Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 1
Supplemental Materials
Vocational Interests Assessed at the End of High School Predict Life Outcomes Assessed
10 Years Later Over and Above IQ and Big Five Personality Traits
by G. Stoll et al., 2016, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000117
Reliability and Validity of the AIST-R
Because the AIST-R is published only in the German language and most readers will
not have access to the manual, some additional information about the reliability and validity
of the AIST-R—as provided in the test manual (Bergmann & Eder, 2005)—is summarized
here. Sample items for each of the six scales of the AIST-R are provided in Table 6.
Reliabilities in terms of internal consistency are good. Cronbach’s alphas range from α
= .82 for Artistic and Conventional to α = .87 for Social and Enterprising. Re-test reliabilities
over a two-day interval range between rtt =.83 for Conventional and rtt =.96 for Realistic. Retest reliabilities over a two-year interval range between rtt =.60 for Conventional and rtt =.75
for Realisitic.
The AIST-R shows convergent validity with other inventories measuring vocational
interests. For example, the corresponding scales of the AIST-R and the Explorix (Jörin, Stoll,
Bergmann & Eder, 2004)—the German adaptation of the Self-Directed Search (Holland,
1985)—show convergent validity, with correlations ranging from r = .62 for Realistic interest
and r = .75 for Enterprising interest. In addition, the scales of the AIST-R show moderate
associations with the Big Five personality traits as measured with the German version of the
NEO-FFI (Borkenau & Ostendorf, 1993). The correlation pattern between the two inventories
indicates discriminant validity for the AIST-R in reference to a Big Five measure. In line with
meta-analytic results (Larson, Rottinghaus, & Borgen, 2002), the highest associations for
males and females were found between Artistic–Openness (r=.50/.62), Enterprising–
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 2
Extraversion (r=.48/.39), Social–Extraversion (r=.31/19), Investigative–Openness (r=.39/.32),
and Social–Agreeableness (r=.34/.31).
There are significant gender differences in the RIASEC scales measured by the AISTR. These gender differences correspond to the gender differences typically found in other
countries and with different measures of vocational interest. In line with meta-analytic results
(Su, Rounds, & Armstrong, 2009), on the AIST-R, men score higher on Realistic (d = 1.40)
and Investigative (d = 0.68) interests, whereas women score higher on Artistic (d = 0.72) and
Social (d = 0.93) interests. In deviation with meta-analytic results (Su et al., 2009), on the
AIST-R, males score higher on Conventional interest than females (d = 0.17).
As the AIST-R manual (Bergmann & Eder, 2005) does not provide extensive
information about its structural validity, we refer to an independent study that investigated the
structure of vocational interest as assessed with the AIST-R in two German samples (Nagy,
Trautwein, & Lüdtke, 2010). Structural analyses using two different methods—the
randomization test of hypothesized order relations (RTOR) and confirmatory factor analysis
(CFA)—show that the AIST-R measures vocational interests according to Holland’s circular
representation. CFA analyses also revealed that interest structure is reasonably invariant
between high school and university students, but that the configurations for high school
females and males differ. In particular, females seem to differentiate less between Realistic
and Investigative interests at the end of high school.
To eliminate the possibility that a lack of differentiation may affect the interpretation
of the six RIASEC interests, we conducted separate structural tests using circular
unidimensional scaling (Armstrong, Hubert, & Rounds, 2003) on males and females. The
circular unidimensional scaling procedure incorporates three steps: determination of the
optimal ordering of the six types, estimation of inflection points in the circular structure, and
estimation of the distances between the types in the circular structure (see Armstrong, et al.,
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 3
2003). Provided results include the optimal ordering of the six types, the set of distances
between the types in the circular structure that fits the data best, and the amount of variance
accounted (VAF) for by the best fitting model. For our data set, results indicate that for both
females and males, the optimal circular ordering of the six types was the RIASEC ordering as
specified by Holland. We provide a visual representation of the obtained quasi-circumplex
structures for males and females in Figure 1. The numeric values within the circular structures
indicate the proportion of the circle represented by the distances between each pair of adjacent
types. Comparing the results of the two subsamples indicates that the distances between
interest types in the two quasi-circumplex structures are not identical: The distance between
Realistic and Investigative was .10 for males and .04 for females, whereas the distance
between Social and Enterprising was .10 for males and .23 for females. In addition, the male
AIST-R data (VAF = .92) fit the circulant model better than the female AIST-R data (VAF =
.76). Nevertheless, the revealed VAF values both exceeded the cutoff value of .60 necessary
for a good fit of the quasi-circumplex model (Armstrong, et al., 2003). In addition, VAF
values in our sample were comparable to the VAF values for different U.S. racial-ethnic
groups on the UNIACT Interest Inventory (Swaney, 1995) and the Strong Interests Inventory
(Harmon, Hansen, Borgen, & Hammer, 1994), which ranged from .61 to .95 (Armstrong et
al., 2003). These results demonstrate that the AIST-R scales measure vocational interest
according to Holland’s structural assumptions.
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 4
References
Armstrong, P. I., Hubert, L., & Rounds, J., (2003). Circular Unidimensional Scaling: A new
look at group differences in interest structure. Journal of Counseling Psychology,
50(3), 297–308. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.50
Bergmann, C., & Eder, F. (2005). Allgemeiner Interessen-Struktur-Test mit Umwelt-StrukturTest (UST-R) —Revision. [General Interest Structure Test and Environmental Structure
Test – Revision]. Göttingen, Germany: Beltz.
Borkenau, P., & Ostendorf, F. (1993). NEO-Fünf-Faktoren Inventar nach Costa und McCrae.
[NEO Five Factor Inventory after Costa and McCrae]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Harmon, L. W., Hansen, J. C., Borgen, F. H., & Hammer, A. L. (1994). Strong Interest
Inventory applications and technical guide.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Holland, J. L. (1985). The self-directed search. Psychological Assessment Resources.
Jörin, S., Stoll, F., Bergmann, C., & Eder, F. (2004). EXPLORIX – das Werkzeug zur
Berufswahl und Laufbahnplanung. Deutschsprachige Adaptation und
Weiterentwicklung des Self-Directed Search (SDS) nach John Holland (Testmanual).
[EXPLORIX – the tool for occupational choices and career planning. German
adaptation and development of John Holland’s Self-Directed Search (SDS),
testmanual]. Bern, Switzerland: Huber.
Larson, L. M., Rottinghaus, P. J. & Borgen, F. H. (2002). Meta‐analyses of Big Six interests
and Big Five personality factors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(2), 217–239.
Nagy, G., Trautwein, U., & Lüdtke, O. (2010). The structure of vocational interests in
Germany: Different methodologies, different conclusions. Journal of Vocational
Behavior, 76(2), 153–169. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.07.002
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 5
Su, R., Rounds J. & Armstrong, P. I. (2009). Men and things, women and people: A metaanalysis of sex differences in interests. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 859–884.
doi:10.1037/a0017364
Swaney, K. B. (1995). Technical manual: Revised unisex edition of the ACT Interest
Inventory (UNIACT). Iowa City, IA: American College Testing.
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 6
Table 7. Sample items for the six AIST-R scales
Scale
Sample items
Working with machines or technical devices
Realistic
Doing physically straining work
Investigative
Working in an experimental laboratory
Dealing with unexplored things
Artistic
Creating something according to artistic/aesthetic aspects
Reading and interpreting poetry/ literature
Social
Taking care of and supervising other people
Teaching or nurturing someone
Enterprising
Leading a group at work
Advertising for something
Conventional
Doing the bookkeeping/accountancy
Collecting, organizing and administering things
Note. A person who was raised bilingually translated the sample items into
English.
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 7
Table 8. Logistic Regression Models Predicting Full-Time Employment
Model 1
Predictors
OR
[95% CI]
Gender (f = 1)
0.25
Gradea
Model 2
p
OR
[95% CI]
[0.18, 0.34]
.000
0.24
0.91
[0.79, 1.04]
.173
HSES
0.95
[0.83, 1.08]
Cognitive ability
1.03
[0.90, 1.18]
Model 3
p
OR
[95% CI]
[0.18, 0.33]
.000
0.45
0.93
[0.81, 1.08]
.343
.418
0.97
[0.85, 1.10]
.637
1.04
Neuroticism
Model 4
p
OR
[95% CI]
p
[0.32, 0.64]
.000
0.43
[0.30, 0.61]
.000
0.92
[0.79, 1.07]
.274
0.94
[0.81, 1.10]
.449
.606
0.99
[0.87, 1.14]
.902
0.99
[0.87, 1.13]
.897
[0.90, 1.19]
.605
0.91
[0.78, 1.05]
.176
0.91
[0.79, 1.05]
.209
1.05
[0.90, 1.22]
.574
1.08
[0.92, 1.27]
.373
Extraversion
1.10
[0.95, 1.27]
.204
1.06
[0.89, 1.25]
.529
Openness
0.87
[0.75, 1.01]
.063
1.06
[0.88, 1.28]
.556
Agreeableness
0.89
[0.78, 1.03]
.118
1.00
[0.85, 1.18]
.9986
Conscientiousness
1.32
[1.14, 1.53]
.000
1.13
[0.96, 1.32]
.134
Controls
Personality
Interests
Realistic
1.36
[1.11, 1.67]
.003
1.38
[1.12, 1.69]
.002
Investigative
1.06
[0.90, 1.25]
.485
1.04
[0.87, 1.24]
.661
Artistic
0.71
[0.61, 0.83]
.000
0.70
[0.58, 0.85]
.000
Social
0.74
[0.63, 0.88]
.000
0.74
[0.62, 0.88]
.001
Enterprising
1.32
[1.10, 1.57]
.003
1.28
[1.04, 1.58]
.022
Conventional
1.18
[0.98, 1.43]
.085
1.16
[0.96, 1.40]
.130
PSEUDO R²
AIC
SBIC
a
.13
.16
.22
.22
156562.22
156561.20
156574.14
156572.07
157152.24
157151.21
157164.15
157162.09
Note. N = 3,023; Lower final grade indicates higher achievement. Coefficients in bold are statistically significant (p < .05, two-tailed).
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 8
Table 9. Logistic Regression Models Predicting Unemployment
Model 1
Predictors
OR
[95% CI]
Gender (f = 1)
1.34
Gradea
Model 2
p
OR
[95% CI]
[1.05, 1.70]
.017
1.42
1.39
[1.23, 1.57]
.000
HSES
1.04
[0.91, 1.18]
Cognitive ability
0.90
[0.79, 1.03]
Model 3
p
OR
[95% CI]
[1.09, 1.84]
.010
1.07
1.37
[1.20, 1.57]
.000
.573
1.02
[0.89, 1.17]
.135
0.89
Neuroticism
Model 4
p
OR
[95% CI]
p
[0.80, 1.43]
.643
1.20
[0.88,1.63]
.259
1.41
[1.24, 1.60]
.000
1.36
[1.19, 1.55]
.000
.776
1.02
[0.89, 1.16]
.820
1.02
[0.89, 1.163]
.793
[0.77, 1.01]
.078
0.94
[0.81, 1.08]
.360
0.92
[0.80, 1.05]
.211
0.92
[0.80, 1.05]
.220
0.91
[0.79, 1.06]
.226
Extraversion
0.92
[0.81, 1.06]
.249
0.94
[0.81, 1.10]
.467
Openness
1.28
[1.13, 1.45]
.000
1.15
[0.96, 1.38]
.123
Agreeableness
0.81
[0.72, 0.92]
.001
0.81
[0.70, 0.93]
.003
Conscientiousness
0.75
[0.66, 0.86]
.000
0.78
[0.68, 0.90]
.001
Controls
Personality
Interests
Realistic
0.87
[0.76, 1.01]
.063
0.89
[0.77, 1.04]
.148
Investigative
1.03
[0.88, 1.19]
.745
0.97
[0.82, 1.15]
.741
Artistic
1.44
[1.24, 1.68]
.000
1.27
[1.03, 1.56]
.027
Social
0.88
[0.76, 1.00]
.055
0.95
[0.82, 1.09]
.441
Enterprising
0.97
[0.81, 1.16]
.738
0.95
[0.77, 1.18]
.655
Conventional
0.91
[0.78, 1.06]
.226
0.99
[0.85, 1.16]
.898
PSEUDO R²
AIC
SBIC
a
.05
.10
.08
.11
156709.45
156709.59
156712.73
156710.86
157299.47
157299.60
157302.74
157300.88
Note. N = 3,023; Lower final grade indicates higher achievement. Coefficients in bold are statistically significant (p < .05, two-tailed).
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 9
Table 10. Linear Regression Models Predicting Gross Income
Model 1
Predictors
β
[95% CI]
Model 2
p
β
.000
-0.41
[95% CI]
Model 3
p
β
.000
-0.18
[95% CI]
Model 4
p
β
.012
-0.20
Model 5
p
β
[-0.34, -0.06]
.005
-0.10
[-0.22, 0.03]
.121
[-0.20, -0.07]
.000
-0.13
[-0.19, -0.08]
.000
[95% CI]
[95% CI]
p
Controls
Gender (f = 1)
-0.46
[-0.57, -0.35]
[-0.53, -0.30]
[-0.31, -0.04]
Gradea
-0.13
[-0.19, -0.07]
.000
-0.14
[-0.20, -0.08]
.000
-0.13
[-0.19, -0.07]
.000
-0.13
HSES
0.01
[-0.05, 0.07]
.682
0.02
[-0.03, 0.08]
.427
0.03
[-0.03, 0.09]
.290
0.03
[-0.03, 0.09]
.274
0.03
[-0.02, 0.08]
.278
.638
-0.01
[-0.06, 0.04]
.780
0.01
[-0.04, 0.06]
.749
Cognitive ability
0.03
[-0.03, 0.08]
.317
0.03
[-0.02, 0.08]
.287
-0.01
[-0.06, 0.04]
Neuroticism
-0.03
[-0.10, 0.04]
.346
-0.01
[-0.08, 0.06]
.777
-0.02
[-0.08, 0.05]
.601
Extraversion
0.98
[0.03, 0.16]
.003
0.08
[0.01, 0.15]
.025
0.07
[0.00, 0.13]
.037
[-0.11, 0.02]
.167
-0.05
[-0.11, 0.02]
.134
Personality
Openness
-0.13
[-0.20, -0.07]
.000
-0.05
Agreeableness
-0.10
[-0.16, -0.03]
.003
-0.05
[-0.12, 0.02]
.137
-0.04
[-0.11, 0.02]
.170
0.10
[0.04, 0.17]
.003
0.05
[-0.02, 0.12]
.144
0.04
[-0.03, 0.11]
.249
Conscientiousness
Interests
Realistic
0.12
[0.04, 0.19]
.002
0.11
[0.04, 0.18]
.004
0.06
[0.00, 0.13]
.040
Investigative
-0.01
[-0.09, 0.05]
.606
-0.01
[-0.08, 0.06]
.826
-0.02
[-0.08, 0.05]
.633
Artistic
-0.20
[-0.27, -0.13]
.000
-0.16
[-0.23, -0.08]
.000
-0.10
[-0.18, -0.03]
.005
Social
-0.13
[-0.19, -0.06]
.000
-0.12
[-0.18, -0.05]
.001
-0.06
[-0.13, 0.00]
.053
Enterprising
0.20
[0.13, 0.28]
.000
0.14
[0.06, 0.23]
.001
0.11
[0.02, 0.20]
.012
Conventional
0.00
[-0.07, 0.08]
.917
0.00
[-0.07, 0.08]
.908
-0.03
[-0.10, 0.04]
.388
0.94
[0.76, 1.13]
.000
Full-time employ.
R²
.07
.12
.15
.16
.30
AIC
158334.08
158334.08
158334.08
158334.08
159500.09
SBIC
158926.93
158926.93
158926.93
158926.93
160144.00
Note. N = 3,023; a Lower final grade indicates higher achievement; Coefficients in bold are statistically significant (p < .05, two-tailed).
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 10
Table 11. Logistic Regression Models Predicting Marriage
Model 1
Predictors
OR
[95% CI]
1.25
Model 2
p
OR
[95% CI]
[0.95, 1.65]
.118
1.23
1.09
[0.97, 1.22]
.155
HSES
0.91
[0.80, 1.04]
Cognitive ability
1.10
[0.97, 1.25]
Model 3
p
OR
[95% CI]
[0.92, 1.65]
.169
1.17
1.14
[1.00, 1.30]
.054
.171
0.92
[0.80, 1.05]
.145
1.12
Neuroticism
Model 4
p
OR
[95% CI]
p
[0.83, 1.66]
.375
1.14
[0.80, 1.62]
.477
1.05
[0.93, 1.19]
.460
1.10
[0.96, 1.27]
.164
.207
0.93
[0.81, 1.08]
.342
0.93
[0.81, 1.07]
.316
[0.98, 1.28]
.099
1.09
[0.96, 1.25]
.188
1.12
[0.98, 1.28]
.105
0.98
[0.85, 1.13]
.811
0.96
[0.83, 1.11]
.609
Extraversion
1.01
[0.89, 1.14]
.901
1.04
[0.90, 1.21]
.589
Openness
0.90
[0.79, 1.03]
.113
1.02
[0.85, 1.23]
.809
Agreeableness
1.09
[0.95, 1.25]
.205
0.97
[0.83, 1.14]
.609
Conscientiousness
1.29
[1.11, 1.50]
.001
1.26
[1.08, 1.48]
.003
Controls
Gender (f = 1)
Grade
a
Personality
Interests
Realistic
1.13
[0.97, 1.31]
.130
1.13
[0.97, 1.32]
.123
Investigative
0.87
[0.75, 1.02]
.090
0.85
[0.72, 1.00]
.049
Artistic
0.79
[0.69, 0.91]
.002
0.82
[0.68,1.00]
.048
Social
1.41
[1.20, 1.66]
.000
1.42
[1.19, 1.69]
.000
Enterprising
0.82
[0.69, 0.97]
.023
0.77
[0.63, 0.94]
.010
Conventional
1.29
[1.08, 1.54]
.004
1.23
[1.03, 1.48]
.025
PSEUDO R²
.01
.04
.05
.06
AIC
156647.45
156645.16
156649.06
156647.54
SBIC
157237.46
157235.17
157239.07
157237.55
Note. N = 3,023; a Lower final grade indicates higher achievement; Coefficients in bold are statistically significant (p < .05, two-tailed).
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 11
Table 12. Logistic Regression Models Predicting Stable Relationship
Model 1
Predictors
OR
[95% CI]
Gender (f = 1)
1.31
Gradea
Model 2
p
OR
[95% CI]
[1.01, 1.71]
.044
1.24
0.97
[0.85, 1.10]
.621
HSES
1.03
[0.91, 1.17]
Cognitive ability
1.03
[0.91, 1.17]
Model 3
p
OR
[95% CI]
[0.94, 1.64]
.129
1.52
0.95
[0.83, 1.10]
.509
.639
1.03
[0.91, 1.16]
.649
1.04
Neuroticism
Model 4
p
OR
[95% CI]
p
[1.12, 2.04]
.006
1.46
[1.06, 2.01]
.022
0.98
[0.85, 1.13]
.758
0.96
[0.82, 1.12]
.582
.664
1.03
[0.91, 1.17]
.660
1.03
[0.91, 1.17]
.626
[0.92, 1.18]
.523
1.02
[0.89, 1.17]
.777
1.01
[0.89, 1.16]
.854
1.03
[0.73, 1.45]
.881
1.02
[0.87, 1.19]
.812
Extraversion
1.88
[1.33, 2.67]
.000
1.26
[1.09, 1.47]
.003
Openness
1.02
[0.78, 1.33]
.900
1.08
[0.92, 1.27]
.347
Agreeableness
1.06
[0.79, 1.43]
.693
1.04
[0.93, 1.16]
.525
Conscientiousness
1.16
[0.83, 1.60]
.385
1.01
[0.87, 1.19]
.863
Controls
Personality
Interests
Realistic
1.09
[0.94, 1.26]
.257
1.09
[0.94, 1.26]
.250
Investigative
1.03
[0.89, 1.20]
.669
1.03
[0.87, 1.21]
.766
Artistic
0.86
[0.75, 0.99]
.029
0.85
[0.72, 1.01]
.068
Social
1.03
[0.88, 1.20]
.726
1.00
[0.85, 1.17]
.962
Enterprising
1.21
[1.02, 1.43]
.029
1.07
[0.88, 1.29]
.512
Conventional
0.99
[0.84, 1.18]
.931
1.05
[0.87, 1.26]
.633
PSEUDO R²
AIC
SBIC
a
.01
.03
.02
.04
130729.97
130730.23
130732.71
156817.40
131319.99
131320.24
131322.73
157407.41
Note. N = 3,023; Lower final grade indicates higher achievement; Coefficients in bold are statistically significant (p < .05, two-tailed).
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 12
Table 13. Logistic Regression Models Predicting whether a Person Had Children
Model 1
Predictors
OR
[95% CI]
1.67
Model 2
p
OR
[95% CI]
[1.24, 2.26]
.001
1.63
1.19
[1.05, 1.36]
.008
HSES
0.95
[0.81, 1.11]
Cognitive ability
1.06
[0.93, 1.22]
Model 3
p
OR
[95% CI]
[1.18, 2.25]
.003
1.36
1.21
[1.04, 1.39]
.011
.497
0.94
[0.81, 1.10]
.396
1.06
Neuroticism
Model 4
p
OR
[95% CI]
p
[0.96, 1.91]
.083
1.32
[0.93, 1.89]
.123
1.14
[0.99, 1.31]
.062
1.16
[0.99, 1.34]
.060
.463
0.95
[0.81, 1.11]
.512
0.94
[0.80, 1.11]
.486
[0.93, 1.22]
.381
1.08
[0.93, 1.26]
.294
1.08
[0.93, 1.26]
.287
0.95
[0.81, 1.12]
.567
0.93
[0.79, 1.09]
.350
Extraversion
1.11
[0.95, 1.31]
.195
1.23
[1.04, 1.45]
.016
Openness
1.00
[0.87, 1.16]
.979
1.07
[0.88, 1.23]
.483
Agreeableness
1.07
[0.93, 1.24]
.361
0.92
[0.78, 1.08]
.297
Conscientiousness
1.11
[0.96, 1.27]
.156
1.13
[0.98, 1.31]
.092
Controls
Gender (f = 1)
Grade
a
Personality
Interests
Realistic
1.07
[0.90, 1.28]
.455
1.07
[0.89, 1.29]
.468
Investigative
0.89
[0.75, 1.05]
.163
0.87
[0.72, 1.04]
.122
Artistic
0.95
[0.81, 1.13]
.572
0.98
[0.80, 1.20]
.844
Social
1.46
[1.23, 1.72]
.000
1.48
[1.24, 1.76]
.000
Enterprising
0.76
[0.62, 0.94]
.009
0.64
[0.51, 0.80]
.000
Conventional
1.23
[1.02, 1.47]
.027
1.28
[1.06, 1.54]
.011
PSEUDO R²
.03
.04
.06
.08
AIC
156590.20
156590.04
156593.96
156593.18
SBIC
157180.22
157180.06
157183.97
157183.19
Note. N = 3,023; a Lower final grade indicates higher achievement; Coefficients in bold are statistically significant (p < .05, two-tailed).
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 13
Table 14. Logistic Regression Models Predicting whether a Person Had Never Had a Relationship
Model 1
Predictors
OR
[95% CI]
0.62
Model 2
p
OR
[95% CI]
[0.42, 0.91]
.015
0.59
0.96
[0.78, 1.12]
.732
HSES
0.85
[0.69, 1.06]
Cognitive ability
1.02
[0.84, 1.24]
Model 3
p
OR
[95% CI]
[0.39, 0.88]
.009
0.47
1.01
[0.81, 1.27]
.910
.158
0.87
[0.69, 1.09]
.869
1.02
Neuroticism
Model 4
p
OR
[95% CI]
p
[0.29, 0.75]
.002
0.43
[0.26, 0.72]
.001
0.91
[0.72, 1.15]
.442
0.97
[0.77, 1.23]
.800
.230
0.88
[0.70, 1.11]
.279
0.88
[0.70, 1.11]
.292
[0.83, 1.24]
.884
1.01
[0.82, 1.24]
.945
1.05
[0.85, 1.29]
.660
1.23
[0.99, 1.53]
.064
1.22
[0.96, 1.53]
.099
Extraversion
0.62
[0.51, 0.76]
.000
0.71
[0.57, 0.89]
.002
Openness
0.91
[0.75, 1.11]
.369
0.87
[0.67, 1.23]
.288
Agreeableness
1.12
[0.90, 1.40]
.314
1.00
[0.80, 1.26]
.978
Conscientiousness
1.06
[0.86, 1.31]
.563
1.18
[0.95, 1.48]
.139
Controls
Gender (f = 1)
Grade
a
Personality
Interests
Realistic
1.00
[0.79, 1.26]
.984
0.99
[0.78, 1.27]
.959
Investigative
0.81
[0.63, 1.04]
.094
0.82
[0.63, 1.07]
.147
Artistic
1.28
[0.99, 1.66]
.063
1.32
[0.95, 1.85]
.101
Social
1.13
[0.85, 1.50]
.419
1.16
[0.88, 1.54]
.292
Enterprising
0.51
[0.38, 0.68]
.000
0.64
[0.46, 0.88]
.006
1.32
[1.02, 1.72]
.037
1.13
[0.87, 1.48]
.361
Conventional
PSEUDO R²
.02
.11
.10
.14
AIC
156030.60
156031.55
156034.07
156032.65
SBIC
156620.61
156621.56
156624.09
156622.67
Note. N = 3,023; a Lower final grade indicates higher achievement; Coefficients in bold are statistically significant (p < .05, two-tailed).
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 14
Table 15. Linear Regression Models Predicting Health Complaints
Model 1
β
Predictors
[95% CI]
Model 2
p
β
[95% CI]
Model 3
p
β
[95% CI]
Model 4
p
β
[95% CI]
p
Controls
Gender (f = 1)
0.39
[0.28, 0.50]
.000
0.35
[0.23, 0.47]
.000
0.36
[0.22, 0.49]
.000
0.35
[0.22, 0.49]
.000
Gradea
0.07
[0.00, 0.12]
.019
0.07
[0.01, 0.12]
.031
0.07
[0.01, 0.12]
.025
0.06
[0.00, 0.12]
.048
HSES
-0.08
[-0.13, -0.03]
.002
-0.08
[-0.13, -0.03]
.001
-0.08
[-0.13, -0.03]
.001
-0.08
[-0.13, -0.03]
.001
Cognitive ability
-0.04
[-0.10, 0.01]
.127
-0.03
[-0.08, 0.02]
.260
-0.04
[-0.09, 0.02]
.163
-0.03
[-0.08, 0.02]
.303
Neuroticism
0.20
[0.14, 0.26]
.000
0.20
[0.14, 0.26]
.000
Extraversion
-0.05
[-0.12, 0.01]
.087
-0.07
[-0.14, -0.01]
.023
0.06
[0.01, 0.11]
.028
0.04
[-0.02, 0.11]
.188
Agreeableness
-0.11
[-0.17, -0.06]
.000
-0.10
[-0.15, -0.04]
.001
Conscientiousness
-0.04
[-0.09, 0.02]
.187
-0.04
[-0.09, 0.02]
.196
Personality
Openness
Interests
Realistic
-0.00
[-0.06, 0.01]
.980
0.02
[-0.04, 0.08]
.529
Investigative
-0.01
[-0.07, 0.04]
.660
-0.03
[-0.09, 0.03]
.309
Artistic
0.11
[0.05, 0.18]
.000
0.04
[-0.03, 0.10]
.283
Social
-0.05
[-0.11, -0.01]
.082
-0.03
[-0.09, 0.03]
.346
Enterprising
-0.02
[-0.09, 0.05]
.590
0.06
[-0.03, 0.14]
.176
Conventional
-0.00
[-0.07, 0.07]
.979
-0.02
[-0.09, 0.05]
.575
R²
AIC
SBIC
a
.06
.14
.07
.14
159034.083
159034.083
159034.083
159034.083
159626.935
159626.935
159626.935
159626.935
Note. N = 3,023; Lower final grade indicates higher achievement; Coefficients in bold are statistically significant (p < .05, two-tailed).
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 15
Table 16. Linear Regression Models Predicting Health Social Comparison
Model 1
Predictors
β
[95% CI]
Model 2
p
β
[95% CI]
Model 3
p
β
[95% CI]
Model 4
p
β
[95% CI]
p
Controls
Gender (f = 1)
-0.22
[-0.33, -0.12]
.000
-0.20
[-0.30, -0.09]
.000
-0.14
[-0.26, -0.02]
.018
-0.15
[-0.27, -0.03]
.013
-0.01
[-0.07, 0.04]
.597
-0.01
[-0.06, 0.05]
.868
-0.02
[-0.08, 0.04]
.522
-0.01
[-0.06, 0.06]
.894
0.08
[0.03, 0.14]
.003
0.09
[0.03, 0.14]
.001
0.09
[0.03, 0.14]
.001
0.09
[0.03, 0.14]
.001
-0.02
[-0.07, 0.03]
.478
-0.03
[-0.08, 0.03]
.350
-0.03
[-0.08, 0.03]
.317
-0.03
[-0.09, 0.02]
.255
Neuroticism
-0.12
[-0.18, -0.06]
.000
-0.12
[-0.18, -0.06]
.000
Extraversion
0.05
[-0.01, 0.11]
.104
0.05
[-0.02, 0.12]
.144
-0.05
[-0.10, 0.01]
.113
-0.00
[-0.08, 0.07]
.907
Agreeableness
0.05
[-0.01, 0.10]
.114
0.04
[-0.03, 0.10]
.281
Conscientiousness
0.08
[0.02, 0.14]
.013
0.08
[0.01, 0.14]
.020
Grade
a
HSES
Cognitive ability
Personality
Openness
Interests
Realistic
0.05
[-0.02, 0.11]
.148
0.04
[-0.02, 0.10]
.209
Investigative
-0.01
[-0.08, 0.06]
.808
-0.01
[-0.08, 0.07]
.814
Artistic
-0.13
[-0.19 -0.08]
.000
-0.09
[-0.16, -0.02]
.014
Social
0.04
[-0.03, 0.10]
.268
0.03
[-0.04, 0.10]
.393
Enterprising
0.07
[-0.01, 0.14]
.077
0.00
[-0.09, 0.09]
Conventional
-0.03
[-0.10, 0.04]
.427
-0.03
[-0.10, 0.05]
.941
.522
R²
.02
.06
.03
.07
AIC
159208.57
159208.57
159208.57
159208.57
SBIC
159801.43
159801.43
159801.43
159801.43
Note. N = 3,023; a Lower final grade indicates higher achievement; Coefficients in bold are statistically significant (p < .05, two-tailed).
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 16
Table 17. Logistic Regression Models Predicting Full-Time Employment
Male
Predictors
ORm
[95% CI]
Gradea
1.07
HSES
Cognitive ability
Female
p
ORf
[95% CI]
[0.78, 1.47]
.683
0.91
[0.76, 1.10]
0.97
[0.71, 1.31]
.832
0.99
1.11
[0.82, 1.50]
.489
Neuroticism
1.30
[0.92, 1.85]
Extraversion
1.18
Openness
difference
p
ORf -ORm
SE
p
.328
-0.16
0.20
.421
[0.84, 1.16]
.880
0.02
0.18
.909
0.86
[0.73, 1.02]
.085
-0.25
0.18
.178
.138
1.02
[0.86, 1.21]
.846
-0.28
0.25
.248
[0.82, 1.70]
.383
1.02
[0.85, 1.22]
.867
-0.16
0.23
.486
0.86
[0.59, 1.24]
.412
1.11
[0.89, 1.39]
.353
0.25
0.21
.223
Agreeableness
0.98
[0.75, 1.29]
.898
1.01
[0.84, 1.21]
.913
0.03
0.15
.854
Conscientiousness
1.19
[0.86, 1.63]
.292
1.12
[0.94, 1.33]
.219
-0.07
0.22
.747
Realistic
1.65
[1.10, 2.49]
.015
1.26
[1.00, 1.60]
.052
-0.39
0.35
.278
Investigative
1.15
[0.79, 1.67]
.461
1.00
[0.82, 1.22]
.999
-0.15
0.24
.524
Artistic
0.95
[0.60, 1.51]
.827
0.65
[0.52, 0.80]
.000
-0.30
0.23
.191
Social
0.80
[0.55, 1.17]
.251
0.70
[0.58, 0.86]
.001
-0.10
0.17
.572
Enterprising
1.24
[0.82, 1.88]
.318
1.30
[1.02, 1.65]
.035
0.06
0.31
.847
Conventional
1.51
[0.96, 2.36]
.23
.074
1.08
[0.88,1.33]
.11
.478
-0.43
0.36
.233
Controls
Personality
Interests
(PSEUDO) R²
AIC
155573.766
SBIC
156633.916
Note. N = 3,017; a Lower final grade indicates higher achievement; coefficients in bold are statistically significant (p < .05, two-tailed).
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 17
Table 18. Logistic Regression Models Predicting Unemployment
Male
Predictors
ORm
[95% CI]
Gradea
1.52
HSES
Cognitive ability
Female
p
ORf
[95% CI]
[1.20, 1.92]
.000
1.28
[1.05, 1.56]
1.04
[0.84, 1.28]
.719
1.02
0.97
[0.76, 1.23]
.796
Neuroticism
0.91
[0.69, 1.20]
Extraversion
0.95
Openness
difference
p
ORf -ORm
SE
p
.016
-0.24
0.24
.318
[0.85, 1.21]
.869
-0.02
0.14
.865
0.89
[0.75, 1.05]
.171
-0.08
0.14
.565
.504
0.91
[0.77, 1.09]
.305
0.00
0.15
.984
[0.71, 1.28]
.748
0.94
[0.78, 1.14]
.554
-0.01
0.18
.959
0.94
[0.70, 1.27]
.691
1.26
[1.01, 1.58]
.041
0.32
0.20
.102
Agreeableness
0.73
[0.58, 0.93]
.012
0.87
[0.72, 1.05]
.146
0.14
0.13
.290
Conscientiousness
0.81
[0.62, 1.07]
.141
0.76
[0.63, 0.93]
.008
-0.05
0.15
.746
Realistic
0.85
[0.65, 1.03]
.219
0.99
[0.81, 1.22]
.935
0.14
0.15
.348
Investigative
0.84
[0.63, 1.11]
.217
1.03
[0.82, 1.29]
.789
0.19
0.17
.248
Artistic
1.46
[1.03, 2.08]
.035
1.17
[0.91, 1.50]
.228
-0.29
0.29
.312
Social
1.10
[0.82,1.46]
.534
0.91
[0.77, 1.08]
.283
-0.19
0.18
.311
Enterprising
0.87
[0.61, 1.25]
.457
1.00
[0.77, 1.30]
.979
0.13
0.20
.520
Conventional
1.00
[0.70, 1.42]
.17
.981
0.95
[0.79, 1.14]
.09
.557
-0.05
0.21
.818
Controls
Personality
Interests
(PSEUDO) R²
AIC
155716.092
SBIC
156776.243
Note. N = 3,017; a Lower final grade indicates higher achievement; coefficients in bold are statistically significant (p < .05, two-tailed).
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 18
Table 19. Linear Regression Models Predicting Gross Income
Male
Predictors
βm
[95% CI]
Female
βf
p
[95% CI]
difference
p
βm- βf
SE
p
Controls
Gradea
-0.08
[-0.18, 0.01]
.083
-0.18
[-0.27, -0.10]
.000
0.10
0.07
.118
HSES
0.02
[-0.06, 0.10]
.669
0.04
[-0.05, 0.12]
.374
-0.02
0.06
.744
-0.01
[-0.09, 0.07]
.822
-0.01
[-0.09, 0.06]
.703
0.00
0.06
.926
Neuroticism
0.02
[-0.08, 0.12]
.686
-0.04
[-0.13, 0.05]
.425
0.06
0.07
.400
Extraversion
Cognitive ability
Personality
0.10
[-0.02, 0.22]
.107
0.07
[-0.01, 0.15]
.088
0.03
0.08
.706
Openness
-0.04
[-0.16, 0.09]
.571
-0.05
[-0.14, 0.03]
.196
0.01
0.08
.809
Agreeableness
-0.01
[-0.10, 0.09]
.897
-0.09
[-0.19, 0.02]
.113
0.08
0.08
.288
0.02
[-0.08, 0.12]
.709
0.07
[-0.02, 0.16]
.124
-0.05
0.07
.445
0.13
[0.06, 0.20]
.000
0.08
[-0.03, 0.20]
.147
0.05
0.06
.461
Investigative
-0.02
[-0.11, 0.07]
.645
-0.01
[-0.11, 0.10]
.918
-0.01
0.07
.815
Artistic
-0.14
[-0.25, -0.03]
.016
-0.16
[-0.25, -0.06]
.001
0.02
0.08
.824
Social
-0.18
[-0.29, -0.07]
.002
-0.09
[-0.18, 0.00]
.054
-0.09
0.08
.225
Enterprising
0.17
[0.03, 0.30]
.014
0.12
[-0.00, 0.24]
.054
0.05
0.09
.601
Conventional
0.02
[-0.11, 0.16]
.11
.717
0.01
[-0.09, 0.10]
.13
.909
0.01
0.08
.819
Conscientiousness
Interests
Realistic
(PSEUDO) R²
AIC
157339.688
SBIC
158402.674
Note. N = 3,017; a Lower final grade indicates higher achievement; coefficients in bold are statistically significant (p < .05, two-tailed).
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 19
Table 20. Logistic Regression Models Predicting Marriage
Male
Predictors
ORm
[95% CI]
Gradea
1.06
HSES
Cognitive ability
Female
p
ORf
[95% CI]
[0.85, 1.32]
.628
1.12
[0.93, 1.36]
0.85
[0.66, 1.10]
.217
0.97
1.13
[0.89, 1.45]
.309
Neuroticism
0.93
[0.72, 1.20]
Extraversion
0.98
Openness
difference
p
ORf -ORm
SE
p
.237
0.06
0.17
.701
[0.82, 1.15]
.745
0.12
0.14
.387
1.10
[0.92, 1.31]
.281
-0.03
0.18
.858
.566
0.97
[0.80, 1.18]
.773
0.04
0.16
.776
[0.74, 1.30]
.876
1.08
[0.88, 1.33]
.464
0.10
0.20
.602
1.04
[0.76, 1.41]
.815
1.03
[0.81, 1.32]
.811
-0.01
0.21
.974
Agreeableness
1.03
[0.81, 1.31]
.803
0.93
[0.74, 1.16]
.518
-0.10
0.16
.536
Conscientiousness
1.23
[0.96, 1.59]
.103
1.26
[1.03, 1.54]
.025
0.03
0.21
.896
Realistic
1.31
[1.00, 1.72]
.048
1.00
[0.81, 1.23]
.997
-0.31
0.22
.157
Investigative
0.77
[0.59, 1.01]
.063
0.88
[0.72, 1.09]
.243
0.11
0.15
.447
Artistic
0.85
[0.57, 1.27]
.418
0.83
[0.67, 1.03]
.094
-0.02
0.19
.930
Social
1.31
[0.97, 1.78]
.075
1.48
[1.17, 1.88]
.001
0.17
0.28
.544
Enterprising
1.01
[0.73, 1.40]
.935
0.65
[0.51, 0.84]
.001
-0.36
0.19
.054
Conventional
0.98
[0.72, 1.33]
.06
.887
1.42
[1.15, 1.77]
.08
.001
0.44
0.20
.029
Controls
Personality
Interests
R²
AIC
155661.056
SBIC
156721.207
Note. N = 3,017; a Lower final grade indicates higher achievement; coefficients in bold are statistically significant (p < .05, two-tailed).
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 20
Table 21. Logistic Regression Models Predicting a Stable Relationship
Male
Predictors
ORm
[95% CI]
Gradea
0.95
HSES
Cognitive ability
Female
p
ORf
[95% CI]
[0.76, 1.19]
.655
0.95
[0.78, 1.16]
1.07
[0.88, 1.29]
.506
1.03
0.98
[0.81, 1.19]
.826
Neuroticism
1.02
[0.81, 1.29]
Extraversion
1.28
Openness
difference
p
ORf -ORm
SE
p
.623
0.00
0.14
.987
[0.87, 1.22]
.720
-0.04
0.14
.795
1.03
[0.87, 1.23]
.715
0.05
0.13
.679
.857
1.03
[0.86, 1.25]
.728
0.01
0.15
.934
[0.99, 1.66]
.064
1.27
[1.05, 1.54]
.016
-0.01
0.22
.961
1.44
[1.14, 1.83]
.002
0.85
[0.68, 1.06]
.150
-0.59
0.19
.002
Agreeableness
1.00
[0.83, 1.21]
.973
1.08
[0.90, 1.29]
.393
0.08
0.15
.598
Conscientiousness
1.02
[0.82, 1.29]
.837
1.02
[0.83, 1.25]
.887
-0.00
0.15
.952
Realistic
1.05
[0.87, 1.27]
.623
1.22
[0.96, 1.54]
.109
0.17
0.18
.344
Investigative
0.98
[0.76, 1.26]
.883
1.05
[0.85, 1.31]
.640
0.07
0.17
.665
Artistic
0.77
[0.57, 1.03]
.081
0.97
[0.78, 1.21]
.788
0.20
0.16
.206
Social
0.83
[0.61, 1.12]
.217
1.10
[0.94, 1.33]
.352
0.27
0.17
.103
Enterprising
1.18
[0.86, 1.62]
.307
1.05
[0.84, 1.37]
.716
-0.13
0.24
.592
Conventional
0.83
[0.62, 1.12]
.06
.222
1.20
[0.94, 1.54]
.06
.148
0.37
0.20
.062
Controls
Personality
Interests
(PSEUDO) R²
AIC
155805.632
SBIC
156865.782
Note. N = 3,017; a Lower final grade indicates higher achievement; coefficients in bold are statistically significant (p < .05, two-tailed).
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 21
Table 22. Logistic Regression Models Predicting Having Children
Male
Predictors
ORm
[95% CI]
Gradea
0.85
HSES
Cognitive ability
Female
p
ORf
[95% CI]
[0.67, 1.09]
.194
1.33
[1.09, 1.61]
1.06
[0.78, 1.45]
.701
0.90
1.03
[0.79, 1.35]
.812
Neuroticism
1.14
[0.89, 1.46]
Extraversion
1.72
Openness
difference
p
ORf -ORm
SE
p
.004
0.48
0.17
.005
[0.75, 1.08]
.249
-0.16
0.18
.374
1.09
[0.90, 1.31]
.389
0.06
0.18
.776
.296
0.83
[0.67, 1.03]
.090
-0.31
0.17
.068
[1.23, 2.42]
.002
1.05
[0.85, 1.30]
.627
-0.67
0.33
.045
1.53
[1.06, 2.02]
.024
0.88
[0.70, 1.10]
.248
-0.65
0.30
.029
Agreeableness
0.87
[0.67, 1.36]
.308
0.95
[0.77, 1.19]
.675
0.08
0.16
.619
Conscientiousness
1.09
[0.84, 1.41]
.523
1.18
[0.96, 1.45]
.114
0.09
0.21
.650
Realistic
1.13
[0.84, 1.51]
.426
1.09
[0.86, 1.40]
.470
-0.04
0.21
.885
Investigative
0.73
[0.55, 0.98]
.037
0.91
[0.72, 1.15]
.428
0.18
0.15
.241
Artistic
1.07
[0.71, 1.63]
.741
1.02
[0.79, 1.32]
.866
-0.05
0.27
.849
Social
1.24
[0.87, 1.77]
.236
1.50
[1.20, 1.89]
.000
0.26
0.29
.369
Enterprising
0.62
[0.41, 0.94]
.023
0.67
[0.50, 0.88]
.005
0.05
0.17
.765
Conventional
1.01
[0.68, 1.49]
.14
.979
1.37
[1.10, 1.71]
.10
.005
0.36
0.26
.159
Controls
Personality
Interests
(PSEUDO) R²
AIC
155579.202
SBIC
156639.353
Note. N = 3,017; a Lower final grade indicates higher achievement; coefficients in bold are statistically significant (p < .05, two-tailed).
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 22
Table 23. Logistic Regression Models Predicting Never Having Had a Relationship
Male
Predictors
ORm
[95% CI]
Gradea
0.93
HSES
Cognitive ability
Female
p
ORf
[95% CI]
[0.67, 1.30]
.673
1.05
[0.75, 1.46]
0.75
[0.55, 1.02]
.064
0.98
1.10
[0.79, 1.53]
.568
Neuroticism
1.07
[0.70, 1.63]
Extraversion
0.86
Openness
difference
p
ORf -ORm
SE
p
.773
0.12
0.23
.608
[0.71, 1.37]
.921
0.23
0.20
.239
1.04
[0.79, 1.38]
.771
-0.06
0.23
.803
.761
1.25
[0.94, 1.66]
.120
0.18
0.31
.546
[0.64, 1.17]
.332
0.59
[0.42, 0.83]
.003
-0.268
0.17
.115
0.69
[0.48, 1.01]
.054
1.12
[0.77, 1.62]
.560
0.426
0.26
.099
Agreeableness
1.07
[0.83, 1.37]
.620
0.95
[0.69, 1.31]
.750
-0.117
0.20
.550
Conscientiousness
1.17
[0.84, 1.64]
.361
1.13
[0.83, 1.54]
.447
-0.040
0.27
.881
Realistic
0.86
[0.62, 1.20]
.387
0.96
[0.63, 1.47]
.852
0.10
0.25
.699
Investigative
0.97
[0.68, 1.39]
.867
0.76
[0.54, 1.09]
.133
-0.21
0.21
.331
Artistic
1.24
[0.75, 2.05]
.398
1.19
[0.80, 1.77]
.385
-0.05
0.37
.894
Social
1.38
[0.88, 2.17]
.158
1.05
[0.76, 1.46]
.761
-0.33
0.34
.334
Enterprising
0.43
[0.27, 0.70]
.001
0.74
[0.47, 1.18]
.211
0.31
0.21
.128
Conventional
2.08
[1.27, 3.41]
.20
.004
0.77
[0.52, 1.14]
.21
.187
-1.31
0.55
.018
Controls
Personality
Interests
(PSEUDO) R²
AIC
155017.123
SBIC
156077.273
Note. N = 3,017; a Lower final grade indicates higher achievement; coefficients in bold are statistically significant (p < .05, two-tailed).
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 23
Table 24. Linear Regression Models Predicting Health Complaints
Male
Predictors
βm
[95% CI]
Female
βf
p
[95% CI]
difference
p
βm- βf
SE
p
Controls
Gradea
0.01
[-0.07, 0.09]
.810
0.10
[0.02, 0.18]
.016
-0.09
0.05
.098
HSES
0.02
[-0.06, 0.10]
.618
-0.15
[-0.21, -0.09]
.000
0.17
0.05
.001
-0.04
[-0.13, 0.04]
.284
-0.01
[-0.08, 0.06]
.762
-0.03
0.06
.543
Neuroticism
0.13
[0.03, 0.22]
.011
0.24
[0.17, 0.32]
.000
-0.11
0.06
.067
Extraversion
-0.11
[-0.21, -0.01]
.038
-0.05
[-0.12, 0.03]
.224
-0.06
0.06
.339
0.06
[-0.05, 0.17]
.318
0.06
[-0.03, 0.14]
.220
0.00
0.08
.990
Agreeableness
-0.02
[-0.09, 0.06]
.649
-0.16
[-0.23, -0.08]
.000
0.14
0.06
.010
Conscientiousness
-0.10
[-0.18, -0.03]
.007
0.02
[-0.06, 0.09]
.710
-0.12
0.06
.034
0.01
[-0.08, 0.10]
.833
0.04
[-0.05, 0.13]
.382
-0.03
0.06
.636
Investigative
-0.07
[-0.18, 0.03]
.166
-0.01
[-0.08, 0.06]
.774
-0.06
0.06
.336
Artistic
-0.05
[-0.17, 0.08]
.462
0.07
[-0.02, 0.16]
.139
-0.12
0.08
.149
Social
-0.04
[-0.14, 0.07]
.506
0.00
[-0.08, 0.09]
.935
-0.04
0.07
.592
Enterprising
0.04
[-0.09, 0.17]
.559
0.05
[-0.05, 0.16]
.308
-0.01
0.08
.851
Conventional
0.01
[-0.10, 0.12]
.07
.874
-0.03
[-0.12, 0.06]
.16
.489
0.04
0.07
.584
Cognitive ability
Personality
Openness
Interests
Realistic
R²
AIC
158015.149
SBIC
159078.134
Note. N = 3,017; a Lower final grade indicates higher achievement; coefficients in bold are statistically significant (p < .05, two-tailed).
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 24
Table 25. Linear Regression Models Predicting Health as a Social Comparison
Male
Predictors
βm
[95% CI]
Female
βf
p
[95% CI]
difference
p
βm- βf
SE
p
Controls
Gradea
0.04
[-0.04, 0.13]
.314
-0.06
[-0.14, 0.03]
.174
0.10
0.06
.084
HSES
0.10
[0.02, 0.17]
.015
0.08
[0.01, 0.14]
.031
0.02
0.05
.689
-0.01
[-0.10, 0.08]
.765
-0.05
[-0.13, 0.02]
.173
0.04
0.06
.537
Neuroticism
-0.11
[-0.21, -0.01]
.039
-0.12
[-0.20, -0.04]
.005
0.01
0.07
.881
Extraversion
0.04
[-0.07, 0.16]
.441
0.06
[-0.03, 0.15]
.205
-0.02
0.07
.856
Openness
0.02
[-0.11, 0.14]
.807
-0.02
[-0.11, 0.07]
.686
0.04
0.08
.653
Agreeableness
0.06
[-0.03, 0.15]
.174
0.02
[-0.07, 0.11]
.670
0.04
0.06
.472
Conscientiousness
0.07
[-0.03, 0.17]
.174
0.09
[0.01, 0.17]
.033
-0.02
0.06
.735
-0.02
[-0.11, 0.07]
.696
0.10
[0.01, 0.19]
.038
-0.12
0.07
.073
Cognitive ability
Personality
Interests
Realistic
Investigative
0.03
[-0.08, 0.14]
.609
-0.04
[-0.14, 0.06]
.432
0.07
0.07
.360
Artistic
-0.05
[-0.17, 0.08]
.470
-0.11
[-0.19, -0.03]
.009
0.06
0.07
.381
Social
-0.01
[-0.12, 0.10]
.914
0.05
[-0.04, 0.13]
.304
-0.06
0.07
.433
Enterprising
0.02
[-0.14, 0.17]
.850
-0.01
[-0.12, 0.10]
.830
0.03
0.09
.777
Conventional
-0.00
[-0.13, 0.13]
.05
.978
-0.05
[-0.14, 0.05]
.07
.363
0.05
0.08
.612
R²
AIC
158209.741
SBIC
159272.726
Note. N = 3,017; a Lower final grade indicates higher achievement; coefficients in bold are statistically significant (p < .05, two-tailed).
Predicting life outcomes – supplemental material 25
Males
Females
VAF = .92
VAF = .67
Figure 1: Circular unidimensional scaling results for the male (left) and female (right) subsample.