Optimizing
Spectrum Usage
for 2020 and beyond
Peter Merz
Head of Radio Systems
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© Nokia 2014 Johannesberg Summit 2014 / Peter Merz / Optimizing Spectrum Usage for 2020 and beyond
Spectrum
“is the lifeblood of this industry”
(Vittorio Colao)
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© Nokia 2014
Johannesberg Summit 2014 / Peter Merz / Optimizing Spectrum Usage for 2020 and beyond
Spectrum = the real estate for Mobile Broadband
A proper network deployment goes hand in hand with a sound spectrum strategy
800/850, 900, 700, UHF
FDD, ~10MHz BW
Macro
Coverage
2300: LSA
3500: Co-primary
ISM, 5000+: Unlicensed
Complementary
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© Nokia 2014
1800/1900, 2100, 2600
FDD, ~20MHz BW
Macro + light HetNets
Capacity
2600, 3500, 2300
TDD, ~20MHz BW
dense HetNets
Densification
Johannesberg Summit 2014 / Peter Merz / Optimizing Spectrum Usage for 2020 and beyond
We cannot
generate new
spectrum,
but we can
optimize its use!
Overall
Efficiency
Complex processes towards new spectrum for exclusive Mobile Broadband
All attractive spectrum is assigned to some service today
“new” spectrum means re-purposing of bands by relocating existing services
Harmonization is key and spans countries and regions
Lengthy process in identifying potentially suited bands in national and regional
World Radiocommunications Conference (WRC) preparatory work,
currently under way for WRC-15 until November 2014
WRC agreements need to be mirrored on regional and national levels
e.g. 700 MHz band plan definition work in CEPT for 700 MHz
e.g. 700 MHz national spectrum assignments like Finland and Sweden
announcements to re-purpose 700 MHz band from Broadcast to MBB in 2017
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© Nokia 2014
Johannesberg Summit 2014 / Peter Merz / Optimizing Spectrum Usage for 2020 and beyond
Main levers to optimize spectrum utilization for Mobile Broadband
in bands below 6 GHz
Carrier aggregation
Dynamic combination of
fragmented spectrum
Carrier
Aggregation
e.g. 700 MHz Band in Europe
Re-Assignment
Re-Farming
Additional harmonized
spectrum for LTE by refarming & re-assignment
30 MHz UL
30 MHz DL
694 MHz
790 MHz
LSA
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© Nokia 2014
Johannesberg Summit 2014 / Peter Merz / Optimizing Spectrum Usage for 2020 and beyond
3.8 GHz
3.6 GHz
2.6 GHz
2.4 GHz
2.3 GHz
Unlock more spectrum by
Licensed Shared Access
with predictable QoS
2.1 GHz
LSA/ASA
LSA
UHF “goldmine” for coverage and capacity
White text
against
2015+
Near
term opportunity: 700
mid
gray
is
little
MHz band afor
LTE (3GPP band 28)
difficult to read
700 MHz can substantially
contribute to broadband / Digital
Agenda targets
2020+ Longer term vision:
Convergence of DTT & MBB?
Requires further work on
technology, regulatory and
business models
700 MHz Band
starting 2015/16
Digital Dividend
since 2010
862
Unicast via SDL
790
Linear Broadcast
700 MHz
694
470
470-694 MHz
Supplemental Downlink as a lever towards more UHF spectrum for MBB
• Stepwise introduction of SDL where need for DTT bandwidth decreases
• Complementing DTT with macro cellular eMBMS for true mobile delivery
• Flexibility of mobile technology supports migration paths and different pace in different countries within Geneva-06
DTT plan
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© Nokia 2014
Johannesberg Summit 2014 / Peter Merz / Optimizing Spectrum Usage for 2020 and beyond
Spectrum usage models
Harmonization and global standards drive economies of scale
Mainstream Approach
Auctions
of Cleared Spectrum
Exclusive Use
Ensures
Quality of Service
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© Nokia 2014
Complementary
License Model
Licensed Shared Access
Exclusive Shared Use
Exclusive use on a shared and binary
basis in Time, Location, and/or Frequency
with Incumbent (government, defense, etc.)
Predictable
Quality of Service
Johannesberg Summit 2014 / Peter Merz / Optimizing Spectrum Usage for 2020 and beyond
Shared Approach
Unlicensed
(Wi-Fi, LTE-U, …)
Shared Use
Unpredictable
Quality of Service
Offload via complementary unlicensed spectrum
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Cellular Traffic
Offloaded Traffic
Wi-Fi needs more
spectrum, too, in high
bands e.g. 5 and 60 GHz
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Wi-Fi
10
LTE on unlicensed
spectrum will open new
opportunities for local
area traffic offload
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LTE-U
0
Source: Cisco VNI Mobile Forecast 2013
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© Nokia 2014
Johannesberg Summit 2014 / Peter Merz / Optimizing Spectrum Usage for 2020 and beyond
LTE for Unlicensed Bands (aka LTE-U)
Licensed-Assisted Access using LTE
Unlicensed Licensed Licensed
downlink
downlink uplink
• Unique combination of licensed + unlicensed bands
• Licensed band provides reliable connection and quality of
service for mobility, signaling, voice and data
• Unlicensed band boosts data rates – ”Opportunistic use”
• LTE-U to be integrated into small cells beside Wi-Fi
• Note: downlink: uplink asymmetry 10:1 in LTE networks
Downlink
aggregation
5150
200 MHz
Band A
indoor 30-200mW
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© Nokia 2014
5350
5470
120 MHz
255 MHz
5725
Band B
outdoor 1W
Johannesberg Summit 2014 / Peter Merz / Optimizing Spectrum Usage for 2020 and beyond
125 MHz
Band C
5850
UNII-Upper
5725 - 5825
Licensed Shared Access
Unlock more spectrum with predictable QoS
Operator benefits
• Enables timely availability and licensed use of
harmonized spectrum with predictable QoS
• Accelerates spectrum harmonization
• Leverages available LTE technologies to ensure
early use and Economy of Scale
• Opportunity for lower cost and high quality licensed
spectrum
3.6 GHz
2.6 GHz
Licensed
2.4 GHz
10
Reims
Le Mans
2.3 GHz
Paris
Tours
LSA ISM
Licensed
3.8 GHz
LSA
Approach
2.1 GHz
Nancy
2.3 GHz
Lyon
Toulouse
Marseille
License Zone
Exclusion Zone
© Nokia 2014
Regulator
Dijon
Commercial sharing
agreement under
permission of the Regulator
ASA/LSA
Licensee
Johannesberg Summit 2014 / Peter Merz / Optimizing Spectrum Usage for 2020 and beyond
Incumbent
Bridging the spectrum gap to deliver extreme capacity
High hope, high risk: exploring frequencies above 6 GHz
Availability
LOS
300 GHz
90 GHz
mm
30 GHz
cm
10 GHz
Exploration of
propagation
and new
technologies
Natural next
step
3 GHz
10 cm
Cell size
LOS/NLOS
12
300 MHz
© Nokia 2014
1m
Johannesberg Summit 2014 / Peter Merz / Optimizing Spectrum Usage for 2020 and beyond
Johannesberg Summit, Lauri Oksanen 20th of May 2013
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© Nokia 2014
Johannesberg Summit 2014 / Peter Merz / Optimizing Spectrum Usage for 2020 and beyond
Johannesberg Summit, Lauri Oksanen 20th of May 2013
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© Nokia 2014
Johannesberg Summit 2014 / Peter Merz / Optimizing Spectrum Usage for 2020 and beyond
Brooklyn 5G Summit – Focus on antennas, propagation & channel modeling
Preliminary Conclusions
•
Millimeter wave band communication is already proven suitable for backhaul and
no show stoppers were identified for use in small cell mobile access
•
Preliminary conclusions from channel measurements (Indoor and outdoor) for 28 GHz- 100 GHz bands:
-
Pathloss exponent : LOS ~ 2.0 , NLOS ~ 3.4-3.5 (Reference distance based model) - similar as for lower frequency bands
-
Modeling of blockage is important at mmWave band
-
mmWave frequencies have similar reflection loss as lower frequency bands but much higher diffraction loss
-
Rain/Oxygen no problem for ISD < 200 meters
-
Further work needed to clarify whether mmWave systems are noise or interference limited
•
Channel modeling options: based on 3GPP or do we need a more complex model?
•
Antenna opportunities
-
•
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Additional pathloss at higher frequency bands can be compensated by increasing size of antenna arrays for additional
beamforming gain while keeping the aperture size the same.
Common sense: more extensive measurements needed
© Nokia 2014
Johannesberg Summit 2014 / Peter Merz / Optimizing Spectrum Usage for 2020 and beyond
Necessary steps to unlock bands above 6 GHz
Top level actions
1
Suitable bands above 6GHz to be allocated to
2 Mobile
on primary/co-primary basis + identified
for IMT. If a suitable band is already allocated to
WRC-15 to agree agenda item for WRC-18/19
related to IMT in frequency bands >6GHz
300 GHz
90 GHz
mm
30 GHz
cm
10 GHz
Mobile, it should then be identified for IMT.
3
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IMT ‘federation’ = {IMT-2000, IMT-A, IMT-2020}
All IMT families to have access to all IMT bands
below and above 6 GHz
© Nokia 2014
Johannesberg Summit 2014 / Peter Merz / Optimizing Spectrum Usage for 2020 and beyond
3 GHz
10 cm
300 MHz
1m
Optimizing spectrum usage for 2020 and beyond
Conclusions
• Exclusive spectrum access is preferred as
MBB requires predictable conditions
• Maximize spectrum harmonization for
global economies of scale, ease of border
co-ordination and international roaming
capabilities
• LSA as a valuable additional tool for
spectrum optimization where exclusive
use is not feasible
• Unlock UHF bands via new primary
allocations and convergence between
Broadcast and Broadband
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© Nokia 2014
• WRC-15 to agree agenda item for WRC18/19 related to IMT in frequency bands
above 6GHz
• Suitable bands above 6GHz to be
allocated to Mobile on primary/co-primary
basis as well as identified for IMT
• Continue joint global collaborative efforts
on de-risking the new frontiers of cm and
mm-wave e.g. add measurements, pre3GPP harmonization of propagation and
channel models etc.
Johannesberg Summit 2014 / Peter Merz / Optimizing Spectrum Usage for 2020 and beyond
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© Nokia 2014 Johannesberg Summit 2014 / Peter Merz / Optimizing Spectrum Usage for 2020 and beyond