Chapter 1
History and Career
Opportunities
2016 Edition
In your group, list on flip chart paper all
of the occupations you believe are
included in the Cosmetology profession.
For some, you will need to think
“outside of the box”
Cosmetology includes:
* hairstyling
* nail technology
* esthetics
Curly-hairstyles.blogspot.com
Caofb.com/esthetics
Coolnaolsart.com/bubbles
Cosmetology is defined:
The art and science of beautifying
and improving the skin, hair, and nails
and includes the study of cosmetics and
their application.
Add:
I am responsible for my own
education
Cosmetology:
Greek word: kosmetikos
Means: skilled in the use of cosmetics
Add to side bar:
Barber:
Latin word: barba
Means: the beard or the hair of
the face.
Archeological studies:
Reveal that haircutting and hairstyling were
practiced as early as the glacial age
Implements Used:
1. Sharpened flints
2. Oyster shells
3. Bone
4. Animal sinew
5. Strips of hide
Ancient people used coloring
matter on their hair, skin, and
nails
Pigments made from:
Berries
Bark of trees
Minerals
Insects
Nuts
Herbs
Leaves
And other materials
Danielmeissler.com
Takegreatpictures.com
The Africans:
• Variety of hairstyles
• Conveyed a message of age, marital
status, power, and rank
• Colored hair with red earth
• Wore elaborate hairstyles and head
dresses-symbol of stature
• Women of Namibia-some of the most
intricate hair designs-identified status
• Hair was a preeminent reflection of wellbeing and existence in the world
• Elaborate hairstyles-still considered a
sacred place in African aesthetics
***In Africa, hair was groomed with
intricately carved combs and
adorned with beads, clay and colored
bands
Add: Egyptian and Roman women temporarily
waved their hair by applying a mixture of
soil and water (mud) to the hair and
wrapping it around crudely made wooden
rollers to bake in the sun all day.
Ancient Egyptians:
•The first to cultivate beauty in an
extravagant fashion
Charismaallover.wordpress.com
Sheniquemag.blogspot.com
• used:
* cosmetics as part of their
personal beautification habits
* in religious ceremonies
* preparing the deceased for
burial
2630 B.C.
* minerals, insects, and berries to
create makeup for eyes, lips, and skin
* henna to stain the hair and nails, warm red
* first to use
essential oils for perfumes
and purification purposes
Mnsu.edu
Womensnet.com/about hair history
Americanaromatherapy.com
Queen Nefertiti: (1400 BC)
•
Used henna, makeup
and perfume
Queen Cleopatra: (50BC)
• Erected a personal
cosmetics factory next to
the Dead Sea
Ancient Egyptians also
•created kohl makeup
*mixture of ground galena (a black
mineral)
* sulfur
* animal fat
Makeupweb.guide.com
* used to heavily line the eyes
* alleviate eye inflammations
* protect the eyes from the glare
of the sun
•In ancient Egypt and Rome, military
commanders stained their nails
and lips in matching colors before
important battles
Chinese
•1600 B.C. aristocrats
* rubbed tinted mixtures onto their nails
(gum arabic, gelatin, beeswax, egg whites)
* turned crimson or ebony
•1100 B.C.
* gold and silver were royal colors
* commoners caught wearing a royal nail
color faced a punishment of death
The Greeks
(500 B.C.)
• hairstyling-highly developed art
• used perfumes and cosmetics in religious rites, in
grooming, and for medicinal purposes
• developed excellent method
of dressing the hair and
caring for the skin and nails
Karenswhimsy.com
mangatutorials.com
Stcatherinesprimary.co.uk
Karenswhimsy.com
• used white lead on faces, kohl on eyes and vermillion on
cheeks and lips
Margretshort.typepad.com
• vermillion-bright red pigment made by
grinding cinnabar
~ a mineral that is the chief source of
mercury
•The fine powder was mixed with ointment or dusted on the
skin in the same way as cosmetics are applied today
READ Did You Know – Men’s grooming in Ancient Times
Romans (296 B.C.)
• used fragrances and cosmetics
• facials of milk, bread and fine wine were
popular
• mixture of chalk and lead used for facial
cosmetic
• hairstyling services introduced; women used hair color
to indicate class in society as follows:
- noblewomen: red hair
- middle-class women: blonde
- poor women: black
Explore-italian-culture.com
Roman-colosseum.info
Crystallyn.vox.vom
Digonsite.com
Eternallycool.net
FYI
Julius Caesar 101-44 BC
• had his face tweezed everyday
• this started a trend among
the men of that time
www.american-pictures.com/genealogy/descent/p...
Middle ages
• included towering headdresses, intricate
hairstyles, and cosmetics
•Women wore makeup on cheeks and lips
• not on eyes
•steam distillation was invented, which is still
used to create essentials oils today
Usiweb.usi.edu
Edarlein.deviantart.com
Herstoria.com
Renaissance
• shaved eyebrows and hairline-thought to
give the women a look of greater
intelligence
•Elaborate, elegant clothing
•Fragrances and cosmetics were used
• highly colored cosmetics were
discouraged.
Wholesale.garison.com
Press.princeton.edu
Abeautyglorious.blogspot.com
2.ivcc.rdu
Victorian Age
•to preserve the health and beauty of the
skin, women used beauty masks and
packs made from honey, eggs, milk,
oatmeal, fruits, vegetables, and other
natural ingredients
• pinched their cheeks and bit their lips
to colorize rather than use cosmetics
•ADD both to side bar:
•1892; Frenchman, Alexander F.
Godefroy, invented a
hot-blast hair dryer
Probeautykit.com
• 1890; First hairdressing academy
opening in Chicago by Frenchman,
Bribois and Federmeyer.
The Twentieth Century
• motion pictures-shift in American attitudes
•viewers wanted the flawless complexions,
beautiful hairstyles, manicured nails
•This era signaled the spread of industrialization
•New prosperity (people had more money)
• beauty began to follow trends
Vivien Leigh 1940’s
Jean Harlow 1930’s
Elizabeth Taylor 1950’s
Newhotstuff.net
1901-1910
•Max Factor began making and selling makeup
to movie stars that would not cake or
crack, even under the hot studio lights
Rubylane.com
Onlineauction.com
•1906, Charles Nessler invented heavily wired
machine that supplied electrical current to
metal rods around which hair strands were
wrapped
• units were heated
• kept away from the scalp by counterbalancing
weights suspended from an overhead
chandelier mounted to a stand
Internet source:
Two methods were used to wind hair strands
around the metal units:
1. Spiral wrap: long hair was wound from
scalp to ends
2. Croquignole wrap: for short hair, wound
from ends to scalp.
Success story of the cosmetology industry
Madam C.J. Walker
• daughter of a former slave
• born Sarah Breedlove in 1867
• during the 1890’s she suffered from a scalp
condition and began to lose her hair.
• she experimented with store-bought products
and home-made remedies
Inventors.about.com
• invented hair grower scalp conditioner
• devised sophisticated sales and marketing
strategies and traveled extensively giving
product demonstrations
• built a factory, hair salon
• and training school
1929
www.scott.k12.va.us/rita/51757_2.JPG
• gave time and money to organizations like
NAACP and the YMCA
• organized the first national meetings for
businesswomen
• pioneer of the modern African-American hair
care and cosmetic industry
Scribalterror.blogs.com
Urbanstages.org
1872Marcel Grateau invented the first
curling iron (called Marcel iron and
Marcel waving)
1923-invented the electric version
Also developed a PW machine, barber
clippers, safety razor, and other devices.
1920’s
• cosmetic industry grew rapidly
• ad’s expenditures in radio alone went
from $390,000.00 to $3.2 million by
the end of the decade
Digitalhistory.uh.edu
Vintagepowderroom.com
• Era of change
• New set of standards and practices for
cosmetology
***1933 Cosmetology State Law was born
1930’s
•1931, preheat method was introducedhair was wrapped in the croquinole
method
• clamps heated by a separate electrical
machine were place over the wound
curls
Dehaarsite.nl
•1932, Ralph L. Evans and Everett G.
McDonough pioneered a method that used
external heat generated by chemical
reaction was introduced
• small flexible pads containing a chemical
mixture were wound around hair strands
• pads moistened with water released a
chemical heat creating long-lasting curls
• machineless permanent wave was born
1932
•Revlon marketed the first nail polish
(not stain) using formulas borrowed
from the car paint industry
• dramatic shift in nail cosmetics
• array of nail lacquer colors available
• early screen stars started the trend of
wearing matching colors on their
fingers and toes
Quirkyfinds.com
•1932-Clairol created permanent haircolor
Library.duke.edu
Ebay.com
•1938 the cold wave was invented that used
no machine or heat
• considered to be the precursor to the
modern perm
1940’s
• 1941, scientists developed waving lotion
that did not require heat
*called cold wave
Modernlab.com
• today, the term “texture service” is used to
describe the variety of permanent wave
services and straightening services
available for different hair types and
conditions
Just-hairstyles.com
Hairstyles-pictures.com
Barbering and Medicine
The Barber Pole-symbol of the barber-surgeon, has
its roots from the bloodletting procedure that was
once thought to strengthen the immune system
1. Pole = the staff; patients held a staff tightly in
order for the veins in the arm to stand out.
2. Bottom = basin; basin was the vessel that
caught the blood.
Hillsdalebarnantiques.com
Azbarberboard.us
3. White bandages stop blood; the bandages used to
stop the bleeding were hung on the staff to dry.
The stained bandages would twist around the
pole forming the red/white pattern.
Another interpretation is that the red
represented the blood, blue the veins, and
white the bandages.
Barbers still use the symbol today.
1951-2000
• introduction of tube mascara,
improved hair care,
and nail products
Southportbeautysalon.com
Nailsupplywebsite.com
•boom and death of the weekly salon
appointment
•1960’s-Vidal Sassoon’s revolutionary
geometric haircuts
Discoveringhair.wordpress.com
Ladybear.gaia.com
Campuscircle.net
•1970’s highlighting techniques of
“hair weaving” using aluminum
foil
Tpcs-auction.org
Zebrahairandbeauty.com
•1980’s heavy use of eye make-up and
blush…and really BIG HAIR, just
ask Mrs. Kucas
Farouk introduced the first “ammonia free”
haircolor
Images.mix.com
Moviedearest.blogspot.com
•1990’s haircolor became gentler,
allowing all ethnicities to be blondes,
brunettes, and redheads
Hairsandiego.com
Pitchengine.com
Hairstyle-blog.com
1998-Creative Nail Design introduced
the first spa pedicure
***nail art also entered the seen by the
1990’s
Yelp.com
Looklocally.com
Nailartgallery.com
Breakforfunzarke.net
Kaskus.us
21st Century
• gentle-no fade hair colors
• estheticians rejuvenate the skin and keep
sunspots, and mild acne under control
• specialization became popular-hair
colorist, hair cutting specialist, nail
technician, etc. providing a full array of
services
***haircoloring in the twentieth century has become
a multibillion-dollar industry of professional
products!!!!!!!
***the huge growth in day spas has also been a
significant development
*** the domain of cosmetology has changed
dramatically . All the new services and
skills have transformed and expanded the
role of cosmetologists, requiring them to
know more than ever and to make
continuing education a necessity
• men’s-only specialty shops and barber
spas have grown in popularity,
providing new opportunities for men’s
hair, skin and nail care specialists
Luxury-insider.com
Psfk.com
Reviewjournal.com
Continuing Education
Key to
• Individual development
• Personal motivation
• Knowledge and confidence
• Advance your career
• Achieve real success
• Keep you current with trends
• Latest innovations
• Newest techniques
• Opportunity to observe, practice, and execute
techniques and trends
• Hand-on classes
Educators are highly trained, experienced
professionals
-help you develop your craft and reach your full
potential
Career Paths
Haircolor specialist
•perform color services
•work for a product manufacturer
Beautyschools.edu
Beautifulhairsandiego.com
Texture specialist
~ perming
Texture
~ straightening
Services
~ training others
~ work for manufacturer
New subspecialty-curly hair specialist
maintains natural curl
Ehow.com
Stylekandy.com
Easy-hairstyles.com
Haircutting specialist
•Learning various cutting styles and
techniques
•Perfect your own skills
•Develop your own method of cutting hair
(everyone develops their own way of cutting
hair)
Plumstudiossalon.com
Guidespot.com
Salon trainer- educate others
•management and interpersonal
relationship training
•Small salons
•large organizations
•Trade associations
Distributor sales consultant-salon
•new products, new trends, and new
techniques
•excellent opportunity
Manufacturer Educator
• Hire educators to train stylist’s and salon
staff on company’s products
• Advance to field educator, regional
educator even platform educator
Artistic Director
• Inspire hairstylists and create trends
• Takes experience and confidence
• Master cutting techniques
• Platform artistry at trade shows
• Opportunities also include: manufacturer
spokesperson, freelance artist, salon or
manufacturer artistic director
Education Director
• Setting the company’s standards by creating
education that drives sales
• Only available with 5+ years experience
• Must possess; excellent hairdressing skills,
leadership and effective communication and
presentation skills, ability to create budgets,
and product knowledge of company’s brand
and competitors
Cosmetology instructor
• Technical school or private beauty school
Film, Theatrical, or editorial stylist
• Work on magazine and Internet photo
shoots
• Backstage at movies and TV
• Starts with volunteering to assist
• Sign up with local union
Need:
• Persistence
• Networking skills
• Team spirit
• Attention to detail
Requires:
• Constant continuing education
• In working with wigs, hairpieces,
and makeup
Creative Director
• 10 years or more experience
• Executive level position
• Could be a international or global creative director
• Responsibilities: oversee, coach, mentor, lead
company’s educators
• Committed to elevating the standard of education
and professionalism of all hairdressers
Add: terms only-not definitions
***Salon stylist
performs all services offered in a
salon.
***Wig or extensions specialist-change the
length , texture and color by adding
extensions, through braiding, weaving,
bonding, gluing, or sewing. Wigs,
especially for people who experience hair
loss. Or a men’s hair replacement
specialist
Cambridge.gumtree.com
Jamaica-newyork.olx.com
***Retail specialist
• handling merchandise and inventory
Thedressingroomsalon.com
divasalonspa,.com
***Skin Care Specialist/Esthetician-
•offers treatments
•makeup
•work with Dermatologists
Many will own their own business
Instituteofaesthetics.org
Designingbeautyacademy.com
Dominelli.com
***Makeup artist•able to blend, shade, and create any image
• work with a private clientele
•makeup director for a department store
•represent a line of cosmetics
• work in TV or film, fashion magazines,
theater, independent freelancer
Centennialcollege.ca
Flickr.com
***Nail technician-provide clients with
manicures and pedicures, nail art,
artificial nail services
***Day Spa stylist or technician-all salon
services plus treatments like body
massage, body wraps, hydrotherapy.
Beautynewsnyc.com
Funandsun.com
***Session stylist-stylist for models
being photographed for magazines
or books
Rheeviews.com
Hji.co.uk
Ftape.com
***Platform artist
•on stage, performing for people, sharing
knowledge and traveling. Demonstrates
current trends and techniques. Salon
experience is a must
Arrojostudio.com
***Competition Champion
• “the best” display their individual talents and
techniques. Often establishes their own
salon, works as trainers, and sets a high
standard for pricing
***Writer
•for articles, books, brochures, produce videos.
Work for a publishing company
***State board member
•take a proactive role in the regulatory issues
affecting the cosmetology industry. You could
also become a state board examiner or a state
board inspector
***Salon industry grosses about $50 billion a
year in revenue
• no limit to your possibilities
•develop your skills
•most creative and unique career
Read: Did You Know
Salon Management
• management opportunities are diverse
* inventory manager
* department head
* special events manager
* assistant manager
* general manager
Salon owner
* enroll in business classes to
learn about managing:
~ products
~ departments
~ people
Reflectionssaloninc.com
Identity-uk.com
• Have math and accounting skills
• Read documents-ex. profit/loss
• Understand marketing
• Business side-make salon money
• Keep clients and employees happy
• Opportunity to expand your career
• Control your own destiny
• Keep developing your skills
• Enjoy an extremely creative and rewarding
career
You must decide whether you want to work in:
•Specialty salon
•Full-service salon (hair, skin, and nail services)
•Day spa (skin, body, nail, and hair services that
emphasize beauty and wellness
Did You Know?
To positively impact your future:
•focus on your studies
• read trade publications
• become a member in trade associations
•continue your education by attending
workshops outside of school
•your personal dedication and passion will
determine your success.