with the
findings of Valzano et al. (2001b), where reduced
tilled sodic soils gave higher plant yields than direct
30
drilled soils and hence higher organic carbon levels.
The use of direct drill practices on sodosols is often
ineffective due to the crusted impermeable nature of
the surface soil. By contrast, tillage in sodosols may
facilitate improved plant growth by breaking up
dense surface horizons.
5.1.6 Time-Management Effects
on Soil Carbon
Figures 26 and 27 illustrate the complexities
associated with time-related effects of management
practices on carbon densities. Interpretation requires
understanding of the management history (and
initial carbon levels) of a site, as baseline conditions
will directly influence the impact current tillage
practices have on soil carbon density over time.
For example, the Gm treatment (Figure 26) shows
an initial increase in carbon levels after the first
five years. This may be indicative of a change in
management from a cropping system to a pasture
system at time zero. By contrast, the TTb and TTa
treatments show little change over time, indicating
that an approximate steady-state was reached at time
zero (i.e. sites may have been used in the same way
for many years prior to time zero). These results also
Australian Greenhouse Office
Table 15. Differences in carbon density for the tillage practices considered in this review (0-30 cm depth).
Percentiles
Tillage differences
n
Mean (t/ha)
std dev
std err
0.05
0.10
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.90
0.95
Pw - TTb
5
22.90
17.76
7.94
4.68
6.46
11.80
22.30
27.90
40.92
45.26
Pw - TTa
7
56.90
48.84
18.46
-3.40
-0.44
16.65
74.80
85.28
103.38
114.69
Pw - DDb
8
27.69
34.72
12.28
5.53
6.00
9.28
11.60
30.37
62.03
84.96
Pw - DDa
3
33.88
15.75
9.09
18.65
20.79
27.23
37.95
42.58
45.35
46.28
Pw - Gh
1
70.20
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Pw- Gm
4
37.20
36.66
18.33
7.05
7.87
10.33
28.38
55.24
73.58
79.69
Pw - Gl
2
31.90
35.64
25.20
9.22
11.74
19.30
31.90
44.50
52.06
54.58
Gl - TTb
0
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Gl - TTa
2
20.93
5.98
4.23
17.12
17.55
18.81
20.93
23.04
24.31
24.73
Gl - DDb
1
1.90
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Gl - DDa
0
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Gl - Gh
0
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Gl - Gm
2
-6.30
2.26
1.60
-7.74
-7.58
-7.10
-6.30
-5.50
-5.02
-4.86
Gm - TTb
17
18.62
10.76
2.61
4.41
7.46
11.30
16.80
24.32
33.90
36.34
Gm - TTa
10
15.48
22.22
7.03
-18.10
-1.25
6.98
19.43
27.98
34.28
40.61
Gm - DDb
13
13.32
8.63
2.39
2.47
5.22
8.70
11.00
21.60
25.58
26.54
Gm - DDa
3
16.67
25.32
14.62
-5.01
-2.92
3.35
13.80
28.55
37.40
40.35
Gm - Gh
0
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Gh - TTb
0
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Gh - TTa
1
4.60
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Gh - DDb
2
-10.77
24.14
17.07
-26.13
-24.42
-19.30
-10.77
-2.23
2.89
4.59
Gh - DDa
1
-23.00
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
DDa - TTb
27
5.91
7.46
1.44
-0.45
-0.18
1.42
3.50
8.00
16.57
22.95
DDa - TTa
17
4.82
7.78
1.89
-0.72
-0.47
0.10
2.25
5.93
13.22
20.85
DDa - DDb
11
0.16
4.15
1.25
-5.60
-5.20
-2.67
0.80
1.71
5.35
6.15
DDb - TTb
8
8.28
13.92
4.92
-6.34
-3.63
0.12
7.24
10.96
20.93
29.37
DDb - TTa
13
11.14
10.64
2.95
1.51
4.02
4.75
7.60
14.80
29.42
32.32
TTa - TTb
11
2.00
3.69
1.11
-3.85
-1.90
0.51
2.67
4.05
5.55
6.63
indicate that most of the TT sites were subjected to
intensive cropping for an extended period, as there
is little change from time zero. These data sets do not
appear to add much understanding to the losses of
soil carbon following clearing but this is covered by
Murphy et al. (2003) and Dalal and Chan (2001).
The results demonstrate some gaps in the data and
the unbalanced nature of the data set with missing
combinations. These deficiencies have caused some
problems in the analysis of the data.
5.1.7 Crop Types and Carbon Densities
Trends indicate that carbon densities were lower
in Gr and Fa cropping systems compared with
alternative cropping systems (Figure 28). This
decreasing effect on carbon density was not present
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
31
4.3
*
*
DDa
31.4
1.3
*
* 54.9
DDb
34.3
3.1
*
*
Gh
*
*
*
Gm
51.8
5.0
Gi
*
Pw
*
*
* 45.6
3.3 34.4
3.2 34.7
2.1
*
* 35.7
* 38.9
3.3
1.7
*
* 32.9
1.2
0.6 41.0
3.7
5.0
2.8 24.2
SE
5.3 32.0
Tenosol
SE
Sodosol
SE
* 37.2
SE
28.6
1.2 26.3
Vertosol
TTa
Rudosol
* 30.8
1.6 38.3
SE
SE
*
25.4
Podosol
Hydrosol
4.5
TTb
SE
SE
Kandosol
Ferrosol
4.8 51.1
SE
Dermosol
SE
Chromosol
Table 16. Mean carbon densities (t/ha) as affected by soil management and soil type. SE, standard error
of mean.
8.3
*
* 46.0
3.3 31.0
* 40.7
* 26.5
2.2 19.4
*
*
*
* 36.6
3.3
*
*
*
* 31.4
3.5
*
* 45.9
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* 48.3
4.8
*
*
* 124.4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* 65.1
* 39.2
* 38.7
3.2
*
* 65.5
* 55.0
4.3
*
*
*
*
* insufficient data
when Gr was in rotation with legumes and pastures,
resulting in increases of up to 50% in carbon density.
These results correspond with those of Tisdall and
Oades (1980), where crop rotations were shown to
increase organic carbon levels over a 50 year period.
Both crop type and soil depth influenced carbon
density variability. At 0-30 cm depth, variability
in vegetable cropping soils was greatest. This
variability was lost in the 0-10 cm portion of the soil,
where forest/woodland soils were shown to give the
most variable carbon density results.
5.2
CLASSIFICATION AND REGRESSION
TREE ANALYSIS
The complex nature of the data set and the
unbalanced design meant that classification and
regression tree analysis (CART in SPLUS) was
considered the most appropriate method to evaluate
the relative importance of various factors on the
data. The input variables were average annual
rainfall, average annual temperature, soil type
based on the Australian Soil Classification, soil
management class, implement class and the number
of passes. These variables were used to predict soil
carbon densities for 0 to 10 cm and 0 to 30 cm soil
portions.
32
5.2.1 General
The results for the CART analysis (Figures 29 to
32) show that tillage management, soil type and
climatic effects can all have a significant effect on soil
carbon density. A considerable amount of interaction
between the effects is identified. For example, some
tillage effects are more pronounced within certain
temperature/ rainfall regimes.
5.2.2 The 0 to 30 cm Layer
a.
Initial Analysis of 0 to 30 cm Data
The summary of the CART analysis for the 0 to
30 cm layer is shown in Figure 29. These results
show that carbon densities at sites with mean daily
temperatures below 12.8°C (Group 1) were generally
higher than other sites with mean daily temperatures
exceeding 12.8°C (Groups 2-6). A division is then
made into those sites with high temperatures
(>17.4°C) which generally have lower soil carbon
densities. These temperature effects correspond with
those identified in Figure 20, where carbon densities
increased with decreasing temperature.
Those sites in the lower temperature group are
then split on the management class as woodland
or not, with the woodland (Groups 3 and 4) having
a higher soil carbon density. Those sites that are
Australian Greenhouse Office
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Figure 25. Soil type - Management effects on carbon densities, 0-30 cm depth. Error bars are least
significant differences.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
33
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Figure 26. Interaction between management and time effects on carbon densities, 0-30 cm depth.
Data points per mean are unbalanced due to the nature and source of the data.
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Figure 27. Interaction between management and time effects on carbon densities, 0-10 cm depth.
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34
Australian Greenhouse Office
a)
ä‡ÎäÊV“Ê`i«Ì…
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50
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Gr_Leg
Gr_Pa
crop.class
Figure 28. Box-plots of crop effects on carbon densities, (a) 0-30 cm and (b) 0-10 cm depths
(See Section 2.13, Table 1 for crop type descriptions).
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
35
Average temperature (˚C)
12.8
< 12.8
Average
temperature (˚C)
< 17.4
17.4
117.2
(8)
Management
class
Isbell
GI,Gh,Gm,
DDa,DDb,TTa,TTb
7 others
Pw
Ferrosol
Isbell
Kandosol
Sodosol
Chromosol
Dermosol
41.2
(282)
180
41.9
(6)
103.0
(6)
3
4
Group number
28.3
(263)
79.3
(7)
5
6
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160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1
2
Figure 29. Regression tree and box-plots for climate, soil and management effects on soil carbon,
0-30 cm depth.
36
Australian Greenhouse Office
not woodland form a large group (Group 2) that is
subjected to further analysis as shown in Figure 30.
Those sites in the high temperature split (>17.4°C)
are then separated on the occurrence of Ferrosols
(Group 6), with this soil type having a relatively high
soil carbon density compared with the non-Ferrosols
(Group 5). Group 5 is a large group and further
analysis of this group is presented in Figure 31.
b.
Further Analysis of Group 2 from the
CART (Figure 29) 0 to 30 cm Data
To identify additional effects, further analysis was
carried out on Group 2 from Figure 29 as shown in
Figure 30. Group 2 included those sites with mean
annual temperatures between 12.8°C and 17.4°C,
and management classes other than woodland (Pw).
The first split in this group is based on rainfall
<662 mm with the higher rainfall areas clearly
having higher soil carbon densities. Rainfall at
570 mm, 650 mm and 460 mm then splits the group
further, with the level of soil carbon generally falling
slightly as rainfall falls. This is consistent with the
relationship shown in Figure 19. In rainfall areas
of 460 to 570 mm per year management class splits
Groups 2 and 3 where Gh and TTb management
classes give lower carbon densities than the other
management classes. Management class also splits
Groups 6 and 7 where the TTa and TTb management
classes produced carbon densities 25% lower than
DDa, DDb and Gm treatments. These results show
that in particular temperature/rainfall zones, tillage
management can have a strong influence on carbon
densities in soils.
c.
Further Analysis of Group 5 from the
CART (Figure 29) for 0 to 30 cm Data
a range of management classes including DDa,
DDb, TTa, TTb and GI, is then split on the basis
of temperature (<17.9°C) and rainfall. These splits
are consistent with previous ones in that lower
temperatures and higher rainfalls give higher soil
carbon densities. The split so close to 17.4°C may
be an artefact of the unbalanced data set, but the
group included sites from Western Australia and the
Macquarie Valley in New South Wales. Implement
class was identified in splitting Groups 4 and 5
(Figure 31), giving the unexpected result that
the use of minimal disturbance implements
(Group 1) resulted in lower carbon densities than
higher disturbance implements (Groups 2 and 4).
The types of soils within each group may have
contributed to this unexpected result. Many of the
soils within Group 4 were poorly structured sodosols
and vertosols, in which direct drilling or minimum
disturbance tillage may disadvantage early growth
of plants. By contrast, soils in Group 5 included
better structured vertosols, which contribute to
improved plant growth and a related increase in
organic carbon levels.
d.
General Implications of CART
Analysis for 0 to 30 cm Data
The CART analysis of the 0-30 cm data demonstrated
the effects of temperature, rainfall, soil type and
management class on soil carbon density to 30 cm.
Although interpretation of the results is difficult
due to the lack of a completely balanced set of data,
the analysis especially demonstrated the strong
interactions between these effects in the data. The
following general trends from the data have been
distinguished.
1.
The divisions in mean annual temperature
which account for most of the variability in
soil carbon densities to 30 cm are <12.8°C,
12.8 to 17.4°C and >17.4°C with carbon
density falling as temperature increases.
2.
Woodland or uncleared sites are distinguished
from other management classes because of
their generally higher levels of carbon density.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
37
Group 5 included those sites with a mean annual
temperature greater than 17.4°C and a soil type other
than ferrosol. The first split in the group is based
on the occurrence of the Gm and Pw management
classes, with these classes having higher soil carbon
densities. The Gm/Pw group is then split on rainfall
(>490 mm) with the higher rainfall having a higher
soil carbon density. The remaining group with
< 661.5
Average rainfall (mm)
661.5
Management class
Av. rain
567
< 567
TTa
TTb
Av. rain
Av. rain
< 459
459
< 655.5
655.5
Management
class
34.5
(27)
DDa
DDb
Gm
DDa, DDb
30.0
GI, Gm
(64)
TTa
Gh
TTb
35.3
(19)
46.3
(64)
2
3
40.0
(25)
42.9
(41)
57.0
(42)
6
7
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100
80
60
40
20
0
1
4
Group number
5
Figure 30. Subset regression tree and box-plots for Group number 2 (Figure 29), climate, soil and
management effects on soil carbon, 0-30 cm depth.
38
Australian Greenhouse Office
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Figure 31. Subset regression tree and box-plots for Group number 5 (Figure 29), climate, soil and
management effects on soil carbon, 0-30 cm depth.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
39
3.
At temperatures higher than 17.4°C the
ferrosol soil type has a higher soil carbon
density than other soil types, but this may
only be an effect of the lack of a balanced
design in the data.
4.
For temperatures between 12.8 and 17.4°C, a
critical level of rainfall is identified at 662 mm.
Where annual average rainfall is higher than
662 mm, management class has definite effects
on soil carbon density with the combination of
DDa, DDb and Gm giving higher soil carbon
densities (57 t/ha/30 cm) than the combination
of TTa and TTb management classes
(43t ha/30 cm).
5.
For temperatures between 12.8 and 17.4°C
and average rainfall less 662 mm the CART
analysis indicates that the variation in soil
carbon density is affected by further critical
values of annual average rainfall of 567 and
459 mm. Further division of this group is
based on management class and temperature,
with the general trends being continued where
higher soil carbon densities are associated
with higher rainfall, lower temperature and
less exploitive tillage practices.
6.
For mean annual temperatures greater than
17.4°C a critical division is made between
the cropping/ high production grazing land
management practices (DDa, DDb, GI, TTa
and TTb) and the woodland/light grazing
practices (Pw, Gm). For the woodland/light
grazing practices a critical average annual
rainfall of 486 mm is identified with the
higher rainfall having the higher soil carbon
density (52 t/ha/30 cm compared with
27 t/ha/30 cm).
7.
Where mean annual temperature is higher
than 17.4°C and land management practices
are cropping/ high production grazing (DDa,
DDb, GI, TTa and TTb), a division is made at
17.9°C, but the critical division appears to be
at mean annual rainfall of 464 mm. The group
40
with a mean annual rainfall less than 464 mm
is further divided on the basis of soil type,
but this division is most likely a consequence
of the unbalanced data-set. The same is true
for the effect of implement class where mean
annual rainfall is more than 464 mm.
5.2.3 The 0 to 10 cm Layer
a.
Results for CART Analysis
for 0 to 10 cm Data
The results for the CART analysis for the 0 to
10 cm data are presented in Figure 32. The data
for management class Pw was not included in the
analysis as it was very different from the other data
and had such a high variability that it tended to
distort the CART analysis. Management, climate
and soil effects were identified for the analysis of
the 0-10 cm layer. The first split is based on a mean
annual temperature of 17.6°C with those sites having
a higher temperature having lower soil carbon.
The group with temperatures less than 17.6°C is
then split on management class with the GI and
Gm classes having higher carbon densities than
the other management classes. The next splits are
based on soil type and temperature. For those sites
with temperatures greater than 17.6°C, the next
split is based an annual rainfall of 727 mm with
the higher rainfall having the higher soil carbon
level. The group with rainfall less than 727 mm is
then split on the basis of soil type with a Vertosol/
Kandosol group having higher soil carbon densities
than the Chromosol/Sodosol group. In fact the
Chromosol/Sodosol group here has the lowest soil
carbon density of any of the groups identified with
an average value of 9.28 t/ha/10 cm. Overall there
is a rainfall effect on carbon densities, giving higher
carbon levels with increasing rainfall (groups 5 and
6). A distinct management effect is also identified
where an increase in soil carbon levels is associated
with reduced levels of soil disturbance (tillage to
pasture to woodland). These results correspond with
previous findings, where decreasing disturbance is
associated with increasing levels of carbon in soil.
Australian Greenhouse Office
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Figure 32. Regression tree and box-plots for climate, soil and management effects on soil carbon,
0-10 cm depth.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
41
b.
General lmplications of CART
Analysis for 0 to 10 cm Data
The CART analysis of the 0-10 cm data demonstrated
the effects of temperature, rainfall, soil type and
management class on soil carbon density to 10 cm.
It especially demonstrated the strong interactions
between these effects in the data, in spite of the
difficulty in the interpretation of the results due to
the lack of a completely balanced set of data. The
following general trends from the data have been
distinguished.
1.
Woodland or uncleared sites are distinguished
from other management classes because of
their generally higher levels of carbon density.
2.
The divisions in mean annual temperature
which account for most of the variability in
soil carbon densities to 30 cm are <17.6°C
and >17.6°C with carbon density falling as
temperature increases.
3.
Where average annual temperature is more
than 17.6°C, an annual average rainfall of
727 mm is a critical division for soil carbon
density to 10 cm.
4.
Where average annual temperature is less
than 17.6°C, land management practices are
critical with low to moderate grazing having
higher soil carbon densities (28 t/ha/10 cm)
than cropped land or high intensity grazing
(20t/ha/10 cm). For the low to moderate
grazing land management practices, an annual
average rainfall of 679 mm is indicated as
being critical, with the higher rainfall giving a
higher carbon density (37t/ha/10 cm).
5.
For the cropping and high intensity grazing
land management practices here average
annual temperature is less than 17.6°C and soil
type divides the data with Chromosols giving
lower carbon densities. The Chromosol group
is further subdivided on the basis of annual
average temperature (15.8°C). The actual
management classes are only used to divide
the data at lower levels in the CART analysis.
42
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 GENERAL
This review and reanalysis shows that while
there is a general effect of tillage practices on soil
carbon, there are other factors which determine
the significance of effects, including plant mass
production, temperature, rainfall and soil type.
An obvious result that has been reported previously
is that clearing native vegetation areas or well
established pastures with high biomass levels results
in losses of soil carbon of 10 to 30 t/ha/30 cm.
However, the actual loss of soil carbon when
changing from a pasture phase to a cropping phase
is dependent on the condition and management of
the pasture, i.e. if the pasture is poorly managed
and grazed heavily, it will have much lower carbon
densities than a well managed pasture.
Correlation and regression tree analysis confirmed
that climatic conditions and soil type interacted
with tillage, influencing the extent to which tillage
changed soil carbon density levels.
In general, carbon in the 0 to 30 cm layer was
affected by tillage practices. Increasing levels of
tillage and soil disturbance reduced soil carbon
densities in many instances. Differences of up to
25% between conventional tillage practices and
conservation tillage practices were identified. Of the
tillage practices examined, DDb treatments produced
the highest potential carbon densities. As expected,
the lowest potential carbon densities were associated
with TTb practices - indicating that higher levels of
soil disturbance in combination with stubble burning
will result in greater carbon losses from soil than
less intensive tillage regimes with stubble retention/
incorporation. However the effects of tillage on soil
carbon densities are complicated by climate, soil type
and the nature and timing of specific management
actions within the broad groupings of management
practices used in this study. As a consequence there
is considerable variation of soil carbon densities
within each of the broad management groupings.
Australian Greenhouse Office
Cereal cropping systems (stubble retained and
burnt) produced lower carbon densities than other
cropping systems. However, when in rotation with
pastures or legumes, cereal cropping frequently did
not decrease carbon levels. These results correspond
with existing research, where crop rotations were
shown to maintain or increase organic carbon levels
in soils, or at least minimise losses.
The results showed that carbon increased with
increasing rainfall and decreasing temperatures as
discussed in Dalal and Chan (2001). As expected soil
type also directly influenced soil carbon levels, as it
can affect plant biomass production. Well structured
soils such as Ferrosols and Dermosols showed
higher soil carbon levels than poorer structured soils
such as Sodosols and Kandosols. Soil type interacted
with tillage management, influencing the extent to
which tillage changed carbon densities. Inherently
poor quality soils (e.g. Sodosols and Vertosols with
poorly structured surfaces) gave lower carbon levels
regardless of the intensity of tillage used. This effect
confounded results in some instances, as low levels
of soil disturbance in these poor quality soils caused
poor plant growth, lower soil carbon inputs and
so lower carbon densities than tillage systems with
greater levels of soil disturbance.
In analysing the data several conclusions became
evident. As Dalal and Chan (2001) have pointed out,
soil carbon densities are especially sensitive to the
input of carbon from plant growth, so any factors
that limit plant growth (e.g. climate or management)
will impact on carbon density. Management factors
that can affect plant biomass production include long
bare fallow either by herbicide or tillage, overgrazing
of stubble or pasture and fertiliser and nutrient
management. Similarly any factors that accelerate
the breakdown of soil carbon will also strongly affect
soil carbon levels. These are higher temperatures and
management factors such as tillage particularly by
disc ploughs that invert the soil. What is clear is that
the tillage practices as defined into general terms
such as “direct drill”, “reduced till”, “traditional
tillage” and “pasture” are insufficient to predict the
likely soil carbon densities. This is because the set of
management practices included under the umbrella
of these labels is actually quite wide in relation to
those specific factors that affect the input of carbon
into the soil and the decomposition of carbon. There
is the need to list those specific practices that add
carbon to the soil, and those that cause losses. When
this is done it is apparent why the variability of soil
carbon within the management classes is so high.
For example, soil under traditional tillage in a high
rainfall area with moderate temperatures may have
very high yields due to the nutrient and agronomic
management of crops and high biomass pastures
between cropping phases. This will tend to keep soil
carbon levels higher than expected. Alternatively, a
soil under direct drilling in a low rainfall area with
high temperatures may be a difficult soil with a
sodic surface which minimises the success of direct
drilling, giving low yields. Stubble may be heavily
grazed and any pasture phases involve only sparse,
volunteer native pastures. Even under direct drilling
then, the soil carbon density would be low. The clear
answer is that a model would greatly help identify
the best management options for maximising soil
carbon density.
Examination of literature indicates that there is a
limited amount of comprehensive information on
tillage practices around Australia that could be used
to specifically predict likely soil carbon densities
under different tillage systems. Given the findings
of this study, it is perhaps necessary to identify in
greater detail those management actions which
increase soil carbon density and those which cause
soil carbon losses. These also need to be related
to the specific climatic variables and soil types of
a specific area. Application of soil carbon models
would be a potentially effective means of achieving
this.
6.2
•
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
OUTCOMES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It is not possible to obtain a single simplified
effect of tillage. Because the data set was not
completely balanced with respect to climate,
43
soil type and tillage practices, it was difficult
to develop a complete picture of parameter
effects and their interactions.
•
•
Further survey-based research is required
to identify tillage management practices in
Australia. Current information is limited
or does not provide sufficient details to
identify actual tillage practices used, lacking
information on: timing of tillage, number
of tillage passes, and plant growth prior
to sampling for soil carbon analysis. This
suggests that traditional management
classifications (e.g. DD, TT, grazing) do not
provide sufficient resolution.
Further analysis of the data is justified using
the critical climatic divisions identified by the
CART analysis.
•
It is clear that many factors affect soil carbon
density outside those accounted for by a
relatively simple classification of soil tillage
practices. Modelling is the only means to take
all of these factors into account.
•
Tillage intensity should be considered when
identifying carbon densities in soils. This
study clearly shows that tillage intensity
(and implement types used) can impact on
carbon density in various situations.
•
•
44
The review and analyses did not show a
single, simple straight forward effect of
tillage on soil carbon density. However, there
was enough evidence to show that changes
in soil carbon density can be achieved by
adopting particular tillage practices in specific
ecological niches.
Some studies showed significant increases
in carbon with changes in tillage practices.
However whether significant differences were
observed depended on factors such as climatic
zone, plant yield (grain and/or biomass),
stubble management, length and type of
pasture phase preceding the cropping phase
and length and type of fallow preceding the
cropping phase. There is a need to redefine
tillage practices emphasising those factors that
specifically affect soil carbon levels and results
from the carbon modelling could be used to
do this.
•
Likely changes in soil carbon densities
associated with changes in soil tillage
practices are of the order of 5 to 10 t/ha
when they occur, but it is clear that rainfall
and temperature have bigger impacts on
soil carbon density. Any differences in soil
carbon density associated with different
tillage practices tended to be greater in higher
rainfall areas.
•
Nitrogen data was recorded in 39 studies
providing a total 248 data points. Preliminary
examination of results indicated that
nitrogen was influenced by management
practices. However, further analysis and data
development is required to identify tillage
effects on total nitrogen to a depth of 30 cm.
•
Potential sites (with well documented
histories) for future carbon monitoring have
been identified as follows:
•
NSW Agriculture, Agricultural Research
Institute (Chan et al. 1992), Wagga Wagga
•
Department of Land and Water
Conservation Research Centre, Cowra
•
Long-term agricultural sites identified
by Cotching et al. 2001, 2002 a.b.c.,
Tasmania
•
Cotton growing districts identified
in Conteh et al. (1997)
•
Australian Cotton Research Institute,
Narrabri (Hulugalle et al. 1998)
•
NSW Department of Agriculture Research
Station at Condobolin (Fettell and Gill
et al. 1995), and
•
CSIRO Harden site (Gupta et al. 1994)
Australian Greenhouse Office
Further work is required to compile unpublished
data containing comprehensive site information.
This data can then be used to check models
developed from the current data-set. A list of some
of the unpublished data not considered includes:
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Valzano, F.P., Greene, R.S.B., Murphy, B.W. (1997)
Direct effects of stubble burning on soil hydraulic
properties in a direct drill tillage system. Soil and
Tillage Research 42, 209-219.
Whitbread, A.M., Lefroy, R.D.B., Blair, G.J., (1998)
A survey of the impact of cropping on soil physical and
chemical properties in north-western New South Wales.
Australian Journal of Soil Research 36, 669-81.
Valzano, F.P., Greene, R.S.B., Murphy, B.W.,
Rengasamy, P., Jarwal, S.D. (2001a) Effects of gypsum
and stubble retention on the chemical and physical
properties of a sodic grey Vertosol in western Victoria.
Australian Journal of Soil Research 39, 1333–1347.
White, P.F. (1990) The influence of alternative tillage
systems on the distribution of nutrients and organic
carbon in some common Western Australian wheatbelt
soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research 28, 95-116.
Valzano, F.P., Murphy, B.W., Greene, R.S.B. (2001b)
The long-term effects of lime (CaCO3), gypsum
(CaSO4.2H2O), and tillage on the physical and chemical
properties of a sodic red-brown earth. Australian Journal
of Soil Research 39, 1307–1331.
Van Gestel, M., Ladd, J.N., Amato, M. (1992)
Microbial biomass responses to seasonal change
and imposed drying regimes at increasing depths
of undisturbed topsoil profiles. Soil Biology and
Biochemistry 24, 103-111.
Wells, A.T., Chan, K.Y., Cornish, P.S. (2000)
Comparison of conventional and alternative vegetable
farming systems on the properties of a yellow earth
in New South Wales. Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 80, 47–60.
Wild, M.R., Koppi, A.J., McKenzie, D.C., McBratney,
A.B. (1992) The effect of tillage and gypsum application
on the macropore structure of an Australian Vertisol used
for irrigated cotton. Soil and Tillage Research 22, 55-71.
Willis, T.M., Hall, D.J.M., McKenzie, D.C., Barchia,
I. (1997) Soy bean yield as affected by crop rotation, deep
tillage and irrigation layout on a hardsetting Alfisol. Soil
and Tillage Research 44, 151-64.
Yeates, S.J., Abrecht, D.G., Price, T.P., Mollah, W.S.,
Hausler, P. (1996) Operational aspects of ley farming
systems in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia:
a review. Australian Journal of Experimental
Agriculture 36, 1025-1035.
West, T.O., Marland, G. (2002) A synthesis of carbon
sequestration, carbon emissions, and net carbon flux in
agriculture: comparing tillage practices in the United
States. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 91,
217–232.
Whitbread, A.M., Blair, G.J., Lefroy, R.D.B. (1999)
Managing residues and fertilisers to enhance the
sustainability of wheat cropping systems in Australia.
In Integrated nutrient management in farming
systems in southeast Asia and Australia. (Ed.
A.M. Whitbread, G.J. Blair), Proceedings of an
International Workshop, Vientiane, Laos pp. 15-20.
Whitbread, A.M., Blair, G.J., Lefroy, R.D.B. (1999)
Managing residues and fertilisers to enhance the
sustainability of wheat cropping systems in Australia.
2. Soil physical fertility and carbon. Soil and Tillage
Research 54, 77-89.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
55
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1
GLOSSARY
Bulk density
The mass of dry soil per unit bulk volume. Bulk density is a measure of soil porosity, with low values
meaning a highly porous soil and vice versa.
Carbon cycle
The natural cycling of carbon through soil and air.
Carbon density
The density of carbon in soil. Expressed as tonnes of carbon per hectare of land.
Clay soil
A soil comprising at least 35% clay and no more than 40% silt in the B horizon (Charman and
Murphy 2000).
Conservation tillage
Tillage practices that aim to reduce soil disturbance. May include reduced or no tillage practices,
modified tillage implements and stubble retention.
Conventional tillage
Tillage practices that result in significant soil disturbance during seedbed preparation, contributing
in significant mixing of soil and the breakdown of soil aggregates.
Crop rotations
Varying crop types from season to season to improve soil conditions and fertility and to break weed,
pest and disease cycles.
CT
Conventional tillage.
Direct drill
No tillage or direct drill systems are those in which stubble is retained for the maximum length of time
prior to sowing a new crop. Weeds are controlled with herbicides and rotations and there may be limited
or no grazing. Ground disturbance is kept to a minimum at sowing time and seedbeds are not tilled prior
to sowing. Permanent beds in horticultural systems are also grouped under the no-tillage classification.
DD
Direct drill.
IBRA regions
Interim Biogeographical Regionalisation for Australia.
Loam
A medium-textured soil of approximate composition 10 to 25% clay, 25 to 50% silt, and less than
50% sand.
Minimal tillage
See reduced tillage.
MT
Minimal tillage.
No-tillage
See direct drill.
Nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen occurs in soil in both mineral and organic forms, and is lost and gained though a number
of biological pathways that link together to form the nitrogen cycle (Strong and Mason 1999).
NT
No tillage.
Organic carbon
The carbon component of organic matter.
Organic matter
Soil organic matter is derived from the breakdown of plants and animals. Organic matter helps bind
soil particles together, provides nutrients to plants and soil organisms, and protects soil from physical
or chemical degradation.
Pedotransfer functions
Methods of predicting soil parameters using other related soil parameters.
Reduced tillage
The aim of reduced tillage systems is to minimise soil disturbances, while at the same time achieving a
viable seedbed for crop growth. Landholders practicing reduced tillage may utilise cultivation implements
that minimise the area, depth and extent of soil disturbance, thus minimising the overall impact of
cultivation on soil physical properties and structure. As with no-tillage systems, weeds and diseases are
usually controlled with herbicides and crop rotations.
SB
Stubble burnt.
Soil structure
The combination or spatial arrangement of primary soil particles (clay, silt, sand, gravel) into
aggregates such as peds or clods and their stability to deformation (Charman and Murphy 2000).
56
Australian Greenhouse Office
Stubble incorporation
This traditional practice is rarely used in cereal cropping systems, but is still commonly used in vegetable
cropping or irrigated cropping systems. Stubble incorporation involves the use of tillage implements to
incorporate remnant plant residue into the soil following harvest. Traditionally this practice was considered
useful in returning organic matter to the soil and protecting the soil from erosion. However, it can
contribute to the transference of plant pathogens from one crop unto another.
SI
Stubble incorporated.
Stubble retention
Stubble retention practices involve leaving crop residues at the soil surface. Residues may be grazed
prior to sowing a subsequent crop. This method of stubble management protects the soil surface for
erosional processes while retaining carbon at the soil surface. This method of stubble management is
associated with direct drill/no till systems, but may be used in reduced tillage and conventional
tillage systems.
SR
Stubble retained.
Tillage
Tillage can be divided into two main groups, conservation practices and conventional practices.
Conservation tillage practices are associated with reduced or no soil disturbance and include practices
ranging from ‘zero tillage/direct drill’ to ‘reduced tillage/minimum tillage’. Conventional tillage, by contrast,
contributes to greater soil disturbance and is associated with more ‘traditional’ cropping practices.
Crop residue (stubble) may be burnt, grazed or incorporated in either conservation or conventional
tillage systems.
Traditional tillage
See conventional tillage.
TT
Traditional tillage.
ZT
Zero tillage.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
57
APPENDIX 2
PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTION EVALUATIONS
Table A. Soil profiles used to evaluate pedotransfer functions
Source
Stace et al.
Soil type
ID
Profile
Depth (cm)
Clay %
Silt %
OM %
Grey, brown and red clays
1
1
0-5
54.00
16.00
3.00
1.74
1.00
2
5-10
58.00
16.00
2.20
1.28
1.40
3
10-20
60.00
16.00
2.20
1.28
1.40
4
30-46
63.00
17.00
1.30
0.76
1.50
0-10
60.00
6.00
2.90
1.69
1.20
6
10-20
50.00
17.00
1.40
0.81
1.40
7
30-45
49.00
17.00
1.20
0.70
1.50
8
45-60
49.00
16.00
0.90
0.52
1.50
0-3
54.00
6.00
3.10
1.80
1.25
10
3-10
56.00
8.00
1.60
0.93
1.11
11
10-20
63.00
4.00
4.90
2.85
1.19
0-5
42.00
17.00
6.90
4.01
0.92
5-10
48.00
17.00
7.30
4.24
1.30
0-2
25.00
18.00
4.10
2.38
1.50
10-20
43.00
17.00
1.60
0.93
1.60
1968
5
9
12
2
3
4
13
14
5
15
Black earth
16
1
0-5
38.00
18.00
7.20
4.19
1.30
17
2
0-5
43.00
12.00
5.60
3.26
1.20
5-10
48.00
11.00
3.50
2.03
1.30
0-10
18.00
12.00
2.20
1.28
1.10
20
10-20
23.00
14.00
1.50
0.87
1.40
21
20-30
23.00
12.00
1.40
0.81
1.40
0-5
23.00
6.00
1.20
0.70
1.40
10-20
52.00
5.00
1.20
0.70
1.10
1-10
19.00
11.00
1.40
0.81
1.20
10-20
67.00
4.00
1.60
0.93
1.10
0-5
39.00
16.00
6.60
3.84
1.30
5-10
44.00
16.00
6.50
3.78
1.30
0-10
6.00
4.00
2.20
1.28
1.30
30-45
3.00
6.00
0.40
0.23
1.40
0-5
11.0
8.0
3.4
1.98
1.7
31
10-20
8.0
9.0
0.6
0.35
1.8
32
20-25
53.00
9.00
1.50
0.87
2.00
0-5
24.00
21.00
5.60
3.26
1.20
34
5-13
20.00
24.00
2.70
1.57
1.50
35
13-20
33.00
19.00
1.30
0.76
1.40
0-1
21.00
25.00
9.00
5.23
1.20
18
Grey-brown calcareous soils
Desert loam
19
22
1
1
23
24
2
25
Prairie soils
26
1
27
Solodized solonetz and solodic soils
28
1
29
30
Soloth
33
36
58
OC % Actual BD
2
1
2
Australian Greenhouse Office
37
Solonized brown soils
0.80
0.47
1.60
39
2
0-4
9.00
1.00
3.90
2.27
1.50
40
3
0-7
19.00
6.00
1.90
1.10
1.50
10-20
40.00
19.00
1.20
0.70
1.20
10-20
12.00
8.00
1.70
0.99
1.60
40-60
44.00
6.00
0.50
0.29
1.50
0-10
25.00
38.00
2.70
1.57
1.30
20-30
47.00
30.00
0.70
0.41
1.60
0-10
27.00
31.00
1.80
1.05
1.40
14-20
33.00
27.00
0.60
0.35
1.60
10-20
10
56
9.5
5.52
1.1
20-30
15
53
5
2.91
1.2
0-10
72.00
11.00
5.60
3.26
0.90
51
10-20
74.00
12.00
3.50
2.03
1.10
52
20-30
73.00
15.00
3.10
1.80
1.10
0-1
28.00
36.00
32.00
18.60
0.80
20-30
33.00
41.00
6.70
3.90
1.00
0-4
13
14
1.7
0.99
1.2
4-14
19.00
21.00
1.40
0.81
1.30
0-10
12.00
6.00
0.70
0.41
1.70
58
10-20
28.00
6.00
0.50
0.29
1.50
59
20-30
45.00
5.00
0.90
0.52
1.50
0-10
22.00
10.00
2.50
1.45
1.60
61
10-20
26.00
10.00
1.50
0.87
1.40
62
40-60
55.00
6.00
0.60
0.35
1.40
0-10
14.00
6.00
5.40
3.14
1.30
20-30
21.00
6.00
2.70
1.57
1.50
0-5
38.00
32.00
10.00
5.81
1.00
10-20
45.00
35.00
4.00
2.33
1.30
0-10
25.00
25.00
16.00
9.30
0.70
10-30
22.00
34.00
6.20
3.60
0.80
0-20
58.00
10.00
4.10
2.38
1.40
20-90
68.00
10.00
2.70
1.57
1.50
0-10
11.00
12.00
5.90
3.43
1.50
10-35
7.00
12.00
0.60
0.35
1.60
0-10
7.00
25.00
3.70
2.15
1.40
20-25
4.00
27.00
0.30
0.17
1.50
0-15
3.00
6.00
3.20
1.86
1.40
15-30
6.00
8.00
1.30
0.76
1.70
0-10
7.00
11.00
2.40
1.40
1.40
42
1
2
3
47
Chocolate soils
48
Chocolate soils
49
50
53
1
2
1
54
55
1
56
57
60
63
2
1
2
64
65
1
66
Krasnozem
67
1
68
69
2
70
Red podzolic
71
1
72
Yellow podzolic
1.40
1.00
46
Xanthozem
1.80
7.00
45
Red earths
3.10
0-10
44
Calcareous red earths
28.00
1
43
Brown earths
20.00
38
41
Red-brown earths
1-10
73
1
74
75
2
76
77
3
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
59
APPENDIX 2
PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTION EVALUATIONS continued
Table A. Soil profiles used to evaluate pedotransfer functions continued
Source
Soil type
ID
Profile
Depth (cm)
Clay %
Silt %
OM %
OC % Actual BD
Stace et al.
78
10-20
7.00
9.00
1.00
0.58
1.70
1968
79
20-30
8.00
9.00
0.60
0.35
1.50
5-10
23.00
22.00
4.30
2.50
1.20
10-20
28.00
19.00
2.90
1.69
1.60
0-10
7.00
13.00
1.90
1.10
1.80
83
10-20
14.00
14.00
0.90
0.52
1.60
84
20-30
18.00
12.00
0.60
0.35
1.70
0-5
2.00
6.00
1.90
1.10
1.40
10-20
3.00
6.00
0.40
0.23
1.50
A
8.00
9.00
1.84
1.07
1.60
B
8.00
10.00
0.67
0.39
1.61
A
9.00
10.00
1.96
1.14
1.69
B
36.00
8.00
0.31
0.18
1.70
A
15.00
11.00
8.63
5.02
1.41
B
20.00
8.00
0.38
0.22
1.60
A
29.00
18.00
4.54
2.64
1.60
B
42.00
17.00
2.92
1.70
1.43
A
38.00
24.00
11.66
6.78
1.40
B
61.00
16.00
2.46
1.43
1.42
A
10.00
14.00
1.00
0.58
1.59
B
11.00
16.00
0.46
0.27
1.60
Brown podzolic
80
1
81
Lateritic podzolic
Gleyed podzolic
82
85
1
1
86
Geeves et al.
Non-calcic brown
1995
87
1
88
Non-calcic brown
89
2
90
Red-brown earths
91
3
92
Euchrazem
93
4
94
Geeves et al.
Euchrazem
1995
95
5
96
Red-brown earths
97
6
98
Non-calcic brown
99
7
A
13.00
10.00
1.81
1.05
1.59
Non-calcic brown
100
8
A
14.00
15.00
3.68
2.14
1.63
B
45.00
11.00
0.57
0.33
1.61
A
14.00
30.00
2.82
1.64
1.56
B
23.00
25.00
0.71
0.41
1.62
101
Yellow earth
102
103
60
9
Australian Greenhouse Office
APPENDIX 2
PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTION EVALUATIONS continued
Table B. Predicted bulk densities using various PTFs
ID
Actual BD
Adams
(1973)
Rawls
(1983)
Manrique
and Jones
(1991-A)
Manrique
and Jones
(1991-B)
Alexander
(1980-A)
Alexander
(1980-B)
Tomasella
and Hodnett
(1998)
1
1.00
0.90
1.11
1.49
1.24
1.25
1.33
1.17
2
1.40
0.93
1.15
1.50
1.30
1.31
1.39
1.18
3
1.40
0.93
1.15
1.50
1.30
1.31
1.39
1.17
4
1.50
0.95
1.20
1.50
1.38
1.39
1.46
1.18
5
1.20
0.90
1.12
1.49
1.25
1.26
1.34
1.21
6
1.40
0.95
1.19
1.50
1.37
1.38
1.45
1.23
7
1.50
0.96
1.20
1.50
1.39
1.40
1.47
1.24
8
1.50
0.97
1.22
1.50
1.43
1.44
1.51
1.26
9
1.25
0.90
1.11
1.49
1.23
1.25
1.33
1.23
10
1.11
0.93
1.18
1.50
1.35
1.36
1.44
1.26
11
1.19
0.96
1.03
1.48
1.12
1.14
1.22
1.15
12
0.92
0.80
0.96
1.46
1.02
1.04
1.13
1.09
13
1.30
0.79
0.95
1.46
1.00
1.03
1.11
1.05
14
1.50
0.87
1.07
1.48
1.17
1.18
1.27
1.24
15
1.60
0.94
1.18
1.50
1.35
1.36
1.44
1.25
16
1.30
0.79
0.95
1.46
1.01
1.03
1.12
1.09
17
1.20
0.83
1.01
1.47
1.09
1.10
1.19
1.16
18
1.30
0.89
1.09
1.49
1.21
1.22
1.30
1.21
19
1.10
0.93
1.15
1.50
1.30
1.31
1.39
1.36
20
1.40
0.95
1.19
1.50
1.36
1.37
1.45
1.35
21
1.40
0.95
1.19
1.50
1.37
1.38
1.45
1.37
22
1.40
0.96
1.20
1.50
1.39
1.40
1.47
1.41
23
1.10
0.96
1.20
1.50
1.39
1.40
1.47
1.30
24
1.20
0.95
1.19
1.50
1.37
1.38
1.45
1.39
25
1.10
0.94
1.18
1.50
1.35
1.36
1.44
1.24
26
1.30
0.80
0.97
1.47
1.04
1.06
1.14
1.12
27
1.30
0.81
0.97
1.47
1.04
1.06
1.15
1.10
28
1.30
0.93
1.15
1.50
1.30
1.31
1.39
1.46
29
1.40
0.99
1.25
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.58
1.52
30
1.7
0.89
1.10
1.49
1.21
1.23
1.31
1.38
31
1.8
0.98
1.24
1.51
1.47
1.48
1.55
1.47
32
2.00
0.95
1.19
1.50
1.36
1.37
1.45
1.26
33
1.20
0.83
1.01
1.47
1.09
1.10
1.19
1.18
34
1.50
0.91
1.13
1.49
1.26
1.27
1.35
1.27
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
61
APPENDIX 2
PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTION EVALUATIONS continued
Table B. Predicted bulk densities using various PTFs continued
ID
Actual BD
Adams
(1973)
Rawls
(1983)
Manrique
and Jones
(1991-A)
Manrique
and Jones
(1991-B)
Alexander
(1980-A)
Alexander
(1980-B)
Tomasella
and Hodnett
(1998)
35
1.40
0.95
1.20
1.50
1.38
1.39
1.46
1.29
36
1.20
0.75
0.89
1.45
0.93
0.96
1.05
1.06
37
1.40
0.90
1.11
1.49
1.23
1.25
1.33
1.23
38
1.60
0.97
1.22
1.50
1.44
1.45
1.52
1.52
39
1.50
0.87
1.07
1.48
1.18
1.20
1.28
1.41
40
1.50
0.93
1.17
1.50
1.33
1.34
1.41
1.41
41
1.20
0.96
1.20
1.50
1.39
1.40
1.47
1.27
42
1.60
0.94
1.18
1.50
1.34
1.35
1.43
1.43
43
1.50
0.98
1.24
1.51
1.49
1.49
1.56
1.35
44
1.30
0.91
1.13
1.49
1.26
1.27
1.35
1.17
45
1.60
0.97
1.23
1.51
1.46
1.46
1.53
1.19
46
1.40
0.94
1.17
1.50
1.33
1.34
1.42
1.23
47
1.60
0.98
1.24
1.51
1.47
1.48
1.55
1.27
48
1.1
0.74
0.88
1.45
0.91
0.94
1.03
0.90
49
1.2
0.84
1.03
1.48
1.12
1.13
1.22
1.04
50
0.90
0.83
1.01
1.47
1.09
1.10
1.19
1.05
51
1.10
0.89
1.09
1.49
1.21
1.22
1.30
1.10
52
1.10
0.90
1.11
1.49
1.23
1.25
1.33
1.10
53
0.80
0.46
0.51
1.30
0.29
0.33
0.45
0.25
54
1.00
0.80
0.97
1.47
1.03
1.05
1.14
0.99
55
1.2
0.94
1.18
1.50
1.34
1.35
1.43
1.39
56
1.30
0.95
1.19
1.50
1.37
1.38
1.45
1.33
57
1.70
0.97
1.23
1.51
1.46
1.46
1.53
1.47
58
1.50
0.98
1.24
1.51
1.49
1.49
1.56
1.41
59
1.50
0.97
1.22
1.50
1.43
1.44
1.51
1.34
60
1.60
0.92
1.14
1.49
1.28
1.29
1.37
1.35
61
1.40
0.95
1.19
1.50
1.36
1.37
1.45
1.37
62
1.40
0.98
1.24
1.51
1.47
1.48
1.55
1.30
63
1.30
0.83
1.01
1.47
1.10
1.11
1.20
1.32
64
1.50
0.91
1.13
1.49
1.26
1.27
1.35
1.37
65
1.00
0.73
0.87
1.44
0.89
0.92
1.01
0.92
66
1.30
0.87
1.07
1.48
1.18
1.19
1.27
1.06
67
0.70
0.63
0.73
1.40
0.69
0.72
0.82
0.83
68
0.80
0.81
0.98
1.47
1.06
1.08
1.16
1.09
62
Australian Greenhouse Office
69
1.40
0.87
1.07
1.48
1.17
1.18
1.27
1.16
70
1.50
0.91
1.13
1.49
1.26
1.27
1.35
1.16
71
1.50
0.82
1.00
1.47
1.07
1.09
1.18
1.28
72
1.60
0.98
1.24
1.51
1.47
1.48
1.55
1.46
73
1.40
0.88
1.08
1.49
1.19
1.21
1.29
1.28
74
1.50
0.99
1.25
1.51
1.53
1.53
1.60
1.39
75
1.40
0.89
1.10
1.49
1.23
1.24
1.32
1.43
76
1.70
0.95
1.20
1.50
1.38
1.39
1.46
1.47
77
1.40
0.92
1.14
1.49
1.28
1.30
1.37
1.41
78
1.70
0.96
1.21
1.50
1.42
1.43
1.50
1.46
79
1.50
0.98
1.24
1.51
1.47
1.48
1.55
1.47
80
1.20
0.86
1.06
1.48
1.16
1.17
1.26
1.22
81
1.60
0.90
1.12
1.49
1.25
1.26
1.34
1.26
82
1.80
0.93
1.17
1.50
1.33
1.34
1.41
1.41
83
1.60
0.97
1.22
1.50
1.43
1.44
1.51
1.41
84
1.70
0.98
1.24
1.51
1.47
1.48
1.55
1.42
85
1.40
0.93
1.17
1.50
1.33
1.34
1.41
1.47
86
1.50
0.99
1.25
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.58
1.52
87
1.60
0.94
1.17
1.50
1.33
1.34
1.42
1.43
88
1.61
0.98
1.23
1.51
1.46
1.47
1.54
1.46
89
1.69
0.93
1.16
1.50
1.32
1.33
1.41
1.42
90
1.70
0.99
1.25
1.51
1.53
1.53
1.60
1.38
91
1.41
0.76
0.91
1.45
0.95
0.97
1.06
1.18
92
1.60
0.99
1.25
1.51
1.51
1.52
1.58
1.44
93
1.60
0.86
1.05
1.48
1.14
1.16
1.24
1.21
94
1.43
0.90
1.12
1.49
1.25
1.26
1.34
1.22
95
1.40
0.70
0.82
1.43
0.83
0.86
0.95
0.92
96
1.42
0.92
1.14
1.49
1.28
1.29
1.37
1.16
97
1.59
0.96
1.21
1.50
1.42
1.43
1.50
1.42
98
1.60
0.98
1.24
1.51
1.49
1.50
1.57
1.42
99
1.59
0.94
1.17
1.50
1.33
1.34
1.42
1.41
100
1.63
0.88
1.08
1.49
1.19
1.21
1.29
1.32
101
1.61
0.98
1.24
1.51
1.48
1.48
1.55
1.31
102
1.56
0.91
1.12
1.49
1.25
1.27
1.34
1.25
103
1.62
0.97
1.23
1.51
1.46
1.46
1.53
1.31
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
63
APPENDIX 2
PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTION EVALUATIONS continued
Table B. Predicted bulk densities using various PTFs continued
Actual BD
Bernoux et al.
(1998)
Kaur et al.
2002
Mean A
and R
Mean Mj,
A and M
Mean TH,
B and K
Merry pers.
comm. 2000
1
1.00
1.07
0.71
1.01
1.32
0.98
1.46
2
1.40
1.07
0.68
1.04
1.37
0.98
1.50
3
1.40
1.06
0.64
1.04
1.37
0.96
1.50
4
1.50
1.07
0.63
1.08
1.45
0.96
1.54
5
1.20
1.05
0.61
1.01
1.33
0.96
1.46
6
1.40
1.13
0.95
1.07
1.44
1.10
1.54
7
1.50
1.14
0.99
1.08
1.45
1.12
1.55
8
1.50
1.15
1.03
1.09
1.48
1.14
1.56
9
1.25
1.07
0.73
1.00
1.31
1.01
1.45
10
1.11
1.10
0.81
1.05
1.42
1.05
1.53
11
1.19
0.98
0.44
1.00
1.21
0.86
1.36
12
0.92
1.03
0.62
0.88
1.11
0.91
1.26
13
1.30
0.99
0.52
0.87
1.10
0.86
1.24
14
1.50
1.18
1.01
0.97
1.25
1.14
1.40
15
1.60
1.16
1.09
1.06
1.42
1.17
1.53
16
1.30
1.04
0.64
0.87
1.10
0.92
1.24
17
1.20
1.06
0.71
0.92
1.18
0.98
1.32
18
1.30
1.09
0.81
0.99
1.29
1.04
1.43
19
1.10
1.26
1.27
1.04
1.37
1.30
1.50
20
1.40
1.25
1.37
1.07
1.43
1.33
1.53
21
1.40
1.26
1.40
1.07
1.44
1.34
1.54
22
1.40
1.26
1.47
1.08
1.45
1.38
1.55
23
1.10
1.12
0.96
1.08
1.45
1.13
1.55
24
1.20
1.27
1.40
1.07
1.44
1.36
1.54
25
1.10
1.04
0.54
1.06
1.42
0.94
1.53
26
1.30
1.05
0.67
0.89
1.13
0.95
1.27
27
1.30
1.03
0.62
0.89
1.13
0.92
1.28
28
1.30
1.32
1.17
1.04
1.37
1.32
1.50
29
1.40
1.37
1.35
1.12
1.55
1.41
1.59
30
1.7
1.26
1.08
0.99
1.30
1.24
1.44
31
1.8
1.35
1.41
1.11
1.52
1.41
1.58
32
2.00
1.11
0.89
1.07
1.43
1.09
1.53
33
1.20
1.15
0.84
0.92
1.18
1.06
1.32
34
1.50
1.24
1.15
1.02
1.34
1.22
1.47
35
1.40
1.21
1.30
1.08
1.45
1.27
1.54
ID
64
Australian Greenhouse Office
36
1.20
1.08
0.57
0.82
1.02
0.90
1.15
37
1.40
1.23
1.08
1.00
1.31
1.18
1.45
38
1.60
1.35
1.41
1.10
1.50
1.42
1.57
39
1.50
1.26
1.03
0.97
1.27
1.23
1.41
40
1.50
1.26
1.35
1.05
1.40
1.34
1.51
41
1.20
1.18
1.19
1.08
1.45
1.21
1.55
42
1.60
1.30
1.31
1.06
1.41
1.35
1.52
43
1.50
1.18
1.26
1.11
1.53
1.26
1.58
44
1.30
1.21
1.08
1.02
1.34
1.15
1.47
45
1.60
1.16
1.04
1.10
1.51
1.13
1.57
46
1.40
1.23
1.22
1.05
1.40
1.23
1.52
47
1.60
1.23
1.36
1.11
1.52
1.28
1.58
48
1.1
1.12
0.44
0.81
1.00
0.82
1.13
49
1.2
1.21
0.77
0.94
1.21
1.01
1.35
50
0.90
0.92
0.27
0.92
1.18
0.75
1.32
51
1.10
0.96
0.31
0.99
1.29
0.79
1.43
52
1.10
0.98
0.33
1.00
1.31
0.80
1.45
53
0.80
0.49
0.04
0.48
0.26
0.26
-0.01
54
1.00
1.08
0.65
0.88
1.12
0.91
1.27
55
1.2
1.30
1.29
1.06
1.41
1.33
1.52
56
1.30
1.27
1.34
1.07
1.44
1.32
1.54
57
1.70
1.32
1.48
1.10
1.51
1.43
1.57
58
1.50
1.25
1.56
1.11
1.53
1.41
1.58
59
1.50
1.16
1.19
1.09
1.48
1.23
1.56
60
1.60
1.23
1.25
1.03
1.35
1.28
1.48
61
1.40
1.24
1.39
1.07
1.43
1.33
1.53
62
1.40
1.12
0.94
1.11
1.52
1.12
1.58
63
1.30
1.20
0.89
0.92
1.19
1.14
1.33
64
1.50
1.23
1.24
1.02
1.34
1.28
1.47
65
1.00
0.98
0.44
0.80
0.98
0.78
1.10
66
1.30
1.09
0.74
0.97
1.26
0.96
1.41
67
0.70
0.89
0.26
0.68
0.76
0.66
0.80
68
0.80
1.14
0.75
0.90
1.15
0.99
1.29
69
1.40
1.03
0.57
0.97
1.25
0.92
1.40
70
1.50
1.01
0.45
1.02
1.34
0.87
1.47
71
1.50
1.20
0.80
0.91
1.16
1.09
1.31
72
1.60
1.35
1.37
1.11
1.52
1.39
1.58
73
1.40
1.27
0.92
0.98
1.28
1.16
1.42
74
1.50
1.37
1.27
1.12
1.56
1.34
1.59
75
1.40
1.31
0.99
1.00
1.31
1.24
1.45
76
1.70
1.34
1.28
1.08
1.45
1.36
1.54
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
65
APPENDIX 2
PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTION EVALUATIONS continued
Table B. Predicted bulk densities using various PTFs continued
ID
Actual BD
Bernoux et al.
(1998)
Kaur et al.
2002
Mean A
and R
Mean Mj,
A and M
Mean TH,
B and K
Merry pers.
comm. 2000
77
1.40
1.31
1.13
1.03
1.36
1.28
1.49
78
1.70
1.34
1.33
1.09
1.47
1.38
1.56
79
1.50
1.35
1.41
1.11
1.52
1.41
1.58
80
1.20
1.18
0.97
0.96
1.24
1.13
1.39
81
1.60
1.20
1.13
1.01
1.33
1.20
1.46
82
1.80
1.32
1.18
1.05
1.40
1.31
1.51
83
1.60
1.31
1.42
1.09
1.48
1.38
1.56
84
1.70
1.30
1.52
1.11
1.52
1.41
1.58
85
1.40
1.34
1.12
1.05
1.40
1.31
1.51
86
1.50
1.37
1.35
1.12
1.55
1.41
1.59
87
1.60
1.32
1.23
1.05
1.40
1.33
1.51
88
1.61
1.34
1.40
1.10
1.51
1.40
1.57
89
1.69
1.31
1.22
1.05
1.39
1.32
1.51
90
1.70
1.22
1.47
1.12
1.56
1.36
1.59
91
1.41
1.12
0.62
0.83
1.04
0.97
1.17
92
1.60
1.29
1.59
1.12
1.55
1.44
1.59
93
1.60
1.15
0.94
0.95
1.23
1.10
1.38
94
1.43
1.13
0.96
1.01
1.33
1.10
1.46
95
1.40
0.93
0.38
0.76
0.92
0.74
1.02
96
1.42
1.05
0.60
1.03
1.36
0.94
1.48
97
1.59
1.33
1.36
1.09
1.47
1.37
1.56
98
1.60
1.33
1.44
1.11
1.54
1.40
1.58
99
1.59
1.29
1.30
1.05
1.40
1.33
1.52
100
1.63
1.24
1.04
0.98
1.28
1.20
1.42
101
1.61
1.17
1.20
1.11
1.52
1.23
1.58
102
1.56
1.26
1.07
1.01
1.33
1.20
1.46
103
1.62
1.27
1.43
1.10
1.51
1.34
1.57
66
Australian Greenhouse Office
APPENDIX 3
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 0-10 AND 0-30 CM SOIL PORTIONS
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National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
67
68
Australian Greenhouse Office
QLD/
TAS
QLD
Bell et al.
1999
Blair et al.
1998
NSW
Qld
Bell et al.
1995
Blair and
Crocker 2000
Qld
State
Tamworth
Tully/Ayr
Burnett
districts;
Atherton
tablelands
central
Burnett
districts
Emerald
Area
26
42
76
76
22
IBRA
Black earth/
red clay
Typic Tropaquept/
alluvial soil
Ferrosol
Ferrosol
(kraznozem,
euchrozem and
brown euchrozem)
Black vertosol self mulching
Soil Type
DETAILED STUDY DESCRIPTIONS
Armstrong
et al. 1999
Study
APPENDIX 4a
Rotation trial
established in
1966; 3 phases
wheat 1966-78;
sorghum 1979-87;
wheat 1988-95
Long-term green
cane trash
blanket trial
from 1991
Grazed and
ungrazed pastures;
CC soil under
CT and NT
CC/ degraded
pasture site/
good pasture
Research station;
CC (continuous
cropping) for
30 years
Management
history
1996-1999; lucerne,
clover, medic, grain
legume, continuous
wheat and long
fallow treatments
followed by cereal
crops
1991-1995; Green
trash retention
- no tillage; trash
burning - tillage
Soil samples
collected from
commercial
properties; CT
and DD
Effect of cropping
history on soil
properties
1986-1990
Rotation experiment
with CC of sorghum,
mungbean, siratro,
lucerne, lablab,
desmatnthus);
1993-1997
Soil
Management/
study focus
Data not
compatible
Cropped soils
found to have lower
lower carbon than
uncropped;
burning resulted
in greater loss of
total soil carbon
Data not
compatible
Found significant
reductions in
plant growth, soil
carbon and nitrogen
under continuous
cropping system
compared with
pasture
Data not
compatible
Statistical
significance
LECO
WB
WB
Measure
of C
0-10 cm Carlo Erba
NA 1500
0-25 cm ANCA-MS
0-10 cm
0-30 cm
0-10 cm
Depth of
data
no
no
no
no
yes
BD
no
yes
no
yes
yes
Total N
no
no
no
no
no
(hydraulic
conductivity)
Soil water
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
69
QLD
WA
NSW
Vic
Vic
Vic;
SA; WA
NSW
Blair 2000
Braund and
Gilkes 2002
Burch et al.
1986
Carter and
Mele 1992
Carter et al.
1994
Carter et al.
1993
Cavanagh
et al. 1991
7
7
7
61
43
Forbes
7
Rutherglen; 7; 35;
Tarlee; 70; 67;
Merredin;
64
Chapman;
Newdegate
Rutherglen
Research
Inst.
Rutherglen
Research
Inst.
Lockhart
Katanning
Mackay
Red-brown earth
Yellow podzolic;
red-brown earth;
solonized brown
soil; yellow
earth; solodized
solonetz
Dy 3.33
Dy 3.33
Red-brown earth
Grey clays/
sodosol
Non-calcic brown
Degraded soil
from previous
crop management
Long-term wheat
rotations
Same site as
Carter and Mele
1992
Grape vines
1925-74;
grain crops
1975-80
Pasture was
grown for 3 years
prior to study
Pasture and crop
production since
1950’s; CT and RT
practices;
‘undisturbed’ site
(grazing)
20 years
sugar cane
1986-88. Continuous
wheat, CT and DD
10-20 years.
Modelling rotation
effects on soil
properties continuous
wheat
1981-91 (10 years);
DD SR; CT SB
1981-91 (10 years);
DD SR; DD SB;
CT SB
Trial looked at
management effects
over a 3-year period.
Short fallow CT; DD;
non-fallow DD;
non-fallow DD SR
Frequent cropping
practices in 1980’s,
RT in late 1990’s.
Compared cultivated
site with grazed site.
1992-1997; Green
trash retention no tillage; trash
burning - tillage
Increased carbon
levels in DD plots
compared with CT
plots
Data not
compatible
Data not
compatible
Slight significant
increase in C
in DD plots
compared with
cultivated SB plots
Did not find
significant
differences
in carbon after
3 years.
Tillage reduced
carbon stocks
compared with
undisturbed sites
Significant
reductions
in C in cropped
plots compared
with uncropped.
No cultivation
treatment had
higher C than
cultivated treatment
0-10 cm
0-10 cm
0-10 cm
0-2.5 cm
0-10 cm
0-35 cm
WB
WB
WB
WB
WB
WB
0-10 cm Carlo Erba
NA 1500
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
yes
no
yes
no
yes
no
no
70
Australian Greenhouse Office
State
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
Chan and
Mead 1988
Chan 1989
Chan et al.
1992
Chan et al.
1994
Chan 1995
Chan et al.
1995
Walgett
Trangie
Wagga
Wagga
Walgett
Cowra
Area
17
17
7
7
17
7
IBRA
Grey clays/
brown clays
Red earth
Red earth
Red earth
Grey clays/
brown clays
Dr 2.62
Soil Type
2-50 years
of cropping
CT 20 years
Under pasture
for several year
prior to
commencement
of trial
Under pasture
for several
year prior to
commencement
of trial
Sites cultivated
for 8- 50 years CT CC
Wheat pasture
rotation
>30 years
Management
history
DETAILED STUDY DESCRIPTIONS continued
Study
APPENDIX 4a
20 cropping sites
compared with
pasture sites
20 years (site
history); wheat
barely CT
compared with
adjacent pasture
site
10 years; Wheat-lupin
DD SR and CT SB
10 years; Wheat-lupin
DD SR and CT SB
8 to >50 years;
compared cultivated
with pasture soils
2 years; tillage
exp began 1983;
compared CT, DD
and pasture
Soil
Management/
study focus
0-10 cm
0-5 cm
0-20 cm
0-10 cm
0-25 cm
Depth of
data
Significant 0-10 cm
reductions (10-30 cm)
in C and N in
cropped soils
compared with
pasture soils
Data not
compatible
Data not
compatible
No significant
difference between
CT and RT
treatments.
Significant
difference between
DD and CT.
Data not
compatible
Higher organic
carbon levels in
top 25 mm in DD
and pasture plots
compared with
CT plots
Statistical
significance
LECO
Not
specified
LECO
LECO
Pyrophosphate
extracts
WB
Measure
of C
yes
no
no
yes
no
yes
BD
yes
no
no
yes
no
no
Total N
yes
no
yes
no
no
yes
Soil water
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
71
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
Qld
Qld
Chan and
Heenan
1998
Chan et al.
1998
Chan and
Hulugalle
1999
Chan et al.
2002
Cogle et al.
1995
Connolly et al.
1998
Various sites
in south-east
Qld
Pinnarendi
Wagga
Trangie
Wagga
Wagga
18;
76;
41;
45.
44
7
17
7
7
Sodosols;
vertosols;
ferrosols;
chromosols/
kandosols
Red earth
Red earth
Red alfisols/
vertisols
Red earth
Red earth
Cropped for at
least 20 years
prior to est
of ley.
Cropped sorghum,
maize, peanuts
6 year prior to
exp.
Under pasture for
several year prior
to commencement
of trial
Several years CT
cereals; irrigated
cotton
Various histories summary data
given
Under pasture
for several years
prior to
commencement
of trial
Cultivated <3 years
1985-1989;
RT, no tillage,
ley, pasture
19 years; wheat-lupin
DD SR/SB;
CT SR/SB
Compared cultivated
sites with pasture
sites
3 years; DD, RT
and CT; SB, SR
3 years; rotation
experiment began
1979; DD SR;
CT SR; CT SB
Data not
compatible
C and N were found
to decrease after
clearing and tillage.
Reductions were
not as significant
when pasture-crop
rotations were used
C levels were
significantly lower
in CT plots
compared with DD
plots, particularly at
5 cm depth
Increased carbon
levels in intensively
cultivated vertisols
compared with
minimum tillage
sites. C and N
levels were
decreased in
cropped alfisols
compared with
pasture sites
Data not
compatible
Data not
compatible
0-20 cm
0-20 cm
0-20 cm
0-30 cm
0-20 cm
0-10 cm
Not
specified
WB
LECO
WB
Not
specified
LECO
yes
no
no
no
yes
no
no
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
72
Australian Greenhouse Office
Tas
Cotching et al.
2002a
Tas
Tas
Cotching et al.
2001
Cotching et al.
2002c
NSW
Conteh et al.
1998
Tas
NSW,
Qld
Conteh et al.
1997
Cotching et al.
2002b
State
SE
Tasmania
Northern
Midlands of
Tasmania
Northern
Midlands of
Tasmania
Northern
Midlands of
Tasmania
Narrabri Aust cotton
research inst
Gwydir Valley;
Bourke;
Macquarie
valley; Namoi
Valley; Emerald
Valley; McIntyre
Valley; Darling
downs
Area
12
12
12
12
17
22;
76;
18.
IBRA
Long-term
pasture;
shallow tillage and
deeper tillage
RT cotton crops
for several years
Cotton grown
on sites <5 to
>30 years
Management
history
Vertosol
Long-term
pasture;
cropping and
irrigated
cropping
Brown dermosol Long-term pasture;
shallow tillage and
deeper tillage
Tenosol Long-term pasture;
shallow tillage and
deeper tillage
Brown sodosol
Self mulching grey
cracking clay
Red, brown, grey
clay, black earth,
alluvial, red
brown earth,
black earth
Soil Type
DETAILED STUDY DESCRIPTIONS continued
Study
APPENDIX 4a
Compared a
pasture, a rainfed
cropping system
and an irrigated
cropping system
Compared the
long-term effects
of different
management
practices
Compared the
long-term effects
of different
management
practices
Compared the
long-term effects
of different
management
practices
3 year exp stubble
management effects
(burning/
incorporation) RT
Cotton grown
previous year
on all sites
Soil
Management/
study focus
Lower C levels in
cropped plots
compared with
pasture plots
0-75 mm depth
Significantly lower
C in tilled plots
compared with
pasture plots
Significantly lower
C in tilled
compared with
pasture plots
Lower organic
carbon levels in
tilled plots
compared with
pasture plots
Higher C levels in
plots with stubble
incorporation
compared with
stubble burnt plots
Reductions in C
in cropped soils
compared with
reference sites
Statistical
significance
Measure
of C
0-15 cm
0-15 cm
0-15 cm
0-15 cm
LECO
LECO
LECO
LECO
0-30 cm ANCA-MS
0-20 cm ANCA-MS
Depth of
data
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
BD
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Total N
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
Soil water
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
73
Ardlethan
Condobolin
Qld
Qld
NSW
Dalal et al.
1991
Dalal et al.
1995
Derrick and
Dumaresq
1999
Fettell and Gill NSW
1995
Warra
Warwick
Warwick
Qld
Dalal 1989
Dalby;
Chinchilla;
Goondiwindi;
Surat and
Thallon
Qld
Dalal and
Mayer 1986a
b c d; Dalal
1987
24
7
76
27
27
76
Red-brown earth
Red earth
Brown clay
Black self
mulching
cracking clay
Black self
mulching
cracking clay
Black earth;
grey, brown and
red clays; red
earth
Cleared site
(50 years); ley
farming with
medic pastures
and cereals
Long-term
(cereal) CT;
long-term
organic
farming
system
(est 1963)
Cultivated for
cereal cropping
since 1935
Long-term
tillage trial
Long-term
tillage trial
Long-term
cultivation- CT;
20-70 years
Range of tillage/
stubble
treatments after
14 year period
Compared CT with
organic farming
system
Long-term
experiment
from 1986
- 1994
20 years
(CT and ZT)
13 years; CT
and DD; SB/SR
Compared cropping
years/intensity
and stubble
management
0-30 cm
0-30 cm
No significant
differences
C was not
significantly
different
between CT
and organic farm
Significant increase
in total C and N
in pasture plots
compared with
continuously cropped
plots
0-10 cm
0-15 cm
0.1
C was not 0-10; 0-25
significantly
different between
CT and ZT
treatments
Significantly higher
C and N in DD SR
compared with CT
treatments;
0-10 cm depth
Reductions in C
and N with
increasing
cultivation period
WB
WB
WB
WB
WB
WB
no
no
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
yes
no
74
Australian Greenhouse Office
NSW
NSW
Geeves et al.
1995
Gupta et al.
1994
State
Harden
Cowra,
Wellington,
Woodstock,
Parkes,
Grenfell,
Quandialla,
Thuddungra,
Beckon, West
Wyalong,
Howlong,
Harden,
Illabo,
Temora,
Reefton,
Wallendbeen,
Reefton,
Ariah Park,
Temora,
Wagga,
Coolamon,
Matong,
Yerong Creek,
Lockhart,
The Rock,
Yerong Ck,
Pleasant hills
Area
7
7;
8;
5;
24
IBRA
Red earth
Chromosol,
dermosol,
kandosol,
sodosol
Soil Type
Pasture grown
from 1984-88;
oat crop 1989
Range of
management
practices from
DD-CT; pasture
and woodland
Management
history
DETAILED STUDY DESCRIPTIONS continued
Study
APPENDIX 4a
1990 wheat: RT
SB; DD SB;
DD SR; Stubble
inc.; bash-RT;
bash-DD;
mulch DD;
1 year
Range of
management
practices from
DD-CT; pasture
and woodland
Soil
Management/
study focus
No significant
changes at
0-15 cm depth.
Significant
differences
at 0-5 cm depth.
Data not
compatible
Statistical
significance
0-15 cm
0-30 cm
Depth of
data
LECO
WB?
Measure
of C
yes
yes
BD
yes
no
Total N
yes
yes
Soil water
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
75
Tamworth
Narrabri Aust cotton
research inst
Warren
NSW
Holford et al.
1998
Hulugalle and NSW
Entwistle 1997
Hulugalle et al. NSW
1998
Wagga
NSW
Heenan et al.
1995
North Star
Merredin
NSW
WA
Hamblin
1984
Warwick,
Wagga,
Yuna,
Rutherglen,
Turretfield
Rutherglen
Research
Inst.
Harte 1984
Qld,
NSW,
WA,
Vic, SA
Vic
Hamblin
1980
Haines and
Uren 1990
17
17
26
7
17
70
35;
27;
7;
67
7
Calcareous
vertosol
Uniform grey clay
Black earth
and red clay
Red earth
Red-brown earth,
red earth,
euchrozem
Red-brown earth
Vertisol, alfisol,
entisol,
spodosol,
altisol
Solodic
3 years
intensive
cotton
growing
-
Long-term trial
established in
1966; CT SB
from 1966-80
and 1984-87;
grazed with no
cult 1981-83
Pasture (clover,
ryegrass and
barley grass for
19 years
Long
continuous
cropping
history
Pasture for
several years
prior to trial
Existing trial
sites
Grape vines
1925-74; grain
crops 1975-80
1993-97
continuous
cotton, long
fallow cotton
1985-1993 CT, RT
cotton and cottonwheat rotations
1988-93 (6 years);
rotation experiment
(clover, lucerne,
medic, chickpea,
long fallow and
cont. wheat)
1979-1993 DD,
RT and CT; SB
and SR cereal
Long
continuous
cropping
history
1977-82 CT, DD
and zero till;
SB cereal
3-8 year
continuous
cropping CT
and DD
1981-1987;
CT SB; DD SB;
DD SR
No significant
differences
C significantly
lower in CT plots
compared with
RT plots
C was almost
consistently lower
in long fallow
treatments
compared with
other treatments
C and N were
lost at slower
rates in DD SR
plots than in
CT SB plots
Data not
compatible
C in CT plots
was significantly
lower than DD
and ZT plots
after 6 years;
0-10 cm depth
Small increases
in DD plots
compared with
CT plots were
noted after
4 years
No significant
differences
after 7 years
0-30 cm
0-30 cm
0-15/30
0-10 cm
0-20 cm
0-25 cm
0-10 cm
0-25 cm
WB
WB
WB
WB
WB
WB
WB
WB
yes
yes
no
no
no
yes
yes nitrate-N
yes nitrate-N
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
yes
yes
yes
no
no
yes
no
no
76
Australian Greenhouse Office
Macks et al.
1996
NSW
Qld
Loch and
Coughlan
1984
Cowra;
Harden;
Wellington;
Wagga;
Tamworth;
Orange
Warwick
Dooen;
Walpeup
Merah North
Hulugalle et al. NSW
2002
Vic
Warren
Hulugalle et al. NSW
1999
Leary et al.
1997a/b
Area
7;
26;
24
27
1
17
17
IBRA
Non-calcic brown;
red-brown earth;
red earth;
kraznozem
Black cracking
clay soil
Grey cracking
clay; chromic
vertisol; calcic
xerosol
Self mulching
grey vertosol
Calcareous
vertosol
Soil Type
Woodland to
Long-term
cropping
Cereal cropping?
5 years prior
to trial, site
had been
cropped with
non-leguminous
crops; no fertiliser
applications
Cotton
Cotton
Management
history
DETAILED STUDY DESCRIPTIONS continued
State
Study
APPENDIX 4a
Samples taken
from a range of
management
histories; direct
drill to
conventional till
5 years CT SB
and SR; Zero
till SB and
SR
SR ZT; SR CT;
no stubble ZT;
no stubble CT
RT continuous
cotton; cotton
-green manured
faba bean;
cotton-dolichosgreenmanured
faba bean
3 years
continuous
cotton intensive
tillage every
year
Soil
Management/
study focus
0-30 cm
0-30 cm
Depth of
data
Lower C levels
in CT compared
with DD plots
SR slightly
increased C
levels at
0-10 cm
depth
no
WB
WB
Measure
of C
0-20 cm
LECO
WalkleyBlack
method of
determining
carbon
0-10 cm
Data not 0-200 cm
compatible
Decrease in C
with time.
Net decrease
in C noted on
all plots after
3 years
Statistical
significance
Total N
yes
no
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
no
no nitrate-N
BD
no
no
yes
no
no
Soil water
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
77
Qld
NSW
Pankhurst et al.
2002
Radford et al.
1992
NSW
Packer and
Hamilton
1993;
Packer et al.
1992/1995
Qld
NSW
Murphy et al.
2002
Probert et al.
1995
WA
Mason 1992
Billa Billa
Warwick
Cowra,
Harden
Cowra,
Grenfell
Condobolin,
Tottenham,
Dandaloo,
Girilambone,
Nyngan,
Coonamble,
Walgett
Merredin;
Wogan Hills;
Nabawa
76
27
7
7
24;
17
70;
54
Red-brown
earth
Udic Pellustert
Red earth;
Dr 3.22/3
Dr 3.22/23;
Dy 3.43 and
Dy 2.13
Red earths;
grey clays
Gn 2.21;
Gn 2.21;
Dr 2.22
Cleared site in
1971 and
cropped
annually with
wheat until
commencement
of trial (1983)
trial started in
1968; CC
cereal-summer
fallow
Harden site
established
1990; Cowra
site long-term
exp est 1980
Cereal-pasture
rotation for at
least 30 years
Woodland,
native pasture,
improved
pasture,
cropping
Established
legume
pastures;
non-legume
pastures
4 years; trial
looked at CT,
RT and DD; SR
and SB; wheat
monoculture
Modelling study
based on Marley
and Littler 1989:
tillage, crop residue
management and
fertiliser, CT, DD,
SR, SB
DD; CT; SR;
SB; SI
(incorporated)
6 year trial
Trial consisted of
NT, DD, RT, CT
applied on an
annual basis from
1980-87
Paired sites
study for AGO
SB or incorporation
with disc plough;
fallow, nitrogen
treatments
(wheat)
0-10 cm
0-10 cm
0-30
0-10 cm
Data not
compatible
0-10 cm
Data not 0-120 cm
compatible
No significant
differences
Only slight
differences
between
treatments
Data not
compatible
Fallowing resulted
in lower organic
carbon levels.
Low C levels in
SB plots compared
with stubble
incorporation plots
no
no
LECO
WB
LECO
WB
yes
yes
yes
no
no
yes Nitrate-N
yes
no
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
78
Australian Greenhouse Office
Qld
Qld
Standley et al.
1990;
Thomas et al.
1990;
Thompson
1992
Tas
Sparrow et al.
1999
Qld
SA
Smettem et al.
1992
Thomas et al.
1995
Qld
State
Warwick
Billa Billa
Biloela
Northern
Tasmania
- 5 sites
Kapunda
Dalby;
Chinchilla;
Goondiwindi;
Surat and
Thallon
Area
27
76
76
12
36
76
IBRA
Black earth
(Warwick
clay)
Red-brown earth
Vertisol
Ferrosols
Red-brown earth
Waco
Pellustert;
LanglandsLogie
Chromustert
Soil Type
Same as
current
Cleared in 1971
and cropped
annually with wheat
until commencement
of trial (1983)
Annual
cropping
from 1962-78
Pasturecropping
rotations
Prior to study 8 years of
annual
pastures
Long-term
cultivation
- 19-50 years
Management
history
DETAILED STUDY DESCRIPTIONS continued
Skjemstat et al.
2001
Study
APPENDIX 4a
8, 11 and 15
years
continuous
cropping - CT and
DD, SB and SR
Trial looked at CT,
RT and DD; SR
and SB; wheat/
sorghum
1988-1993
1978-85;
disc and blade
plough; zero
tillage;
SR and SB
Continuous
cropping
and intermittent
cropping;
vegetables and
cereals; intensive
cultivation
Wheat-pasturelupin rotation;
CT and DD
treatments 5 years
Long-term
cultivation
- 19-50 years
Soil
Management/
study focus
0-10 cm
0-30 cm
0-5 cm
varies
Depth of
data
Data not 0-12.5 cm
compatible
Data not 0-120 cm
compatible
Decreases in C
were lower in
ZT plots than in
disc or blade
plots.
Significant C
decrease in
intensively
cropped plots
DD produced
higher C levels
than CT
treatments
Data not
compatible
Statistical
significance
WB/
Tinsley,
1950)
no
WB
WB
LECO
LECO
Measure
of C
yes
yes
yes
yes
Total N
no
yes
yes nitrate-N
yes
yes
no
no
BD
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
Soil water
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
79
NSW
Whitbread et al.
1998
NSW
NSW
Wells et al.
2000
Willis et al.
1997
Vic
Valzano et al.
2001b
WA
NSW
Valzano et al.
2001a
White 1990
NSW
Valzano et al.
1997
20
78
24
7
Trangie
Avondale,
Wongan Hills,
Merredin
17
70
Warialda, 76; 23
Croppa Ck,
Moree
Somersby
Natimuk
Peak hill
Cowra
Subnatric sodosol
Chromosol
Red earth,
grey clay,
black earth
Yellow earth
Grey/brown
vertosol
Brown sodosol
Red-brown earth
Site developed for
irrigation in 1974;
reformed in 1986
20-50 years of ley
farming with clover
-based pastures
and cereal cropping
Cropped for
15 - 40 years
Cleared 60 years
prior to exp and
used to grow
vegetables and
citrus
Long cereal and
oil seed cropping
history
Long cereal
cropping history
(RT and DD)
Long-term tillage
trial established
in 1980
Disc; mouldboard;
deep ripping.
1986-1990
Continuous
cropping; DD
(two types) and
RT; measurements
made 3, 6 and 9
years after trial
start (1977); stubbles
grazed and burnt
when necessary
Soil survey of
cropped and
uncropped areas
in northern NSW
1992-1995;
vegetable growing:
multiple tillage;
reduced tillage;
no till; minimum
tillage; reduced
tillage.
RT; gypsum;
SB and SR
RT; DD; gypsum
DD, SB and SR
0-10 cm
0-10 cm
Significant
differences
between treatments
Higher C and N
levels in DD than
in RT plots
Data not
compatible
No significant
differences
LECO
WB
WB
WB
0-15 cm
0-25 cm
WB
WB
0-4.1 cm ANCA-MS
0-10 cm
Data not 0-22.5 cm
compatible
Some small
significant
differences
between RT
and DD
No significant
differences
yes
no
no
no
yes
no
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
yes
yes
80
Australian Greenhouse Office
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Emerald
Emerald
Goodger
Merlwood
Goodger
Coolabunia
Merlwood
Coolabunia
Inland Burnett
Inland Burnett
Atherton
Tableland
Tully
Ayr
Ayr
Tully
Tully
Ayr
Bell et al. 1995
Bell et al. 1995
Bell et al. 1995
Bell et al. 1995
Bell et al. 1995
Bell et al. 1999
Bell et al. 1999
Bell et al. 1999
Bell et al. 1999 Coastal Burnett
Inland Burnett
Bell et al. 1995
Bell et al. 1999 Coastal Burnett
Atherton
tableland
Armstrong et al. 1999
Bell et al. 1999 Coastal Burnett
Inland Burnett
Armstrong et al. 1999
Bell et al. 1999
Bell et al. 1999
Bell et al. 1999
Blair et al. 1998
Blair et al. 1998
Blair et al. 1998
Blair et al. 1998
Blair et al. 1998
Blair et al. 1998
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
147° 24’E
145° 55’E
145° 55’E
147° 24’E
147° 24’E
145° 55’E
145° 29’E
151° 53’E
145° 29’E
151° 53’E
151° 53’E
151° 53’E
151° 53’E
151° 53’E
151° 53’E
151° 53’E
151° 53’E
151° 53’E
151° 53’E
151° 53’E
151° 53’E
148° 09’E
148° 09’E
19° 34’S
17° 38’S
17° 38’S
19° 34’S
19° 34’S
17° 38’S
17° 15’S
26° 36’S
17° 15’S
26° 36’S
26° 36’S
26° 36’S
26° 36’S
26° 36’S
26° 36’S
26° 36’S
26° 30’S
26° 36’S
26° 38’S
26° 30’S
26° 38’S
23° 29’S
23° 29’S
42
42
42
42
42
42
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
22
22
1049.0
3403.0
3403.0
1049.0
1049.0
3403.0
1253.0
806.0
1253.0
806.0
806.0
806.0
806.0
806.0
806.0
806.0
788.0
806.0
789.0
788.0
789.0
639.5
639.5
Lat. IBRA Average
annual
rainfall
1
Long
Location
Study
ID
State
LOCATION, CLIMATE AND SOIL INFORMATION
APPENDIX 4b
23.6
23.1
23.1
23.6
23.6
23.1
20.1
17.1
20.1
17.1
17.1
17.1
17.1
17.1
17.1
17.1
17.3
17.1
17.4
17.3
17.4
22.3
22.3
Average
daily
temp.
Rudosol
Hydrosol
Hydrosol
Rudosol
Rudosol
Hydrosol
Ferrosol
Ferrosol
Ferrosol
Ferrosol
Ferrosol
Ferrosol
Ferrosol
Ferrosol
Ferrosol
Ferrosol
Ferrosol
Ferrosol
Ferrosol
Ferrosol
Ferrosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Isbell
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Gn3.12
Uf6.31
Uf6.31
Uf6.31
Uf6.31
Uf6.31
-
-
PPF
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Euchrozem
brown Euchrozem
Krasnozem
Krasnozem
brown Euchrozem
Krasnozem
-
-
GSG
alluvial
typic tropaquept
typic tropaquept
alluvial
alluvial
typic tropaquept
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Other
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
81
Blair 2000
Blair 2000
Blair 2000
Blair 2000
Blair 2000
Blair and
Crocker 2000
Blair and
Crocker 2000
Blair and
Crocker 2000
Blair and
Crocker 2000
Blair and
Crocker 2000
Blair and
Crocker 2000
Blair and
Crocker 2000
Blair and
Crocker 2000
Blair and
Crocker 2000
Blair and
Crocker 2000
Blair and
Crocker 2000
Blair and
Crocker 2000
Blair and
Crocker 2000
Blair and
Crocker 2000
Braund and
Gilkes (2002)
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Katanning
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Mackay
Mackay
Mackay
Mackay
Mackay
WA
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
33°45’S
150° 55’E
150° 55’E
150° 55’E
150° 55’E
150° 55’E
150° 55’E
150° 55’E
150° 55’E
150° 55’E
150° 55’E
150° 55’E
150° 55’E
150° 55’E
150° 55’E
149° 1’E
149° 1’E
149° 1’E
149° 1’E
149° 1’E
117°40’E
31° 27’S
31° 27’S
31° 27’S
31° 27’S
31° 27’S
31° 27’S
31° 27’S
31° 27’S
31° 27’S
31° 27’S
31° 27’S
31° 27’S
31° 27’S
31° 27’S
21° 9’S
21° 9’S
21° 9’S
21° 9’S
21° 9’S
61
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
43
43
43
43
43
481.0
808.0
808.0
808.0
808.0
808.0
808.0
808.0
808.0
808.0
808.0
808.0
808.0
808.0
808.0
1681.0
1681.0
1681.0
1681.0
1681.0
15.1
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
Sodosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
black earth
red clay
red clay
black earth
black earth
black earth
black earth
red clay
black earth
red clay
red clay
red clay
black earth
red clay
non-calcic brown
non-calcic brown
non-calcic brown
non-calcic brown
non-calcic brown
Aquic Natrixeralf
Pellic vertisol
Chromic vertisol
Chromic vertisol
Pellic vertisol
Pellic vertisol
Pellic vertisol
Pellic vertisol
Chromic vertisol
Pellic vertisol
Chromic vertisol
Chromic vertisol
Chromic vertisol
Pellic vertisol
Chromic vertisol
Chromic luvisol
Chromic luvisol
Chromic luvisol
Chromic luvisol
Chromic luvisol
82
Australian Greenhouse Office
Katanning
Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
Lockhart
Rutherglen
Rutherglen
Forbes
Forbes
Walgett
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Burch et al. 1986
Burch et al. 1986
Burch et al. 1986
Burch et al. 1986
Carter et al. 1994
Carter et al. 1994
Cavanagh et al. 1991
Cavanagh et al. 1991
Chan and Mead 1988
Chan and Mead 1988
Chan and Mead 1988
Chan 1989
Chan 1989
Chan 1989
Chan 1989
Chan 1989
Chan 1989
Chan 1989
Chan 1989
Chan et al. 1992
Chan et al. 1992
Chan et al. 1992
Chan et al. 1992
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
Walgett
Walgett
Walgett
Walgett
Walgett
Walgett
Walgett
Cowra
Cowra
Cowra
148° 10’
148° 10’
146° 25’
146° 25’
146° 42’
146° 42’
146° 42’
146° 42’
33°45’S
148° 7’
148° 7’
148° 7’
148° 7’
148° 7’
148° 7’
148° 7’
148° 7’
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
NSW
NSW
Vic
Vic
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
WA
34° 59’ 00”
34° 59’ 00”
34° 59’ 00”
34° 59’ 00”
30° 1’
30° 1’
30° 1’
30° 1’
30° 1’
30° 1’
30° 1’
30° 1’
33° 48’ 32”
33° 48’ 32”
33° 48’ 32”
33° 26’
33° 26’
36° 06’
36° 06’
35° 12’
35° 12’
35° 12’
35° 12’
117°40’E
7
7
7
7
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
61
548.0
548.0
548.0
548.0
445.0
445.0
445.0
445.0
445.0
445.0
445.0
445.0
651.0
651.0
651.0
566.0
566.0
572.0
572.0
460.0
460.0
460.0
460.0
481.0
Lat. IBRA Average
annual
rainfall
Braund and
Gilkes (2002)
Long
44
State
Study
ID
Location
LOCATION, CLIMATE AND SOIL INFORMATION continued
APPENDIX 4b
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
19.4
19.4
19.4
19.4
19.4
19.4
19.4
19.4
15.9
15.9
15.9
16.5
16.5
14.9
14.9
15.6
15.6
15.6
15.6
15.1
Average
daily
temp.
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Sodosol
Chromosol
Sodosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Sodosol
Isbell
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Ug5.3
Ug5.3
Ug5.2
Ug5.2
Ug5.3
Ug5.3
Ug5.2
Ug5.2
Dr 2.62
Dr 2.63
Dr 2.62
Dr2.23
Dr2.23
Dy3.33
Dy3.33
-
-
-
-
-
PPF
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
brown clay
brown clay
grey clay
grey clay
brown clay
brown clay
grey clay
grey clay
-
-
-
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
-
-
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
-
GSG
-
-
-
-
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Xeralfic alfisol
Xeralfic alfisol
Xeralfic alfisol
-
-
Chromic luvisol
Chromic luvisol
-
-
-
-
Aquic Natrixeralf
Other
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
83
Trangie
Walgett
Walgett
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Trangie
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Chan 1995
Chan et al. 1995
Chan et al. 1995
Chan and
Heenan 1998
Chan and
Heenan 1998
Chan and
Heenan 1998
Chan and
Heenan 1998
Chan et al. 1998
Chan et al. 1998
Chan et al. 1998
Chan et al. 1998
Chan et al. 1998
Chan et al. 1998
Chan and
Hulugalle 1999
Chan and
Hulugalle 1999
Chan and
Hulugalle 1999
Chan and
Hulugalle 1999
Chan and
Hulugalle 1999
Chan and
Hulugalle 1999
Chan et al. 2002
Chan et al. 2002
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
Trangie
Wee-Waa
Merah north
Wee-Waa
Merah north
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Trangie
Chan 1995
69
Wagga Wagga
Chan et al. 1992
68
148° 7’
148° 7’
147° 57’
147° 57’
147° 57’
147° 57’
149° 27’
149° 18’
149° 27’
149° 18’
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
34° 59’ 00”
34° 59’ 00”
32° 1’
32° 1’
30° 13’
30° 11’
30° 13’
30° 11’
34° 59’ 00”
34° 59’ 00”
34° 59’ 00”
34° 59’ 00”
34° 59’ 00”
34° 59’ 00”
34° 59’ 00”
34° 59’ 00”
34° 59’ 00”
34° 59’ 00”
30° 1’
30° 1’
32° 1’
32° 1’
34° 59’ 00”
7
7
17
17
17
17
17
17
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
17
17
17
17
7
548.0
548.0
491.0
491.0
588.0
570.0
588.0
570.0
548.0
548.0
548.0
548.0
548.0
548.0
548.0
548.0
548.0
548.0
445.0
445.0
491.0
491.0
548.0
15.2
15.2
17.3
17.3
18.5
18.7
18.5
18.7
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
19.4
19.4
17.3
17.3
15.2
Kandosol
Kandosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
-
-
-
-
-
-
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Ug5.2/3
Ug5.2/3
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
red earth
red earth
-
-
uniform grey clay
uniform grey clay
uniform grey clay
uniform grey clay
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
grey/brown clay
grey/brown clay
Red earth
Red earth
red earth
-
-
Hardsetting red Alfisols
Hardsetting red Alfisols
Typic Haplustert
Typic Haplustert
Typic Haplustert
Typic Haplustert
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Vertisol
Vertisol
Oxic Paleustalf
Oxic Paleustalf
-
84
Australian Greenhouse Office
Qld
Qld
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Pinnarendi
Pinnarendi
Pinnarendi
Pinnarendi
Pinnarendi
SE Qld
SE Qld
SE Qld
SE Qld
SE Qld
Bourke
Bourke
Bourke
Bourke
Gwydir Valley
Darling downs
Macquarie
Valley
Namoi Valley
Macquarie
Valley
Chan et al. 2002
Cogle et al. 1995
Cogle et al. 1995
Cogle et al. 1995
Cogle et al. 1995
Cogle et al. 1995
Connolly et al. 1998
Connolly et al. 1998
Connolly et al. 1998
Connolly et al. 1998
Connolly et al. 1998
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997 McIntyre Valley
Macquarie
Valley
Chan et al. 2002
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
149° 33’
150° 09’
149° 33’
149° 33’
150° 18’
151° 57’
150° 08’
145° 57’
145° 57’
145° 57’
145° 57’
-
-
-
-
-
144° 07’
144° 07’
144° 07’
144° 07’
144° 07’
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
32° 32’
30° 57’
32° 32’
32° 32’
28° 32’
27° 53’
29° 27’
30° 04’
30° 04’
30° 04’
30° 04’
-
-
-
-
-
18° 03’
18° 03’
18° 03’
18° 03’
18° 03’
34° 59’ 00”
34° 59’ 00”
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
44
44
44
44
44
7
7
665.0
578.0
665.0
665.0
569.0
678.0
583.0
318.0
318.0
318.0
318.0
-
-
-
-
-
772.0
772.0
772.0
772.0
772.0
548.0
548.0
Lat. IBRA Average
annual
rainfall
91
Long
Location
Study
ID
State
LOCATION, CLIMATE AND SOIL INFORMATION continued
APPENDIX 4b
14.8
17.6
14.8
14.8
19.3
16.9
18.5
19.6
19.6
19.6
19.6
-
-
-
-
-
23.9
23.9
23.9
23.9
23.9
15.2
15.2
Average
daily
temp.
Vertosol
Vertosol
Chromosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Ferrosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Sodosol
Chromosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Isbell
grey clay
red clay
grey clay (Daandine)
red clay
red clay
grey clay (site 3)
grey clay (site 1)
grey clay (site 2)
-
-
-
-
-
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
GSG
-
-
alluvial soil
grey clay (Myola)
- red-brown earth (Kiloween)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
PPF
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Oxisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Alfisol
Alfisol
Typic Eutrustox
Typic Eutrustox
Typic Eutrustox
Typic Eutrustox
Typic Eutrustox
-
-
Other
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
85
NSW
Qld
Qld
Qld
NSW
Qld
Namoi Valley
Emerald Valley
Darling downs
Darling downs
Macquarie
Valley
Gwydir Valley
Namoi Valley
Emerald Valley
Namoi Valley
Bourke
Bourke
Bourke
Bourke
Bourke
Macquarie
Valley
Gwydir Valley
Macquarie
Valley
Darling downs
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997 McIntyre Valley
Namoi Valley
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997 McIntyre Valley
Gwydir Valley
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997 McIntyre Valley
Darling downs
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
Qld
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
Qld
NSW
NSW
NSW
Qld
Qld
Qld
NSW
Qld
Darling downs
Conteh et al. 1997
115
Qld
Emerald Valley
Conteh et al. 1997
114
151° 57’
149° 33’
150° 08’
150° 09’
150° 18’
149° 33’
145° 57’
145° 57’
145° 57’
145° 57’
145° 57’
150° 09’
148° 09’E
150° 09’
150° 08’
150° 08’
151° 57’
150° 18’
150° 18’
149° 33’
151° 57’
151° 57’
148° 09’E
150° 09’
151° 57’
148° 09’E
27° 53’
32° 32’
29° 27’
30° 57’
28° 32’
32° 32’
30° 04’
30° 04’
30° 04’
30° 04’
30° 04’
30° 57’
23° 29’S
30° 57’
29° 27’
29° 27’
27° 53’
28° 32’
28° 32’
32° 32’
27° 53’
27° 53’
23° 29’S
30° 57’
27° 53’
23° 29’S
76
76
76
76
76
76
18
18
18
18
18
76
22
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
22
76
76
22
678.0
665.0
583.0
578.0
569.0
665.0
318.0
318.0
318.0
318.0
318.0
578.0
639.5
578.0
583.0
583.0
678.0
569.0
569.0
665.0
678.0
678.0
639.5
578.0
678.0
639.5
16.9
14.8
18.5
17.6
19.3
14.8
19.6
19.6
19.6
19.6
19.6
17.6
21.8
17.6
18.5
18.5
16.9
19.3
19.3
14.8
16.9
16.9
21.8
17.6
16.9
21.8
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Chromosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Rudosol
black earth (Waco)
grey clay (Kupuun)
black earth
grey clay (Oakville)
black earth
(Dalby Agric. College)
alluvial soils
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
grey clay (Daandine)
grey clay
red clay
grey clay (Oakville)
grey clay
alluvial soil
red clay
grey clay (site 1)
grey clay (site 2)
grey clay (site 2)
grey clay (site 3)
grey clay (Myola)
grey clay
grey clay (Kilmarnock)
grey clay
brown clay
grey clay
(Dalby Agric. College)
black earth
grey clay
- red-brown earth (Elengerah)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
86
Australian Greenhouse Office
Qld
Qld
Qld
Macquarie
Valley
Gwydir Valley
Namoi Valley
Emerald Valley
Emerald Valley
Darling downs
Gwydir Valley
Gwydir Valley
Gwydir Valley
Emerald Valley
Macquarie
Valley
Darling downs
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997 McIntyre Valley
Darling downs
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
Qld
Qld
Macquarie
Valley
Macquarie
Valley
Gwydir Valley
Darling downs
Emerald Valley
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1997 McIntyre Valley
155
156
157
158
159
160
Qld
NSW
NSW
NSW
Emerald Valley
Conteh et al. 1997
154
Qld
Qld
NSW
Qld
NSW
NSW
NSW
Qld
Qld
NSW
NSW
NSW
150° 18’
148° 09’E
151° 57’
150° 08’
149° 33’
149° 33’
148° 09’E
151° 57’
149° 33’
148° 09’E
150° 08’
150° 08’
150° 08’
151° 57’
148° 09’E
151° 57’
150° 18’
148° 09’E
150° 09’
150° 08’
149° 33’
28° 32’
23° 29’S
27° 53’
29° 27’
32° 32’
32° 32’
23° 29’S
27° 53’
32° 32’
23° 29’S
29° 27’
29° 27’
29° 27’
27° 53’
23° 29’S
27° 53’
28° 32’
23° 29’S
30° 57’
29° 27’
32° 32’
76
22
76
76
76
76
22
76
76
22
76
76
76
76
22
76
76
22
76
76
76
569.0
639.5
678.0
583.0
665.0
665.0
639.5
678.0
665.0
639.5
583.0
583.0
583.0
678.0
639.5
678.0
569.0
639.5
578.0
583.0
665.0
Lat. IBRA Average
annual
rainfall
140
Long
Location
Study
ID
State
LOCATION, CLIMATE AND SOIL INFORMATION continued
APPENDIX 4b
19.3
21.8
16.9
18.5
14.8
14.8
21.8
16.9
14.8
21.8
18.5
18.5
18.5
16.9
21.8
16.9
19.3
21.8
17.6
18.5
14.8
Average
daily
temp.
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Chromosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Rudosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Rudosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Chromosol
Isbell
GSG
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
black earth
black earth
grey clay
(Dalby Agric. College)
Brown clay
red-brown earth
(Elengerah)
alluvial soil
grey clay
black earth (Waco)
grey clay
alluvial soils
grey clay
red clay
grey clay
grey clay (Kupuun)
grey clay
black earth
(Dalby Agric. College)
red clay
alluvial soils
grey clay (Oakville)
brown clay
- red-brown earth (Kiloween)
PPF
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Other
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
87
Namoi Valley
Narrabri
Narrabri
Narrabri
Narrabri
Midlands of
Tasmania
Midlands of
Tasmania
Midlands of
Tasmania
Midlands of
Tasmania
Midlands of
Tasmania
Midlands of
Tasmania
Midlands of
Tasmania
Midlands of
Tasmania
Midlands of
Tasmania
South-eastern
sites
South-eastern
sites
Northern
Midlands sites
Northern
Midlands sites
South-eastern
sites
Northern
Midlands sites
Conteh et al. 1997
Conteh et al. 1998
Conteh et al. 1998
Conteh et al. 1998
Conteh et al. 1998
Cotching et al. 2001
Cotching et al. 2001
Cotching et al. 2001
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169 Cotching et al. 2002a
170 Cotching et al. 2002a
171 Cotching et al. 2002a
172 Cotching et al. 2002b
173 Cotching et al. 2002b
174 Cotching et al. 2002b
175 Cotching et al. 2002c
176 Cotching et al. 2002c
177 Cotching et al. 2002c
178 Cotching et al. 2002c
179 Cotching et al. 2002c
180 Cotching et al. 2002c
Tas
Tas
Tas
Tas
Tas
Tas
Tas
Tas
Tas
Tas
Tas
Tas
Tas
Tas
Tas
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
146° 59’
147° 28’
146° 59’
146° 59’
147° 28’
147° 28’
146–148°E
146–148°E
146–148°E
147–148°E
147–148°E
147–148°E
147–148°E
147–148°E
147–148°E
149° 40’
149° 40’
149° 40’
149° 40’
150° 09’
41° 45’
42° 47’
41° 45’
41° 45’
42° 47’
42° 47’
41–42°S
41–42°S
41–42°S
41–42°S
41–42°S
41–42°S
41–42°S
41–42°S
41–42°S
30° 10’
30° 10’
30° 10’
30° 10’
30° 57’
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
17
17
17
17
76
753.0
527.0
753.0
753.0
527.0
527.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
598.0
598.0
598.0
598.0
578.0
10.8
11.9
10.8
10.8
11.9
11.9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
18.5
18.5
18.5
18.5
17.6
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Dermosol
Dermosol
Dermosol
Tenosol
Tenosol
Tenosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ug5.2
Ug5.2
Ug5.2
Ug5.2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
grey cracking clay
grey cracking clay
grey cracking clay
grey cracking clay
grey clay (Kilmarnock)
Ustic Endoaquerts
Ustic Endoaquerts
Ustic Endoaquerts
Ustic Endoaquerts
Ustic Endoaquerts
Ustic Endoaquerts
Udic Kanhaplustults
Udic Kanhaplustults
Udic Kanhaplustults
Humic Dystroxerpts
Humic Dystroxerpts
Humic Dystroxerpts
Udic Haplustalfs
Udic Haplustalfs
Udic Haplustalfs
Typic Pellustert
Typic Pellustert
Typic Pellustert
Typic Pellustert
-
88
Australian Greenhouse Office
Warwick
Warwick
Warwick
Warwick
Warwick
Warwick
Warwick
Dalal (1989)
Dalal (1989)
Dalal et al. 1991
Dalal et al. 1991
Dalal et al. 1991
Dalal et al. 1991
Dalal et al. 1991
Dalal et al. 1991
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
Warwick
Warwick
Warwick
Warwick
Warwick
Dalal et al. 1991
Dalal et al. 1991
Dalal et al. 1991
Dalal et al. 1991
Dalal et al. 1991
191
192
193
194
195
Warwick
Warwick
Dalal (1989)
182
Warwick
Dalal (1989)
181
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
State
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
Long
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
677.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
Lat. IBRA Average
annual
rainfall
Study
ID
Location
LOCATION, CLIMATE AND SOIL INFORMATION continued
APPENDIX 4b
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
Average
daily
temp.
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Isbell
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
PPF
black self mulching
cracking clay
black self mulching
cracking clay
black self mulching
cracking clay
black self mulching
cracking clay
black self mulching
cracking clay
black self mulching
cracking clay
black self mulching
cracking clay
black self mulching
cracking clay
black self mulching
cracking clay
black self mulching
cracking clay
black self mulching
cracking clay
black self mulching
cracking clay
black self mulching
cracking clay
black self mulching
cracking clay
black self mulching
cracking clay
GSG
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Other
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
89
Warwick
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Dalal et al. 1991
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
152° 06’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
28° 12’
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
27
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
677.0
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
16.3
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
black self mulching
cracking clay
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
90
Australian Greenhouse Office
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Warra
Condobolin
Cowra
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Dalal et al. 1995
Derrick and
Dumaresq 1999
Derrick and
Dumaresq 1999
Fettell and Gill 1995
Fettell and Gill 1995
Fettell and Gill 1995
Fettell and Gill 1995
Fettell and Gill 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
Charlton
Cowra
St Arnaud
Wagga Wagga
Wellington
Raywood
Beckom
Yerong Creek
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
Condobolin
Condobolin
Condobolin
Condobolin
Ardlethan
Ardlethan
Warra
Dalal et al. 1995
146° 54’
146° 54’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
150° 53’
143° 24’
143° 36’
NSW 147° 04’ 25”
NSW 146° 57’ 15”
Vic 144° 07’ 38”
NSW 148° 58’ 13”
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
Vic
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
Vic
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
NSW 147° 12’ 28”
NSW 147° 12’ 28”
NSW 147° 12’ 28”
NSW 147° 12’ 28”
NSW 147° 12’ 28”
NSW
NSW
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
35° 25’ 32”
34° 14’ 31”
36° 28’ 06”
32° 30’ 26”
34° 59’ 00”
36° 16’
33° 48’ 32”
36° 18’
33° 48’ 32”
33° 04’ 32”
33° 04’ 32”
33° 04’ 32”
33° 04’ 32”
33° 04’ 32”
34° 22’
34° 22’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
26° 47’
7
7
8
7
7
8
7
8
7
24
24
24
24
24
7
7
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
589.0
470.0
417.0
600.0
548.0
509.0
651.0
430.0
651.0
458.0
458.0
458.0
458.0
458.0
475.0
475.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
639.0
Lat. IBRA Average
annual
rainfall
224
Long
Location
Study
ID
State
LOCATION, CLIMATE AND SOIL INFORMATION continued
APPENDIX 4b
14.8
15.5
14.6
15.8
15.2
14.6
15.9
15.2
15.9
17.1
17.1
17.1
17.1
17.1
15.6
15.6
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
18.8
Average
daily
temp.
Dermosol
Dermosol
Sodosol
Chromosol
Kandosol
Sodosol
Chromosol
Sodosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Isbell
Gn2.14
Gn2.12
Dr2.13
Dr2.42
Gn2.15
Db1.23
Dr2.22
Dr2.13
Gn2.12
Dr2.13
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
PPF
red earth
red earth
red-brown earth
non-calcic brown
red earth
red-brown earth
non-calcic brown
red -brown earth
non-calcic brown
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red earth
red earth
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
brown cracking clay
GSG
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Other
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
91
Boort
Yerong Creek
Matong
Wellington
Howlong
Charlton
Charlton
Ariah Park
Burcher
Grenfell
Pleasant Hills
Harden
Coolamon
St Arnaud
The Rock
Wellington
Wellington
Wellington
Condobolin
Howlong
Ootha
Condobolin
Ootha
Lockhart
Parkes
Cowra
Elmore
Temora
West Wyalong
Temora
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
143° 7’
143° 24’
143° 24’
143° 36’
NSW 147° 29’ 34”
NSW 146° 58’ 14”
NSW 147° 29’ 34”
Vic 144° 18’ 31”
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
NSW 148° 13’ 59”
NSW 146° 44’ 29”
NSW 147° 26’ 52”
NSW 147° 12’ 28”
NSW 147° 26’ 52”
NSW 146° 37’ 55”
NSW 147° 12’ 28”
NSW 148° 58’ 13”
NSW 148° 58’ 13”
NSW 148° 58’ 13”
NSW 147° 10’ 13”
Vic
NSW 147° 15’ 23”
NSW 148° 31’ 43”
NSW 146° 54’ 24”
NSW 147° 53’ 24”
NSW 147° 15’ 03”
NSW 147° 12’ 04”
Vic
Vic
NSW 146° 37’ 55”
NSW 148° 58’ 13”
NSW 146° 51’ 51”
NSW 147° 04’ 29”
Vic
34° 17’ 42”
34° 11’ 13”
34° 17’ 42”
36° 28’ 41”
33° 48’ 32”
32° 59’ 54”
35° 05’ 35”
33° 04’ 46”
33° 04’ 32”
33° 04’ 46”
35° 53’ 20”
33° 04’ 32”
32° 30’ 26”
32° 30’ 26”
32° 30’ 26”
35° 14’ 57”
36° 16’
34° 40’ 02”
34° 31’ 29”
35° 30’ 03”
33° 53’ 16”
33° 31’ 52”
34° 24’ 38”
36° 18’
36° 18’
35° 53’ 20”
32° 30’ 26”
34° 49’ 51”
35° 21’ 46”
36° 1’
7
7
7
8
7
7
7
7
24
7
8
24
7
7
7
7
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
7
7
7
7
8
523.0
471.0
523.0
427.0
651.0
566.0
473.0
456.0
458.0
456.0
561.0
458.0
600.0
600.0
600.0
557.0
509.0
491.0
614.0
568.0
631.0
455.0
477.0
430.0
430.0
561.0
600.0
465.0
568.0
398.0
15.2
15.5
15.2
14.6
15.9
16.2
15.4
16.9
17.1
16.9
15.0
17.1
15.8
15.8
15.8
15.0
14.6
15.3
14.2
15.0
15.8
16.4
15.1
15.2
15.2
15.0
15.8
15.7
15.0
15.9
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Dermosol
Dermosol
Sodosol
Kandosol
Chromosol
Kandosol
Chromosol
Dermosol
Chromosol
Dermosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Sodosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Kandosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Sodosol
Dermosol
Dermosol
Dermosol
Chromosol
Sodosol
Dr2.22
Dr2.13
Dr2.21
Dr2.22
Gn2.12
Gn3.12
Dr2.43
Gn2.16
Dr2.13
Gn2.15
Dr2.42
Gn3.13
Dr2.42
Gn3.13
Dr2.12
Dr2.23
Dr2.13
Gn2.11
Gn2.12
Dy2.42
Dr2.23
Dr2.51
Dr4.12
Db2.12
Dr2.13
Dy2.42
Dy2.82
Dr2.22
Dr2.22
Dr3.13
non-calcic brown
red-brown earth
red Podzolic
non-calcic brown
red earth
euchrozem
solodic
red earth
red-brown earth
red earth
non-calcic brown
red earth
non-calcic brown
euchrozem
non-calcic brown
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red earth
red earth
solodic
red-brown earth
red Podzolic
non-calcic brown
non-calcic brown
red-brown earth
non-calcic brown
yellow earth
solodic
non-calcic brown
red-brown earth
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
92
Australian Greenhouse Office
Illabo
Lockhart
Grenfell
Elmore
Quandialla
Woodstock
Wallendbeen
Cowra
Reefton
Cowra
Wellington
Parkes
West Wyalong
Harden
Wellington
Grenfell
Harden
Illabo
Burcher
West Wyalong
St Arnaud
Coolamon
Parkes
Grenfell
Parkes
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
143° 36’
NSW 148° 13’ 59”
NSW 147° 53’ 24”
NSW 148° 13’ 59”
NSW 147° 15’ 23”
Vic
NSW 146° 58’ 14”
NSW 147° 15’ 03”
NSW 147° 41’ 47”
NSW 148° 31’ 43”
NSW 147° 53’ 24”
NSW 148° 58’ 13”
NSW 148° 31’ 43”
NSW 146° 58’ 14”
NSW 148° 13’ 59”
NSW 148° 58’ 13”
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
NSW 147° 27’ 15”
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
NSW 148° 12’ 19”
NSW 148° 46’ 24”
NSW 147° 43’ 19”
Vic 144° 18’ 31”
NSW 147° 53’ 24”
NSW 146° 44’ 29”
NSW 147° 41’ 47”
32° 59’ 54”
33° 53’ 16”
32° 59’ 54”
34° 40’ 02”
36° 16’
34° 11’ 13”
33° 31’ 52”
34° 48’ 26”
34° 31’ 29”
33° 53’ 16”
32° 30’ 26”
34° 31’ 29”
34° 11’ 13”
32° 59’ 54”
32° 30’ 26”
33° 48’ 32”
34° 13’ 00”
33° 48’ 32”
34° 28’ 33”
33° 44’ 09”
33° 59’ 08”
36° 28’ 41”
33° 53’ 16”
35° 05’ 35”
34° 48’ 26”
7
7
7
7
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
7
7
7
566.0
631.0
566.0
491.0
509.0
471.0
455.0
561.0
614.0
631.0
600.0
614.0
471.0
566.0
600.0
651.0
501.0
651.0
695.0
663.0
509.0
427.0
631.0
473.0
561.0
Lat. IBRA Average
annual
rainfall
277
Long
Location
Study
ID
State
LOCATION, CLIMATE AND SOIL INFORMATION continued
APPENDIX 4b
16.2
15.8
16.2
15.3
14.6
15.5
16.4
14.9
14.2
15.8
15.8
14.2
15.5
16.2
15.8
15.9
15.4
15.9
13.7
14.9
15.7
14.6
15.8
15.4
14.9
Average
daily
temp.
Dermosol
Sodosol
Dermosol
Chromosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Sodosol
Dermosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Dermosol
Dermosol
Dermosol
Sodosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Dermosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Dermosol
Chromosol
Isbell
Gn3.12
Dr2.13
Dr2.21
Dr2.12
Dr2.13
Dr2.13
Dr2.12
Dr3.42
Dr2.42
Dr3.43
Dr2.43
Dy2.23
Dr2.12
Gn2.13
Gn3.13
Gn4.12
Db3.43
Dy2.43
Db3.12
Dr2.12
Dr2.43
Dy2.23
Dr2.13
Dr2.13
Dr2.13
PPF
euchrozem
red-brown earth
red Podzolic
non-calcic brown
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
solodic
non-calcic brown
non-calcic brown
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
non-calcic brown
red earth
euchrozem
red earth
solodic
red-brown earth
prairie soil
non-calcic brown
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
solodic
red-brown earth
GSG
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Other
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
93
Illabo
Woodstock
Temora
Temora
Cowra
Cowra
Charlton
Rand
Thuddungra
Yerong Creek
Wallendbeen
Reefton
Harden
Harden
Harden
Harden
Harden
Harden
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Geeves et al. 1995
Gupta et al. 1994
Gupta et al. 1994
Gupta et al. 1994
Gupta et al. 1994
Gupta et al. 1994
Gupta et al. 1994
Haines and
Uren 1990
Haines and
Uren 1990
Haines and
Uren 1990
Hamblin 1980
Hamblin 1980
Hamblin 1980
Hamblin 1980
Hamblin 1980
Hamblin 1980
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
Rutherglen
Warwick
Turretfield
Yuna
Wagga Wagga
Rutherglen
Rutherglen
Rutherglen
Rutherglen
Reefton
Geeves et al. 1995
302
143° 24’
146° 25’
146° 25’
146° 25’
146° 25’
Vic
Qld
SA
WA
146° 25’
152° 06’
138° 50’
115° 0’
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
Vic
Vic
Vic
Vic
NSW 148° 31’ 43”
NSW 148° 31’ 43”
NSW 148° 31’ 43”
NSW 148° 31’ 43”
NSW 148° 31’ 43”
NSW 148° 31’ 43”
NSW 147° 27’ 15”
NSW 148° 12’ 19”
NSW 147° 04’ 25”
NSW 148° 08’ 19”
NSW 146° 35’ 12”
Vic
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
NSW 147° 29’ 34”
NSW 147° 29’ 34”
NSW 148° 46’ 24”
NSW 147° 41’ 47”
NSW 147° 27’ 15”
36° 06’
28° 12’
34° 33’
28° 19’
34° 59’ 00”
36° 06’
36° 06’
36° 06’
36° 06’
34° 31’ 29”
34° 31’ 29”
34° 31’ 29”
34° 31’ 29”
34° 31’ 29”
34° 31’ 29”
34° 13’ 00”
34° 28’ 33”
35° 25’ 32”
34° 08’ 18”
35° 38’ 11”
36° 18’
33° 48’ 32”
33° 48’ 32”
34° 17’ 42”
34° 17’ 42”
33° 44’ 09”
34° 48’ 26”
34° 13’ 00”
7
27
35
67
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
572.0
677.0
468.0
345.0
548.0
572.0
572.0
572.0
572.0
614.0
614.0
614.0
614.0
614.0
614.0
501.0
695.0
589.0
603.0
502.0
430.0
651.0
651.0
523.0
523.0
663.0
561.0
501.0
14.9
16.3
15.7
19.0
15.2
14.9
14.9
14.9
14.9
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
15.4
13.7
14.8
15.1
15.3
15.2
15.9
15.9
15.2
15.2
14.9
14.9
15.4
Podosols
Vertosol
Sodosol
Rudosol
Sodosol
Podosols
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Sodosol
Dermosol
Dermosol
Dermosol
Sodosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Sodosol
Chromosol
Sodosol
Dermosol
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dy3.33
Dy3.33
Dy3.33
Gn2.14
Gn2.14
Gn2.14
Gn2.14
Gn2.14
Gn2.14
Dd2.13
Gn4.32
Gn2.21
Dr3.13
Dr2.13
Dr4.13
Db1.12
Dr2.42
Db2.13
Dr2.62
Dr2.12
Dy5.41
Db1.13
-
-
-
-
-
-
solodic
solodic
solodic
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
solodic
prairie soil
yellow earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
non-calcic brown
non-calcic brown
red-brown earth
solodic
non-calcic brown
soloth
red-brown earth
Spodosol
Vertisol
Alfisol
Entisol
Alfisol
Spodosol
-
-
-
Alfisol
Alfisol
Alfisol
Alfisol
Alfisol
Alfisol
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
94
Australian Greenhouse Office
North Star
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Wagga Wagga
Tamworth
Hamblin 1980
Hamblin 1980
Hamblin 1984
Hamblin 1984
Hamblin 1984
Hamblin 1984
Hamblin 1984
Hamblin 1984
Harte 1984
Harte 1984
Harte 1984
Harte 1984
Harte 1984
Harte 1984
Heenan et al. 1995
Heenan et al. 1995
Heenan et al. 1995
Heenan et al. 1995
Heenan et al. 1995
Heenan et al. 1995
Heenan et al. 1995
Heenan et al. 1995
Holford et al. 1998
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
North Star
North Star
North Star
North Star
North Star
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Warwick
Yuna
Turretfield
Hamblin 1980
331
Wagga Wagga
Hamblin 1980
330
Long
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
Qld
WA
SA
150° 56’
147° 27’
147° 27’
147° 27’
147° 27’
147° 27’
147° 27’
147° 27’
147° 27’
150.24E
150.24E
150.24E
150.24E
150.24E
150.24E
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
152° 06’
115° 0’
138° 50’
NSW 147° 27’ 28”
State
31° 06’
34° 59’
34° 59’
34° 59’
34° 59’
34° 59’
34° 59’
34° 59’
34° 59’
28.56S
28.56S
28.56S
28.56S
28.56S
28.56S
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
28° 12’
28° 19’
34° 33’
34° 59’ 00”
26
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
17
17
17
17
17
17
70
70
70
70
70
70
27
67
35
7
660.0
548.0
548.0
548.0
548.0
548.0
548.0
548.0
548.0
569.0
569.0
569.0
569.0
569.0
569.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
315.0
677.0
345.0
468.0
548.0
Lat. IBRA Average
annual
rainfall
Study
ID
Location
LOCATION, CLIMATE AND SOIL INFORMATION continued
APPENDIX 4b
16.7
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
15.2
19.4
19.4
19.4
19.4
19.4
19.4
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.8
16.3
19.0
15.7
15.2
Average
daily
temp.
Vertosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Ferrosol
Kandosol
Chromosol
Ferrosol
Chromosol
Kandosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Vertosol
Rudosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Isbell
-
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Gn2.12
Dr4.23
Gn2.16
Dr2.23
Dr4.23
Dr2.23
Gn2.16
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
PPF
black earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
red earth
euchrozem
red earth
red-brown earth
euchrozem
red-brown earth
red earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
-
-
-
-
GSG
Pellic vertisol
Chromic luvisol
Chromic luvisol
Chromic luvisol
Chromic luvisol
Chromic luvisol
Chromic luvisol
Chromic luvisol
Chromic luvisol
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Vertisol
Entisol
Alfisol
Alfisol
Other
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
95
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Tamworth
Narrabri
Warren
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Holford et al. 1998
Hulugalle and
Entwistle 1997
Hulugalle and
Entwistle 1997
Hulugalle and
Entwistle 1997
Hulugalle et al.
1998/99
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
Narrabri
Narrabri
Tamworth
Holford et al. 1998
355
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
147° 46’
150° 00’
150° 00’
150° 00’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
150° 56’
31° 47’
30° 00’
30° 00’
30° 00’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
31° 06’
17
17
17
17
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
467.0
694.0
694.0
694.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
660.0
17.5
17.6
17.6
17.6
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Ug5.25
Ug5.25
Ug5.25
Ug5.25
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
uniform grey clay
uniform grey clay
uniform grey clay
uniform grey clay
black earth
red clay
red clay
red clay
red clay
black earth
black earth
red clay
black earth
red clay
black earth
red clay
black earth
black earth
black earth
red clay
black earth
red clay
red clay
red clay
black earth
black earth
red clay
Typic pellustert
Typic pellustert
Typic pellustert
Typic pellustert
Pellic vertisol
Chromic vertisol
Chromic vertisol
Chromic vertisol
Chromic vertisol
Pellic vertisol
Pellic vertisol
Chromic vertisol
Pellic vertisol
Chromic vertisol
Pellic vertisol
Chromic vertisol
Pellic vertisol
Pellic vertisol
Pellic vertisol
Chromic vertisol
Pellic vertisol
Chromic vertisol
Chromic vertisol
Chromic vertisol
Pellic vertisol
Pellic vertisol
Chromic vertisol
96
Australian Greenhouse Office
Warwick
Cowra
Harden
Wagga Wagga
Wellington
Cowra
Harden
Cowra
Loch and
Coughlan 1984
Loch and
Coughlan 1984
Macks et al. 1996
Macks et al. 1996
Macks et al. 1996
Macks et al. 1996
Macks et al. 1996
Macks et al. 1996
Macks et al. 1996
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
Wongan Hills
Wongan Hills
Wongan Hills
Nabawa
Nabawa
Nabawa
Nabawa
Nabawa
Nabawa
Nabawa
Nabawa
Warwick
Warwick
Loch and
Coughlan 1984
383
Warwick
Loch and
Coughlan 1984
382
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
State
116° 42’
116° 42’
116° 42’
114° 47’
114° 47’
114° 47’
114° 47’
114° 47’
114° 47’
114° 47’
114° 47’
148° 42’
148° 31’
148° 42’
148° 58’
147° 27’
148° 31’
148° 42’
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
Long
30° 53’
30° 53’
30° 53’
28° 30’
28° 30’
28° 30’
28° 30’
28° 30’
28° 30’
28° 30’
28° 30’
33° 48’
34° 31’
33° 48’
32° 30’
34° 59’
34° 31’
33° 48’
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
70
70
70
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
27
27
27
27
358.0
358.0
358.0
439.0
439.0
439.0
439.0
439.0
439.0
439.0
439.0
651.0
619.0
651.0
601.0
548.0
619.0
651.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
Lat. IBRA Average
annual
rainfall
Study
ID
Location
LOCATION, CLIMATE AND SOIL INFORMATION continued
APPENDIX 4b
17.9
17.9
17.9
19.1
19.1
19.1
19.1
19.1
19.1
19.1
19.1
15.9
14.1
15.9
15.8
15.2
14.1
15.9
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
Average
daily
temp.
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Chromosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Isbell
Gn 2.21
Gn 2.21
Gn 2.21
Dr2.22
Dr2.22
Dr2.22
Dr2.22
Dr2.22
Dr2.22
Dr2.22
Dr2.22
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
PPF
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
non-calcic brown
non-calcic brown
non-calcic brown
red-brown earth
Red earth
Red earth
non-calcic brown
black cracking clay
black cracking clay
black cracking clay
black cracking clay
GSG
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Haploxeralf
Haploxeralf
Haploxeralf
Haploxeralf
Haploxeralf
Haploxeralf
Haploxeralf
Udic pellustert
Udic pellustert
Udic pellustert
Udic pellustert
Other
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
97
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Wongan Hills
Wongan Hills
Wongan Hills
Wongan Hills
Wongan Hills
Nabawa
Nabawa
Nabawa
Nabawa
Nabawa
Nabawa
Nabawa
Nabawa
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Wongan Hills
Wongan Hills
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
116° 42’
116° 42’
116° 42’
116° 42’
116° 42’
114° 47’
114° 47’
114° 47’
114° 47’
114° 47’
114° 47’
114° 47’
114° 47’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
116° 42’
116° 42’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 53’
30° 53’
30° 53’
30° 53’
30° 53’
28° 30’
28° 30’
28° 30’
28° 30’
28° 30’
28° 30’
28° 30’
28° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 53’
30° 53’
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
358.0
358.0
358.0
358.0
358.0
439.0
439.0
439.0
439.0
439.0
439.0
439.0
439.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
358.0
358.0
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.9
17.9
17.9
17.9
17.9
19.1
19.1
19.1
19.1
19.1
19.1
19.1
19.1
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.9
17.9
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
Gn 2.21
Gn 2.21
Gn 2.21
Gn 2.21
Gn 2.21
Dr2.22
Dr2.22
Dr2.22
Dr2.22
Dr2.22
Dr2.22
Dr2.22
Dr2.22
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
Gn 2.21
Gn 2.21
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
98
Australian Greenhouse Office
Merredin
Walgett
Walgett
Walgett
Condobolin
Condobolin
Nyngan
Tottenham
Dandaloo
Coonamble
Condobolin
Girilambone
Condobolin
Dandaloo
Coonamble
Walgett
Walgett
Condobolin
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Mason 1992
Murphy et al. 2002
Murphy et al. 2002
Murphy et al. 2002
Murphy et al. 2002
Murphy et al. 2002
Murphy et al. 2002
Murphy et al. 2002
Murphy et al. 2002
Murphy et al. 2002
Murphy et al. 2002
Murphy et al. 2002
Murphy et al. 2002
Murphy et al. 2002
Murphy et al. 2002
Murphy et al. 2002
Murphy et al. 2002
Murphy et al. 2002
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Mason 1992
435
Merredin
Mason 1992
434
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
State
147° 12’
148° 06’
148° 06’
148° 23’
147° 33’
147° 12’
146° 53’
147° 12’
148° 23’
147° 33’
147° 21’
147° 12’
147° 12’
147° 12’
148° 06’
148° 06’
148° 06’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
Long
33° 04’
30° 01’
30° 01’
30° 56’
32° 12’
33° 04’
31° 15’
33° 04’
30° 56’
32° 12’
32° 14’
31° 33’
33° 04’
33° 04’
30° 01’
30° 01’
30° 01’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
30° 30’
24
17
17
17
17
24
24
24
17
17
24
24
24
24
17
17
17
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
458.0
443.0
443.0
489.0
482.0
458.0
418.0
458.0
489.0
482.0
482.0
435.0
458.0
458.0
443.0
443.0
443.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
294.0
Lat. IBRA Average
annual
rainfall
Study
ID
Location
LOCATION, CLIMATE AND SOIL INFORMATION continued
APPENDIX 4b
17.0
19.4
19.4
18.4
18.9
17.0
18.2
17.0
18.4
18.9
17.2
18.1
17.0
17.0
19.4
19.4
19.4
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.8
Average
daily
temp.
Kandosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Isbell
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
Gn2.21
PPF
red Earths
grey Clay - self -mulching
grey Clay - self -mulching
grey Clay - massive
grey Clay - massive
red Earths
red Earths
red Earths
grey Clay - massive
grey Clay - massive
red Earths
red Earths
red Earths
red Earths
grey Clay - self -mulch
grey Clay - self -mulch
grey Clay - self -mulch
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
GSG
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Other
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
99
Condobolin
Nyngan
Tottenham
Cowra
Cowra
Murphy et al. 2002
Murphy et al. 2002
Murphy et al. 2002
Packer and
Hamilton 1993
Packer and
Hamilton 1993
Packer and
Hamilton 1993
Packer and
Hamilton 1993
Packer and
Hamilton 1993
Packer and
Hamilton 1993
Packer and
Hamilton 1993
Packer and
Hamilton 1993
Packer and
Hamilton 1993
Packer and
Hamilton 1993
Packer and
Hamilton 1993
Packer and
Hamilton 1993
Packer and
Hamilton 1993
Packer and
Hamilton 1993
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478 Pankhurst et al. 2002
479 Pankhurst et al. 2002
Condobolin
Murphy et al. 2002
460
Cowra
Grenfell
Grenfell
Cowra
Grenfell
Grenfell
Cowra
Cowra
Grenfell
Grenfell
Cowra
Cowra
Cowra
Cowra
Girilambone
Murphy et al. 2002
459
147° 21’
147° 12’
147° 12’
147° 12’
146° 53’
NSW
NSW
148° 42’
148° 42’
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
NSW 147° 53’ 24”
NSW 147° 53’ 24”
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
NSW 147° 53’ 24”
NSW 147° 53’ 24”
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
NSW 147° 53’ 24”
NSW 147° 53’ 24”
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
35° 51’
35° 51’
33° 48’ 32”
33° 53’ 16”
33° 53’ 16”
33° 48’ 32”
33° 53’ 16”
33° 53’ 16”
33° 48’ 32”
33° 48’ 32”
33° 53’ 16”
33° 53’ 16”
33° 48’ 32”
33° 48’ 32”
33° 48’ 32”
33° 48’ 32”
32° 14’
31° 33’
33° 04’
33° 04’
31° 15’
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
24
24
24
24
24
651.0
651.0
651.0
631.0
631.0
651.0
631.0
631.0
651.0
651.0
631.0
631.0
651.0
651.0
651.0
651.0
482.0
435.0
458.0
458.0
418.0
15.9
15.9
15.9
15.8
15.8
15.9
15.8
15.8
15.9
15.9
15.8
15.8
15.9
15.9
15.9
15.9
17.2
18.1
17.0
17.0
18.2
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Dr3.22/3
Dr3.22/3
Dr 3.22/
Dr 3.23
Dr 3.22/
Dr 3.23
Dr 3.22/
Dr 3.23
Dr 3.22/
Dr 3.23
Dr 3.22/
Dr 3.23
Dr 3.22/
Dr 3.23
Dr 3.22/
Dr 3.23
Dr 3.22/
Dr 3.23
Dr 3.22/
Dr 3.23
Dr 3.22/
Dr 3.23
Dr 3.22/
Dr 3.23
Dr 3.22/
Dr 3.23
Dr 3.22/
Dr 3.23
Dr 3.22/
Dr 3.23
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
red Earths
red Earths
red Earths
red Earths
red Earths
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
100
Australian Greenhouse Office
Harden
Cowra
Harden
LanglandsLogie
LanglandsLogie
LanglandsLogie
Waco
Waco
Waco
Waco
LanglandsLogie
Northern
Tasmania
Northern
Tasmania
Northern
Tasmania
Northern
Tasmania
Northern
Tasmania
Biloela
Biloela
Biloela
481 Pankhurst et al. 2002
482 Pankhurst et al. 2002
483 Skjemstad et al. 2001
484 Skjemstad et al. 2001
485 Skjemstad et al. 2001
486 Skjemstad et al. 2001
487 Skjemstad et al. 2001
488 Skjemstad et al. 2001
489 Skjemstad et al. 2001
490 Skjemstad et al. 2001
Sparrow et al. 1999
Sparrow et al. 1999
Sparrow et al. 1999
Sparrow et al. 1999
Sparrow et al. 1999
Standley et al. 1990
Standley et al. 1990
Standley et al. 1990
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
Qld
Qld
Qld
Tas
Tas
Tas
Tas
Tas
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
NSW
NSW
NSW
150° 31’
150° 31’
150° 31’
148° 15’
148° 15’
146° 30’
146° 30’
148° 15’
148° 15’
148° 15’
148° 15’
148° 15’
148° 15’
148° 15’
148° 15’
148° 15’
148° 17’
148° 42’
148° 17’
24° 24’
24° 24’
24° 24’
27° 10’
27° 10’
41° 17’
41° 17’
27° 10’
27° 10’
27° 10’
27° 10’
27° 10’
27° 10’
27° 10’
27° 10’
27° 10’
34° 31
35° 51’
34° 30
76
76
76
12
12
12
12
12
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
7
7
7
683.0
683.0
683.0
502.0
502.0
948.0
948.0
502.0
502.0
502.0
502.0
502.0
502.0
502.0
502.0
502.0
649.0
651.0
644.0
Lat. IBRA Average
annual
rainfall
480 Pankhurst et al. 2002
Long
Location
Study
ID
State
LOCATION, CLIMATE AND SOIL INFORMATION continued
APPENDIX 4b
20.6
20.6
20.6
19.6
19.6
11.1
11.1
19.6
19.6
19.6
19.6
19.6
19.6
19.6
19.6
19.6
14.1
15.9
14.2
Average
daily
temp.
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Ferrosol
Ferrosol
Ferrosol
Ferrosol
Ferrosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Kandosol
Chromosol
Kandosol
Isbell
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ug5.24
Ug5.16
Ug5.16
Ug5.16
Ug5.16
Ug5.24
Ug5.24
Ug5.24
Gn2.14
Dr3.22/3
Gn2.14
PPF
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
grey, brown, red clays
black earth
black earth
black earth
black earth
grey, brown, red clays
grey, brown, red clays
grey, brown, red clays
red earth
-
red earth
GSG
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Humic Eutrodox
Humic Eutrodox
Humic Eutrodox
Humic Eutrodox
Humic Eutrodox
Langlands-Logie
Chromustert
Waco Pellustert
Waco Pellustert
Waco Pellustert
Waco Pellustert
Langlands-Logie
Chromustert
Langlands-Logie
Chromustert
Langlands-Logie
Chromustert
-
-
-
Other
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
101
Biloela
Biloela
Biloela
Biloela
Biloela
Biloela
Biloela
Biloela
Biloela
Biloela
Biloela
Biloela
Biloela
Warwick
Cowra
Cowra
Peak Hill
Peak Hill
Standley et al. 1990
Standley et al. 1990
Standley et al. 1990
Standley et al. 1990
Standley et al. 1990
Standley et al. 1990
Standley et al. 1990
Standley et al. 1990
Standley et al. 1990
Standley et al. 1990
Standley et al. 1990
Standley et al. 1990
Standley et al. 1990
Thompson 1992
Thompson 1992
Thompson 1992
Thompson 1992
Thompson 1992
Thompson 1992
Thompson 1992
Thompson 1992
Valzano et al. 1997
Valzano et al. 1997
Valzano et al. 2001a
Valzano et al. 2001a
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
Valzano et al. 2001a
Biloela
Standley et al. 1990
501
527
Biloela
Standley et al. 1990
500
Peak Hill
Warwick
Warwick
Warwick
Warwick
Warwick
Warwick
Warwick
Biloela
Standley et al. 1990
499
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
152° 06’
150° 31’
150° 31’
150° 31’
150° 31’
150° 31’
150° 31’
150° 31’
150° 31’
150° 31’
150° 31’
150° 31’
150° 31’
150° 31’
150° 31’
150° 31’
150° 31’
NSW
NSW
NSW
147° 48’
147° 48’
147° 48’
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
NSW 148° 42’ 13”
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
Qld
32° 31’
32° 31’
32° 31’
33° 48’ 32”
33° 48’ 32”
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
28° 12’
24° 24’
24° 24’
24° 24’
24° 24’
24° 24’
24° 24’
24° 24’
24° 24’
24° 24’
24° 24’
24° 24’
24° 24’
24° 24’
24° 24’
24° 24’
24° 24’
24
24
24
7
7
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
345.0
345.0
345.0
651.0
651.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
677.0
683.0
683.0
683.0
683.0
683.0
683.0
683.0
683.0
683.0
683.0
683.0
683.0
683.0
683.0
683.0
683.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
15.9
15.9
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Db1.13
Db1.13
Db1.13
Dy2.43/
Dr2.43
Dy2.43/
Dr2.44
Ug5.17
Ug5.17
Ug5.17
Ug5.17
Ug5.17
Ug5.17
Ug5.17
Ug5.17
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
black earth
black earth
black earth
black earth
black earth
black earth
black earth
black earth
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Udic Pellustert
Udic Pellustert
Udic Pellustert
Udic Pellustert
Udic Pellustert
Udic Pellustert
Udic Pellustert
Udic Pellustert
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
102
Australian Greenhouse Office
Peak Hill
Peak Hill
Peak Hill
Peak Hill
Peak Hill
Peak Hill
Peak Hill
Peak Hill
Peak Hill
Peak Hill
Peak Hill
Peak Hill
Peak Hill
Peak Hill
Peak Hill
Natimuk
Natimuk
Natimuk
Natimuk
Somersby
Somersby
Somersby
Somersby
Somersby
Somersby
Valzano et al. 2001a
Valzano et al. 2001a
Valzano et al. 2001a
Valzano et al. 2001a
Valzano et al. 2001a
Valzano et al. 2001a
Valzano et al. 2001a
Valzano et al. 2001a
Valzano et al. 2001a
Valzano et al. 2001a
Valzano et al. 2001a
Valzano et al. 2001a
Valzano et al. 2001a
Valzano et al. 2001a
Valzano et al. 2001a
Valzano et al. 2001b
Valzano et al. 2001b
Valzano et al. 2001b
Valzano et al. 2001b
Wells et al. 2000
Wells et al. 2000
Wells et al. 2000
Wells et al. 2000
Wells et al. 2000
Wells et al. 2000
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
Vic
Vic
Vic
Vic
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
151° 17’
151° 17’
151° 17’
151° 17’
151° 17’
151° 17’
142° 15’
142° 15’
142° 15’
142° 15’
147° 48’
147° 48’
147° 48’
147° 48’
147° 48’
147° 48’
147° 48’
147° 48’
147° 48’
147° 48’
147° 48’
147° 48’
147° 48’
147° 48’
147° 48’
33° 21’
33° 21’
33° 21’
33° 21’
33° 21’
33° 21’
36° 45’
36° 45’
36° 45’
36° 45’
32° 31’
32° 31’
32° 31’
32° 31’
32° 31’
32° 31’
32° 31’
32° 31’
32° 31’
32° 31’
32° 31’
32° 31’
32° 31’
32° 31’
32° 31’
20
20
20
20
20
20
78
78
78
78
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
1284.0
1284.0
1284.0
1284.0
1284.0
1284.0
444.0
444.0
444.0
444.0
345.0
345.0
345.0
345.0
345.0
345.0
345.0
345.0
345.0
345.0
345.0
345.0
345.0
345.0
345.0
Lat. IBRA Average
annual
rainfall
528
Long
Location
Study
ID
State
LOCATION, CLIMATE AND SOIL INFORMATION continued
APPENDIX 4b
15.8
15.8
15.8
15.8
15.8
15.8
14.1
14.1
14.1
14.1
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
Average
daily
temp.
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Kandosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Vertosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Isbell
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ug6.2
Ug6.2
Ug6.2
Ug6.2
Db1.13
Db1.13
Db1.13
Db1.13
Db1.13
Db1.13
Db1.13
Db1.13
Db1.13
Db1.13
Db1.13
Db1.13
Db1.13
Db1.13
Db1.13
PPF
yellow earth
yellow earth
yellow earth
yellow earth
yellow earth
yellow earth
grey clay
grey clay
grey clay
grey clay
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
red-brown earth
GSG
Luvic Ferrasol
Luvic Ferrasol
Luvic Ferrasol
Luvic Ferrasol
Luvic Ferrasol
Luvic Ferrasol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Vertisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Other
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
103
Avondale
Trangie
Trangie
Trangie
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
White 1990
Willis et al. 1997
Willis et al. 1997
Willis et al. 1997
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
Avondale
Avondale
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Wogan hills
Wogan hills
Wogan hills
Avondale
Avondale
Avondale
Avondale
Avondale
Avondale
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Merredin
Wogan hills
Wogan hills
Wogan hills
Wogan hills
Wogan hills
White 1990
554
Wogan hills
White 1990
553
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
147° 57’
147° 57’
147° 57’
144° 24’
144° 24’
144° 24’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
116° 42’
116° 42’
116° 42’
144° 24’
144° 24’
144° 24’
144° 24’
144° 24’
144° 24’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
118° 16’
116° 42’
116° 42’
116° 42’
116° 42’
116° 42’
116° 42’
31° 59’
31° 59’
31° 59’
32° 29’
32° 29’
32° 29’
31° 29’
31° 29’
31° 29’
30° 53’
30° 53’
30° 53’
32° 29’
32° 29’
32° 29’
32° 29’
32° 29’
32° 29’
31° 29’
31° 29’
31° 29’
31° 29’
31° 29’
31° 29’
30° 53’
30° 53’
30° 53’
30° 53’
30° 53’
30° 53’
17
17
17
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
488.0
488.0
488.0
290.0
290.0
290.0
320.0
320.0
320.0
358.0
358.0
358.0
290.0
290.0
290.0
290.0
290.0
290.0
320.0
320.0
320.0
320.0
320.0
320.0
358.0
358.0
358.0
358.0
358.0
358.0
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.9
17.9
17.9
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.9
17.9
17.9
17.9
17.9
17.9
17.9
17.9
17.9
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.5
17.9
17.9
17.9
17.9
17.9
17.9
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Tenosol
Tenosol
Tenosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Chromosol
Tenosol
Tenosol
Tenosol
Tenosol
Tenosol
Tenosol
Dr2.33
Dr2.33
Dr2.33
Dr2.18
Dr2.19
Dr2.20
Dr3.30
Dr3.29
Dr3.31
Uc5.29
Uc5.28
Uc5.30
Dr2.15
Dr2.16
Dr2.12
Dr2.13
Dr2.14
Dr2.17
Dr3.25
Dr3.27
Dr3.24
Dr3.23
Dr3.26
Dr3.28
Uc5.23
Uc5.26
Uc5.22
Uc5.24
Uc5.25
Uc5.27
-
-
-
non-calcic brown
non-calcic brown
non-calcic brown
non-calcic brown/red earth
non-calcic brown/red earth
non-calcic brown/red earth
yellow earthy sand
yellow earthy sand
yellow earthy sand
non-calcic brown
non-calcic brown
non-calcic brown
non-calcic brown
non-calcic brown
non-calcic brown
non-calcic brown/red earth
non-calcic brown/red earth
non-calcic brown/red earth
non-calcic brown/red earth
non-calcic brown/red earth
non-calcic brown/red earth
yellow earthy sand
yellow earthy sand
yellow earthy sand
yellow earthy sand
yellow earthy sand
yellow earthy sand
Alfisol
Alfisol
Alfisol
Lithic alfisol
Lithic alfisol
Lithic alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Typic xeric psamment
Typic xeric psamment
Typic xeric psamment
Lithic alfisol
Lithic alfisol
Lithic alfisol
Lithic alfisol
Lithic alfisol
Lithic alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Xeric Alfisol
Typic xeric psamment
Typic xeric psamment
Typic xeric psamment
Typic xeric psamment
Typic xeric psamment
Typic xeric psamment
104
Australian Greenhouse Office
Trangie
Trangie
Trangie
Trangie
Willis et al. 1997
Willis et al. 1997
Willis et al. 1997
Willis et al. 1997
584
585
586
NSW
NSW
NSW
NSW
147° 57’
147° 57’
147° 57’
147° 57’
31° 59’
31° 59’
31° 59’
31° 59’
17
17
17
17
488.0
488.0
488.0
488.0
Lat. IBRA Average
annual
rainfall
583
Long
Location
Study
ID
State
LOCATION, CLIMATE AND SOIL INFORMATION continued
APPENDIX 4b
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
Average
daily
temp.
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Sodosol
Isbell
Dr2.33
Dr2.33
Dr2.33
Dr2.33
PPF
-
-
-
-
GSG
Alfisol
Alfisol
Alfisol
Alfisol
Other
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
105
Main crop type/ rotation
Pasture
Irrigated wheat
Soybean/wheat
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Peanut-maize/triticale
Peanut-soybean/wheat
Cereals/legumes
Cereals/legumes
Sugar cane
Intensive vegetables
Cereals/legumes
Sugar cane
Cereals/legumes
Cereals/legumes
Cereals/legumes
Forest
Forest
Sugar cane - ratoon
Sugar cane - ratoon
Sugar cane - ratoon
Sugar cane - ratoon
Sugar cane
Pasture
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
-
Planted to sugar cane (irrigated)
-
-
-
-
Forest
Forest
CT after pasture ley
CT (same as current)
CT
CT
CT (same as current)
CT
CT
NT (same as current)
NT (same as current)
Continuous cropping
Continuous cropping
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Continuous cropping
Continuous cropping
-
Historical (prior to exp.)
-
20
-
-
-
-
-
-
long history
long history
long history
long history
long history
long history
long history
long history
long history
70
>70
-
20
>20
>50
30
-
Time (yr)
Pa
SC
SC
SC
SC
SC
Fo
Fo
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
SC
Gr_Leg
Veg
SC
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
-
Pa
Pa
Pa
Gr_Leg
Gr
Pa
Crop
class
CROP MANAGEMENT AND ASSOCIATED CARBON DENSITIES
ID
APPENDIX 5
Gm
DDa
TTb
TTa
TTa
TTa
Pw
Pw
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTa
DDa
DDa
TTb
TTb
Gm
Gm
Gm
DDb
TTb
Gm
Management
class
4
4
-
-
-
-
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Time
class
0
1
4
4
4
4
0
0
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
2
2
0
0
0
1
4
0
Implement
class
0
1
3
3
3
3
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
3
3
0
0
0
2
3
0
Pass
class
39.1
17.2
14.8
-
-
15
29.8
-
28.7
27.2
24.6
23.6
23.6
20.5
22.9
32.1
23.6
20.3
12.8
44.8
32.7
21.5
17.8
6.2
11.7
C density
0-10 cm (t/ha)
77.1
33.8
37.6
48.8
42.3
35.7
65.5
39.2
56.6
53.5
48.5
46.5
46.5
40.4
45.1
63.2
46.5
48.3
35.6
81.6
68.3
58.3
42
12.2
23
C density
0-30 cm (t/ha)
106
Australian Greenhouse Office
Wheat
Long fallow
Grain legume
Long fallow
Grain legume
31
32
33
34
35
Lucerne
Long-term pasture (reference)
30
38
Pasture
29
Continuous wheat
Sugar cane
28
37
Sugar cane
27
Medic
Sugar cane
26
36
Main crop type/ rotation
Rotation trial established in 1966;
3 phases wheat 1966-78; sorghum
1979-87; wheat 1988-95
Rotation trial established in 1966;
3 phases wheat 1966-78; sorghum
1979-87; wheat 1988-95
Rotation trial established in 1966;
3 phases wheat 1966-78; sorghum
1979-87; wheat 1988-95
Rotation trial established in 1966;
3 phases wheat 1966-78; sorghum
1979-87; wheat 1988-95
Rotation trial established in 1966;
3 phases wheat 1966-78; sorghum
1979-87; wheat 1988-95
Rotation trial established in 1966;
3 phases wheat 1966-78; sorghum
1979-87; wheat 1988-95
Rotation trial established in 1966;
3 phases wheat 1966-78; sorghum
1979-87; wheat 1988-95
Rotation trial established in 1966;
3 phases wheat 1966-78; sorghum
1979-87; wheat 1988-95
-
pasture
Planted to sugar cane (irrigated)
Planted to sugar cane (irrigated)
Planted to sugar cane (irrigated)
Historical (prior to exp.)
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
-
long history
20
20
20
Time (yr)
Gr_Leg
Gr
Gr_Leg
Pa
Fa
Gr_Leg
Fa
Gr
Pa
Pa
SC
SC
SC
Crop
class
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
Gm
Gm
TTb
TTb
TTb
Management
class
CROP MANAGEMENT AND ASSOCIATED CARBON DENSITIES continued
ID
APPENDIX 5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Time
class
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
4
4
4
Implement
class
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
3
3
3
Pass
class
21.4
20.6
20.2
20.2
19.7
19.5
18.3
18.2
40.9
33.6
16.8
14.8
14.4
C density
0-10 cm (t/ha)
42.1
40.7
39.8
39.8
38.7
38.4
36.1
35.8
80.5
66.1
33
29.2
28.3
C density
0-30 cm (t/ha)
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
107
Clover
Clover
Lucerne
Medic
Cereal
Salmon gum
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat (6 years)-peaswheat-lupin-wheat
Wheat (6 years)-peaswheat-lupin-wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Pasture
Wheat
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Wheat
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Cultivated
-
-
-
-
Wheat-pasture rotation/
lucerne-clover prior study
-
Wheat-pasture rotation/
lucerne-clover prior study
Naturalised pasture
Naturalised pasture
Grape vines 1925-74;
grain crops 1975-80
Grape vines 1925-74;
grain crops 1975-80
Subclover pasture
Subclover pasture
Subclover pasture
Subclover pasture
undisturbed
CT rotation with pasture
Rotation trial established in 1966;
3 phases wheat 1966-78; sorghum
1979-87; wheat 1988-95
Rotation trial established in 1966;
3 phases wheat 1966-78; sorghum
1979-87; wheat 1988-95
Rotation trial established in 1966;
3 phases wheat 1966-78; sorghum
1979-87; wheat 1988-95
Rotation trial established in 1966;
3 phases wheat 1966-78; sorghum
1979-87; wheat 1988-95
22
-
-
-
-
>30
>30
1
1
55
55
3
3
3
3
-
45
29
29
29
29
Gr
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Gr
Pa
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Fo
Gr
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
TTb
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
TTb
Gm
DDa
TTb
DDa
TTa
DDa
TTa
DDa
DDa
DDa
Pw
DDb
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
4
1
1
4
4
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
2
1
1
1
1
3
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
0
2
3
3
3
3
7.4
19
17.8
16.6
12.8
14.2
23
16
14.2
15.7
15.2
14.5
24.4
26.5
24.7
24.4
-
-
22.4
22.3
22
21.4
14.7
37.5
35.1
32.7
25.3
27.9
45.2
31.4
28
30.9
30
28.6
48.1
52.1
48.7
48.2
59.3
52.9
44.2
44
43.4
42.1
108
Australian Greenhouse Office
Irrigated cotton (winter wheat)
Wheat-lupins-pasture
77
86
Wheat-lupin
76
Irrigated cotton (winter fallow)
Wheat
75
85
Wheat-lupin
74
Irrigated cotton (winter wheat)
Wheat-lupin
73
84
Native pasture
72
Irrigated cotton (winter fallow)
Wheat
71
83
Wheat-barley
70
Wheat-lupins-pasture
Native pasture
69
82
Wheat-lupins-pasture
68
Wheat-lupins-pasture
Wheat-lupins-pasture
67
81
Wheat-lupins-pasture
66
Wheat-lupins-pasture
Wheat-lupins-pasture
65
80
Wheat-lupins-pasture
64
Wheat-lupins-pasture
Wheat
63
79
Wheat
62
Wheat-lupins-pasture
Wheat
61
78
Main crop type/ rotation
Continuous cropping
Continuous cropping
Continuous cropping
Continuous cropping
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Wheat-lupin
Wheat-lupin
Wheat-lupin
Wheat-lupin
-
Cropped (as with current)
Conventional cultivation
Permanent pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Cultivated (as with current)
Cultivated
Cultivated
Historical (prior to exp.)
15
6
15
6
2
2
2
2
2
2
10
10
10
10
-
2-20
-
-
2
2
2
2
2
9
>50
8
Time (yr)
Co
Co
Co
Co
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Pa
Gr
Gr
Pa
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr
Gr
Gr
Crop
class
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
TTb
TTa
DDb
DDb
DDa
DDa
TTb
TTb
DDa
DDa
Gm
DDb
TTb
Gm
TTb
TTa
TTa
DDb
DDa
TTb
TTb
TTb
Management
class
CROP MANAGEMENT AND ASSOCIATED CARBON DENSITIES continued
ID
APPENDIX 5
3
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
4
2
-
4
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
2
Time
class
4
4
4
4
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
2
4
0
2
2
1
2
1
4
4
4
Implement
class
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
1
1
3
3
1
1
0
2
3
0
3
3
3
2
1
3
3
3
Pass
class
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
22.4
20.5
23.4
21.1
15.1
10.7
12.4
30.1
24.4
28.8
25.5
43.5
31.6
12.8
12.8
10.2
C density
0-10 cm (t/ha)
51.1
40.8
40.3
36.1
42.4
50.1
47.9
42.9
54.1
50.6
44
40.4
46
41.6
29.8
21.1
24.5
59.3
48
56.8
50.3
85.8
62.2
25.3
25.3
20.1
C density
0-30 cm (t/ha)
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
109
Native pasture
Wheat
Wheat/lupin rotation
Wheat/lupin rotation
Wheat/lupin rotation
Wheat/lupin rotation
Sorghum, maize and peanuts
Sorghum, maize and peanuts
Sorghum, maize and peanuts
Pasture
Woodland
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Cropped to summer and winter
grain and fodder crops prior to
establishing a ley
Cropped to summer and winter
grain and fodder crops prior to
establishing a ley
Cropped to summer and winter
grain and fodder crops prior to
establishing a ley
Cropped to summer and winter
grain and fodder crops prior to
establishing a ley
Cropped to summer and winter
grain and fodder crops prior to
establishing a ley
Woodland
Pasture
Cropped with sorghum,
maize and peanuts
Cropped with sorghum,
maize and peanuts
Cropped with sorghum,
maize and peanuts
Cropping (same as current)
Cropping (same as current)
Cropping (same as current)
Cropping (same as current)
Cropping (CT)
Pasture
-
-
-
-
-
20
20
20
2
20
-
-
6
6
6
19
19
19
19
several years
-
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Fo
Pa
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr
Pa
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
Pw
Gm
DDb
DDb
DDb
TTb
TTb
DDa
DDa
TTb
Gm
-
-
-
-
-
4
4
4
1
4
4
4
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
2
4
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
2
2
2
3
3
1
1
3
0
-
-
-
-
-
44.6
26.9
25.9
22.5
17.8
29.6
23.7
19.7
17.2
11.9
14.1
9.5
28
20.1
17.8
26.3
33.5
22.8
16.9
14.1
13.1
87.8
53.1
50.9
44.4
35.1
58.4
46.7
38.8
33.9
23.4
27.8
18.7
55.2
39.6
35.1
51.9
110
Australian Greenhouse Office
Cotton
124
Cotton
Cotton
123
132
Cotton
122
Cotton
Cotton
121
131
Cotton
120
Cotton
Cotton
119
130
Cotton
118
Cotton
Cotton
117
129
Cotton
116
Cotton
Cotton
115
128
Cotton
114
Cotton
Cotton
113
127
Cotton
112
Cotton
Cotton
111
126
Cotton
110
Cotton
Cotton
109
125
Cotton
Main crop type/ rotation
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Uncropped
Historical (prior to exp.)
5
16
1
27
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Time (yr)
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Crop
class
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTa
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Management
class
CROP MANAGEMENT AND ASSOCIATED CARBON DENSITIES continued
108
ID
APPENDIX 5
1
4
1
4
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Time
class
4
4
4
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Implement
class
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pass
class
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C density
0-10 cm (t/ha)
13.8
11.7
11.4
10.3
25.1
93.1
81.7
68.2
66.4
58.9
51.6
48.8
48.2
46
44.5
43.9
43.9
43.4
40.4
39
39
38.1
36.3
34.2
33.8
C density
0-30 cm (t/ha)
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
111
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
40
6
15
50
5
10
10
10
22
50
4
5
18
40
21
60
12
20
10
14
50
50
12
14
30
8
2
25
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
Co
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
4
2
3
4
1
2
2
2
4
4
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
3
4
2
3
4
4
3
3
4
2
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
47.4
42.2
37.8
37.5
37.2
36.9
36.6
36
36
36
36
33.2
32.6
32
31.7
30.1
30.1
29.8
29.8
29.2
28.6
28.3
27.9
27
26.7
25.1
22.8
21.2
17.2
112
Australian Greenhouse Office
Cereals/ vegetables
non-irrigated
Cereals/vegetables
non-irrigated
Pasture
Cereals/ vegetables
non-irrigated
Barley, wheat, oats, peas,
poppies, pyrethrum,
irrigated peas, turf grass
Barley, wheat, oats, peas
Barley, wheat, oats, peas,
poppies, pyrethrum,
irrigated peas, turf grass
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
168 Cereals/ peas/ poppies/ potato
Pasture
Pasture
167
170
Cereals/ peas/ poppies/
pasture leys
166
Cereals/ vegetables
non-irrigated
Deep tillage (as with current)
Cotton
165
169
Long-term pasture (as with current)
Cotton
164
Long-term cropping
Long-term cropping
Long-term cropping
Deep tillage
Long-term pasture
Shallow tillage cropping; 2-8 yr leys
Deep tillage (as with current)
Long-term pasture (as with current)
Shallow tillage cropping
(as with current)
Shallow tillage cropping
(as with current)
Continuous cotton crops
reduced tillage
Continuous cotton crops
reduced tillage
Continuous cotton crops
reduced tillage
Cotton
163
Continuous cotton crops
reduced tillage
Historical (prior to exp.)
Cotton
Main crop type/ rotation
several years
several years
several years
several years
>10
several years
10-15
>11
10-15
several years
>8
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
Time (yr)
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Veg
Pa
Veg
Veg
Pa
Veg
Gr_Leg
Pa
Gr_Leg
Co
Co
Co
Co
Crop
class
DDb
DDb
DDb
TTa
Gm
DDb
TTb
Gm
DDb
TTa
Gm
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
Management
class
CROP MANAGEMENT AND ASSOCIATED CARBON DENSITIES continued
162
ID
APPENDIX 5
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Time
class
2
2
2
5
0
4
5
0
4
4
0
2
2
2
2
2
Implement
class
2
2
2
3
0
2
3
0
2
3
0
2
2
2
2
2
Pass
class
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C density
0-10 cm (t/ha)
106.2
94
74
119.5
148.6
127
40
60.2
53.7
59.5
76.9
67.1
46.5
42.6
42.5
41
C density
0-30 cm (t/ha)
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
113
Barley, wheat, oats, peas,
poppies, pyrethrum,
irrigated peas, turf grass
Pasture
Barley, wheat, oats, peas,
poppies, pyrethrum,
irrigated peas, turf grass
Wheat (10 years) barley (3 years)
Wheat (10 years) barley (3 years)
Wheat (10 years) barley (3 years)
Wheat (10 years) barley (3 years)
Wheat (15 years)barley (3 years)
Wheat (15 years)barley (3 years)
Wheat (15 years)barley (3 years)
Wheat (15 years)barley (3 years)
Wheat (15 years)barley (3 years)
Wheat (15 years)barley (3 years)
Wheat (15 years)barley (3 years)
Wheat (15 years)barley (3 years)
Wheat (15 years)barley (3 years)
Wheat (15 years)barley (3 years)
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
Long-term cropping trial
Long-term cropping trial
Long-term cropping trial
Long-term cropping trial
Long-term cropping trial
Long-term cropping trial
Long-term cropping trial
Long-term cropping trial
Long-term cropping trial
Long-term cropping trial
Long-term cropping trial
Long-term cropping trial
Long-term cropping trial
Long-term cropping trial
Long-term pasture
Long-term pasture
Long-term cropping
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7+
7+
several years
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr_Leg
Pa
Gr_Leg
TTb
TTa
TTa
TTa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
TTa
TTa
DDa
DDa
Gm
Gm
DDb
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
2
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
0
0
2
23.1
24.4
23.5
23.2
-
-
-
-
-
-
22.6
22.1
22.8
22.5
-
-
-
45.5
48.1
46.4
45.7
70.5
69
66.9
63.2
62.9
62.9
44.6
43.5
44.8
44.4
154.5
95
157.4
114
Australian Greenhouse Office
Wheat (15 years)barley (3 years)
Wheat (15 years)barley (3 years)
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
1992 Ley 1986-89
Ley 1987-90
Ley 1988-91
Chickpea
Lucerne
Chickpea (alternate)
Wheat
Wheat
Medic (alternate)
legume-wheat rotation
Medic
Wheat
legume-wheat rotation
Grain-legume rotation
Lucerne (alternate)
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
Main crop type/ rotation
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Long-term cropping trial
Long-term cropping trial
Historical (prior to exp.)
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
-
-
Time (yr)
Pa
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr
Pa
Gr_Leg
Pa
Gr
Gr
Leg
Pa
Leg
Fa
Fa
Fa
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Crop
class
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
TTb
TTb
Management
class
CROP MANAGEMENT AND ASSOCIATED CARBON DENSITIES continued
195
ID
APPENDIX 5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Time
class
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Implement
class
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
Pass
class
10.2
10.2
10.2
10
10
10
9.9
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.4
11.1
11.1
11.1
10.4
10.4
10.3
10.2
10.2
10
9.6
23.3
23.3
C density
0-10 cm (t/ha)
20.1
20.1
20.1
19.8
19.8
19.8
19.5
19.3
19.3
19.3
19.3
18.5
21.9
21.9
21.9
20.6
20.6
20.3
20.1
20.1
19.8
19
45.9
45.9
C density
0-30 cm (t/ha)
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
115
legume-wheat rotation
Wheat
Ley 1988-91
lucerne
Wheat
Wheat
Legume-wheat rotation
Wheat
1989 Ley 1987-90
Wheat
Grain-legume rotation
1989 Ley 1986-89
Wheat-pasture rotation
Wheat-pasture rotation
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Peas
Wheat
Wheat
Barley
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
Pasture
Pasture
-
Pasture
-
Long fallow traditional
tillage prior to 1982
-
Cleared for 50 years, ley farming
with medic pastures and cereals
Cleared for 50 years, ley farming
with medic pastures and cereals
Cleared for 50 years, ley farming
with medic pastures and cereals
Cleared for 50 years, ley farming
with medic pastures and cereals
Cleared for 50 years, ley farming
with medic pastures and cereals
Long-term cropping (conventional)
Long-term organic farming
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
Cultivated for cereal cropping
5
5
-
2
-
-
-
50
50
50
50
50
several years
several years
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
Gr
Gr
Gr
Leg
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr_Pa
Gr_Pa
Pa
Gr_Leg
Gr
Pa
Gr
Gr_Leg
Gr
Gr
Pa
Pa
Gr
Gr_Leg
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
TTb
TTa
TTa
DDa
DDa
TTb
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
1
1
-
1
-
-
-
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
22.9
29.4
-
-
18.2
-
14
13
13.3
13.2
13.1
12.8
-
-
12
11.6
11.1
11
10.8
10.8
10.7
10.7
10.6
10.6
10.4
10.3
45.1
43.1
39.1
37.8
35.8
33
23.6
25.7
26.2
26
25.9
25.2
38.2
42.7
23.7
22.9
21.9
21.6
21.4
21.4
21.1
21.1
20.8
20.8
20.6
20.3
116
Australian Greenhouse Office
Wheat
Lupins
Wheat
Wheat
Peas (irrigated)
Canola
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat-pasture rotation
Wheat-pasture rotation
Wheat
Wheat-pasture rotation
Wheat-pasture rotation
Wheat
Wheat-pasture rotation
Canola
Lupins
Oats
Wheat
Pasture
Volunteer pasture
Volunteer pastureoats rotation
Pasture
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
Main crop type/ rotation
TT and RT cropping
-
Long cropping history
Cropping up to 1985;
heavily grazed 1988
Pasture
Pasture
Heavily cropped to 1984
-
-
Pasture
-
Long history of TT wheat
prior to 1984
Pasture
-
-
Heavy cultivation prior to 1986
-
Pasture
Irrigated pasture
Pasture
-
Pasture
Improved pasture
Historical (prior to exp.)
5
-
-
-
5
3
-
-
-
2
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
4
2
3
-
3
2
Time (yr)
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Gr
Gr
Leg
Gr
Gr_Pa
Gr
Gr_Pa
Gr_Pa
Gr
Gr_Pa
Gr_Pa
Gr
Gr
Gr
Leg
Gr
Gr
Leg
Gr
Crop
class
Gh
Gh
Gh
Gh
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDa
Management
class
CROP MANAGEMENT AND ASSOCIATED CARBON DENSITIES continued
245
ID
APPENDIX 5
1
4
4
-
1
1
4
-
-
1
-
4
1
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
-
1
1
Time
class
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Implement
class
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
Pass
class
19.6
21.8
13.3
10.2
34.3
23.2
22.9
-
-
33.9
19.7
21.1
15.3
18.5
-
28.8
21.8
18.3
-
15
14
-
47.8
C density
0-10 cm (t/ha)
38.7
37.2
29.1
20.1
67.6
45.7
45.1
43.8
43.8
42.6
38.8
38.4
37.1
36.5
32.8
31.6
30.9
30.5
29.7
29.6
27.5
24.3
94.2
C density
0-30 cm (t/ha)
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
117
Pasture
Pasture
Native pasture
Native pasture
Irrigated lucerne
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Subclover-lucerne pasture
Pasture-cropping rotation
Pasture
Pasture
Native pasture
Clover pasture
Pasture
Woodland
Woodland
Woodland
Woodland
Woodland
Woodland
Woodland
Oats-volunteer
pasture rotation
Oats
Wheat
Barley
Oats
Oats-pasture rotation
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
-
Pasture (Lucerne)
Pasture
-
Long history of TT wheat
Volunteer pasture
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cropping RT 1985
Cropping
-
RT cropping
-
Traditional tillage
Regular cropping to 1982
DD and RT cropping
-
-
-
-
Long heavy cropping history
-
7
3
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
2
-
5
-
2
10+
3
-
-
-
-
-
Gr_Pa
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr_Pa
Fo
Fo
Fo
Fo
Fo
Fo
Fo
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Gr_Leg
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
Pw
Pw
Pw
Pw
Pw
Pw
Pw
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
Gm
GI
GI
Gh
Gh
-
2
1
-
4
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
-
1
4
1
3
1
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22.5
13.2
15
12.4
13.9
8.6
76.4
91.8
81
-
-
25.7
25.2
45.7
29.7
34.4
-
31.1
24.5
24.2
22.9
21
17.2
20.8
13.1
37.1
22.1
27.1
21.8
35
31.5
29.6
24.5
21
15.5
150.5
123.3
118.6
90.3
85.6
50.6
49.7
90
67.9
66
63.3
49.8
48.3
47.6
45.2
37.5
33.8
29.1
22.6
61.5
43.6
56.4
42.9
118
Australian Greenhouse Office
Barley
Fallow
Volunteer pasture-barleywheat rotation
309
310
311
Wheat
Wheat
308
317
Irrigated lucerne/ vegetable
307
Wheat
Wheat-pasture rotation
306
316
Wheat
305
Wheat
Wheat-canola
304
315
Canola-pasture rotation
303
Wheat
Wheat
302
314
Wheat-pasture rotation
301
Wheat
Wheat-pasture rotation
300
313
Peas
299
Peas
Canola-pasture rotation
298
312
Lupins
Main crop type/ rotation
Pasture 5 years, oats
1 year prior to experiment
Pasture 5 years, oats
1 year prior to experiment
Pasture 5 years, oats
1 year prior to experiment
-
-
-
-
Pasture 1983; cropping 1981;
1984-88
Pasture 1985; fallow 1986
-
-
-
Pasture
-
Regular cropping to 1985
Pasture
-
Heavy traditional cropping
until 1985
Pasture
-
Pasture up to 1988
Historical (prior to exp.)
6
6
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
2
-
-
2
-
-
Time (yr)
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Leg
Gr_Leg
Pa
Gr
Gr
Veg
Gr_Pa
Gr
Gr
Gr_Pa
Gr
Gr_Pa
Gr_Pa
Leg
Gr_Pa
Leg
Crop
class
DDa
DDa
DDa
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
Management
class
CROP MANAGEMENT AND ASSOCIATED CARBON DENSITIES continued
297
ID
APPENDIX 5
2
2
2
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
Time
class
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
4
1
Implement
class
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Pass
class
19.12
18.8
17.1
19.9
24.1
-
23.4
-
12.1
8.1
10.5
43.7
31.9
25.1
24.8
20.6
17.4
16.9
25.2
-
-
C density
0-10 cm (t/ha)
28.5
27.9
25.9
47.7
47.5
36
31.5
28.7
23.9
18.2
17.9
86.1
62.8
61.4
48.8
47.1
37.2
35.7
35.5
35.3
35.2
C density
0-30 cm (t/ha)
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
119
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat-barley
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat-barley
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Brigalow scrub vegetation
Brigalow scrub vegetation
Bimble box woodland
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
Virgin land
Virgin land
Virgin land
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
5 years of wheat; 3 years barely
5 years wheat (same as current)
3 years wheat (same as current)
7 years wheat (same as current)
3 years wheat (same as current)
5 years of wheat; 3 years barely
3 years wheat (same as current)
5 years wheat (same as current)
7 years wheat (same as current)
3 years wheat (same as current)
Grape vines 1925-74;
grain crops 1975-80
Grape vines 1925-74;
grain crops 1975-80
Grape vines 1925-74;
grain crops 1975-80
Pasture 5 years, oats
1 year prior to experiment
Pasture 5 years, oats
1 year prior to experiment
Pasture 5 years, oats
1 year prior to experiment
-
-
-
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
8
5
3
7
3
8
3
5
7
3
55
55
55
6
6
6
Fo
Fo
Fo
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Pw
Pw
Pw
TTb
TTb
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
TTb
DDa
DDa
DDb
DDb
DDb
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
4
4
4
2
2
2
0
0
0
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
2
2
2
0
0
0
3
3
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
2
2
-
-
-
12.4
11.5
13.3
13.2
12.7
12.3
32.3
23.1
18.7
15.7
13.3
33.1
21.7
20.7
18.8
15.7
-
-
-
18.1
15.5
15.43
65.1
39
38.2
25.1
24.9
27.8
27.7
26.5
25.8
63.6
45.5
36.8
31
26.3
65.2
42.8
40.7
37
31
26.2
25.8
25.5
29.1
24.3
23.6
120
Australian Greenhouse Office
Wheat-lupin-clover
Wheat-lupin-clover
Wheat-lupin-clover
Wheat-lupin-clover
Wheat-lupin-clover
Wheat-lupin-clover
348
349
350
351
352
353
Long fallow
Wheat-lupin-clover
347
355
Wheat-lupin-clover
346
Long fallow
Wheat
345
354
Wheat
Main crop type/ rotation
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-88
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-83
Pasture (clover, ryegrass
and barley grass
Pasture (clover, ryegrass
and barley grass
Pasture (clover, ryegrass
and barley grass
Pasture (clover, ryegrass
and barley grass
Pasture (clover, ryegrass
and barley grass
Pasture (clover, ryegrass
and barley grass
Pasture (clover, ryegrass
and barley grass
Pasture (clover, ryegrass
and barley grass
Long continuous cropping history
(same as current)
Long continuous cropping history
(same as current)
Historical (prior to exp.)
21
21
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
15
15
Time (yr)
Fa
Fa
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr
Gr
Crop
class
TTa
TTa
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTb
TTb
Management
class
CROP MANAGEMENT AND ASSOCIATED CARBON DENSITIES continued
344
ID
APPENDIX 5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
Time
class
4
4
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
4
4
Implement
class
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Pass
class
20
19.8
20.5
20.4
16.2
14.9
21
20.4
20
16.8
-
-
C density
0-10 cm (t/ha)
34
33.7
40.4
40.2
31.9
29.4
41.4
40.2
39.4
33.1
47.1
31.9
C density
0-30 cm (t/ha)
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
121
Cont. wheat
Long fallow
Cont. wheat
Chickpea
Long fallow
Chickpea
Medic
Chickpea
Cont. wheat
Lucerne
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-83
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-83
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-83
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-86
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-83
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-94
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-87
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-89
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-83
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-83
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
Pa
Gr
Leg
Pa
Leg
Fa
Leg
Gr
Fa
Gr
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
23.2
23
22.8
22.7
22.6
22.2
22.2
22
21.7
21.3
39.4
39.1
38.8
38.6
38.4
37.7
37.7
37.4
36.9
36.2
122
Australian Greenhouse Office
Chickpea
Clover
370
371
Lucerne
Medic
369
373
Cont. wheat
368
Lcerne
Medic
367
372
Lucerne
Main crop type/ rotation
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-91
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-83
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-83
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-93
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-83
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-95
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-83
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-85
Historical (prior to exp.)
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
Time (yr)
Pa
Pa
Pa
Leg
Pa
Gr
Pa
Pa
Crop
class
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
Management
class
CROP MANAGEMENT AND ASSOCIATED CARBON DENSITIES continued
366
ID
APPENDIX 5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Time
class
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Implement
class
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Pass
class
24.6
24.5
24.4
24.2
24.1
24
23.9
23.5
C density
0-10 cm (t/ha)
41.8
41.7
41.5
41.1
41
40.8
40.6
40
C density
0-30 cm (t/ha)
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
123
Clover
Clover
Cotton
Cotton-winter wheat
Cotton
Cotton
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Cereal
Cereal
Cereal
Cereal
Cereal
Cereal
woodland
Wheat
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
Wheat
Clover
375
394
Medic
374
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
woodland
Cropping (same as current)
Cropping (same as current)
Cropping / voluntary pasture
(same as current)
Cropping (same as current)
Cropping (same as current)
Cropping (same as current)
Cropping
Cropping
Cropping
Cropping
Intensive cotton growing
with burning (same as current)
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-83
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-84
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-90
Long-term trial established
in 1966; CT SB from 1966-80
and 1984-87; grazed with no
cult 1981-92
several years
several years
-
>10
16
49
10
>4
16
-
-
-
-
3
long history
long history
long history
21
21
21
21
Gr
Gr
Fo
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Co
Co
Co
Co
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
TTa
TTa
Pw
TTb
TTb
TTb
DDa
DDa
DDa
TTb
TTa
DDa
DDa
TTb
TTa
DDb
DDb
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
2
2
4
3
4
4
2
2
4
-
-
-
-
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
0
4
1
4
1
1
1
4
4
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
0
3
3
3
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
6.8
6.8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
21.4
22.2
22.8
21.3
-
-
-
-
26
25.5
25.3
25.1
13.4
13.4
37.7
23.1
15.4
17.1
37.1
48.1
21.2
42.1
43.7
44.8
41.9
34.6
35.8
41.5
39.6
44.2
43.4
43
42.7
124
Australian Greenhouse Office
Wheat
411
Wheat
Wheat
410
419
Wheat
409
Wheat
Wheat
408
418
Wheat
407
Wheat
Wheat
406
417
Wheat
405
Wheat
Wheat
404
416
Wheat
403
Wheat
Wheat
402
415
Wheat
401
Wheat
Wheat
400
414
Wheat
399
Wheat
Wheat
398
413
Wheat
397
Wheat
Wheat
396
412
Wheat
Main crop type/ rotation
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Historical (prior to exp.)
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
Time (yr)
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Crop
class
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
Management
class
CROP MANAGEMENT AND ASSOCIATED CARBON DENSITIES continued
395
ID
APPENDIX 5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Time
class
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Implement
class
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Pass
class
9.2
8.6
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.2
5.7
16.5
16.5
15.9
15.7
15.4
14.1
13.6
12.7
12.3
12.1
11.6
11.2
9.2
8.6
8.4
8.1
7.7
6.9
C density
0-10 cm (t/ha)
18.1
17
13.6
13.4
13.1
12.2
11.2
32.5
32.5
31.4
30.9
30.3
27.8
26.8
25
24.2
23.8
22.9
22.2
18.1
17
16.6
16
15.2
13.6
C density
0-30 cm (t/ha)
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
125
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat stubble - bare
Wheat
Wheat
Cropping - cleared
Wheat crop
Chick peas
Cropping - cleared
Cropping cleared
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Non-legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
Established legume pastures
20
34
9
4
29
23
7
30
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
several years
Gr
Gr
Leg
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
4
4
2
1
4
4
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
0
4
4
0
4
0
4
4
0
4
4
4
0
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
0
3
3
0
3
0
3
3
0
3
3
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
16.7
16.6
16.1
15.9
15.9
15.9
15.6
15.2
15.2
15.2
14.9
14.7
14.6
14.6
13.8
13.5
10.8
10.7
10.6
9.5
9.3
9.2
29.1
28.7
28.2
27.3
26.6
15.6
15.2
13.5
33
32.7
31.7
31.4
31.4
31.3
30.6
30
30
30
29.3
28.9
28.8
28.8
27.3
26.5
21.2
21.1
20.8
18.7
18.3
18.2
126
Australian Greenhouse Office
Wheat Cleared 1972
Wheat crop
Lucerne
Native pasture - lightly grazed
Native veg - Belah/ blackbox
Native veg - Myall
Native veg - Coolabah/
black box
Native veg - Coolabah
Native veg - Bimble box
Native veg - Bimble box
Native veg - Bimble box
Native veg - Bimble box
Native veg - Bimble box
Native veg - Bimble box
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
Main crop type/ rotation
Cereal-pasture rotation
Cereal-pasture rotation
Cereal-pasture rotation
Cereal-pasture rotation
Cereal-pasture rotation
Cereal-pasture rotation
Cereal-pasture rotation
Cereal-pasture rotation
Cereal-pasture rotation
Cereal-pasture rotation
Cereal-pasture rotation
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
Historical (prior to exp.)
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
90
10
3
29
Time (yr)
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Fo
Fo
Fo
Fo
Fo
Fo
Fo
Fo
Fo
Fo
Fo
Pa
Gr
Gr
Crop
class
TTa
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
Pw
Pw
Pw
Pw
Pw
Pw
Pw
Pw
Gm
Gm
Gm
GI
DDb
DDb
Management
class
CROP MANAGEMENT AND ASSOCIATED CARBON DENSITIES continued
450
ID
APPENDIX 5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
1
4
Time
class
4
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Implement
class
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Pass
class
8.4
20.4
18.6
11.9
9.5
17.2
16.5
12.3
11.5
11
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C density
0-10 cm (t/ha)
16.6
40.3
36.5
23.5
18.7
33.9
32.5
24.2
22.7
21.6
21.6
40.4
39.7
39.5
32.8
31.6
28.9
25.2
24.8
56
34
27.5
24.9
32.1
29.1
C density
0-30 cm (t/ha)
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
127
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Cereal
Cereal
Cereal
Cereal
Cereal
Wheat-barley-oats;
sorghum-sunflower
Wheat-barley-oats;
sorghum-sunflower
Wheat-barley-oats;
sorghum-sunflower
Wheat-barley-oats;
sorghum-sunflower
Wheat-barley-oats;
sorghum-sunflower
Wheat-barley-oats;
sorghum-sunflower
Wheat-barley-oats;
sorghum-sunflower
Wheat-barley-oats;
sorghum-sunflower
Potatoes, onions, peas,
beans, pasture
Pasture
Pasture
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
Low input pasture
(same as current)
Irrigated pasture
(same as current)
Intermittent cropping
(same as current) - irrigated
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
(same as current)
Trial established 1990 prior history not mentioned
Trial established 1990 prior history not mentioned
Trial established 1990 prior history not mentioned
Trial established 1990 prior history not mentioned
Trial established 1990 prior history not mentioned
Cereal-pasture rotation
Cereal-pasture rotation
Cereal-pasture rotation
several years
several years
2-5
0
0
50
19
35
20
35
45
-
-
-
-
-
30
30
30
Pa
Pa
Veg
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gm
GI
DDb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
DDa
DDa
DDa
TTb
TTa
TTa
2
2
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
0
0
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
4
4
4
0
0
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
3
3
3
-
-
-
33.1
23.9
15.9
17.2
16.7
16.5
13.3
10.8
18.7
8.6
19.6
12.7
11.4
11.4
16.7
16.5
132.3
124.4
122.5
60.9
53
39.9
33.9
33
32.5
26.3
25.3
36.8
16.8
38.7
25
22.4
22.4
33
32.5
128
Australian Greenhouse Office
Potatoes, onions,
peas, beans
Pyrethrum
Sorghum
Sorghum
Sorghum
Sorghum
Sorghum
Sorghum
Sorghum
Sorghum
Sorghum
Sorghum
Sorghum
Sorghum
Sorghum
Sorghum
Sorghum
Sorghum
Sorghum
Sorghum
Sorghum
Wheat/barley
Wheat/barley
Wheat/barley
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
Main crop type/ rotation
-
-
-
Annual cropping from 1962-80
Annual cropping from 1962-86
Annual cropping from 1962-92
Annual cropping from 1962-78
Annual cropping from 1962-79
Annual cropping from 1962-85
Annual cropping from 1962-91
Annual cropping from 1962-81
Annual cropping from 1962-82
Annual cropping from 1962-87
Annual cropping from 1962-88
Annual cropping from 1962-93
Annual cropping from 1962-94
Annual cropping from 1962-83
Annual cropping from 1962-89
Annual cropping from 1962-84
Annual cropping from 1962-90
Annual cropping from 1962-95
Annual cropping from 1962-96
Regularly cropped with vegetables
prior to growing Pyrethrum
Continuous cropping
(same as current) - irrigated
Historical (prior to exp.)
-
-
-
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
several years
>10
Time (yr)
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
-
Veg
Crop
class
DDa
DDa
DDa
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
TTa
TTa
Management
class
CROP MANAGEMENT AND ASSOCIATED CARBON DENSITIES continued
494
ID
APPENDIX 5
-
-
-
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
3
Time
class
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
Implement
class
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
Pass
class
-
-
-
13.7
12.7
11.2
16.2
14.3
13.4
11.6
13.9
13.8
13.2
12.7
12.2
11.2
14.8
14.4
14.4
13.5
12.8
12.1
-
-
C density
0-10 cm (t/ha)
68.9
64.2
62.7
26.9
25
22
31.9
28.1
26.4
22.8
27.4
27.1
25.9
25
24
22
29.1
28.3
28.3
26.6
25.2
23.8
107.8
107.6
C density
0-30 cm (t/ha)
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
129
Wheat/barley
Wheat/barley
Wheat/barley
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Cereals/oil seed crops
Cereals/oil seed crops
Cereals/oil seed crops
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
Cereals/oil seed crops
Wheat/barley
519
546
Wheat/barley
518
Reduced tillage
Reduced tillage
Reduced tillage
Reduced tillage
Long agricultural use history
Long agricultural use history
Long agricultural use history
Long agricultural use history
Long agricultural use history
Long agricultural use history
Long agricultural use history
Long agricultural use history
Long agricultural use history
Long agricultural use history
Long agricultural use history
Long agricultural use history
Long agricultural use history
Long agricultural use history
Long agricultural use history
Long agricultural use history
Long agricultural use history
Long agricultural use history
Continuously DD cropped to
wheat for over 15 years
Continuously DD cropped to
wheat for over 15 years
-
-
-
-
-
several years
several years
several years
several years
>20
>20
>20
>20
>20
>20
>20
>20
>20
>20
>20
>20
>20
>20
>20
>20
>20
>20
15
15
-
-
-
-
-
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDb
DDa
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
-
-
-
-
11.3
11
9.8
9.7
9.6
9.5
9.3
9.1
9
10.5
10
9.9
9.6
9.5
9.3
9.2
9
9
13.8
13.1
-
-
-
-
-
44.3
43.7
42.5
37.5
22.2
21.6
19.3
19.1
18.8
18.7
18.4
17.9
17.8
20.7
19.7
19.4
18.8
18.7
18.4
18.1
17.8
17.6
27.1
25.9
69.7
69.2
63.7
62.9
71.1
130
Australian Greenhouse Office
Vegetables
Vegetables
Vegetables
Vegetables
Vegetables
Vegetables
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
Main crop type/ rotation
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
Cleared 60 years prior to exp
and used to grow vegetables
and citrus
Cleared 60 years prior to exp
and used to grow vegetables
and citrus
Cleared 60 years prior to exp
and used to grow vegetables
and citrus
Cleared 60 years prior to exp
and used to grow vegetables
and citrus
Cleared 60 years prior to exp
and used to grow vegetables
and citrus
Cleared 60 years prior to exp
and used to grow vegetables
and citrus
Historical (prior to exp.)
20-50
20-50
20-50
20-50
60
60
60
60
60
60
Time (yr)
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Veg
Veg
Veg
Veg
Veg
Veg
Crop
class
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
TTa
TTa
DDb
DDb
DDa
DDa
Management
class
CROP MANAGEMENT AND ASSOCIATED CARBON DENSITIES continued
547
ID
APPENDIX 5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Time
class
1
1
1
1
5
4
5
5
1
1
Implement
class
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
Pass
class
-
-
-
-
20.1
16.5
24.2
16.4
26.6
19.4
C density
0-10 cm (t/ha)
19.9
18.7
18.6
17.3
39.6
32.5
47.7
32.2
52.4
38.2
C density
0-30 cm (t/ha)
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
131
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50
20-50
20-50
20-50
20-50
20-50
20-50
20-50
20-50
20-50
20-50
20-50
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
DDa
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
39.7
39.2
38.1
36
29
27.9
27.4
26.9
26.1
24.4
21.3
20.5
132
Australian Greenhouse Office
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
Main crop type/ rotation
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
Historical (prior to exp.)
20-50
20-50
20-50
20-50
20-50
20-50
20-50
20-50
20-50
20-50
Time (yr)
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Gr
Crop
class
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
TTb
DDa
DDa
Management
class
CROP MANAGEMENT AND ASSOCIATED CARBON DENSITIES continued
569
ID
APPENDIX 5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Time
class
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
Implement
class
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
Pass
class
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C density
0-10 cm (t/ha)
39.5
36.8
25.8
24.8
23.8
19.8
19.2
17.6
42.8
40.7
C density
0-30 cm (t/ha)
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
133
Wheat
Soybean/ barley/
cowpeas
Soybean/ barley/
cowpeas
Soybean/ barley/
cowpeas
Soybean/ barley/
cowpeas
Soybean/ barley/
cowpeas
Soybean/ barley/ cowpeas
Soybean/ barley/
cowpeas
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
Site developed for irrigation
in 1974; reformed in 1986
Site developed for irrigation
in 1974; reformed in 1986
Site developed for irrigation
in 1974; reformed in 1986
Site developed for irrigation
in 1974; reformed in 1986
Site developed for irrigation
in 1974; reformed in 1986
Site developed for irrigation
in 1974; reformed in 1986
Site developed for irrigation
in 1974; reformed in 1986
20-50 years of ley farming
with clover pastures and
cereal cropping
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
20-50
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr_Leg
Gr
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
TTa
DDb
DDb
TTb
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
4
3
2
2
4
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
52.5
39.2
33.8
29.8
29.4
50.9
40.4
42.6
134
Australian Greenhouse Office
APPENDIX 6
Supplementary Report
Frank Valzano
Brian Murphy
June 2004
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
135
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
Introduction
137
2. Investigations into Specific Tillage Practices
137
3. Estimates of the Changes in Soil Carbon Density Resulting From Changes in Tillage Practices
or Land Use Management – Summary of Results
139
4. Predicting Soil Carbon Densities to 30 cm Using Soil Carbon Density to 10 cm
141
4.1
Ratio of Carbon in the 10 to 30 cm Layer to Soil Carbon in the 0 to 10 cm Layer
4.2
Statistical Relationships to Predict Soil Carbon Density to 30 cm Using Soil Carbon Density to 10 cm 142
4.3
Final Conclusions
144
5. Additional Data Sets to Validate Conclusions from the Original Analysis of Data
5.1
5.2
5.3
141
144
FAST Data Set
145
5.1.1
Background and Methodology
145
5.1.2
Results and Discussion
146
Marginal Cropping Lands Data Set
147
5.2.1
Background and Methodology
147
5.2.2
Results and Discussion
148
The Keene Data Set
149
5.3.1
Background and Methodology
149
5.3.2
Results and Discussion
149
6. Acknowledgments
150
7. References
151
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.
Relationship between soil carbon density to 30 cm and soil carbon density to 10 cm
for the New South Wales Paired Site Data. Data is from 22 sites with 5 cores per site
being used to measure soil carbon densities. Regression analysis was performed on
mean values for each of the 22 sites.
145
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.
Management classes used in the review of the effects of tillage practices on soil carbon density. 138
Table 2.
Expected changes in soil carbon densities resulting from changes in tillage practices or
land use based on a review of published data for Australia.
Table 3.
Measured ratios of soil carbon in the 10 to 30 cm depth layer to soil carbon in the 0 to 10 cm 142
layer based on published soil carbon data taken at depths of exactly 10 cm and 30 cm.
Table 4.
Statistical relationships between soil carbon density to 30 cm (y axis) and soil carbon
density to 10 cm (x axis) given different treatments.
144
Table 5.
Soil carbon densities for cropping soils in south-western NSW based on the FAST Project
(Packer pers. comm).
147
Table 6.
Estimated soil carbon densities for the Marginal Cropping Lands Data Set.
149
Table 7.
Soil carbon densities for the Keene Data Set.
150
136
140
Australian Greenhouse Office
1. INTRODUCTION
A draft report on this topic was submitted to the
Australian Greenhouse Office in 2003 (Valzano
et al. 2003). An updated version of the information
is provided in the main body of this report, along
with this Supplementary Report (Valzano et al. 2004).
It became evident, following review of the draft
report, that there were several opportunities for
improving its content. This required extra analysis
and review of the data presented in the draft report.
Opportunities for improving the report included:
a.
To investigate more closely the specific tillage
practices. For the initial analysis a more
general approach was taken to investigate
effects of tillage practices on soil carbon
density.
b.
Additional analysis of the soil carbon data
set using differences in soil carbon densities
between treatments as the base data. Actual
values of soil carbon densities in the draft
report were used to look for changes in
soil carbon associated with different tillage
practices.
c.
Two unpublished data sets of soil carbon
densities under different tillage practices
became available. These were used to further
validate the methodology of the draft report.
d.
The use of carbon densities for 0 to 10 cm to
predict soil carbon densities for 0 to 30 cm
created considerable interest for monitoring
soil carbon density levels. Further analysis of
the results from the draft report was required
to identify the specific circumstances of if and
when this became a valid prediction.
2. INVESTIGATIONS INTO SPECIFIC
TILLAGE PRACTICES
This aspect of the work took much longer than
originally considered. The review showed that in
general, certain operations increase soil carbon
reserves and others deplete them. However, it has
proved too difficult to quantify exactly the effects of
every tillage and land management operation. Often
there is insufficient data to attempt to quantify the
effects of particular operations, and often the effects
are tempered by weather conditions around the time
of the operation and usually there is no supporting
information on this. The land history is also critical
to soil carbon reserves and only rarely is this
information available in sufficient detail.
Investigating the reasons for the variation in soil
carbon densities within the management classes used
in Valzano et al. (2004) (see Table 1), was a useful
exercise. While the general type and intent of tillage
operations was encaptured by the classification, it
could not capture the long-term effects of previous
land history and dominant overriding effect of plant
growth and plant productivity. Several clear effects
were evident.
1.
Even though a site was nominally under a
direct drill (DDa or DDb), soil carbon levels
could still be low or even very low unless
there had been adequate plant growth within
the site. Hence several instances of low and
very low levels of soil carbon density were
evident in these management classes. The
implication is that it would not be sufficient
to predict soil carbon density using tillage
practices alone, but that some estimates of
plant growth levels and productivity over the
previous 12 to 18 months would have to be
considered.
2.
Generally sites under TTa and especially
TTb (see Table 1 over page for cropping
definitions) did have relatively low soil carbon
densities. This is because the tillage operation
also reduces plant growth. However, any
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
137
Results from these additional analyses and
investigations are presented in this Supplementary
Report.
degree of stubble retention (TTa) did appear
to keep soil carbon levels higher than without
stubble. This was difficult to quantify
however. Findings showed that one year of
stubble retention can increase the soil carbon
level.
3.
4.
Soil carbon densities under pastures were
highly variable, no doubt because of the
great variation evident in plant growth. The
inclusion of a pasture phase did not guarantee
a recovery in soil carbon levels unless there
was adequate plant growth. Plant growth
could be inadequate because of heavy grazing,
a lack of suitable species or a limiting soil such
as in the case of sodic surface soils.
The timing of tillage operations can also
be critical in the amount of carbon lost as a
consequence of tillage.
Table 1. Management classes used in the review
of the effects of tillage practices on soil carbon
density. For further details see Section 2.1 in the
main body of this report, p4.
Management class
DDa
Direct drill/stubble retained, incorporated or burnt late
DDb
Reduced till/stubble retained/incorporated or burnt
Gm
Low productivity pasture but not overgrazed,
or productive pasture with moderate grazing
GI
Highly productive pasture, may be irrigated
Gh
Overgrazed pasture, low cover, sometimes
surface compaction evident
Pw
Relatively undisturbed woodland
TTa
Cropped using multiple tillage with tyned implements,
stubble incorporated or retained
TTb
Cropped with multiple disc tillage,
stubble burnt or heavily grazed
Further investigation of the following is required:
a.
Does a late burn of stubble just before sowing,
which is a common practice in parts of NSW,
cause a significant loss of soil carbon?
b.
Can the yield of grain or above-ground plant
mass be used to predict additions to the soil
carbon reserve?
c.
Does the use of a one way disc plough cause
greater losses of soil carbon than tyned
implements, or two discs ploughs?
Answers to these questions will assist in defining
land use practices that could increase soil carbon
reserves. Likewise a set of operations can be defined
that cause a decrease in soil carbon reserves. From a
management viewpoint, it is also important to define
a set of operations that are neutral or cause little
effect to soil carbon levels. This information can then
be used by landholders to enhance sustainable land
management.
138
Australian Greenhouse Office
3. ESTIMATES OF THE CHANGES IN
SOIL CARBON DENSITY RESULTING
FROM CHANGES IN TILLAGE PRACTICES
OR LAND USE MANAGEMENT –
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
Expected changes in soil carbon densities associated
with specific changes in tillage or land management
practices were determined based on a review of
published data for Australia. Differences in soil
carbon density between practices were analysed as
means, standard deviations, standard errors and
percentiles. The results are presented in Table 2
and show the expected losses in soil carbon to
30 cm associated with changes from using one land
use practice to another. For instance, moving from
reduced till/stubble retained (DDb) to cropping with
multiple disc tillage and stubble burnt (TTb) gave an
expected mean loss of soil carbon of 8.28 ± 4.92 t/ha.
2.
Overall, it is clear that changing from those
tillage practices that are recognised as being
more conservative and better at maintaining
soil carbon levels (DDa, DDb) to more
exploitive tillage practices (TTa, TTb) does
result in losses of soil carbon. Conversely,
it is possible that changing from more
exploitive tillage practices (TTa, TTb) to more
conservative tillage practices (DDa, DDb) is
likely to increase soil carbon levels. However,
this is only true ‘on average’, as there are
some cases (approximately 10%) when the
TTb treatment actually had higher levels of
soil carbon. This occurs because the level of
soil carbon in the soil is very dependent on
factors other than the recent tillage history, in
particular recent levels of plant growth. It is
clear that general trends are evident.
Grazing land management (Pw, Gl, Gm)
generally has a higher soil carbon density than
cropping land management practices, except
when grazing is at high intensity. This means
that
Changing from moderate to low intensity
grazing (Pw, Gl, Gm) to any tillage
practices will usually lead to a loss of
soil carbon.
b.
Changing from high intensity grazing
(Gh) to cropping can actually increase
soil carbon levels, especially if it is to one
of the more conservative tillage practices
(DDa, DDb). This is no doubt associated
with plant growth, as high intensity
grazing can greatly limit the amount of
plant growth and surface cover, which
has an effect on soil carbon levels.
3.
Tillage practices that are recognised as being
more conservative and better at maintaining
soil carbon levels (DDa, DDb) can result in
relatively low soil carbon densities in some
circumstances. This appears to be related to the
amount of plant growth and surface cover in
recent times. If for example, soil under a direct
drill tillage system that has a chemical fallow
and little plant growth for an extended period
of time (>2 years), then soil carbon densities
can be expected to be low (see Murphy 1999).
This accounts for the few cases (<20%) where
there is a loss of soil carbon in changing from
the more conservative tillage practices to the
more exploitive tillage practices.
4.
The potential losses or gains in soil carbon
when changing tillage practices are in the
order of 5 to 10 t/ha, while potential losses
and gains when changing from low to
moderately grazed land use to cropping are
about 15 to 60 t/ha. Changing from heavily
grazed pastures to conservative cropping can
actually result in gains of 10 to 20 t/ha, but
data to support this are limited.
These findings have several important implications:
1.
a.
It is clear from Table 2 that changes in tillage
practices and grazing management can result in
significant changes in soil carbon density.
However, actual changes will depend on the
specific characteristics for each situation.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
139
Table 2. Expected changes in soil carbon densities resulting from changes in tillage practices or land use
based on a review of published data for Australia. See Table 1 for management definitions. n represents
sample size; std dev, standard deviation; std err, standard error; 0.05 to 0.95, percentiles and confidence
limits of the mean.
Change in tillage practice
or land use management
Loss of soil carbon to 30 cm (t/ha) resulting from
changes in tillage practice or land use management
Descriptive statistics
Percentiles
n
mean
std dev
std err
0.05
0.10
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.90
0.95
Pw to TTb
5
22.90
17.76
7.94
4.68
6.46
11.80
22.30
27.90
40.92
45.26
Pw to TTa
7
56.90
48.84
18.46
-3.40
-0.44
16.65
74.80
85.28
Pw to DDb
8
27.69
34.72
12.28
5.53
6.00
9.28
11.60
30.37
62.03
84.96
Pw to DDa
3
33.88
15.75
9.09
18.65
20.79
27.23
37.95
42.58
45.35
46.28
Pw to Gh
1
70.20
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Pw to Gm
4
37.20
36.66
18.33
7.05
7.87
10.33
28.38
55.24
73.58
79.69
Pw to Gl
2
31.90
35.64
25.20
9.22
11.74
19.30
31.90
44.50
52.06
54.58
Gl to TTb
0
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Gl to TTa
2
20.93
5.98
4.23
17.12
17.55
18.81
20.93
23.04
24.31
24.73
Gl to DDb
1
1.90
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Gl to DDa
0
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Gl to Gh
0
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Gl to Gm
2
-6.30
2.26
1.60
-7.74
-7.58
-7.10
-6.30
-5.50
-5.02
-4.86
Gm to TTb
17
18.62
10.76
2.61
4.41
7.46
11.30
16.80
24.32
33.90
36.34
Gm to TTa
10
15.48
22.22
7.03
-18.10
-1.25
6.98
19.43
27.98
34.28
40.61
Gm to DDb
13
13.32
8.63
2.39
2.47
5.22
8.70
11.00
21.60
25.58
26.54
Gm to DDa
3
16.67
25.32
14.62
-5.01
-2.92
3.35
13.80
28.55
37.40
40.35
Gm to Gh
0
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Gh to TTb
0
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Gh to TTa
1
4.60
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Gh to DDb
2
-10.77
24.14
17.07
-26.13
-24.42
-19.30
-10.77
-2.23
2.89
4.59
Gh to DDa
1
-23.00
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
Dda to TTb
27
5.91
7.46
1.44
-0.45
-0.18
1.42
3.50
8.00
16.57
22.95
Dda to TTa
17
4.82
7.78
1.89
-0.72
-0.47
0.10
2.25
5.93
13.22
20.85
Dda to DDb
11
0.16
4.15
1.25
-5.60
-5.20
-2.67
0.80
1.71
5.35
6.15
DDb to TTb
8
8.28
13.92
4.92
-6.34
-3.63
0.12
7.24
10.96
20.93
29.37
DDb to TTa
13
11.14
10.64
2.95
1.51
4.02
4.75
7.60
14.80
29.42
32.32
TTa to TTb
11
2.00
3.69
1.11
-3.85
-1.90
0.51
2.67
4.05
5.55
6.63
140
103.38 114.69
Australian Greenhouse Office
4. PREDICTING SOIL CARBON DENSITIES TO
30 CM USING SOIL CARBON DENSITY TO 10 CM
Most published studies did not present full soil
carbon percentages and bulk density data to 30 cm
and many only had complete data sets to 10 cm or
sampling depths that did not equal 30 cm (>70%
of the data sets). Therefore, soil carbon densities to
30 cm could not be calculated directly from these
works. However, it was observed by Skjemstad
(pers. comm. 1999) in Spouncer et al. (2000) that the
amount of carbon in the 10 to 30 cm depth range
was about 0.97 that in the 0 to 10 cm depth range.
Therefore, in the draft report this value was used
to predict soil carbon densities to 30 cm using soil
carbon data to 10 cm. In this Supplementary Report
the prediction of the carbon density to 30 cm using
soil carbon densities to 10 cm was investigated in
more detail. One of the difficulties of this analysis
was the lack of data for specific depth ranges. In
many studies where soil carbon and bulk densities
were measured to depths greater than 10 cm,
samples were not taken from depths of 10 cm or to
30 cm exactly. This left only a limited set of suitable
data from which to review the findings.
4.1
RATIO OF CARBON IN THE 10 TO
30 CM LAYER TO SOIL CARBON
IN THE 0 TO 10 CM LAYER
The use of the ratio provides a rapid, simple
adjustment to predict soil carbon densities to 30 cm
from the more easily obtained and more readily
available data on carbon densities to 10 cm. The
measured ratios from the data used in this analysis
are presented below. Two data sets were used, the
Review Data Set from the main body of this report,
and the Paired Site Data Set from Murphy et al.
(2003). Results are presented in Table 3.
The conclusions from the analysis of the measured
ratios are outlined below.
1.
The data supports the use of the average value
of 0.97 as proposed by Skjemstad to compare
the amount of carbon in the 10 to 30 cm depth
range to that found in the 0 to 10 cm depth
range. The overall average value of the ratio
based on the Review Data Set was 0.98 ± 0.07
from the review data.
2.
There was evidence that the ratio may vary
with tillage practices and the effects they have
Two data sets were used, the Review Data Set from
Valzano et al. (2004), and the Paired Site Data Set
from Murphy et al. (2003). The Review Data Set
included data from a review of available literature
on the effects of tillage practices on soil carbon levels
and soil carbon densities in Australia. The Paired
Sites Data Set was based on 10 Paired Sites within
the major clearing areas of New South Wales. In
this data set, soil carbon densities were specifically
measured at 10 and 30 cm. At each site the soil
carbon density was also based on the mean of
5, 15 cm soil cores and the soil carbon density and
bulk density were determined from the
same samples.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
on soil carbon reserves. This was evident for
several reasons.
a.
For soils subject to few tillage related
impacts, soil carbon may reach high
levels in the surface 0 to 10 cm layer.
This can be seen in the Pw, Gm and
perhaps the DDa land uses in the review
data. In these instances, the ratio was less
than 0.97, indicating that there were
higher levels of soil carbon in the
0 to 10 cm depth layer than was
‘normally’ expected.
b.
For soils subject to an intermediate level
of tillage impacts, (DDb, TTa and possibly
the uncleared sites from the Paired Site
data where the low rainfall and high
temperature limit the build up of soil
carbon), the ratios found were equivalent
to the 0.97 ration value proposed by
Skjemstad.
141
c.
For soils subject to severe tillage impacts,
such as in the TTb treatment for the
Review Data and in the cleared sites for
the Paired Site Data, soil carbon reserves
were highly depleted. In these cases, the
ratio was found to be higher than 0.97
because the soil carbon found in the
10 to 30 cm depth layer makes up a larger
proportion of the total carbon to 30 cm
than in previous instances. This shows
that soil carbon has been lost at a higher
rate from the surface 0 to 10 cm layer
than at depth. The depth distribution
of soil carbon in these instances was
markedly different than for other land
use practices, as a consequence of the
tillage load and its limiting effects on soil
carbon reserves.
Overall, use of the ratio value of 0.97 was supported
in a limited fashion, but some caution should be
used in applying it to different tillage practices.
Ideally, better prediction of soil carbon density to
30 cm could be obtained by taking account of the
impacts on the soil carbon reserves in the top 10 cm
from land use practices and climatic conditions.
It was not possible to derive specific ratio values for
various combinations of land management practices
and climate due to the lack of published data.
However, it is conceivable that modelling may assist
in deriving ratio values for numerous combinations
of climate and land use management practices.
It could be assumed that the amount of soil carbon
in the top 10 cm is equivalent to the amount of
carbon in the 10 to 30 cm depth layer, and this
should be modified depending on the management
impacts being placed on the soil carbon reserves in
the top 10 cm.
4.2.
STATISTICAL RELATIONSHIPS TO
PREDICT SOIL CARBON DENSITY
TO 30 CM USING SOIL CARBON
DENSITY TO 10 CM
Statistical relationships were determined for a range
of soil carbon subject to differing tillage practices
and climate. Data was assessed for the Review Data
Set and the NSW Paired Site Data Set. Results are
presented in Table 4 and Figure 1.
Table 3. Measured ratios of soil carbon in the 10 to 30 cm depth layer to soil carbon in the 0 to 10 cm layer
based on published soil carbon data taken at depths of exactly 10 cm and 30 cm. See Table 1 and 2 for the
definition of abbreviations.
Ratio of carbon in the 10 to 30 cm depth layer
to soil carbon in the 0 to 10 cm layer
Data set
Review Data Set (Valzano et al. 2004)
NSW Paired site Data - in dry climatic zone Mean annual Temp >17°C and Annual Rainfall
<450 mm (Murphy et al. 2003)
142
Tillage
treatment
mean
std dev
std err
n
DDa
0.58
na
na
2
DDb
0.98
0.41
0.17
6
Gh
0.99
0.25
0.14
3
Gm
0.89
0.46
0.18
6
Pw
0.40
na
na
2
TTa
0.94
0.46
0.27
3
TTb
1.27
0.32
0.10
9
All data
0.98
0.42
0.07
31
Cleared / Cropped
1.41
0.26
0.08
12
Uncleared
1.01
0.15
005
10
Australian Greenhouse Office
All of the data combinations gave significant
relationships for predicting soil carbon density to
30 cm using soil carbon density to 10 cm. Most
relationships were linear yet they varied in their
significance, slope and intercept depending on
treatment. The major conclusions found are
outlined below.
1.
Both relationships derived for the complete
data sets (see Table 4, A and B) were highly
significant. However, they had different slopes
and intercepts. One reason for this may be
the two high values of soil carbon density to
30 cm found in the Review Data Set (values of
119 and 123 t/ha in undisturbed woodland).
If these two outliers in the relationships were
excluded from the analysis the regression
coefficient, R2, was reduced, but the slope was
relatively low soil carbon levels below
10 cm relative to the soil carbon in the 10 to
30 cm depth layer (with a ratio of 0.4). This
may indicate a particular tillage and plant
growth history, but there is insufficient data
to determine the exact cause of the low ratio.
An interesting result was the strong log-based
relationship found for the TTb data set (G),
which suggests that there was a significant
diminishing effect on soil carbon density by
increasing soil carbon in the top 10 cm of soil.
3.
much closer to that found for the Paired Site
Data Set, which did not have any soil carbon
density values above 100 t/ha in samples
taken to 30 cm. The low slope of the line
for the entire Review Data Set (B) indicates
that the soil carbon density distribution was
skewed towards the surface. Consequently,
there was more soil carbon in the 0 to 10 cm
depth layer relative to the 10 to 30 cm layer
as would be expected for the undisturbed
woodland soils with high soil carbon
densities.
2.
Tillage practices were found to influence the
linear relationships found within treatments,
as indicated in data sets D, E, F and G.
However, the small number of data points
evident in each relationship limited the
conclusions. There was evidence that the
tillage practice may have a significant effect
on the nature of the relationship between
soil carbon density to 30 cm and soil carbon
density to 10 cm. All relationships were found
to be significant despite the small number
of data points analysed. The relationship for
the DDb tillage practice was the least reliable
and there were a few data points that showed
The results show that different climate
classes also give varying relationships (see
data sets H, I J and K). Again some of this
was explained by the inclusion of the high
values of soil carbon density (H), but some
differences remained. One useful interpretation
was to consider what the climate classes
indicated about the likely impacts on soil
carbon stores. The relationship derived for
data set J indicated that high impacts on soil
carbon stores could result in sites with high
temperature and a relatively low rainfall. In
fact, the slope and intercept were similar for
the NSW Paired Sites Data set (A) that was
also from a high temperature, low rainfall
zone. The low slope of the line indicates that
there was relatively more carbon in the surface
soils relative to those below 10 cm and that
carbon levels can build up in the top 10 cm.
Overall, relationships derived for data sets A and
C can be used with some confidence to predict soil
carbon density to 30 cm using soil carbon density
to 10 cm. The use of the relationship for data set
C is, however, probably not recommended unless
very high values of soil carbon density are expected
such as in undisturbed woodland. There is scope
to improve these predictions by considering the
tillage practices and climatic zones within each site.
The data used here to develop these relationships
is limited and requires further development either
buy collecting more data or modelling to reach form
repeatable conclusions.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
143
Table 4. Statistical relationships between soil carbon density to 30 cm (y axis) and soil carbon density to
10 cm (x axis) given different treatments. ‘Temp’ is annual average temperature and “rainfall” is annual
average rainfall. See Table 1 for cropping definitions.
Treatment
n
Statistical relationship
R2, significance level
NSW Paired Sites – dry climate. Generally Rainfall
<450 mm and temp >17°C
22
y = 1.6546x + 7.3616
R2= 0.929, p < 0.01
Data set
NSW Paired Sites Data Set (Murphy et al. 2003)
A
Review Data Set (Valzano et al. 2004)
B
Full – Review data set
31
y = 1.2801x + 14.127
R2 = 0.9009, p < 0.01
C
Full – review data set excluding outliers >100 t/ha
29
y = 1.5512x + 8.6665
R2 = 0.752, p < 0.01
D
DDb
6
y = 0.9886x + 18.752
R2 = 0.6395, p < 0.05
E
Gm
6
y = 1.7972x + 2.4927
R2 = 0.7872, p < 0.01
F
TTb
9
y = 1.8376x + 6.824
R2 = 0.8898, p < 0.01
G
TTb
9
y = 33.464Ln(x) - 53.727
R2 = 0.9577, p < 0.01
H
Temp <17°C, Rainfall 450 – 660 mm
18
y = 1.2777x + 10.939
R2 = 0.9522, p < 0.01
I
Temp <17°C, Rainfall 450 – 660 mm <100 t/ha
16
y = 1.3975x+ 8.5137
R2 = 0.7135, p < 0.01
J
Temp >17°C, Rainfall >660 mm
5
y = 1.4269x + 20.034
R2 = 0.9425, < 0.01
K
Temp >17°C, Rainfall 450 – 660 mm
5
y = 1.6239x + 10.137
R2 = 0.9423, < 0.01
4.3. FINAL CONCLUSIONS
Soil carbon ratios and densities evident between the
0 to 10 cm and 10 to 30 cm depth layers may have a
use in predicting soil carbon dynamics. For example,
a relatively high soil carbon density in the 10 to
30 cm layer may indicate a depletion in the surface
soil due to land use management or tillage practices.
An exceptionally high soil carbon density in the
0 to 10 cm layer relative to the 10 to 30 cm layer may
indicate a previous severe depletion of soil carbon,
that is now in the process of being replenished.
5. ADDITIONAL DATA SETS TO
VALIDATE CONCLUSIONS FROM THE
ORIGINAL ANALYSIS OF DATA
Three unpublished data sets were analysed to
validate the conclusions made in the original
analysis of data in the main body of this report.
These datasets included:
1.
Data collected under the FAST Project in the
south-western wheat belt of NSW (Packer
pers.comm.);
2.
Data collected in a study of the marginal
cropping lands of central western NSW by
Shelley (1990); and
3.
Data collected as part of a fourth year
Honours Thesis by Keene (1996).
This data was used to validate the soil carbon
density levels obtained in the previous report.
144
Australian Greenhouse Office
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ä
ä
x
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-œˆÊV>ÀLœ˜Ê`i˜ÃˆÌÞÊ̜ʣäÊV“ÊÌɅ>
Figure 1. Relationship between soil carbon density to 30 cm and soil carbon density to 10 cm for the New
South Wales Paired Site Data. Data is from 22 sites with 5 cores per site being used to measure soil carbon
densities. Regression analysis was performed on mean values for each of the 22 sites.
5.1
FAST DATA SET
5.1.1 Background and Methodology
The FAST data set was collected as an extension
program to demonstrate the effect of improved
tillage practices on soil properties. Representative
paddocks were selected on a series of properties
within the south-western wheat belt of NSW
at locations from Cootamundra to Wagga and
Lockhart. On these paddocks the soil properties
were estimated by taking a series of measurements
at each paddock to obtain a mean and standard
error for the soil properties. Soil samples were taken
for soil carbon measurements at depths of 0–2 cm,
2–5 cm and 5–10 cm. Soil carbon was determined
using the Walkley-Black method with heating. Bulk
densities were estimated at 0 to 50 mm and 50 to
100 mm using small rings of 40 mm diameter and
50 mm depth. Soil hydraulic properties were also
measured for each paddock. The paddock histories
were recorded by interview with each land holder
and information was obtained about cropping
sequences, rotations, implements used and number
of passes, pasture phases, use of fertilisers, stubble
management and yields.
A deficiency with the data was that there was no
organised experimental design. The paddocks were
chosen with the cooperation of the land holder
group, but were intended to cover a range of tillage
practices. The data set provided however, a snapshot
of the soil carbon densities on a set of paddocks
that were under commercial agricultural production
using different tillage practices. A further deficiency
in the data for estimating the impact of tillage
practices on soil carbon densities was that it was
clear that there had been a large shift in the tillage
practices used by landholders. Very few now use
a standard, straightforward set of tillage practices.
There is a clear tendency to adapt tillage practices to
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
145
a.
the specific conditions or agronomic requirements
for each year. The result is that it becomes difficult
to classify the tillage practices undertaken by the
landholders. The authors allocated the Management
classes in Table 5 in consultation with Ian Packer,
who interviewed the landholders originally. It
was clear from the large number of DDb and TTa
classes that many farmers were not quite practising
the ‘optimum’ DD practices, but neither were they
cultivating to the extent of the ‘worst’ TT practices.
This is likely to be a common situation in many areas
of the cropping belt in south-western NSW.
As bulk density and soil carbon were only
determined on the 0 to 10 cm layer, the soil carbon
densities to 30 cm were estimated using two
methods.
1.
The ratio of carbon density in the 0-10 cm
layer to carbon density in the 10-30 cm layer
was used to estimate soil carbon densities
to 30 cm. This ratio was found to be 0.97 on
average in the draft report (Section 2.4.2).
2.
A relationship was established using the
limited data available.
Classifying and assigning the land use
history at a particular land holders
paddock was difficult in many cases.
Landholders were not conducting trials
to test particular tillage practices on their
paddocks but undertaking tillage and
agronomic operations to meet particular
agronomic and economic requirements.
The actual operations they conducted
were influenced by the specific agronomic
needs at the time (e.g. sowing into
stubble, hardsetting soil or weed control),
economics and costs, and the confidence
and beliefs of the landholder involved.
Consequently, management classes in this
data set were more ‘fuzzy’ than in the
case of specific trials for particular tillage
practices. This was especially so given
the tendency for land holders to only
partially adopt tillage practices (e.g. direct
drilling in a gradational fashion) rather
than adopting them completely.
b.
The lack of significance found in analyses
was affected by low sample numbers and
replication in each class.
c.
The general trends shown in the data set
were similar to those in the Review Data
Set, with soil carbon densities ranked in
the following order:
5.1.2 Results and Discussion
The results from the FAST study are summarised in
Table 5. The major conclusions found are described
below.
1.
This data set had measured soil carbon
densities to 10 cm. Soil carbon densities to
30 cm were estimated using a ratio of 0.98 for
the carbon density in the 10 to 30 cm layer to
the carbon density in the 0 to 10 cm layer.
2.
All carbon densities generally confirmed
the levels of carbon density measured in the
Review Data Set. This applied to soil carbon
densities to 10 cm and those to 30 cm.
3.
No significant differences were found
between the tillage treatments. However,
the interpretation of this finding needs to be
considered in the light of the following factors:
146
TTb < TTa ≈ DDb < DDa < Gm
(i.e. with densities highest in treatments
with the least land use and turnover).
4.
The observed differences in soil carbon
density that could be attributed to changes in
soil carbon density were of the order of 3 to
6 t/ha, which is generally consistent with
those measured in Table 2 for the Review
Data Set.
Overall, the FAST study provided useful
confirmation of the results and conclusions in
the Review Data Set.
Australian Greenhouse Office
5.2
MARGINAL CROPPING
LANDS DATA SET
5.2.1 Background and Methodology
The Marginal Cropping Lands Data Set was collected
in the Condobolin to Nyngan area, largely on the red
soils of the Cobar Peneplain (Shelly 1991). This is an
expanding cropping area, but the rainfall has always
meant that it is considered marginal for cropping.
The soil measurements were made in 1990 as part
of a survey to test the impact of cropping on these
soils. For the study, 35 paddocks were selected from
11 properties. All sites were from a climate zone with
an annual average temperature of more than 170°C
and annual average rainfall of less than 450 mm. At
each paddock, 4 sites were randomly selected using
a grid and soil measurements were made including:
soil carbon to 5 cm, bulk density to 20 cm, aggregate
stability and soil hydraulic properties. A difficulty
with the data was that the soil carbon densities could
only be calculated to 5 cm, as soil carbon data was
only available to 5 cm. To estimate the soil carbon
Table 5. Soil carbon densities for cropping soils in south-western NSW based on the FAST Project (Packer
pers. comm). Soil carbon and bulk densities were measured on a range of farmer’s paddocks. See Table 1
for definition of management classes.
Soil Depth
Management class
CD to 30 cm predicted
from 10 cm using Ratio
= 0.98 (Section 4.1)
CD to 30 cm predicted
from 10 cm using Statistical
relationship in Section 4.2
0 - 30 cm
0 - 30 cm
0 - 10 cm
Mean
Std dev
Std err
Mean
Std dev
Std err
Mean
Std dev
Std err
Based on mean values
17.79
2.56
0.97
35.04
5.04
1.90
33.67
3.27
1.23
Based on max. values
21.01
3.55
1.34
41.38
7.00
2.65
37.78
4.54
1.72
Based on min. values
14.78
2.90
1.10
29.11
5.72
2.16
29.82
3.71
1.40
median of sites
17.76
number of sites
7
Dda
35.00
33.64
DDb
Based on mean values
16.44
2.83
0.94
32.38
5.57
1.86
31.94
3.61
1.20
Based on max. values
19.59
3.75
1.25
38.58
7.38
2.46
35.96
4.79
1.60
Based on min. values
13.50
2.27
0.76
26.59
4.48
1.49
28.18
2.90
0.97
median of sites
14.86
number of sites
9
29.27
29.9233
Gm
Based on mean values
21.33
na
na
42.0214
na
na
38.1932
na
na
Based on max. values
33.22
na
na
65.447
na
na
53.3866
na
na
Based on min. values
10.80
na
na
21.2833
na
na
24.7429
na
na
median of sites
na
number of sites
1
na
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
na
147
Table 5. Soil carbon densities for cropping soils in south-western NSW based on the FAST Project (Packer
pers. comm). Soil carbon and bulk densities were measured on a range of farmer’s paddocks. See Table 1
for definition of management classes. continued
CD to 30 cm predicted
from 10 cm using Ratio
= 0.98 (Section 3.1)
Soil Depth
Management class
0 - 10 cm
CD to 30 cm predicted
from 10 cm using Statistical
relationship in Section 3.2
0 - 30 cm
0 - 30 cm
Mean
Std dev
Std err
Mean
Std dev
Std err
Mean
Std dev
Std err
Based on mean values
16.51
2.77
1.60
32.52
5.46
3.15
32.03
3.54
2.05
Based on max. values
20.09
4.38
2.53
39.58
8.64
4.99
36.6128
5.60187
3.23424
Based on min. values
13.15
1.14
0.66
25.91
2.24
1.30
27.7456
1.45539
0.84027
median of sites
18.02
TTa
35.50
33.96
number of sites
TTb
Based on mean values
14.94
0.44
0.31
29.43
0.86
0.61
30.0296
0.55706
0.3939
Based on max. values
16.44
0.45
0.32
32.38
0.88
0.62
31.9396
0.572
0.40447
Based on min. values
13.51
0.42
0.30
26.62
0.82
0.58
28.2047
0.53376
0.37743
median of sites
14.94
number of sites
2
29.43
densities to 30 cm, a ratio of 0.555 (derived from the
Review Data Set and the Keene Data Set) was used to
predict soil carbon densities to 10 cm and the ratio 0.98
was used to estimate soil carbon densities to 30 cm.
This extended process introduced some biases into the
calculated soil carbon densities but it was considered
useful in that it enabled an estimate of soil carbon
density from a data set covering a range of tillage
practices in the marginal cropping lands of NSW.
5.2.2 Results and Discussion
A summary of the results is presented in Table 6.
No statistical differences were observed in carbon
densities between the management classes. The
values calculated were also relatively lower than
those observed in the Review Data Set. This could be
attributed to two factors:
148
30.0296
a.
The capacity to build soil carbon reserves in
these soils was limited by the climate, as it
is significantly drier than the majority of the
sites within the Review Data Set.
b.
These measurements were made on cropped
soils in a marginal climate. Lower values
of soil carbon would be expected in these
circumstances.
c.
Measurements made on what were referred
to as ‘virgin sites’ in the study, were often
under heavy grazing pressures. This raises
the point that tillage practices alone are not
the major influence on soil carbon density,
but the management of plant growth through
both grazing practices and tillage/cropping
practices will also influence soil carbon
densities. A heavily grazed paddock with low
levels of plant growth would not be expected
Australian Greenhouse Office
to have high soil carbon densities, especially
in the marginal climate in which this study
was conducted.
The Marginal Cropping Lands Data Set was of
limited value because of the lack of soil carbon
measurements to depths below 5 cm. However, the
estimated soil carbon densities do illustrate that soil
carbon densities are likely to be lower in the more
marginal cropping areas, and that perhaps there
is less potential for bringing about changes in soil
carbon reserves by changing cropping practices.
The ratio of soil carbon density in the 10 to 30 cm
layer to the soil carbon density in the top 10 cm
(0.98 as in Section 4) was used to predict the soil
carbon density to 30 cm.
The treatments and results for the study are shown
in Table 7. Samples were taken from a range of
trial plots and paddocks. For each trial or plot or
paddock, 4 replicate soil samples were taken for
analysis. Because there was no access to the original
data, no standard deviations or errors could be
calculated for the carbon densities.
5.3.2 Results and Discussion
Table 6. Estimated soil carbon densities for the
Marginal Cropping Lands Data Set. See Table 1 for
definitions of management classes.
Soil carbon density t/ha
Management
Class
Mean
Std
dev
Std
err
n
Median
Dda
20.10
na
na
1
na
DDb
26.35
4.05
1.81
5
27.74
Gm
27.59
8.32
2.51
11
25.79
Tta
22.47
4.28
1.51
8
21.93
TTb
23.23
3.60
1.14
10
24.26
5.3
THE KEENE DATA SET
The measured carbon densities are again in the
range expected from the Review Data Set. A few key
points can be made about the data.
1.
The difference between the TTb and DDa
treatments at Cowra can be attributed to
the fact that this is a long running trial and
the measurements were taken after
16 years of continuous, closely controlled
DD and TT treatments. These plots were on
an experimental station and not on land
holders’ paddocks. These results confirm that
soil carbon reserves can be increased from
5 to 10 t/ha by changes in cropping practices.
2.
The DD plot at Cowra appears to have similar
soil carbon density levels to the pasture plots.
3.
The ungrazed Queensland bluegrass site,
which is in a stock reserve and had a
luxurious growth of Queensland bluegrass,
clearly had a high soil carbon density. Based
on data in Murphy et al. (2003), this was
about the level of soil carbon expected for an
uncleared ‘virgin’ site under these climatic
conditions.
4.
An interesting result was that the poor,
volunteer pasture site had a lower soil carbon
density than the two cropping plots. This was
not surprising given that the surface soil, and
that left to volunteer species, is sodic. The
pastures also have large areas of bare ground
5.3.1 Background and Methodology
The Keene Data Set was collected in 1996 at Cowra
and on a set of sodic soils near the Bogan River,
west of Peak Hill. The purpose of the study was to
investigate the impact of tillage and soil sodicity
on soil carbon levels and aggregate stability.
Unfortunately no bulk densities were taken but
soil carbon was measured using the Walkley Black
Method to 10 cm. This meant that the procedure
used for much of the data in the Review Data Set
could be used to predict soil carbon density to
30 cm. This involved the prediction of soil bulk
density from the soil carbon data using the
pedotransfer function developed in the main body
of this report to predict the bulk density to 10 cm.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
149
Table 7. Soil carbon densities for the Keene Data Set. See Table 1 for treatment definitions.
Location
Treatment
Soil carbon density to 30 cm t/ha
Cowra – Red Chromosol on granodiorite
Lovegrass
24.01
Phalaris
35.15
Clover
38.76
TT plot (TTb)
26.57
DD plot (DDa)
35.03
Canola
30.39
Queensland Bluegrass
43.39
Pasture (very poor), volunteer
25.80
DD plot (DDa)
29.18
RT plot (DDb)
29.03
Canola
26.49
Peak Hill – Sodic surface soils
and poor plant growth. Plant growth was
significantly more under crops than under
the volunteer pasture phase and this would
account for the differences in observed soil
carbon densities.
150
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The support of Ian Packer and Annabelle Keene is
acknowledged, who were kind enough to allow the
use of their data. Ian Packer also provided valuable
information on the tillage practices used in the FAST
Data Set.
Australian Greenhouse Office
7. REFERENCES
Keene, A.F. (1996). The effects of plant species and
management history on the aggregate stability of two
soils. Honours Thesis, Department of Geography,
University of NSW.
Murphy, B., Rawson, A., Ravenscroft, L., Rankin,
M. and Millard, R. (2003). Paired Site Sampling for
Soil Carbon Estimation – New South Wales. National
Carbon Accounting System, Australian Greenhouse
Office, Canberra.
Packer, I.J. (pers. comm.). FAST data for a range of
farms in the cropping belt of southwestern NSW.
Shelly, E. (1990). Degradation of Marginal Cropping
Soils. Technical Report 24. Soil Conservation Service
of NSW (now NSW Department of Infrastructure,
Planning and Natural Resources), Sydney.
Spouncer, L.R., Skjemstad, J.O. and Merry, R.H.
(2000). Soil carbon information for major soils in IBRA
Regions - South Australia. CSIRO Land and Water
Consultancy Report.
Valzano, F., Murphy, B. and Koen, T. (2003).
The impact of tillage on changes in soil carbon density
with special emphasis on Australian conditions. Draft
report for Australian Greenhouse Office, Canberra.
National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report
151
152
Australian Greenhouse Office
Series 1 Publications
Set the framework for development of the National Carbon Accounting System (NCAS) and
document initial NCAS-related technical activities
(see http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/ncas/ publications).
Series 2 Publications
Provide targeted technical information aimed at improving carbon accounting for Australian
land based systems (see http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/ncas/publications).
Series 3 Publications
Detail protocols for biomass estimation and the development of integrated carbon accounting
models for Australia (see http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/ncas /publications).
Of particular note is Technical Report No.
28. The FullCAM Carbon Accounting Model: Development, Calibration and Implementation
for the National Carbon Accounting System.
Series 4 Publications
Provide an integrated analysis of soil carbon estimation and modelling for the National Carbon
Accounting System, incorporating data from paired site sampling in NSW, Qld and WA.
A preliminary assessment of nitrous oxide emissions from Australian agriculture is also included
(see http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/ncas/publications).
Series 5 Publications include:
39. Continuous Improvement of the National Carbon Accounting System Land Cover
Change Mapping.
40. Modelling Change in Litter and Soil Carbon Following Afforestation or Reforestation
– Calibration of the FullCAM ‘Beta’ Model.
41. Calibration of the FullCAM Model to Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus radiata and
Uncertainty Analysis.
42. Outcomes from the Workshop: Deriving Vegetation Canopy Cover Estimates.
43. The Impact of Tillage on Changes in Soil Carbon Density with Special Emphasis on
Australian Conditions.
44. Spatial Estimates of Biomass in ‘Mature’ Native Vegetation.
accounting and forecasting capability for human-induced sources and
sinks of greenhouse gas emissions from Australian land based
systems. It will provide a basis for assessing Australia’s progress
towards meeting its international emissions commitments.
technical report no. 43
The National Carbon Accounting System provides a complete
The Impact of Tillage on Changes in Soil Carbon Density
with Special Emphasis on Australian Conditions
http://www.greenhouse.gov.au