BIOCHEMISTRY
The chemistry of life
ORGANIC COMPOUND

Contains CARBON and HYDROGEN

Ex. C6H12O6 is GLUCOSE
INORGANIC COMPOUND

Does NOT contain carbon and hydrogen
together.

Examples
H2O = water
 CO2 = carbon dioxide

ATOMS


One of the simplest units of matter
Made of:



Protons-have a positive charge (+)
Electrons-have a negative charge (-)
Neutrons-have NO charge (0)
ELEMENT

Made of one kind of atom

Examples:
C = Carbon
 H = Hydrogen
 O = Oxygen
 N = Nitrogen

COMPOUND

Two or more atoms, chemically combined
and held together by bonds.
FOUR GROUPS OF ORGANIC
MOLECULES




Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

All organic molecules are made of C,H,O,N
CARBOHYDRATES

Examples

Bread
Candy
Brownies
Pasta
Rice
Beans

All carbohydrates are made of sugars. (C,H,O)





CARBOHYDRATES

3 different types of carbohydrates



Monosaccharide
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
CARBOHYDRATES

Monosaccharides





Made of one sugar
End in –ose
Source of energy
Has chemical formula C6H12O6
Ratio of H to O is 2:1

Examples:




Glucose
Fructose
Maltose
Lactose
CARBOHYDRATES

Disaccharide



End in –ose
Ratio of H to O is 2:1
Consist of 2 sugar molecules

Example:

sucrose
CARBOHYDRATES

Polysaccharides


3 or more sugars combined
Complex structure

Examples


Cellulose
Starches
HOW ARE MOLECULES COMBINED?

Dehydration Synthesis

The process by which molecules are joined
together by removing water.
HOW ARE COMPOUNDS BROKEN DOWN?

Hydrolysis

The process by which compounds are
separated from each other by adding water.
PROTEINS




Made of Amino Acids
Always contain C,H,O,N
All structures in an organism are made of
proteins.
Proteins make up:





Enzymes
Muscle Tissue
Blood Cells
Cell Growth and Repair
Hormones
PROTEINS
•
•
Amino Acids are bonded together with
peptide bonds.
3 Different types



Monopeptide (1 Amino Acid)
Dipeptide (2 Amino Acids)
Polypeptide (3 Amino Acids)
AMINO ACID STRUCTURE

Amino Acids are made of 3 parts:



An amino group
A carboxyl group
An R side chain
Amino Acids


There are 20 types of amino acids
8 of them are essential

Ex. Tryptophan, Alanine, Arginine, Proline,
Serine
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS OF 2
AMINO ACIDS
HYDROLYSIS OF A PROTEIN
LIPIDS





Also called fats, oils and waxes
Organic (made of C, H, O)
No ratio of H to O
Found in all living things
Used for





energy storage
source of energy
insulation
Protection
sub-structure of cell membrane
LIPIDS

Lipids are made of two parts:


Glycerol
3 Fatty Acids
LIPIDS

Two types of fatty acids

Saturated

Fats that are NOT double bonded and are solid at
room temperature


Ex. Butter, bacon grease, Crisco, cheese
Unsaturated

Fats that are double bonded.

Ex. Olive oil, Canola Oil
LIPIDS

In a typical lipid molecule, there are
carboxyl groups
NUCLEIC ACIDS

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)




Contains genetic information (heredity)
Controls cellular activities
Found in all living things
It is organic (C, H, O, N, P)
NUCLEIC ACIDS

DNA is made of units called nucleotides

Nucleotides consist of:
A phosphate group
 A monosaccharide (ribose)
 A nitrogenous base (A, T, G, or C)

A NUCLEOTIDE
DNA


Double helix
Bases:





Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
DNA bases are bonded using hydrogen
bonds
RNA



Carries genetic information from the
nucleus to the ribosomes, for protein
synthesis
Single stranded (NOT double helix)
Smaller than DNA
RNA

Made of nucleotides


Contains sugar, phosphate group and 1 base
Bases in RNA:




Adenine (A)
Uracil (U)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)