1. ------IND- 2015 0462 SK- EN- ------ 20150826 --- --- PROJET
Ministry of Transport, Construction and Regional Development of the Slovak
Republic
Department of Road Transport and Roads
TS XX/2015
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
FIRE SAFETY IN ROAD TUNNELS
effective as of: xx.xx.2015
TP xx/2015
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
CONTENTS
1
Introductory chapter ............................................................................................................... 5
1.1
Mutual recognition ................................................................................................ 5
1.2
Subject of the technical specifications (TS) ......................................................... 5
1.3
Purpose of the technical specifications ................................................................ 5
1.4
Use of the technical specifications ....................................................................... 5
1.5
Preparation of the technical specifications ........................................................... 6
1.6
Distribution of the technical specifications ........................................................... 6
1.7
Effective date of the technical specifications ........................................................ 6
1.8
Replacement of previous regulations ................................................................... 6
1.9
Related and cited legal regulations ...................................................................... 6
1.10
Related and cited standards................................................................................. 7
1.11
Applicable and cited technical regulations and specifications ............................. 9
1.12
Applicable foreign regulations ............................................................................ 10
1.13
Literature used ................................................................................................... 10
1.14
Abbreviations used ............................................................................................. 10
2
Terms and definitions .......................................................................................................... 12
3
The basic tunnel fire safety concept .................................................................................... 12
3.1
Basic tunnel fire safety requirements ................................................................. 12
3.2
Documentation for issuance of a zoning decision .............................................. 13
3.3
Documentation for issuance of a construction permit ........................................ 13
3.4
Fire safety of structures outside the tunnel ........................................................ 13
4
Fire zones ............................................................................................................................ 13
5
Tunnel categories ................................................................................................................ 15
6
Fire risk ................................................................................................................................ 15
6.1
Tunnel tube......................................................................................................... 15
6.2
Technological areas in the tunnel ...................................................................... 15
6.3
Areas with equipment in structures outside the tunnel ...................................... 15
7
Permitted fire zone size ....................................................................................................... 16
8
Building structures (reaction to fire, fire resistance) ............................................................ 16
8.1
Reaction to fire ................................................................................................... 16
8.2
Fire resistance .................................................................................................... 16
9
Escape routes ...................................................................................................................... 18
9.1
Escape route types ............................................................................................. 18
9.1.1
Unprotected escape route .................................................................................. 18
9.1.2
Protected escape route ...................................................................................... 18
9.2
9.3
Permitted escape route length ........................................................................... 19
9.2.1
Permitted unprotected escape route length ....................................................... 19
9.2.2
Permitted protected escape route length ........................................................... 21
Permitted escape route width ............................................................................. 21
2
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
TP xx/2015
9.4
Doors in escape routes ...................................................................................... 21
9.5
Escape route illumination ................................................................................... 21
9.6
Escape route ventilation ..................................................................................... 21
9.7
Escape route signs ............................................................................................. 21
10
Firefighting response facilities ............................................................................................. 23
10.1
Access roads ...................................................................................................... 23
10.2
Staging areas ..................................................................................................... 23
10.3
Response routes ................................................................................................ 24
11
Fire equipment ..................................................................................................................... 25
11.1
Fixed firefighting systems ................................................................................... 25
11.2
Electrical fire alarms ........................................................................................... 26
11.3
Equipment for the exhaust of heat and combustion products ............................ 27
11.4
Firefighting water supply equipment .................................................................. 27
11.4.1 Water consumption for firefighting ..................................................................... 27
11.4.2 Water source ...................................................................................................... 27
11.4.3 Pump station....................................................................................................... 27
11.4.4 Wet fire water main ............................................................................................ 27
11.4.5 Dry fire water main ............................................................................................. 28
11.4.6 Hydrants ............................................................................................................. 28
11.4.7 Filling locations ................................................................................................... 29
11.5
Fire extinguishers ............................................................................................... 29
12
Central control system ......................................................................................................... 29
13
SOS cabins .......................................................................................................................... 30
14
Evacuation guide system ..................................................................................................... 31
15
Drainage of water from the road surface ............................................................................. 31
16
Fire ventilation ..................................................................................................................... 31
17
Communications equipment ................................................................................................ 31
17.1
Emergency calling apparatus ............................................................................. 31
17.2
Video monitoring ................................................................................................ 32
17.3
Tunnel intercom .................................................................................................. 32
17.4
A radio connection to emergency services ........................................................ 32
17.5
Radio station reception ....................................................................................... 32
17.6
Mobile phone system (GSM) .............................................................................. 32
17.7
Traffic signs and traffic equipment ..................................................................... 32
17.8
Signal lights ........................................................................................................ 33
18
Power ................................................................................................................................... 33
19
Lighting ................................................................................................................................ 35
19.1
In general............................................................................................................ 35
19.2
Emergency fire lighting ....................................................................................... 35
19.3
Illumination of escape and response routes ....................................................... 35
19.4
Tunnel lighting .................................................................................................... 36
3
TP xx/2015
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
20
Heating................................................................................................................................. 36
21
Ventilation ............................................................................................................................ 36
21.1
Tunnel tube ventilation ....................................................................................... 36
21.2
Escape route ventilation ..................................................................................... 36
21.3
Ventilation of other areas in the tunnel ............................................................... 36
21.4
Ventilation of structures outside the tunnel ........................................................ 36
22
Transport of hazardous goods ............................................................................................. 36
23
Annexes ............................................................................................................................... 36
23.1
Annex 1 Emergency exit doors .......................................................................... 37
23.2
Annex 2 Emergency bay inscription ................................................................... 39
23.3
Annex 3 SOS cabin doors .................................................................................. 40
4
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
1
Introductory chapter
1.1
Mutual recognition
TP xx/2015
In cases where this specification states the requirement for conformity with any part of the
Slovak standard (Slovak technical standard) or another specification, this requirement can be met by
compliance with:
(a) a standard or codex of certified procedures issued by a national standardisation body or
an equivalent body from the European Economic Area (EEA) and Turkey;
(b) any international standard acknowledged by any EEA state and Turkey as the best
practice standard or codex;
(c) a technical specification recognised as a standard by a public authority from any EEA
state and Turkey; or
(d) a European technical assessment issued in accordance with the procedure stipulated in
Regulation (EU) No 305/2011.
The above-mentioned sub-sections will not be applied if it can be proven that the standard
concerned does not ensure the required level of functionality and safety.
“EEA state” and Turkey means a state that is a contracting party to the Agreement on the
European Economic Area signed in Porto on 2 May 1992, as amended.
“Slovak standard” (“Slovak Technical Standard”) means any standard issued by the Slovak
Office of Standards, Metrology and Testing, including transposed European or other international
standards.
1.2
Subject of the technical specifications (TS)
1.2.1 The technical specifications (TS) apply to the design, construction and operation of
new road tunnels from the perspective of fire safety. These TS also apply to the design, construction
and operation of reconstructed road tunnels. For existing tunnels and changes thereto, provisions of
these TS apply to the extent approved by the Ministry of Transport, Construction and Regional
Development (MTCRD) of the SR and the Ministry of the Interior (MI) of the SR.
1.2.2 Temporary two-way traffic in a one-way tunnel tube under exceptional traffic or
operating conditions (e.g. closure of the other tunnel tube due to one-time or period maintenance, due
to a traffic accident, etc.) is not considered two-way traffic. Measures that need to be taken during
temporary two-way traffic are specified in the tunnel's operating rules, and are not contained in these
TS.
1.2.3 For the design of fire safety of structures outside of tunnel tubes, generally applicable
legislation with technical content in the area of fire safety apply (e.g. [Z7] to [Z13] and [Z15] to [Z17])
with more detail pursuant to these TS.
1.2.4 In justified cases, deviation from the provisions in these TS is permitted. Exceptions
from provisions of these TS are permitted by the MTCRD SR with the agreement of the MI SR.
1.2.5 Design documentation (DD) in the works prior to the effective date of these TS may
be completed pursuant to regulations applicable prior to the effective date of these TS.
1.2.6 These TS concern Category I tunnels pursuant to Section 5.1 of these TS, and
Category II tunnels pursuant to Section 5.2 of these TS longer than 300 m; for Category II tunnels up
to 300 m in length, these TS apply only to the extent of Chapter 8.
1.3
Purpose of the technical specifications
The purpose of these TS is to stipulate basic requirements for structural design and technical
equipment of road tunnels on from the perspective of fire safety.
1.4
Use of the technical specifications
These TS are intended for designers, investors, builders and administrators of road tunnels,
for the road administration authority, and for state fire inspection authorities.
5
TP xx/2015
1.5
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
Preparation of the technical specifications
These technical specifications were prepared, on the basis of an order from the Slovak Road
Administration (SSC), by Cognitio, s.r.o., Rubínová 3166/18, 900 25 Chorvátsky Grob.
Responsible author - Engineer Ján Dekánek, tel. No: +421 905 346602, email:
[email protected].
Co-authors: Engineer Peter Schmidt, NDS, a.s.
Engineer Juraj Fajtl, MV SR
1.6
Distribution of the technical specifications
Following approval, the electronic version of the technical specifications will be published on
the SSC website: www.ssc.sk (technical regulations) and on the website of the Ministry of Transport,
Construction and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic: www.mindop.sk (transport, road
transport, road infrastructure, technical regulations).
1.7
Effective date of the technical specifications
These technical specifications come into effect on the date stated on the cover page.
1.8
Replacement of previous regulations
These TS replace TS 11/2011 - Fire Safety in Road Tunnels, MTCRD SR from 2011, in full.
1.9
Related and cited legal regulations
[Z1]
Act No 135/1961, on land routes (the Road Act), as amended;
[Z2]
Act No 50/1976, on land-use planning and building (the Building Act), as
amended;
[Z3]
Act No 264/1999, on technical requirements for products, on conformity
assessments and on changes and amendments to certain acts, as amended;
[Z4]
Act No 314/2001, on fire prevention, as amended;
[Z5]
Decree of the Ministry of the Interior of the SR No 121/2002, on fire
prevention, as amended;
[Z6]
Decree of the Slovak Ministry of the Environment of the SR No 532/2002,
stipulating details of general technical requirements for constructions and of
general technical requirements for structures used by handicapped
individuals;
[Z7]
Decree of the Ministry of the Interior of the SR No 719/2002 establishing the
properties, conditions of operation and regular inspection of portable fire
extinguishers and mobile fire extinguishers;
[Z8]
Decree of the Ministry of Interior of the SR No 726/2002 Coll., defining the
properties of electrical fire alarms, their operating conditions and ensuring
their regular inspection;
[Z9]
Decree of the Ministry of the Interior of the SR No 94/2004, establishing
technical requirements for fire safety during construction and use of
structures, as amended;
[Z10]
Decree of the Ministry of the Interior of the SR No 96/2004, stipulating fire
safety principles for the handling and storage of inflammable liquids, heavy
heating oils, and plant and animal fats and oils;
[Z11]
Decree of the Ministry of the Interior of the SR No 699/2004, on the
availability of firefighting water for buildings;
[Z12]
Decree of the Ministry of the Interior of the SR No 162/2006, on properties
and specific operating conditions and on ensuring regular inspections of
firefighting equipment and material fire protection aids;
[Z13]
Decree of the Ministry of Interior of the SR No 169/2006, on specific
properties of permanent firefighting facilities and semi-permanent firefighting
6
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
TP xx/2015
facilities and on their operating conditions, and on ensuring their regular
inspection;
[Z14]
Government Order of the Slovak Republic No 344/2006, on minimum safety
requirements for tunnels in the road network;
[Z15]
Government Order No 387/2006, on requirements for ensuring occupational
health and safety signs;
[Z16]
Decree of the Ministry of the Interior of the SR No 401/2007, on technical
specifications and requirements for fire safety during the installation and
operation of fuel appliances, electrical heating appliances, and central
heating equipment, and during the construction and use of chimneys and flue
gas ducting, and on their cleaning and inspection schedules;
[Z17]
Decree of the Ministry of the Interior of the SR No 478/2008, on properties
and specific operating conditions and on ensuring regular inspections of fire
shutters;
[Z18]
Act No 8/2009, on road traffic and on changes and amendments to some
acts, as amended;
[Z19]
Decree of the Ministry of the Interior of the SR No 9/2009, implementing the
Road Traffic Act, and on changes and amendments to some acts, as
amended;
[Z20]
Act No 133/2013, on construction products and on changes and amendments
to some acts;
[Z21]
Decree of the MTCRD SR No 162/2013, stipulating a list of construction
product groups and systems for assessing parameters.
1.10
Related and cited standards
STN 01 8020
Traffic signs on roads
STN 33 2000-5-51
Electrical wiring in buildings. Part 5-51: Selection and construction of
electrical installations. Common rules
STN 33 2000-5-52
Electrical wiring in buildings. Part 5-51: Selection and construction of
electrical installations. Electrical distribution
STN 33 3240
Electrical engineering regulations. Power transformer sites
STN 38 2156
Cable troughs, shafts, bridges and rooms
STN 73 0872
Building fire safety. Protection of buildings from fire propagation through
HVAC equipment
STN 73 6100
Terminology for roads and highways
STN 73 6639
Sources of water for fire-fighting purposes
STN 73 6655
Calculation of internal water mains
STN 73 7505
Collectors and technical corridors for associated conduits of underground
lines
STN 73 7507
Road tunnel design
STN 75 5401
Water systems Design of water mains
STN 92 0101
Building fire safety. Terminology
STN 92 0102
Building fire safety. Quantities and signs
STN 92 0111
Equipment for fire protection and firefighting. Equipment for fire protection
and firefighting. Specification
STN 92 0201-1
Building fire safety. Common regulations. Part 1: Fire risk, fire compartment
area
STN 92 0201-2
Building fire safety. Common regulations. Part 2: Building structures
STN 92 0201-3
Building fire safety. Common regulations. Part 3: Escape routes and
evacuation of occupants
7
TP xx/2015
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
STN 92 0201-4
Building fire safety. Common regulations. Part 4: Structural intervals
STN 92 0202-1
Building fire safety. Distribution of the fire extinguishers in buildings
STN 92 0203
Building fire safety. Continuous power supply during fire
STN 92 0204
Building fire safety. Cable distribution rooms
STN 92 0205
Fire behaviour of construction products and building constructions.
Preservation of the functional resistance of cable systems. Requirements,
testing, classification and application of test results
STN 92 0206
Fire behaviour of construction products and building constructions.
Preservation of the functional resistance of low-voltage switchboards.
Requirements, tests and classification
STN 92 0400
Building fire safety. Equipment for fire water supply
STN 92 1101-2
Products for electrical distribution, control and communications for the
purposes of fire safety of buildings. Part 2: Low-voltage switchgear and
control gear assemblies
STN 92 1101-4
Products for electrical distribution, control and communications for the
purposes of fire safety of buildings. Part 4: Enclosures with fire resistance for
low-voltage switchgear and control gear assemblies
STN EN 2
(92 0001)
Fire classes
STN EN 3-7+A1
(92 0501)
Portable fire extinguishers Part 7: Characteristics, performance requirements
and test methods (Consolidated text)
Collection STN EN 54: Electrical fire alarms
(92 0404)
STN EN 671-1
(92 0403)
Fixed firefighting systems. Hose systems. Part 1: Hose reels with semi-rigid
hose
STN EN 671-2
(92 0403)
Fixed firefighting systems. Hose systems. Part 2: Hose systems with flat hose
STN EN 1363-2
(92 0808)
Fire resistance tests. Part 2: Alternative and additional procedures
STN EN 02/01/1991
(73 0035)
Eurocode 1. Structural loading. Part 1-2: General loads. Loading of structures
stressed by fire
STN EN 02/01/1992
(73 1201)
Eurocode 2. Design of concrete structures. Part 1-2: General rules.
Designing structures for the effects of fire
STN EN 02/01/1993
(73 1401)
Eurocode 3. Steel construction designs Part 1-2: General rules. Designing
structures for the effects of fire
STN EN 02/01/1994
(73 2089)
Eurocode 4. Designing coupled reinforced concrete structures. Part 1-2:
General rules. Designing structures for the effects of fire
STN EN 02/01/1996
(73 1101)
Eurocode 6. Design of walled structures. Part 1-2: General rules. Designing
structures for the effects of fire
Collection STN EN
12899:
(73 7021)
Permanent vertical traffic signs.
STN EN 12966
(73 7040)
Vertical traffic signs. Traffic signs with variable symbols
STN EN 13501-1+A1
(92 0850)
Classification of fire characteristics of construction products and structural
elements. Part 1: Classification using data from fire reaction tests
(Consolidated text)
STN EN 13501-2+A1
(92 0850)
Classification of fire characteristics of construction products and structural
elements. Part 2: Classification using data from fire resistance tests (except
for ventilation facilities) (Consolidated text)
8
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
TP xx/2015
STN EN 13501-3+A1
(92 0850)
Classification of fire characteristics of construction products and structural
elements. Part 3: Classification using data from fire resistance tests of
construction products and elements used in building operations facilities.
Fire-resistant ducts and fire dampers (Consolidated text)
STN EN 13501-6
(92 0850)
Classification of fire characteristics of construction products and structural
elements. Part 6: Classification using data from cable fire reaction tests.
STN EN 14600
(92 0851)
Fire-resistant or smoke-tight doors and openable windows. Requirements
and classification
STN EN 15004-1
(92 0430)
Fixed firefighting systems. Gas firefighting equipment. Part 1: Design,
installation, and maintenance (mod. ISO 14520-1:2006)
STN EN 16276
(36 0077)
Evacuation lighting in road tunnels
STN EN 50171
(36 0630)
Central power systems
STN EN 60598-1
(36 0600)
Luminaires Part 1: General requirements and tests
STN EN 60598-2-22
(36 0600)
Luminaires Part 2-22: Special requirements. Luminaires for emergency
lighting.
STN EN 60849
(36 8012)
Emergency acoustic systems
Collection STN EN
3864
(01 8012)
Graphical symbols. Safety colours and safety signs
STN ISO 8528-12
(33 3140)
Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current
generating sets. Part 12: Emergency power supply to safety services
STS EN ISO 7010
(01 0812)
Graphical symbols. Safety colours and safety signs. Registered safety signs
(ISO 7010:2011)
STN IEC 60331-21
(34 7021)
Tests of electrical cables under fire conditions. Circuit integrity. Part 21:
Procedures and requirements. Cables for nominal voltage up to 0.6/1.0 kV
inclusive
STN IEC 60331-23
(34 7021)
Tests of electrical cables under fire conditions. Circuit integrity. Part 23:
Procedures and requirements. Data transmission cables
STN IEC 60331-25
(34 7021)
Tests of electrical cables under fire conditions. Circuit integrity. Part 25:
Procedures and requirements. Optical cables
TNI CEN/CR 14380
(36 0412)
Lighting. Lighting in tunnels.
TNI CEN/TR 15276-2
(92 0450)
Fixed firefighting systems. Condensed aerosol firefighting equipment. Part 2:
Design, installation and maintenance
Note: Applicable and cited standards, including actual changes, amendments and national amendments.
1.11
Applicable and cited technical regulations and specifications
[T1]
TS 05/2006
[T2]
TS 09/2008
[T3]
TS 10/2008
[T4]
TS 02/2011
[T5]
TS 10/2011
Tunnel terminology, Ministry of Transport, Post and Telecommunications of
the Slovak Republic: 2006;
Devices, infrastructure and systems of technological equipment of roads,
Ministry of Transport, Post and Telecommunications of the Slovak Republic:
2008;
Intelligent transportation systems and technological transportation devices,
Ministry of Transport, Posts and Telecommunications of the Slovak Republic:
2008;
Risk analysis of Slovak road tunnels, Ministry of Transport, Construction and
Regional Development of the Slovak Republic: 2011;
Development of barrier-elimination measures for persons with reduced
mobility and orientation on roads, Ministry of Transport, Construction and
9
TP xx/2015
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
Regional Development of the Slovak Republic: 2011;
Road tunnel ventilation Ministry of Transport, Construction and Regional
Development of the Slovak Republic 2011;
Road inspections, maintenance and repairs. Tunnels – technical equipment,
Ministry of Transport, Construction and Regional Development of the Slovak
Republic: 2014;
In general, Ministry of Transport, Construction and Regional Development of
the Slovak Republic: 2012;
Tunnels, Ministry of Transport, Construction and Regional Development of
the Slovak Republic: 2011.
[T6]
TS 12/2011
[T7]
TS 04/2014
[T8]
TQC part 0
[T9]
TQC part 26
1.12
Applicable foreign regulations
[T10]
TP 98 - Road tunnel equipment. The Ministry of Transport of the Czech Republic - OPK:
2004;
Richtlinien für die Ausstattung und den Betrieb von Strassentunneln, RABT, Nemecko,
Forschungsgesellschaft für Strassen- und Verkehrswesen, 2010 [Directive for equipping and
operating road tunnels];
RVS 09.01.45 Baulicher Brandschutz in Strassenverkersbauten, 2009 [Building fire safety for
road transport structures];
RVS 9.281 09.01.24 Betriebs- und Sicherheitseinrichtungen, Bauliche Anlagen, 2006
[Operating and safety modifications, Building equipment];
RVS 9.282 09.02.22 Betriebs- und Sicherheitseinrichtungen, Tunnelaurustung, 2006
[Operating and safety modifications, Tunnel equipment];
ÖVBB Richtlinie „Erhöhter Brandschutz mit Beton für unterirdische Verkehrsbauwerke“, 2005
[Increasing fire protection of concrete in underground transport structures];
Merkblatt. Schutzschichten für den erhöhten Brandschutz für unterirdische Verkehrsbauwerke, 2006 [Flyer. Protective layers for increasing fire protection of underground
transport structures].
EN 54-22 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. [Fire detection and fire alarm systems.
Resettable line-type heat detectors, 2015 Resettable line-type heat detectors]
[T11]
[T12]
[T13]
[T14]
[T15]
[T16]
[T17]
1.13
Literature used
[L1]
Systems and equipment for fire and smoke control in road tunnels, PIARC Committee on
Road Tunnels Operation (C3.3), 2007;
Tools for tunnel safety management, PIARC Technical Committee 3.3 Road Tunnel
Operations, 2009.
[L2]
1.14
Abbreviations used
A
nominal internal diameter of fire lines, flange, or connector 110 mm
A
fire class pursuant to STN EN 2
A1, A2, B, C
fire reaction class pursuant to STN EN 13501-1+A1
ADR
The European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods
by Road
B
nominal internal diameter of fire lines, flange, or connector 75 mm
B
fire class pursuant to STN EN 2
B2ca
fire reaction class pursuant to STN EN 13501-6
C
nominal internal diameter of fire lines, flange, or connector 52 mm
C-H
hydrocarbon temperature curve
C-Hm
modified hydrocarbon temperature curve
CCS
central control system
C3
self-closing fire shutter class pursuant to STN EN 14600
10
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
TP xx/2015
DA
diesel engine aggregate
D1
structural element of type D1 pursuant to article NA.9 STN EN 13501-1+A1
E
integrity criterion pursuant to STN EN 13501-2+A1
EPS
electrical fire alarms
GSM
mobile phone system (Global System for Mobile Communications)
CHÚC
protected escape route
I, I1
insulation criterion pursuant to STN EN 13501-2+A1
KSFO
cable system with functional resistance during fire
LAHZ
local automatic firefighting equipment
Li
(resultant) countable length of unprotected escape route in [m]
Li
partial length of unprotected escape route in [m]
Lperm
permitted length of unprotected escape route in [m]
NN
low voltage
NÚC
unprotected escape route
NV
emergency exit
NZ
emergency bay
PB
fire safety
PS
CSFR functional resistance criterion pursuant to STN 92 0205
PSHZ
Semi-fixed firefighting systems.
PÚ
fire zone
PV
fire niche
R
load-bearing criterion pursuant to STN EN 13501-2+A1
S
smoke-tightness criterion pursuant to STN EN 13501-3+A1
SHZ
Fixed firefighting systems.
SOS
SOS niche (cabin)
T
temperature in [°C]
TROca
fire reaction class and supplementary cable classification pursuant to STN EN 135016
UPS
uninterruptible power supply
VN
high voltage
W
radiation criterion pursuant to STN EN 13501-2+A1
ZZ
backup source of electrical power
s
lengthwise grade in [%]
l
length of the part of the tunnel with grade s [m]
t
time (duration of fire) in [min.]
e
equivalent duration of fire in [min.]
11
TP xx/2015
2
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
Terms and definitions
These TS use terms and definitions pursuant to STN 33 3240, STN 38 2156, STN 73 7507,
compendium STN 92 0201 and TP 05/20061) and the following terms and definitions:
2.1
one-way traffic – vehicle traffic moving in only one direction in one tunnel tube
2.2
two-way traffic – vehicle traffic moving in opposite directions in one tunnel tube
2.3
dual-tube tunnel – a tunnel with two tunnel tubes, usually with one-way traffic
2.4
single-tube tunnel – a tunnel with one tunnel tube with one-way or two-way traffic
2.5
staging area – an area by the tunnel portal for assembly of fire-fighters and paramedics and
for parking firefighting vehicles
2.6
structures outside the tunnel tube – structures related to tunnel operation and control of
traffic in the tunnel, located in or by the portal, accessible from the open area in front of the
tunnel (operator room, electrical distribution room, substation, storage areas, etc.); the fire
zones of these structures are not part of the tunnel tube's fire zone
2.7
access road – a road permitting emergency vehicles to drive up to the tunnel portal
2.8
self-rescue – the ability of a tunnel user to reach a safe place or an open area independently
or with the help of other tunnel users
2.9
escape route – a permanently clear pathway or area in the structure what permits safe
evacuation of persons from the structure or from a fire zone threatened by fire to an open
area or to an area that is not threatened by fire (see also Section 1.2.9 of STN 73 7507)
2.10
unprotected escape route – an escape route that is not protected from the effects of fire
2.11
protected escape route – an escape route that provides individuals with a higher degree of
protection from the effects of fire than an unprotected escape route, is separated from other
fire zones with fire partitions and fire shutters, is ventilated and permits the safe movement of
individuals
2.12
emergency exit – an exit from an unprotected escape route to a protected escape route or to
an open area
2.13
open area – an area outside the tunnel that permits the free and safe movement of
individuals
2.14
assembly area – an inside area located within a protected escape route in which individuals
can remain for a certain time
2.15
cable duct – a linear, structurally demarcated space for a cable raceway encased in a
conduit or conduits; it may include branching sections in which cables are not run in a conduit
or conduits
3
The basic tunnel fire safety concept
3.1
Basic tunnel fire safety requirements
A road tunnel (hereinafter a “tunnel”) is designed, built and used from a fire safety perspective
so that in case of fire:

it permits the safe evacuation of individuals from a burning tunnel to an open area or into a
different area not threatened by fire;

it prevents the spread of fire and smoke between individual fire zones;

it permits heat and combustion products to be conducted out of the tunnel;

it permits effective and safe work by firefighting units when fighting fire and performing rescue
work.
1)
From the perspective of fire safety, the definition of the term tunnel also includes, aside from the tunnel tubes themselves,
transverse connections and all auxiliary rooms inside the tunnel that can be entered from the tunnel tubes (e.g. distribution
rooms, substations, pump stations, compressor rooms, etc.).
12
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
3.2
TP xx/2015
Documentation for issuance of a zoning decision
In documentation for issuance of a zoning decision, the following are primarily addressed
from the perspective of tunnel fire safety:
a)
suitability of location in relationship with surrounding structures, especially depending on likely
separation distances and safety distances from the structure;
b)
preliminary division of the tunnel into fire zones;
c)
specification of the preliminary amount of water for firefighting, the ability to and manner of
supplying the tunnel with firefighting water (hydrants);
d)
ensuring access roads and staging areas for firefighting units;
e)
the presumed tunnel tube ventilation system;
f)
the presumed system of escape routes from the tunnel tube;
g)
the need to set up a fire station.
Likely separation distances, sources of firefighting water, supply main routes and hydrants,
access roads and staging areas are recorded on overall plans.
3.3
Documentation for issuance of a construction permit
In documentation for issuance of a construction permit, the tunnel's fire safety design
contains:
a)
division of the tunnel into fire zones;
b)
stipulation of the fire risk for fire zones;
c)
stipulation of requirements for building structures;
d)
stipulation of requirements for escape routes;
e)
stipulation of requirements for equipment;
f)
stipulation of requirements for firefighting equipment;
g)
stipulation of requirements for fire ventilation.
Drawings show, in a clear and simple manner, information that is contained in the text portion
of the structure's fire safety design, especially fire zones, the fire resistance of building structures,
HVAC equipment, firefighting equipment, material fire safety aids, the position and dimensions of
staging areas, etc. A schematic is used to indicate the location of escape routes, fire niches, SOS
cabins, emergency bays, etc.
3.4
Fire safety of structures outside the tunnel
The fire safety of structures outside the tunnel tube is designed pursuant to [Z9] and other
related regulations and standards, supplemented by these TS.
4
Fire zones
The following must be a separate fire zone in the tunnel and in structures outside the tunnel:
a)
the tunnel tube; this fire zone may include SOS cabins, fire niches, type A cable channels
pursuant to Section 41 of STN 38 2156, cable raceways in cable conduits, in the ground
and/or along wall surfaces, HVAC ducts and ventilation shafts (see Figure 1 of these TS);
b)
a protected escape route
c)
transverse connections in a part demarcated by a hallway separated from each tunnel tube by
a separate fire partition (see Figure 2 of these TS);
d)
an electrical distribution room in the tunnel tube;
e)
the transformer chamber of an internal power transformer substation pursuant to
Sections 3.2.1, 3.2.2, and 4.3.2 of STN 33 3240;
13
TP xx/2015
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
f)
a room with a UPS, only if it provides backup electrical power and is a separate room; if the
UPS is integrated into low-voltage distribution equipment, provisions of d), g) or h) of this
chapter apply to it;
g)
an electrical distribution point in a structure outside of the tunnel tube not protected by a fixed
firefighting system, with a floor area of over 100 m2;
h)
an electrical distribution room in a structure outside of the tunnel tube equipped with a fixed
firefighting system, with a floor area of over 250 m2;
i)
an area with a source of backup power (for example a DA);
j)
a cable area pursuant to STN 38 2156, a cable channel of type B and C pursuant to
Section 41 of STN 38 2156, a cable shaft pursuant to STN 38 2156;
k)
a collector pursuant to STN 73 7505;
l)
a supervisory or control centre (operator room) with a floor area of over 50 m2 on a belowground floor, and with a floor area of over 100 m2 on an above-ground floor.
If the tunnel has two or more transport levels, each level must be a separate fire zone.
A distribution point fire zone may include an indoor dry transformer station pursuant to
Section 3.2.3 of STN 33 3240.
The floor area of the distribution point may also consist of several rooms with switchboards or
electrical equipment. However, the floor areas of movement and auxiliary areas (halls, stairways, WC,
etc.), which may also be part of the distribution point's fire zone, are not counted. However, the floor
areas of supervisory and control centres are counted, if they are not required to be in a separate fire
zone pursuant to l) of this chapter.
SHAFT
VENTILATION
If transformers and/or switchboards server as backups for each other, they must not be
located in the same fire zone.
VENTILATION
CHANNEL
VENTILATION
CHANNEL
TUNNEL
TUBE 1
TUNNEL
TUBE 2
SOS
PV
CONNECTION
TRANSVERSE
PÚ 1
PÚ 2
Figure 1 An example of division into fire zones
14
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
TP xx/2015
TUNNEL
TUBE 2
TUNNEL
TUBE 1
NZ
TRANSVERSE
CONNECTION
PÚ 1
PÚ 2
EL. DISTRIBUTION
POINT
PÚ 3
PÚ 4
Figure 2 An example of division into fire zones
5
Tunnel categories
5.1
Category I tunnel – a tunnel or section thereof to which the conditions stipulated in
Section 5.2 of these TS do not apply.
5.2
Category II tunnel – a tunnel or section thereof whose collapse of load-bearing structure can
cause the collapse of buildings above the tunnel or in its immediate vicinity, or can cause damage of
exceptional extent, for example in an unstable rock environment under buildings, a waterway or under
a road of extraordinary importance.
6
Fire risk
6.1
Tunnel tube
Fire risk is not specified for the tunnel tube.
6.2
Technological areas in the tunnel
6.2.1 Technological areas in the tunnel are considered to be industrial operations in which tunnel
equipment is located (see [T7]). Fire risk is expressed by the equivalent fire duration time in minutes
using the method in [Z9] and in STN 92 0201-1.
6.2.2 The fire risk for the fire zones of some operations may be determined without calculation from
Table 1.
6.3
Areas with equipment in structures outside the tunnel
6.3.1 Areas with equipment in structures outside the tunnel are considered industrial operations.
Fire risk is expressed by the equivalent fire duration time in minutes using the method in [Z9] and in
STN 92 0201-1.
6.3.2 The fire risk for the fire zones of some operations in structures outside of the tunnel may be
determined without calculation from Table 1.
Table 1 Equivalent fire duration times for fire zones
Item
Operating premises that are a separate fire zone
) e
1
[min.]
1
air-handling machine rooms
30
2
Machine room for a backup power source (UPS, battery room), but not a
DA
25
3
Air compressor station
20
4
Water pump station
20
5
Electrical distribution point
35
15
TP xx/2015
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
6
Transformer station
302)
7
8
Control room, operations monitoring, computer room, office3) etc.
Hallway
40
7.54)
1)
These values also apply to areas with raised floors.
Pursuant to Section 7.3.3.7 of TS 09/2008, only dry transformers are permitted.
3)
Including hallways and sanitary facilities, which may be part of the fire zone.
4)
Fire zone without fire risk.
2)
7
Permitted fire zone size
7.1
For fire zones of tunnel tubes, escape routes, areas with equipment, and other areas (e.g.
hallways, WC, office areas, etc.) in the tunnel, a permitted fire zone size is not specified.
7.2
The permitted size of cable distribution areas is specified pursuant to STN 92 0204.
8
Building structures (reaction to fire, fire resistance)
8.1
Reaction to fire
8.1.1 Only construction products and elements with fire reaction class A1 may be used in the
construction of the road surface, load-bearing structures, fire partitions, tunnel walls and ceilings and
transverse connections.
8.1.2 Only construction products and elements with fire reaction class A1 fl, A2fl-s1 or Bfl-s1 may be
used in the construction of sidewalk surfaces, of shaft covers in sidewalks and in the construction of
the road and sidewalks in transverse connections forming independent fire zones. For properties of
cable duct covers under emergency sidewalks, Section 18.13 of these TS applies.
8.1.3 Only construction products and elements with fire reaction class A1 fl may be used for floors in
other areas of the tunnel (for raised floors, Section 8.1.4 of these TS applies).
8.1.4
s1.
Raised floor panels in the tunnel may be made of fire reaction elements of at most class Bfl-
8.1.5 Only construction products and elements with fire reaction class A1 or A2-s1, d0 may be used
for treatment of wall surfaces and false ceilings in the tunnel and for panelling between fire structures
and fire shutters ensuring their stability.
8.1.6 Surface treatment of floors, walls, and false ceilings with a layer thickness of up to 2 mm are
not taken into account.
8.1.7 Wiring and piping passing through fire partitions must be sealed with construction products of
fire reaction class A1, A2 or B.
8.1.8 Fire reaction class requirements for sealing of expansion, working and similar joints are not
specified.
8.2
Fire resistance
8.2.1 Table 2 lists the lowest required fire resistance of fire structures in the tunnel tube. The fire
structures in Table 2 must be made only of type D1 structural elements.
8.2.2 The fire resistance of building structures of fire zones with technological areas in the tunnel is
specified depending on the degree of fire safety pursuant to Table 1 of STN 92 0201-2.
Table 2 Fire resistance of fire structures in the tunnel tube.
Item
1
Name of the fire structure or structural element
Load-bearing structures ensuring stability of the tunnel
tube or parts thereof
16
Tunnel category
II.5)
I.
Fire resistance1)
90
1202)
(180)3)
Criterion
R
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
TP xx/2015
2
Load-bearing structures not ensuring stability of the
tunnel tube or parts thereof
90
1202)
(180)3)
R
3
Fire partitions
90
EI
4
Fire ceilings
90
1202)
(180)3)
1202)
(180)3)
5
Fire doors and shutters aside from Items 6 and 7
60
90
6
Fire doors of protected escape routes and access
routes equipped with a self-closing device
60
90
EW
EI1,C34)
7
Sliding fire doors of protected escape routes and
access routes or fire doors equipped with a servooperated opening mechanism
60
90
EI1
8
Fire dampers
60
9
Structures separating a ventilation channel from the
tunnel tube7)
90
90
1202)
(1803))
EI-S
R6)Rmo 6)E
EI
d
Reaction to fire is specified pursuant to Section 8.1 of these TS.
The fire resistance of these building structures is assessed according to the modified hydrocarbon curve (see Section 8.2.8
of these TS) aside from cases pursuant to Section 8.2.10 of these TS.
In the case of a high proportion of hazardous goods pursuant to the ADR, a fire resistance value of 180 minutes according
to the modified hydrocarbon curve is required, aside from cases pursuant to Section 8.2.10 of these TS if so determined by
a risk analysis.
The C3 self-closing criterion pursuant to STN EN 14600 is not required for sliding doors.
Fire resistances in this column apply only for tunnel sections that have been classified as Category II.
The area of use of the R a Rmod criteria and the definition of the Rmod criterion for this structure is listed in Section 8.2.9 of
these TS.
The bottom surface of the intra-ceiling slab of the ventilation channel located under the ceiling of the tunnel tube is
evaluated.
8.2.3 The fire resistance of structures located on the border between two fire zones is stipulated
according to the fire zone with higher requirements.
8.2.4 Reactive protective anti-fire coatings must not be used to achieve prescribed fire resistance
for building structures.
8.2.5 The fire resistance of seals for wiring and piping must not be less than the fire resistance of
the partition through which the wiring or piping passes, but not more than 120 minutes according to a
standard temperature curve, unless specified otherwise in this regulation (see Section 18.9 of these
TS). The criteria for seals of wiring and piping pass-throughs must be EI. Panels between fire
structures and fire shutters ensuring their stability must be built so that the required fire resistance of
the fire structure or fire shutter is not reduced.
8.2.6 For regulation dampers located on the edges of tunnel tube and transverse connection fire
zones that maintain overpressure in transverse connections that are separate fire zones, fire
resistance is not specified. These regulation dampers must be capable of functioning for 120 minutes
at a temperature of 400 °C.
8.2.7 Unless specified otherwise, the design temperature curve is considered to be the standard
temperature curve pursuant to STN EN 13501-2+A1, whose shape is as follows:
T 20 340 log(8t 1)
(1)
where:
T
is the temperature in [°C]
t
is time in [min.].
8.2.8
The shape of the modified hydrocarbon curve is as follows:
T 20 1 280 (1 •0.325 e
17
•0,675 e
)
(2)
TP xx/2015
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
where:
T
is the temperature in [°C]
t
is time in [min.].
8.2.9 The R criterion for structures listed in Item 9 of Table 2 is applied in Category I tunnels, and
the Rmod criterion for structures listed in Item 9 of Table 2 is applied in Category II tunnels. The Rmod
criterion has been fulfilled if the following conditions have been fulfilled during the required time of fire
resistance:
a)
the temperature rise on the surface of concrete in contact with insulation is at most 350 °C;
b)
the temperature rise in steel rebar at a depth of 40 mm is at most 250 °C;
c)
concrete spalling does not occur.
8.2.10 Assessment of a fire structure pursuant to notes2) and3) in Table 2 is not required if a fixed
firefighting system pursuant to Section 11.1.9 of these TS is installed in the tunnel tube, including
emergency bays.
9
Escape routes
9.1
Escape route types
9.1.1
Unprotected escape route
9.1.1.1 An unprotected escape route is an area of the tunnel tube that is endangered by fire. An
unprotected escape route ends at an emergency exit or where one can exit the portal onto an open
area.
9.1.1.2 An unprotected escape route is also an escape route from other areas of the tunnel. This
unprotected escape route begins at the entrance to this area and ends at an emergency exit or where
one can exit the portal onto an open area.
9.1.1.3 Only one unprotected escape route can lead from other areas of the tunnel.
9.1.2
Protected escape route
9.1.2.1 Each tunnel must have a protected escape route.
9.1.2.2 A protected escape route can be:
a) an escape tunnel;
b) an escape shaft with stairs, or with an evacuation elevator;
c) a second and additional tunnel tube.
Note: An escape route includes a transverse connection with a beginning pursuant to Section 9.1.2.3 of these TS.
9.1.2.3 A protected escape route begins at an emergency exit where the unprotected escape route
ends.
9.1.2.4 A protected escape route must terminate in an open area.
9.1.2.5 An escape tunnel may run alongside the tunnel tube or under the road in the tunnel tube.
9.1.2.6 In tunnels up to 1 000 m long, an escape tunnel may lead only to one exit to an open area.
9.1.2.7 An escape tunnel and transverse connection may have a grade of at most 5 % in each zone.
9.1.2.8 An escape shaft for evacuation upwards along a stairway may have a height of at most 20 m
from the exit to an open area. An escape shaft with a greater height is considered a backup escape
option.
9.1.2.9 An escape shaft may be only a second or additional protected escape route aside from a
shaft that leads from the tunnel tube to an escape tunnel under the level of the tunnel tube.
9.1.2.10 An assembly area is built in front of each escape shaft. Its floor area must be at least 12 m2.
It is recommended that the assembly area be structurally separate from horizontal pathways; in this
case, doors in partition walls must be fire shutters of type S m.
18
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
TP xx/2015
9.2
Permitted escape route length
9.2.1
Permitted unprotected escape route length
9.2.1.1 The base permitted length of an unprotected escape route is 300 m.
9.2.1.2 The permitted length of an unprotected escape route pursuant to Section 9.2.1.1 of these TS
must be reduced to 250 m for tunnels with two-way traffic, for tunnels where congestion is possible
(see [T7]), or for tunnels with a grade greater than 3 % (see Section 9.2.1.3 of these TS).
9.2.1.3 The grade is evaluated separately for each section of tunnel tube between two adjacent
entries into transverse connections or between a portal and the nearest entry into a transverse
connection. If the grade between two adjacent emergency exits is variable, the average grade is
calculated as a weighted average according to the lengths of individual grades according to equation
3 (see also Figure 3).
(3)
where:
s is the average grade in [%],
si the grade of a section with length li in [%],
li length with grade si in [m].
The grade of the transition arc between two grade changes is considered to the grade of the
chord of the arc calculated as the arithmetic mean of grades at the ends of the arc.
NOTE: If the tunnel tube includes both downward and upward grades, in calculating equation (3), the upward grade
must have a plus sign and the downward grade must have a negative sign. The resultant sign of the average grade then
provides information whether the average grade is upward or downward.
Figure 3 Calculation of tunnel grades
9.2.1.4 The length of an unprotected escape route is the shortest distance along an escape route
from entry to a transverse connection to the nearest emergency exit, or between an emergency exit
and entry onto an open area in the portal area. The length of an unprotected escape route is
measured along its axis; in the tunnel tube, this is the longitudinal axis of the sidewalk.
NOTE: An emergency exit in a transverse connection pursuant to Section 2.12 of these TS is a fire partition with a
fire door intended for evacuation.
19
TP xx/2015
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
TRANSVERSE CONNECTION
TRANSVERSE CONNECTION
PER
TRANSVERSE CONNECTION
PER
PER
9.2.1.5 When determining the length of an unprotected escape route, escape routes from other
tunnel areas up the route pursuant to Section 9.2.1.4 of these TS are not taken into account, nor are
escape routes in transverse connections if the distance from the entrance to the transverse
connection to an emergency exit does not exceed 2 m, as measured along the surface of the sidewalk
(see Figures 4 and 5).
TUNNEL TUBE
AUXILIARY
AREA
ELIGIBLE PER SECTIONS
INELIGIBLE PER SECTIONS
TRANSVERSE CONNECTION
TRANSVERSE CONNECTION
PER
PER
Figure 4 Examples of unprotected escape route length calculations
TUNNEL TUBE
ELIGIBLE PER SECTIONS
Figure 5 Examples of unprotected escape route length calculations
20
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
9.2.2
TP xx/2015
Permitted protected escape route length
9.2.2.1 Permitted protected escape route length is not specified.
9.3
Permitted escape route width
9.3.1 Permitted protected escape route width is not specified. If an unprotected escape route
includes a service sidewalk, its width must not be less than 1.5 times an escape lane (1 escape lane =
0.55 m).
9.3.2 The width of an protected escape route must not be less than three escape lanes. This width
is measured on the surface of the escape route.
9.4
Doors in escape routes
9.4.1 Doors in escape routes may be hinged or horizontal sliding doors. A door between the tunnel
tube and a transverse connection usually opens into the transverse connection. If one emergency exit
contains two doors, one of them may open towards the tunnel tube. However, this open door must not
jut into the tunnel's transit cross-section (Figure 3 in STN 73 7507). Doors that swing both ways are
also permitted. Doors that open against the direction of escape must be labelled in a comprehensible
manner that they open against the movement of persons.
Door design must take into account escape route ventilation and the pressure in the tunnel
tube (see [T6]).
9.4.2 Doors in escape routes in the tunnel must have a minimum clear width of 1.2 m and a
minimum clear height of 2.0 m. If one emergency exist has two doors, each can have a minimum
clear width of 0.9 m. The colour of both sides of these doors must be RAL 6024 (traffic green). The
door must have an EXIT sign on the escape direction side, and a pictogram indicating the direction
and manner in which the door opens. The appearance of the door surface is depicted in Annex 1.
Doors at the beginning of escape routes from other areas may have a minimum clear width of 0.8 m
and a minimum clear height of 1.97 m.
9.4.3 Doorsteps in escape routes must not present an obstacle to evacuation. The maximum
permitted height of a doorstep in an escape route is 20 mm; this does not apply to doors at the
beginning of escape routes from other areas.
9.4.4 The floor of an escape route must be free of irregularities and fractures at least 1.2 m from the
emergency exit towards to protected escape route area, and must meet conditions for evacuation
along level ground pursuant to STN 92 0201-3.
9.5
Escape route illumination
Escape route illumination is addressed in Chapter 19 of these TS.
9.6
Escape route ventilation
Escape route ventilation is addressed in [T6].
9.7
Escape route signs
9.7.1 Unprotected escape routes in the tunnel tube must have traffic signs No II 20c pursuant to
[Z19] (see Figure 6c). These signs must be mounted on the side of the wall where emergency exits
are located. The bottom edge of the sign must be 1.0 m to 1.5 m above the walking surface part of the
escape route. Signs must not be more than 25 m apart. Sign size must be according to Part 1,
Chapter V of Annex 1 to [Z19]. Signs must be illuminated (with an internal light source) pursuant to
STN 01 8020.
21
TP xx/2015
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
a
b
C
Figure 6 An example of indication of distance to emergency exits
9.7.2 In the tunnel tube, each entry to a transverse connection must have a double-sided traffic sign
consisting of traffic signs II 19a and II 19b pursuant to [Z19] (Figure 7). These signs must be
manufactured as internally illuminated.
Figure 7 Entry signs for transverse connections
9.7.3 In an escape shaft, connections with transverse connections must be indicated with safety
signs reading “Escape route” pursuant to point 3.4 of Annex 2 [Z15] and providing the distance to the
portal(s) in metres (see Figure 8). Alternatively, traffic signs No II 20c pursuant to [Z19] indicating
distance to portals may be used, or signs No II 20a or II 20b pursuant to [Z19] indicating the distance
to the portal (see Figure 6). In this case, traffic signs need not have the dimensions specified in Part 1,
Chapter V of Annex 1 to [Z19].
Note: If an escape route ends in the areas of both portals, it must be labelled with both escape directions and
the distances to the portals.
750 m
Figure 8 An example of indication of distance to the exit from an escape tunnel
9.7.4 Illuminated signs pursuant to Section 9.7.3 of these TS must turn on in an emergency (if a
door into a transverse connection is opened).
9.7.5 Illuminated signs pursuant to Sections 9.7.1 and 9.7.2 of these TS must always be on. The
internal illumination intensity of these signs during normal operation must be 25 % of internal
illumination intensity during an emergency.
9.7.6 The wall of an emergency bay must be inscribed with the distance to portals in km. The
appearance of the inscription is depicted in Annex 2.
22
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
TP xx/2015
9.7.7
Escape routes in structures outside the tunnel tube are labelled pursuant to [Z15].
10
Firefighting response facilities
Firefighting response facilities consist of:
a)
access roads,
b)
staging areas,
c)
response routes,
d)
fire equipment (see Chapter 11 of these TS).
10.1
Access roads
10.1.1 The tunnel must have access roads permitting firefighting vehicles to drive up to both portals.
Access to the tunnel is along:
a)
a road used for normal traffic and/or;
b)
along a special separate access road leading to the staging area, if permitted by local
conditions, and if this significantly reduces the time it takes for firefighting units to arrive; this road
must not be used for normal traffic, but must be permanently capable of bearing vehicle traffic.
10.1.2 An access road must have a permanent clear width of at least 3.0 m, and its minimum loadbearing capacity per vehicle axle must be 80 kN. Access roads and their entries must have a
minimum clearance of 4.5 m.
10.1.3 Optimum conditions must be created for movement of emergency vehicles to the tunnel
portal, for example:
a)
creation of a separate lane from the intersection or approach ramp reserved for emergency
vehicles to the tunnel portal, and/or
b)
diversion of traffic, and/or
c)
making possible safe movement of emergency vehicles along the oncoming lane(s) of the
road leading to the tunnel portal.
10.1.4 A minimum condition for an access road pursuant to Section 10.1.1(a) of these TS is the
existence of a standard hard shoulder on the highway.
10.1.5 If possible from a geographical perspective, it must be possible to drive across the central
divider in front of both portals.
10.2
Staging areas
10.2.1 A staging area must:
a)
be by each tunnel portal, no more than 50 m from the entrance to the tunnel tube measured
along the axis of the road from the edge of the staging area to the beginning of the tunnel, and at
most 20 m from the edge of the adjacent road (see Figure 9);
b)
have a width of at least 6 m;
c)
have an area of at least 200 m2;
d)
have a camber of at most 2 %;
e)
be capable of bearing vehicular loads of at least 80 kN per axle;
f)
be connected to an access road.
23
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
Staging area
TP xx/2015
Staging area
Figure 9 An example of measurement of the distance from the staging area to the portal
10.2.2 One staging area can serve two sequential tunnels. However, the distance from the beginning
of each tunnel must not be greater than 100 m (see Figure 10).
Staging area
Figure 10 An example of measurement of the distance from the staging area to portals
10.2.3 In exceptional cases (for example if a portal connects to a bridge, etc.) the roadway itself can
be used as the staging area. In this case, drivers must be prevented from driving onto the staging
area (for example with traffic signs or mechanical barriers).
10.3
Response routes
10.3.1 Response routes in the tunnel are
a)
the tunnel's traffic area (the tunnel tube that serves as a protected escape route), and
24
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
b)
TP xx/2015
transverse connections.
10.3.2 Tunnel tubes of a dual-tube tunnel of length greater than 1 500 m must be interconnected
with a response route (a vehicular transverse connection) for firefighting vehicles. The distance
between these response routes connecting the tubes of a dual-tube tunnel may be at most 1 000 m. A
response route for firefighting vehicles between two tunnel tubes must be separated by a fire door
pursuant to Table 2, Items 6 or 7. The clear width of this door must be at least 3.6 m and the clear
height at least 3.5 m. In this case, movement of persons must be facilitated by another fire door with a
clear width of at least 0.9 m and a clear height of at least 2.0 m, which can be part of a larger fire
door.
11
Fire equipment
Fire equipment consists of:
a)
fixed firefighting systems;
b)
electrical fire alarms;
c)
equipment for the exhaust of heat and combustion products;
d)
firefighting water supply equipment;
e)
fire extinguishers;
f)
equipment for the permanent supply of power during fire (see Chapter 18 of these TS).
11.1
Fixed firefighting systems
11.1.1 a fixed firefighting system is installed in an area with a UPS if it serves as a backup sourced
of power pursuant to Chapter 4(f) of these TS.
11.1.2 fixed firefighting systems must be installed in electrical distribution points in the tunnel and
collectors.
11.1.3 In an electrical distribution point, a fixed firefighting system may be replaced by a local
automatic firefighting system located in each switchboard.
11.1.4 Transformer stations are equipped with fixed firefighting systems pursuant to STN 33 3240.
11.1.5 A fixed firefighting system must signal its operation to a permanently-staffed tunnel operations
facility (for example via a central control system).
11.1.6 If the tunnel and/or structures outside the tunnel are equipped with fixed firefighting systems
and electrical fire alarms, cooperation between these two systems must be ensured.
11.1.7 Actuation of a fixed firefighting system must be transmitted to the central control system. If the
fixed firefighting system has its own control panel, it must transmit all of its status indications to the
central control system.
11.1.8 Provisions of Sections 11.1.5, 11.1.6 and 11.1.7of these TS also apply to a local automatic
firefighting system pursuant to Section 11.1.3 of these TS.
11.1.9 A fixed firefighting system in the tunnel is built as a stationary active firefighting system for
underground transport systems, and must be installed in the tunnel tube, including emergency bays,
in the following cases:
a)
in single-tube tunnels with two-way traffic and tunnel length of over 600 m;
b)
in dual-tube and multi-tube tunnels with tunnel length of over 1 500 m.
11.1.10 A fixed firefighting system pursuant to Section 11.1.9 of these TS must fulfil the following
characteristics:
a)
it must deliver a specified amount of extinguishant for a stipulated duration and at a stipulated
location in the tunnel tube based on information from the CRS, which must identify the location of the
fire with sufficient accuracy to facilitate the fixed firefighting system's required efficacy.
b)
it must bring the fire under control and must cool down the surroundings for at least 60
minutes;
25
TP xx/2015
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
c)
it must ensure it functional and effective for extinguishing a design fire with a thermal output of
50 MW at an airflow velocity of 8 m/s in the tunnel tube; and
d)
it must ensure cooperation with tunnel tube ventilation during fire.
11.1.11 The extinguishant used by a fixed firefighting system and a local automatic firefighting system
in an area with electrical and/or electronic equipment must be suitable for use with such equipment
and must not cause them damage.
11.1.12 Fixed firefighting systems must meet the requirements of [Z13].
11.2
Electrical fire alarms
11.2.1 Automatic fire detectors must be installed in all areas of the tunnel and all structures outside
the tunnel, aside from areas and fire zones without fire risk (see [Z9]).
11.2.2 Tunnel tubes longer than 500 m and emergency bays in such a tunnel tube are usually
equipped with line-type thermal detectors. Line-type thermal detectors must ensure timely and reliable
fire detection, must identify the location of the fire with sufficient accuracy, and must have sensitivity
A1N pursuant to Table 1 of EN 54-22. In a tunnel tube longer than 1 000 m equipped with line-type
temperature detectors, these detectors must be fully redundant.
11.2.3 Automatic alarm points must be addressable and must ensure timely and reliable fire
detection (e.g. Table 1 in STN EN 54-5, Table 7 in STN EN 54-20). Point-type thermal detectors must
be of sensitivity class A1 pursuant to Table 1 of STN EN 54-5.
11.2.4 Fire alarm buttons are placed:
a)
in SOS cabins;
b)
in transverse connections;
c)
in monitored fire zones of other areas in the tunnel, near their entrances (alarms may be
located either in these areas or in the tunnel tube);
d)
in monitored fire zones of structures outside the tunnel tube, specifically inside escape routes
longer than 20 m;
e)
in structures outside the tunnel tube, near their entrance.
11.2.5 A fire alarm button location is designated with safety sign F 005 in STN EN ISO 7010
(Figure 11).
Figure 11 Designation of a fire alarm button location
11.2.6 If it is not possible to lead the signal from fire alarms directly to the main control panel, an
auxiliary panel is installed in the circuit, located in the tunnel or in a structure outside the tunnel tube.
11.2.7 The signal from the electric fire alarm system (EPS) must lead to a permanently-staffed
location.
11.2.8 If the tunnel has a central control system (CRS), signals from the EPS must be transmitted to
the CRS.
11.2.9 A signal from the EPS control panel to controlled equipment may also be transmitted via the
CRS.
11.2.10 The EPS is designed pursuant to [Z8] and pursuant to collection STN EN 54.
26
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
11.3
TP xx/2015
Equipment for the exhaust of heat and combustion products
11.3.1 Equipment for the exhaust of heat and combustion products from the tunnel tube is a fire
ventilation system (see [T6]).
11.3.2 Other areas of the tunnel are equipped with equipment for the exhaust of heat and
combustion products in only exceptional cases. Equipment for the exhaust of heat and combustion
products in other areas of the tunnel must not be part of the tunnel tube's fire ventilation system.
11.3.3 Areas in structures inside the tunnel tube are designed with equipment for the exhaust of heat
and combustion products pursuant to [Z9].
11.4
Firefighting water supply equipment
Firefighting water supply equipment consists of the following:
a)
a water source and water mains;
b)
a pump station;
c)
fire water main;
d)
hydrants; and
e)
filling locations.
Supply of firefighting water for structures outside the tunnel is addressed pursuant to [Z11]
and STN 92 0400.
11.4.1 Water consumption for firefighting
11.4.1.1 Water consumption for firefighting in a fire zone of the tunnel tube is specified at 20 l/s.
11.4.2 Water source
11.4.2.1 A water source for a fire water main may be a well, a river, a lake, a water main or a
permanent water supply tank.
NOTE: The owner or operator of the water main must confirm the required water main characteristics - water quality,
the ability to use water at any time in the required total amount, pressure and flow rate.
11.4.2.2 A water source for a tunnel's fire water main must ensure a permanent supply of water at
20 l/s to the fire water main for 120 minutes.
11.4.2.3 A permanent water supply tank for a tunnel's fire water main is designed when it is
impossible to ensure water intake of 20 l/s directly from the source. The required tank size for a
permanent supply of water for firefighting purposes is 160 m3.
11.4.2.4 A permanent water supply tank used simultaneously for the fire main and for a fixed
firefighting system pursuant to Section 11.1.9 of these TS must have a volume of at least 200 m3.
11.4.3 Pump station
11.4.3.1 A fire water pump station is designed when it is not possible to achieve the required water
flow and pressure in the fire water main in another manner.
11.4.3.2 Pump station equipment must be functional during a fire. Electrical appliances ensuring water
delivery to the fire water main must be powered pursuant to Chapter 18 of these TS.
11.4.4 Wet fire water main
11.4.4.1 Every tunnel tube over 500 m in length must have a permanently pressurised fire water main.
11.4.4.2 If the fire water main consists two branches, it must form a closed circuit.
11.4.4.3 The fire water main must be protected from freezing, including fixtures and security
equipment.
11.4.4.4 The hydrostatic water pressure in the fire water main must be between 0.6 MPa and 1.0 MPa
at all off-take locations (i.e. in a fire hydrant and in a filling location). The hydrodynamic water
pressure in the fire water main must not decline below 0.25 MPa at any off-take location, not even
when the quantity of water pursuant to Section 11.4.1.1 of these TS is being consumed.
27
TP xx/2015
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
11.4.5 Dry fire water main
11.4.5.1 A dry fire water main must be installed in each transverse connection between two tunnel
tubes.
11.4.5.2 A dry water main must fulfil the following characteristics:
a)
it must have an inner diameter of DN 150;
b)
it must have a half-coupling and cap on both ends;
c)
the end of the water main must be installed at least 1 100 mm and at most 1 400 mm above
the floor;
d)
the water main must have a grade of at least 3 %;
e)
the water main must not have any closure fixtures;
f)
the water main pipe must be installed along the entire length of the transverse connection;
g)
all parts of the water main must be made of stainless steel;
h)
the design of the water main must enable it to be completely emptied.
11.4.6 Hydrants
11.4.6.1 In tunnel tubes, water is supplied via above-ground fire hydrants, usually located in fire
niches.
11.4.6.2 Each transverse connection is equipped with the following gear:

7x non-permeable flat C fire hose (nominal internal diameter 52 mm);

1x combined C nozzle with a ball valve enabling selection of full flow, spray flow, and water fog
with full flow regulation and the ability to smoothly change flow shape even during use;

1x C nozzle with a ball valve for firefighting with a compact flow.
11.4.6.3 Gear is usually placed in an enclosed location (e.g. a cabinet) in the centre of the transverse
connection.
11.4.6.4 The distance between hydrants in the tunnel tube and the distance of the first hydrant from
the portal cannot exceed 150 m, except for the case pursuant to Section 11.4.6.5 of these TS.
11.4.6.5 If the tunnel tube is equipped with a fixed firefighting system pursuant to Section 11.1.9 of
these TS, above-ground hydrants are located only pursuant to Section 11.4.6.6 of these TS.
11.4.6.6 At least one above-ground hydrant must be located no more than 20 m from the entrance to
the transverse connection (measured along the axis of the tunnel tube).
11.4.6.7 An above-ground hydrant in the tunnel tube must have two C flanges or one B flange or two
B flanges or one A flange. If the hydrant has more than one flange, there must be a valve before each
fire hose connection flange.
11.4.6.8 Wall-mounted hydrants with a flat hose are not installed in tunnels.
11.4.6.9 Fire niches/above-ground hydrants are installed in tunnel tubes on the transverse connection
side.
11.4.6.10 Every fire niche/hydrant location must have a “Fire hose” safety sign pursuant to [Z15] and
a sequence number (see Figure 12).
28
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
TP xx/2015
1
Figure 12 Designation of a fire niche
11.4.7 Filling locations
11.4.7.1 In front of every portal, at most 20 m from one of the beginnings of the tunnel tube, there
must be a filling location for connection of firefighting vehicles.
11.4.7.2 The above-ground hydrant at the filling location must have two B flanges and one A flange.
11.4.7.3 The filling location is preferably located at the edge of the staging area, but only if this edge is
not more than 20 m away from the tunnel portal.
11.5
Fire extinguishers
11.5.1 Fire extinguishers are not located in the tunnel tube or in protected escape routes.
11.5.2 Fire extinguishers are not designed for fire zones with no fire risk.
11.5.3 An SOS cabin must contain two portable fire extinguishers:
a)
one CO2 extinguisher – with 5 kg of extinguishant, with extinguishing efficacy of at least 55B
pursuant to STN EN 3-7; and
a)
one ABC powder extinguisher – with 6 kg of extinguishant, with extinguishing efficacy of at
least 21 A and 113B pursuant to STN EN 3-7.
11.5.4 Fire extinguishers are designed for fire zones in other areas of the tunnel and structures
outside the tunnel, aside from fire zones with no fire risk, pursuant to STN 92 0202-1.
11.5.5 Fire extinguisher locations are designated with a "Fire extinguisher" safety sign pursuant to
[Z15] (see Figure 13).
Figure 13 Fire extinguisher location designation
12
Central control system
12.1
From the perspective of fire safety, the central control system (CRS) primarily ensures:

processing of a fire alarm signal from the EPS;

redirecting traffic and closing the tunnel;

fire ventilation of the tunnel tube;

ventilation and illumination of escape routes;

emergency fire lighting;
29
TP xx/2015
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels

control of operational ventilation and fire dampers;

assessment of the situation (manually, by staff) after registering an incident pursuant to 12.2;

activation of firefighting water supply equipment;

execution of other operations based on fire scenarios.
12.2
The central control system registers:
a)
opening of emergency exit doors, SOS cabin doors, fire niche doors, and other doors in the
tunnel that cannot be locked;
b)
removal of portable fire extinguishers in SOS cabins;
c)
automatic closure of fire dampers (if not controlled by the CRS);
d)
fixed firefighting equipment activity (if not activated by a command from the CRS).
12.3
CRS algorithms are based on fire scenarios based on indication of fire location.
13
SOS cabins
13.1
The distance between SOS cabins in the tunnel tube or the distance between the first SOS
cabin and the portal must not be greater than 150 m.
13.2
There must be an SOS cabin in each emergency bay.
13.3
Outside the tunnel, an SOS cabin or SOS phone is located no more than 20 m from the
portal.
13.4
The location of an SOS cabin or SOS phone is designated with traffic sign No II1a
(Emergency telephone) pursuant to [Z19] (see Figure 14).
SOS
Figure 14 SOS cabin location designation
13.5
The opening of an SOS cabin door must be signalled to a permanently-staffed location. In the
tunnel, the opening of an SOS cabin door must be indicated visually with a blinking orange light above
the cabin entrance.
13.6
An SOS cabin is equipped with:

a telephone (that works as a hotline);

a portable fire extinguisher pursuant to 11.5.3;

a button fire alarm pursuant to 11.2.4;

an 230/400 V electrical outlet.
13.7
The colour of the door of the SOS cabin facing the tunnel tube must be RAL 2009 (traffic
orange). On the side facing the tunnel tube, the door must have the following pictograms: “fire
extinguisher,” “fire reporting,” and “fire alarm button.” The appearance of the door surface is depicted
in Annex 3.
30
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
14
TP xx/2015
Evacuation guide system
14.1
In case of fire, the evacuation guide system provides conditions for orientation during
evacuation of tunnel users.
14.2
The evacuation guide system consists of:

emergency fire lighting - see 19.1;

safety signs (for example signs providing information regarding the direction of escape and the
distance to an emergency exit or to an exit onto open ground, signs on doors opening onto the
tunnel tube alerting to the fact that vehicles may be driving through, etc.) - see 9.7.3, 9.7.6;

perimeter illumination of transverse connection entrances - see 14.3;

designation of transverse connection entrances - see 9.7.2;

designation of SOS cabin position - see 13.4;

tunnel intercom - see 17.3;

other sufficiently technically and economically tested equipment.
14.3
Perimeter illumination of transverse connection entrances consists of a permanently
illuminated green lights positioned around the entrance to the transverse connection. The intensity of
this illumination must be bi-level - weak during normal operation, bright during an accident and/or fire.
15
Drainage of water from the road surface
15.1
If transport of dangerous goods is permitted in the tunnel (pursuant to ADR), drainage of
flammable and toxic liquids must be ensured via slotted drainage troughs or other means across the
entire cross-section of the tunnel tube. Suitable means must be used to prevent the spread of fire and
flammable and toxic liquids in the system.
15.2
If transport of flammable liquids is permitted in the tunnel and the tunnel's drainage system
includes a retention tank and pump station, the equipment used in this station must be capable of
pumping hazard class I flammable liquids pursuant to [Z10]. Pumps must be engineered to be able to
pump liquids with a density of 800 kg/m3.
16
Fire ventilation
Fire ventilation is addressed in [T6].
17
Communications equipment
Tunnel communications equipment consists of:

emergency calling apparatus;

video monitoring;

tunnel intercom;

a radio connection to emergency services;

reception of at least one radio station that broadcasts traffic reports;

GSM; and

traffic signs.
17.1
Emergency calling apparatus
Emergency calling apparatus is a telephone with a handset located in the SOS cabin or SOS
communicator. This telephone must be designed as a hotline, i.e. as soon as the handset is lifted from
the cradle, verbal contact with the tunnel operator is established. The phone conversation must be
recorded on a recording medium.
31
TP xx/2015
17.2
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
Video monitoring
17.2.1 All tunnels that are equipped with a mechanical ventilation system must be equipped with
video monitoring.
17.2.2 Video monitoring must cover the entire length of the tunnel tube and protected escape routes
(e.g. transverse connections, escape shafts).
17.2.3 Video monitoring must cover all enclosed areas in the tunnel intended for its staff (especially
electrical distribution rooms, transformer rooms, pump stations, HVAC rooms, etc.). Video monitoring
installed in a staff area must activate automatically when a fire alarm is triggered by an EPS detector,
if installed in this area. Video monitoring in these areas must be capable of discerning and detecting
fire. In this case, when it detects fire, video monitoring must be capable of displaying the affected area
on a screen in a permanently-staffed room (control centre).
17.3
Tunnel intercom
17.3.1 A tunnel intercom is used to provide emergency information to tunnel users.
17.3.2 A tunnel intercom must be installed in each tunnel that has a permanently-staffed control
centre.
17.3.3 Speakers must be installed at entrances to transverse connections, in transverse
connections, areas in front of portals, escape shafts and assembly areas.
17.3.4 A tunnel intercom must remain functional during a fire.
17.4
A radio connection to emergency services
17.4.1 In every tunnel, internal and external radio communication must be made possible.
17.4.2 A radio connection must be provided in the tunnel tube, in escape routes, in assembly areas,
on response routes, and within a 150 m perimeter around the tunnel portal.
17.4.3 The broadcast antenna cable must be powered from both ends.
17.5
Radio station reception
17.5.1 In each tunnel, reception must be ensured of at least one radio station that broadcasts traffic
reports and allows the tunnel operator to cut into the broadcast within the tunnel.
17.5.2 The frequency of the radio station that can be received in the tunnel must be marked on traffic
sign No II6b [Z19] (Figure 15) located in front of the entrance to the tunnel or a set of adjacent
tunnels.
Radio
Figure 15 Radio state frequency
17.6
Mobile phone system (GSM)
17.6.1 Depending on the ability of GSM operators, it is recommended that a mobile network signal
be provided within the tunnel tube.
17.7
Traffic signs and traffic equipment
17.7.1 During fire, tunnel traffic signs must be capable of:

signalling no entry to the tunnel to vehicles;
32
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels

TP xx/2015
signalling instructions to stop a vehicle in tunnel tubes longer than 1 000 m and in front of every
emergency bay.
17.7.2 If there are variable traffic signs and traffic equipment installed in the tunnel, they must make
it possible to also display traffic sign No A34 with supplementary Table E2 with the text “FIRE” [Z19]
(see Figure 16).
FIRE
Figure 16 A traffic sign in the tunnel informing of fire
17.8
Signal lights
A pair of red blinking S8 signal lights [Z19] is installed in front of the staging area or the entry
to the tunnel on both shoulders.
18
Power
18.1
The design and protection of electrical equipment must be appropriate to the environment in
which it is installed. External influences (types of environments) are specified pursuant to STN 33
2000-5-51.
18.2
The tunnel as a whole must be powered from two independent sources. The main source of
power can only be a connection to the public high voltage (VN) or very high voltage (VVN) grid. The
other independent source of power can be
a)
another (independent) VN or VVN connection, or
b)
a backup supply.
18.3
An independent source of power from the distribution grid can only be a connection to a
different 110 kV or 400 kV node of the distribution grid.
18.4
If a second source of power from the distribution grid cannot be secured, a backup power
supply is used as the second independent power supply. Such a backup power supply can be a motor
generator for the production of electricity pursuant to STN ISO 8528-12 or a central UPS unit pursuant
to STN EN 50171.
18.5
The backup power supply must ensure power is provided to electrical equipment during fire
(see Table 3) for at least 120 minutes in Category I tunnels and for at least 180 minutes in Category II
tunnels.
18.6
A short-term UPS unit is used to ensure uninterrupted power during the switch from the main
supply to the backup supply. This unit is not considered to be a backup source of power.
18.7
Cable raceways in the tunnel may be run:
a)
in cable channels of type A, B, or C pursuant to Section 41 of STN 38 2156;
b)
in cable shafts pursuant to Chapter 6 of STN 38 2156;
c)
in cable rooms pursuant to Chapter 7 of STN 38 2156;
d)
in collectors pursuant to STN 73 7505;
e)
in cable ducts (see Section 2.15 of these TS);
33
TP xx/2015
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
f)
placed freely in the ground (this includes a cable raceway placed in a structurally separate
channel and covered by sand);
g)
under plaster;
h)
in wall material;
i)
exposed, along the surface of structures.
Note: Areas containing cable raceways listed in letters a), b) and c) are cable distribution areas pursuant to STN 92
0204.
Provisions of STN 33 2000-5-52 apply to the installation of cable raceways.
18.8
Cable raceways installed pursuant to Section 18.7(e), (f), (g) and (h) of these TS need not be
equipped with distribution cabling seals pursuant to Sections 8.1.7 and 8.2.5 of these TS in areas
where they pass through fire partitions between fire zones.
18.9
The ends of cable conduit tubing that passes through more than one fire zone must be sealed
with D1 elements with fire resistance of EI 90.
18.10 Freely placed cables leading to electrical equipment located in the tunnel tube and cable
raceways for permanent supply of power to equipment in operation during fire must meet fire reaction
class requirements specified in Table 3. Cables and their installation method must resist expected
external influences or the environment so that they maintain their design transmission and electrical
parameters.
18.11
Electrical switchboards (outside of electrical distribution or transformer rooms) must:
a)
meet the requirements of STN 92 1101-4, or
b)
be equipped with local automatic firefighting equipment, or
c)
meet the requirements of STN 92 1101-2 with the appropriate functional resistance to fire
criterion pursuant to STN 92 0206, if they provide a permanent source of power during fire.
18.12 A permanent source of power during fire is designed pursuant to STN 92 0203, unless
specified otherwise in these TS.
Table 3 Requirements for the characteristics of freely placed cables and cable raceways for the
permanent supply of power to equipment in operation during fire
Item
Cables and cable raceways for equipment
TROca
KSFO
PS
[min.]
1
Power control equipment
s1, a1
30
2
Tunnel intercom
B2ca - s1, d1
30
3
Video monitoring
B2ca - s1, d1, a1
30
4
Radio connection
B2ca - s1, d1, a1
30
5
Emergency fire lighting
B2ca - s1, d1, a1
90
6
Traffic signs
B2ca - s1, d1, a1
30
7
Illumination of escape routes and response routes
s1, a1
90
8
Fixed firefighting systems
B2ca - s1, d1
90
9
EPS
B2ca - s1, d1
30
10
Exhaust fans and exhaust dampers
B2ca - s1, d1, a1
90
11
Fans in tunnel tubes
B2ca - s1, d1, a1
90
12
Fans in protected escape routes
B2ca - s1, d1, a1
-
13
Fire dampers in escape routes
B2ca - s1, d1
-
14
Fire main booster pumps
B2ca - s1, d1
90
34
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
Item
TP xx/2015
Cables and cable raceways for equipment
TROca
KSFO
PS
[min.]
90
15
400/230 V outlets for firefighting equipment
B2ca - s1, d1, a1
16
Radio antennas
Eca, a1
-
TROca - fire reaction class and supplementary cable classification pursuant to STN EN 13501-6.
KSFO - a cable system with functional fire resistance pursuant to STN 92 0205 using a standard
support framework pursuant to Article 2.8 of STN 92 0205.
PS [min.] - KSFO functional resistance criterion pursuant to STN 92 0205.
18.13 Requirements for cable raceways that must provide power to equipment in operation during
fire do not apply to cable raceways in a cable duct under an emergency sidewalk if the layer covering
the cable duct is at least 100 mm thick. If such a cable raceway includes a shaft with a manhole
cover, this cover must meet the following conditions:
a) if it is made of concrete, it must have a thickness of at least 100 mm;
b) if it is not made of concrete,
1. it must have a fire reaction class pursuant to STN EN 13501-1;
2. it must have fire resistance EI 60 pursuant to STN EN 13501-2.
19
Lighting
19.1
In general
19.1.1 Tunnel lighting is designed pursuant to TNI CEN/CR 14380 and STN EN 16276.
19.1.2 Luminaires in the tunnel tube are usually made with products of fire reaction class A1 or A2.
Only those luminaire parts that cannot be made with products of fire reaction class A1 or A2 may be
made of plastic.
19.2
Emergency fire lighting
19.2.1 Emergency fire lighting must be installed in the tunnel tube. In case of fire, emergency fire
lighting serves to illuminate unprotected escape routes for escaping persons as well as fire lighting for
responding fire-fighters.
19.2.2 Emergency fire lighting in the tunnel tube must be installed on the side with emergency exits
at a height of at most 1.5 m above the surface of the sidewalk, and at most 25 m apart. Luminaires
may also consist of a continuous light strip; in this case, the light strip must be divided into sections
with a maximum length of 25 m, and a fault in one section must not result in the non-functionality of
other sections.
19.2.3 Emergency fire lighting luminaires may be integrated into internally illuminated traffic signs
pursuant to Section 9.7.1 of these TS.
19.2.4 Emergency fire lighting is activated according to the fire scenario after fire has been indicated.
19.3
Illumination of escape and response routes
19.3.1 Unprotected escape routes in the tunnel must be illuminated by emergency fire lighting (see
Section 19.2 of these TS).
19.3.2 Protected escape routes must be illuminated by artificial lighting with power that is functional
for at least 60 minutes in Category I tunnels and at least 90 minutes in Category II tunnels.
19.3.3 Response routes must be illuminated by artificial lighting with power that is functional for at
least 120 minutes in Category I tunnels and at least 180 minutes in Category II tunnels.
35
TP xx/2015
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
19.4 Tunnel lighting
19.4.1 Tunnel lighting as a whole must also function during fire, meaning that the thermal destruction
of one or more luminaires must not result in the loss of power to an entire section of luminaires.
19.4.2 Tunnel lighting also serves as lighting for response routes in the tunnel tube (see
Section 19.3.3 of these TS).
19.4.3 A luminaire must be installed above emergency exits on the tunnel tube side that illuminates
the floor along the entire width of the door.
20
Heating
Local heating systems for other areas in the tunnel and areas in structures outside the tunnel
must be designed in accordance with [Z16].
21
Ventilation
21.1
Tunnel tube ventilation
Tunnel tube ventilation during normal operation as well as during fire is addressed in [T6].
21.2
Escape route ventilation
Escape route ventilation is addressed in [T6].
21.3
Ventilation of other areas in the tunnel
21.1
Operating ventilation intake and/or exhaust for other areas in the tunnel may lead from/to the
tunnel tube's traffic area or ventilation channel.
21.2
If operating ventilation intake and/or exhaust for other areas is addressed pursuant to
Section 21.1 of these TS, if fire is indicated in the tunnel tube or in another area, this ventilation must
be switched off immediately, and the ventilation ducting of this other area must be sealed off from the
tunnel tube with fire dampers.
21.3
If ventilation pursuant to Section 21.1 of these TS is designed without ducts, fire dampers
pursuant to 21.2 of these TS may be replaced by closable fire partitions that can also be controlled
remotely from the EPS or the CRS.
21.4
Ventilation of structures outside the tunnel
Protection against the spread of fire between fire zones in structures outside the tunnel must
be addressed pursuant to [Z9] and STN 73 0872. Divergently from Section 6 of STN 73 0872, fire
dampers are installed in each HVAC duct regardless of its cross-section and the distance between
these ducts.
22
Transport of hazardous goods
A tunnel risk analysis performed pursuant to [Z14] and [T4] serves as proof of permission or
prohibition of transport of dangerous goods (pursuant to ADR).
23
Annexes
Annex 1
Emergency exit doors
Annex 2
Emergency bay inscription
Annex 3
SOS cabin doors
36
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
23.1
TP xx/2015
Annex 1 Emergency exit doors
FÓLIA DOPRAVNÁ ZELENÁ RAL 6024
ÚROVEŇ NÁŠĽAPNEJ VRSTVY
FILM - TRAFFIC GREEN RAL 6024
FOOTPATH SURFACE
37
TP xx/2015
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
DOPLNKOVÁ SPKA
STANIČENIE UC
ČÍSLO PRIEČNEHO PREPOJENIA
(NÁTER / NÁSTREK)
DOPLNKOVÝ ŠTÍTOK 700 x 300
NÁLEPKALENV SMERE OTVÁRANIA DVERIDO CHRÁNENEJ ÚNIKOVEJ CESTY
AUXILIARY ARROW
POSITION
TRANSVERS CONNECTION NUMBER
(PAINT)
AUXILIARY SIGN 700 x 300
STICKER ONLY IN THE DIRECTION THE DOOR TO THE PROTECTED ESCAPE
ROUTE OPENS
FILM - TRAFFIC GREEN RAL 6024
FOOTPATH SURFACE
AUXILIARY ARROW
POSITION
TRANSVERS CONNECTION NUMBER
(PAINT)
AUXILIARY SIGN 700 x 300
STICKER ONLY IN THE DIRECTION THE DOOR TO THE PROTECTED ESCAPE
ROUTE OPENS
FÓLIA DOPRAVNÁ ZELENÁ RAL 6024
ÚROVEŇ NÁŠĽAPNEJ VRSTVY
DOPLNKOVÁ SPKA
STANIČENIE UC
ČÍSLO PRIEČNEHO PREPOJENIA
(NÁTER / NÁSTREK)
DOPLNKOVÝ ŠTÍTOK 700 x 300
NÁLEPKALENV SMERE OTVÁRANIA DVERIDO CHRÁNENEJ ÚNIKOVEJ CESTY
38
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
23.2
TP xx/2015
Annex 2 Emergency bay inscription
distance in km
cardinal direction indication
Font: TERN regular, height 800 mm, colour RAL 9004
39
TP xx/2015
Annex 3 SOS cabin doors
SOS NICHE POSITION
23.3
Fire Safety in Road Tunnels
SOS NICHE NUMBER
(PAINT)
FILM - RAL 2009
TRAFFIC ORANGE
SOS XX
SAFETY SIGNS
PURSUANT TO GOV'T
AND STSORDER
EN ISO 387/2006
7010:2013
FOOTPATH SURFACE
ALARM BUTTON
EMERGENCY TELEPHONE
IN CASE OF FIRE
40
FIRE
EXTINGUISHER