International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET)
$5HYLHZRQWKH3ODQW/HDI'LVHDVH'HWHFWLRQ
7HFKQLTXHV
3UDEKMHHWNDXU
Computer Science and Engineering
Iet Bhaddal Technical Campus
Roopnagar, India
'U6DQMD\6LQJOD
Computer Science and Engineering
Iet Bhaddal Technical Campus
Roopnagar, India
$EVWUDFW²3ODQWVDUHWKHZD\WROLYH:HDUHFRPSOHWHO\GHSHQGHQWRQSODQWVIURPRXUGDLO\OLIHIDFWRUVWREUHDWKLQJ
6RWKHUHVKRXOGEHSURSHUFDUHRISODQWV0DQ\VWXGLHVVKRZWKDWTXDOLW\RIDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWVPD\EHUHGXFHG
GXH WR YDULRXV IDFWRUV 2QH RI WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW IDFWRUV FRQWULEXWLQJ WR ORZ \LHOG LV GLVHDVH DWWDFN 7KH SODQW
GLVHDVHVDUHVXFKDVIXQJLEDFWHULDDQGYLUXVHV7KHOHDIGLVHDVHVQRWRQO\UHVWULFWWKHJURZWKRIWKHSODQWEXWDOVR
GHVWUR\ LWV FURS 7KHUH LV WKH QHHG RI VRPH H[SHUW WR LGHQWLI\ SODQW GLVHDVHV EXW PDQXDO LGHQWLILFDWLRQ LV WLPH
FRQVXPLQJODERULRXVSURFHVV6RVRPHDXWRPDWLFPHWKRGVUHTXLUHG,QWKLVSDSHUZHKDYHSUHVHQWHGDVXUYH\RQ
WKHH[LVWLQJPHWKRGVRISODQWOHDIGLVHDVHGHWHFWLRQ
.H\ZRUGV²/HDI'LVHDVH,PDJH3URFHVVLQJ)HDWXUH([WUDFWLRQ'LVHDVH,GHQWLILFDWLRQ
, ,1752'8&7,21
,QGLD LV D ODQG RI IDUPHUV DQG DJULFXOWXUH LV WKH PDLQ VRXUFH IRU IDUPHUV 7KHUH LV WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI WKH
YDULHW\ RI FURSV IRU WKH DJULFXOWXUH DQG GLYHUVLW\ RI SHVWLFLGHV IRU EHWWHU JURZWK %XW WKHUH DUH YDULRXV RWKHU
IDFWRUVGHVWUXFWWKHJURZWKRIFURSVOLNHZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQVDFFXUDWHUHVRXUFHVFURSUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGGLVHDVHV
2QHRIWKHPDMRUIDFWRUVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHFURSGHVWUXFWLRQLVGLVHDVHV)RUWXQDWHO\SHRSOHDUHDZDUHDERXWWKH
LPSRUWDQFHRISODQWVDQGWKH\ZDQWWRVDYHSODQWVDQGHDUWKEXWWKH\DUHQRWDZDUHDERXWWKHGLIIHUHQWFDWHJRULHV
RI SODQWV WKHLU GLIIHUHQW GLVHDVHV 'LIIHUHQW SODQWV VXIIHU ZLWK GLIIHUHQW GLVHDVHV 7KH PDLQ SDUW RI SODQW WR
H[DPLQH WKH SODQW GLVHDVHV LV OHDI 7KH PDMRU FDWHJRULHV RI SODQW OHDI GLVHDVHV DUH EDVHG RQ YLUDO IXQJDO DQG
EDFWHULD7KH'LVHDVHVRQOHDIFDQUHGXFHERWKWKHTXDOLW\DQGTXDQWLW\RIFURSVDQGWKHLUIXUWKHUJURZWK7KH
HDV\PHWKRGWRGHWHFWWKHSODQWGLVHDVHVLVZLWKWKHKHOSRIH[SHUWKDYLQJNQRZOHGJHRISODQWGLVHDVHV%XWWKLV
PDQXDOGHWHFWLRQRISODQWGLVHDVHWDNHVVRPXFKWLPHDQGLVPXFKODERULRXVZRUN6RWKHUHLVWKHQHHGRIVRPH
DXWRPDWLFPHWKRGWRGHWHFWWKHOHDIGLVHDVHV&RPSXWHUFDQSOD\DPDMRUUROHWRGHYHORSWKHDXWRPDWLFPHWKRGV
IRUWKHGHWHFWLRQRIOHDIGLVHDVHV7KHUHFDQEHYDULRXVLPDJHSURFHVVLQJWHFKQLTXHVWKDWFDQEHXVHGLQWKHOHDI
GLVHDVHGHWHFWLRQ>@
7KH GHWHFWLRQ DQG FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI OHDI GLVHDVHV DFFXUDWHO\ LV WKH NH\ WR SUHYHQW WKH DJULFXOWXUH ORVV
'LIIHUHQW SODQW OHDI EHDUV GLIIHUHQW GLVHDVHV 7KHUH DUH D OLVW RI PHWKRGV DQG FODVVLILHUV WR GHWHFW SODQW OHDI
GLVHDVHV7KHFRQVLGHUHGPHWKRGVIRUSODQWOHDIGLVHDVHDUHH[SODLQHGDVH[LVWLQJZRUNLQVHFWLRQ,9
6HFWLRQ,,GHVFULEHVWKHEDVLFFRQFHSWRIOHDIGLVHDVHGHWHFWLRQ6HFWLRQ,,,EULHIDERXWVRPHLPSRUWDQWOHDI
GLVHDVHV6HFWLRQ,9H[SODLQVWKHOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZ6HFWLRQ9UHVHDUFKJDSDQG6HFWLRQ9,FRQFOXGHVWKHSDSHU
,, %$6,&&21&(372)/($)',6($6('(7(&7,21
3ODQWOHDIGLVHDVHGHWHFWLRQLQYROYHVVRPHEDVLFVWHSVRILPDJHSURFHVVLQJWRGHWHFWFODVVLI\SODQWGLVHDVH
>@7KHVHVWHSVDUHLPDJHDFTXLVLWLRQLPDJHSUHSURFHVVLQJIHDWXUHH[WUDFWLRQDQGOHDIGLVHDVHGHWHFWLRQ7KHVH
VWHSVDUHGHVFULEHGDVEHORZLQILJXUH
Volume 7 Issue 2 August 2016
539
ISSN: 2319 – 1058
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET)
,PDJH$FTXLVLWLRQ
,PDJH3UH3URFHVVLQJ
)HDWXUH([WUDFWLRQ
'HWHFWLRQ&ODVVLILFDWLRQRI'LVHDVHV
)LJXUH%DVLFFRQFHSWRISODQWOHDIGLVHDVHGHWHFWLRQ
A. Image Acquisition
,PDJHDFTXLVLWLRQLQYROYHVWKHVWHSVWRREWDLQWKHSODQWOHDIDQGFDSWXUHWKHKLJKTXDOLW\LPDJHVWRFUHDWHWKH
UHTXLUHGGDWDEDVH7KHHIILFLHQF\RIWKHFRQFHSWGHSHQGVXSRQWKHTXDOLW\RIGDWDEDVHLPDJH6RLPDJHVVKRXOG
EHFRQVLGHUHGRIKLJKTXDOLW\ZLWK5*%FRORU
B. Image Pre-processing
,PDJH SUHSURFHVVLQJ LQYROYHV WKH VWHSV RI LPDJH HQKDQFHPHQW FRORU FRQYHUVLRQ DQG LPDJH VHJPHQWDWLRQ
+HUHWKHFDSWXUHGLPDJHLVHQKDQFHGWRUHPRYHWKHQRLVHIURPLPDJHDQGWKHQ5*%FRORULPDJHLVFRQYHUWHG
LQWR +69 SODQH LPDJH )LQDOO\ LPDJH VHJPHQWDWLRQ LV DSSOLHG WR VLPSOLI\ WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI LPDJH ZLWK
VHJPHQWVVRWKDWLWFDQEHHDVLO\DQDO\VHG
C. Feature Extraction
$IWHUWKHVHJPHQWDWLRQGLVHDVHSRUWLRQIURPWKHLPDJHLVH[WUDFWHG7KLVOHDIGLVHDVHVDUHDLVWUHDWHGDVDUHD
RILQWHUHVWIRUWKHLPDJHSURFHVVLQJ7KHQIXUWKHUIHDWXUHVDUHH[WUDFWHGWKDWDUHXVHGWRGHWHFWWKHGLVHDVHW\SHV
0DLQO\IHDWXUHH[WUDFWLRQLQYROYHVWKHFRORUVKDSHDQGSDWWHUQRILPDJH
D. Leaf Disease Detection
)LQDOO\ FODVVLILHUV DUH XVHG IRU WKH WUDLQLQJ DQG WHVWLQJ RI WKH GDWDVHW 7KHVH FODVVLILHUV PD\ EH NQHDUHVW
QHLJKERXUVXSSRUWYHFWRUPDFKLQHQHXUDOQHWZRUNIX]]\ORJLFEDVHGHWF7KHVHPHWKRGVDUHXVHGWRFODVVLI\
DQGGHWHFWWKHGLVHDVHGDQGKHDOWK\OHDYHV
,,,/($)',6($6(66<037206
/HDYHV DUH PDLQO\ DIIHFWHG ZLWK IXQJDO EDFWHULD RU YLUDO +HUH ZH DUH GLVFXVVLQJ DERXW WKHVH GLVHDVH
V\PSWRPVWKDWVKRXOGEHNHHSLQPLQGLISODQWJURZWKVHHPVORZ
A. Viral disease symptoms
$PRQJDOOSODQWOHDIGLVHDVHVWKRVHFDXVHGE\YLUXVHVDUHWKHPRVWGLIILFXOWWRGLDJQRVH9LUXVHVSURGXFHQR
WHOOWDOH VLJQV WKDW FDQ EH UHDGLO\ REVHUYHG DQG RIWHQ HDVLO\ FRQIXVHG ZLWK QXWULHQW GHILFLHQFLHV DQG KHUELFLGH
LQMXU\ $SKLGV OHDIKRSSHUV ZKLWHIOLHV DQG FXFXPEHU EHHWOHV LQVHFWV DUH FRPPRQ FDUULHUV RI WKLV GLVHDVH HJ
0RVDLF 9LUXV /RRN IRU \HOORZ RU JUHHQ VWULSHV RU VSRWV RQ IROLDJH DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ /HDYHV PLJKW EH
ZULQNOHGFXUOHGDQGJURZWKPD\EHVWXQWHG>@
Volume 7 Issue 2 August 2016
540
ISSN: 2319 – 1058
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET)
)LJXUH9LUDO'LVHDVH6\PSWRPV
B. Fungal disease symptoms
3ODQWOHDIGLVHDVHVWKRVHFDXVHGE\IXQJXVDUHGLVFXVVHGEHORZDQGVKRZQLQ)LJHJ/DWHEOLJKWFDXVHG
E\WKHIXQJXV,WILUVWDSSHDUVRQORZHUROGHUOHDYHVOLNHJUD\JUHHQVSRWVZDWHUVRDNHG:KHQIXQJDOGLVHDVH
PDWXUHVWKHVHVSRWVGDUNHQDQGWKHQZKLWHIXQJDOJURZWKIRUPVRQWKHXQGHUVLGHV
)LJXUH)XQJDO'LVHDVH6\PSWRPV
C. Bacterial disease symptoms
7KH GLVHDVH LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ WLQ\ SDOH JUHHQ VSRWV ZKLFK VRRQ FRPH LQWR YLHZ DV ZDWHU VRDNHG 7KH
OHVLRQVHQODUJHDQGWKHQDSSHDUDVGU\GHDGVSRWVDVVKRZQLQ)LJ
)LJXUH%DFWHULDO'LVHDVH6\PSWRPV
,9/,7(5$785(6859(<
.KLUDGHHWDO>@KDVGLVFXVVHGVRPHVHJPHQWDWLRQDQGIHDWXUHH[WUDFWLRQDOJRULWKPWKDWFDQEHXVHGIRUWKH
GHWHFWLRQ RI SODQWGLVHDVHV E\ XVLQJ WKH LPDJHV RI WKHLU OHDYHV ,W LV YHU\ GLIILFXOWWRGHWHFWWKH SODQW GLVHDVHV
PDQXDOO\ GXH WR UHTXLUHPHQW RI H[FHVVLYH WLPH NQRZOHGJH RI SODQW GLVHDVHV DQG PXFK DPRXQW RI ZRUN 7KH
DXWKRU KDV GLYLGHG WKH HQWLUH SURFHVV RI SODQW OHDI GLVHDVH GHWHFWLRQ LQWR ILYH VWHSV ,PDJH $FTXLVLWLRQ 3UH
SURFHVVLQJ 6HJPHQWDWLRQ )HDWXUH ([WUDFWLRQ DQG )LQDO &ODVVLILFDWLRQ RI GLVHDVHV ,PDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ XVHG WKH
WUDQVIRUPDWLRQVWUXFWXUHIRU5*%OHDILPDJH7KHQLPDJHLVSUHSURFHVVHGWRUHPRYHWKHQRLVHDQGHQKDQFHWKH
LPDJH FRQWUDVW 6HJPHQWDWLRQ LV GRQH IRU WKH SDUWLWLRQLQJ RI LPDJH LQWR YDULRXV IHDWXUH SDUWV XVLQJ NPHDQV
Volume 7 Issue 2 August 2016
541
ISSN: 2319 – 1058
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET)
FOXVWHULQJ RVWX ILOWHUV HWF 7KLV VHJPHQWHG LPDJH LV IXUWKHU XVHG IRU IHDWXUH H[WUDFWLRQ DQG WKHQ ILQDO
FODVVLILFDWLRQLVSHUIRUPHGXVLQJYDULRXVFODVVLILFDWLRQV,QWKLVZD\SODQWGLVHDVHVFDQEHHIILFLHQWO\LGHQWLILHG
6DQQDNNLHWDO>@KDVXVHGIHHGIRUZDUGEDFNSURSDJDWLRQ1HXUDO1HWZRUNEDVHGWHFKQLTXHIRUWKHGLDJQRVLV
DQGFODVVLILFDWLRQRIGLVHDVHVLQJUDSHOHDI$XWKRUKDVXVHGWKHLPDJHVRIJUDSHOHDIZLWKFRPSOH[EDFNJURXQG
IRUWKHGLDJQRVLVDVLQSXW)XUWKHUDQLVRWURSLFGLIIXVLRQLVXVHGWRUHPRYHWKHQRLVHRIWKHLPDJHZKLFKLVIXUWKHU
VHJPHQWHG XVLQJ NPHDQV FOXVWHULQJ )LQDOO\ UHVXOWV DUH REVHUYHG XVLQJ QHXUDO QHWZRUN 5HVXOWV DUH
H[SHULPHQWHGRQGRZQ\PLOGHZDQGSRZGHU\PLOGHZLPDJHVZLWKVLPXODWLRQLQ0$7/$%&RQIXVLRQPDWUL[
LV FRQVLGHUHG ZLWK WKH WUXH SRVLWLYH DQG IDOVH SRVLWLYH SDUDPHWHUV IRU WKH YDOLGDWLRQ RI UHVXOWV 7KH DXWKRU
FODLPHGWRKDYHWKHWUDLQLQJDFFXUDF\RILIXVHGKXHIHDWXUHDORQH
.XWW\HWDO>@KDVXVHGWKHQHXUDOQHWZRUNEDVHGV\VWHPWRFODVVLI\WKHZDWHUPHORQOHDIGLVHDVHVRI'RZQH\
0LOGHZ DQG $QWKUDFQRVH 7KLV FODVVLILFDWLRQ LV EDVHG RQ WKH FRORU IHDWXUH H[WUDFWLRQ IURP 5*% FRORU PRGHO
ZKLFKLVREWDLQHGIURPWKHLGHQWLILHGSL[HOVLQWKHUHJLRQRILQWHUHVW$XWKRUKDVFDOFXODWHGWKHWUXHSRVLWLYHUDWH
WUXHQHJDWLYHUDWHDQGRYHUDOODFFXUDF\IRUWKHHIILFLHQF\RIWKHSURSRVHGFRQFHSW7KHRYHUDOOSHUIRUPDQFHLV
GHSLFWHGZLWK52&FXUYHKDYLQJ$8&YDOXHRI7KHWUXHFODVVLILFDWLRQUHVXOWVDOVRGHSLFWWKHYDOXHRI
5RWKH HW DO >@KDVSURSRVHGSDWWHUQUHFRJQLWLRQWHFKQLTXHVIRUWKHGHWHFWLRQDQGFODVVLILFDWLRQRIFRWWRQOHDI
GLVHDVHV RI $OWHUQDUQLD 0\URWKHFLXP DQG %DFWHULDO %OLJKW 7KH GDWDVHW LPDJHV DUH WDNHQ IURP WKH ILHOGV RI
&HQWUDO,QVWLWXWHRI&RWWRQ5HVHDUFK1DJSXU$FWLYHFRQWRXUEDVHGVQDNHVHJPHQWDWLRQDOJRULWKPLVXVHGIRUWKH
LVRODWLRQRIGLVHDVHGVSRWV$XWKRUKDVDOVRVXJJHVWHGVRPHIXWXUHGLUHFWLRQVWRXVHWKHVLPLODUFRQFHSWIRUWKH
FURSVRIZKHDWRUDQJHFLWUXVDQGPDL]HHWF
5DPDNULVKQDQHWDO>@KDVXVHGEDFNSURSDJDWLRQDOJRULWKPIRUWKHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRIJURXQGQXWOHDIGLVHDVHV
&HUFRVSRUD LV WKH FRPPRQ JURXQGQXW GLVHDVH ,WV IXUWKHU VWDJH LV FHUFRVSRVLXP SHUVRQDWXP WKHQ
SKDHRLVDULRSVLVDQGILQDOVWDJHLVDOWHUQDULV7KLVFODVVLILFDWLRQZLWKWKHSURSRVHGFRQFHSWVKRZVWKHHIILFLHQF\
RI
7DEOH&RPSDULVRQRI'LIIHUHQW*URXQGZDWHUHVWLPDWLRQWHFKQLTXHV
$XWKRU1DPH
7HFKQLTXH
6DFKLQ'.KLUDGH
$%3DWLO
.0HDQV&OXVWHULQJ
5HPDUNV
6DQQDNNLHWDO
)HHG)RUZDUG%DFN
3URSDJDWLRQ1HXUDO1HWZRUN
.XWW\HWDO
1HXUDO1HWZRUN
x
'LVFXVVHGYDULRXVSODQWOHDIGLVHDVHGHWHFWLRQ
FODVVLILFDWLRQPHWKRGV
x
1HXUDO1HWZRUNEDVHGFODVVLILFDWLRQLVSHUIRUPHGIRU
WKHJUDSHOHDIGLVHDVHGHWHFWLRQ
x
1HXUDO1HWZRUNSDWWHUQUHFRJQLWLRQPHWKRGLVXVHG
WRFODVVLI\WKHZDWHUPHORQOHDIGLVHDVHRI
DQWKUDFQRVHGRZQH\PHGOH\ZLWKDFFXUDF\
355RWKH
59.VKLUVDJDU
1HXUR)X]]\,QIHUHQFH6\VWHP
x
&RWWRQOHDIGLVHDVHVRI$OWHUQDUQLD0\URWKHFLXP
DQG%DFWHULDO%OLJKWDUHGHWHFWHG
05DPDNULVKQDQ
$1LVKD
%DFN3URSDJDWLRQ
x
LGHQWLILFDWLRQRIJURXQGQXWOHDIGLVHDVHVZLWKLWV
YDULRXVVWDJHVRIGLVHDVH
9 5(6($5&+*$3
$VSHUOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZWKHUHDUHYDULRXVWUDGLWLRQDOPHWKRGVIRUWKHLGHQWLILFDWLRQDQGFODVVLILFDWLRQRISODQW
OHDI GLVHDVHV OLNH SDWWHUQ UHFRJQLWLRQ PHWKRG EDFN SURSDJDWLRQ QHXUDO QHWZRUN EDFN SURSDJDWLRQ QHXUDO
QHWZRUN HWF 'LIIHUHQW PHWKRGV KDYH XVHG GLIIHUHQW GDWDVHW DQG DVVXPSWLRQV WR LGHQWLI\ WKH SODW OHDI GLVHDVHV
.KLUDGH HW DO KDYH H[SODLQHG WKH FRPSOHWH SURFHVV RI SODQW OHDI GLVHDVH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ ZLWK WKH PHWKRGV RI
VHJPHQWDWLRQ OLNH RVWX ILOWHU DQG .11 HWF 6DQQDNL HW DO KDV XVHG EDFN SURSDJDWLRQ QHXUDO QHWZRUN EDVHG
DSSURDFKIRUWKHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRIJUDSHOHDIGLVHDVHV7KLVPHWKRGJLYHVDFFXUDWHUHVXOWVRQO\ZLWKKXH.XWW\HW
DOKDVFODVVLILHGWKHZDWHUPHORQOHDIGLVHDVHVRI'RZQH\0LOGHZDQG$QWKUDFQRVHXVLQJQHXUDOQHWZRUNEXWWKH
DFFXUDF\ OHYHO LV RQO\ 5RWKH HW DO FODVVLILHG FRWWRQ OHDI GLVHDVHV RI $OWHUQDUQLD 0\URWKHFLXP DQG
%DFWHULDO%OLJKWXVLQJSDWWHUQUHFRJQLWLRQPHWKRG
Volume 7 Issue 2 August 2016
542
ISSN: 2319 – 1058
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET)
7KH HQWLUH OLVW RI PHWKRGV LV WUDGLWLRQDO FRQFHSWV OLNH QHXUDO QHWZRUN EDFN SURSDJDWLRQ PHWKRG DQG RWKHU
SDWWHUQ UHFRJQLWLRQ FRQFHSWV 7KH UHVXOWV IURP WKH FRQFHSWV DUH DFFXUDWH EXW QRW XSWR WKH H[WHQW WKDW WKH\ FDQ
FRQVLGHU IRU WKH UHDO OLIH DJULFXOWXUH GLVHDVHV 6R WKHUH LV WKH QHHG RI VRPH QDWXUH LQVSLUHG WHFKQLTXH IRU WKH
HIILFLHQF\RIWKHUHVXOWV
9,&21&/86,21
,GHQWLILFDWLRQ RI SODQW OHDI GLVHDVHV LV WKH NH\ WR UHGXFH WKHDJULFXOWXUH ORVV 6WXG\ RI SODQW GLVHDVHV LV WKH
VWXG\RILPDJHSURFHVVLQJFRQFHSWVZLWKUHJLRQRILQWHUHVWLVDIIHFWHGOHDISDUWV3ODQWGLVHDVHPHWKRGVVKRXOGEH
DXWRPDWLF LQVWHDG RI PDQXDO ,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH KDYH GLVFXVVHG YDULRXV PHWKRGV IRU WKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ DQG
FODVVLILFDWLRQRISODQWOHDIGLVHDVHVOLNHSDWWHUQUHFRJQLWLRQPHWKRGEDFNSURSDJDWLRQQHXUDOQHWZRUNVXSSRUW
YHFWRU PDFKLQH EDFN SURSDJDWLRQ QHXUDO QHWZRUN HWF :H KDYH DOVR GLVFXVVHG WKH EDVLF FRQFHSW RI SODQW OHDI
GLVHDVHGHWHFWLRQYDULRXVOHDIGLVHDVHVDQGUHVHDUFKJDSIRUWKHH[LVWLQJZRUN
5()(5(1&(6
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
$ULYD]KDJDQ 6 5 1HZOLQ 6KHELDK 6 $QDQWKL DQG 6 9LVKQX 9DUWKLQL 'HWHFWLRQ RI XQKHDOWK\ UHJLRQ RI SODQW OHDYHV DQG
FODVVLILFDWLRQRISODQWOHDIGLVHDVHVXVLQJWH[WXUHIHDWXUHVAgricultural Engineering International: CIGR JournalQR
*DYKDOH.LUDQ5DQG8MZDOOD*DZDQGH$Q2YHUYLHZRIWKH5HVHDUFKRQ3ODQW/HDYHV'LVHDVHGHWHFWLRQXVLQJ,PDJH3URFHVVLQJ
7HFKQLTXHVIOSR Journal of Computer Engineering, January 2014
3HDUVRQ5RJHU&DQG$XVWLQ&*RKHHQCompendium of leaf diseases$PHULFDQ3K\WRSDWKRORJLFDO6RFLHW\
.KLUDGH6DFKLQ'DQG$%3DWLO3ODQW'LVHDVH'HWHFWLRQ8VLQJ,PDJH3URFHVVLQJ,QComputing Communication Control and
Automation (ICCUBEA), 2015 International Conference onSS,(((
6DQQDNNL6DQMHHY69LMD\65DMSXURKLW9%1DUJXQGDQG3DUDJ.XONDUQL'LDJQRVLVDQGFODVVLILFDWLRQRIJUDSHOHDIGLVHDVHV
XVLQJ QHXUDO QHWZRUNV ,QComputing, Communications and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), 2013 Fourth International
Conference onSS,(((
.XWW\6XKDLOL%HHUDQ1RRU(]DQ$EGXOODK+DELEDK+DVKLPDQG$LGD6XOLQGD&ODVVLILFDWLRQRIZDWHUPHORQOHDIGLVHDVHVXVLQJ
QHXUDOQHWZRUNDQDO\VLV,QBusiness Engineering and Industrial Applications Colloquium (BEIAC), 2013 IEEESS,(((
5RWKH35DQG59.VKLUVDJDU&RWWRQOHDIGLVHDVHLGHQWLILFDWLRQXVLQJSDWWHUQUHFRJQLWLRQWHFKQLTXHV,QPervasive Computing
(ICPC), 2015 International Conference onSS,(((
5DPDNULVKQDQ 0 DQG $ 1LVKD *URXQGQXW OHDI GLVHDVH GHWHFWLRQ DQG FODVVLILFDWLRQ E\ XVLQJ EDFN SUREDJDWLRQ DOJRULWKP
,QCommunications and Signal Processing (ICCSP), 2015 International Conference onSS,(((
Volume 7 Issue 2 August 2016
543
ISSN: 2319 – 1058