Supplementary material
Coralligenous and maërl habitats: predictive modelling to identify their spatial distributions
across the Mediterranean Sea
Martin CS1,2, Giannoulaki M1, De Leo F3, Scardi M4, Salomidi M5, Knitweiss L6, Pace ML6,
Garofalo G7, Gristina M7, Ballesteros E8, Bavestrello G9, Belluscio A10, Cebrian E8,11,
Gerakaris V5, Pergent G12, Pergent-Martini C12, Schembri PJ13, Terribile K13, Rizzo L3, Ben
Souissi J14, Bonacorsi M12, Guarnieri G3, Krzelj M15, Macic V16, Punzo E17, Valavanis V1,
Fraschetti S3
1
Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, PO box 2214, 71003
Heraklion (Greece) - [email protected] - [email protected]
2 UNEP
World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL (UK) - corinne.martin@unep-
wcmc.org
3
Laboratory of Ecology and Marine Biology, University of Salento, CoNISMa, 73100 Lecce (Italy)
-
[email protected] - [email protected] - [email protected]
4
Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome (Italy) -
[email protected]
5
Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, PO box 712, 19013 Anavyssos (Greece) - [email protected]
- [email protected]
6
Ministry for Sustainable Development, the Environment and Climate Change - Fisheries Resource Unit (MSDEC-FRU),
Ghammieri, Marsa MRS 3303 (Malta) - [email protected] - [email protected]
7
Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, National Research Council, 91026 Mazara del Vallo (TP) (Italy) -
[email protected] - [email protected]
8
Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes-CSIC, 17300 Blanes (Spain) - [email protected] - [email protected]
9
Dipartimento per lo studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse, University of Genoa, Genoa (Italy) -
[email protected]
10
Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Viale dell’Università, 32, 00185 Rome (Italy)
- [email protected]
11
Departament de Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, 17071 Girona (Spain) -
[email protected]
12
FRES 3041, EqEL, University of Corsica, Faculty of Sciences, BP 52, 20250 Corte (France) - [email protected] -
[email protected] - [email protected]
1
13
Department of Biology, University of Malta, Msida MSD2080 (Malta) [email protected] -
[email protected]
14
Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis (Tunisia) -
[email protected]
15
University Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Livanjska 5/III, 21000 Split (Croatia) -
[email protected]
16
Institute of marine biology, University of Montenegro, 85330 Kotor (Montenegro) - [email protected]
17
Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125 Ancona (Italy) -
[email protected]
2
Supplementary Figure S1. Maps of the 12 predictor variables used as input into the
distribution models: (a) bathymetry; (b) bottom salinity; (c) bottom temperature; (d) bottom
type; (e) distance to ports; (f) distance to (major) river mouths; (g) euphotic depth; (h)
nutrient input; (i) phosphate concentration; (j) geostrophic velocities sea surface currents; (k)
silicate concentration; (l) slope of the seafloor. All maps were created using ArcGIS®
software by Esri (Environmental Systems Resource Institute, ArcMap 10.1, (www.esri.com)
3
4
5
6
Supplementary Figure S2. Correlation matrix for the subset of predictor variables selected for
model development (only the 11 continuous variables are shown).
7
Supplementary Figure S3. Test areas excluded from model development, and used to assess model performance. Maps were created using
ArcGIS® software by Esri (Environmental Systems Resource Institute, ArcMap 10.1, (www.esri.com).
8
Supplementary Figure S4. Expert-derived classification of marine areas (0-200 m) according to relative sampling effort for (a) coralligenous
outcrops and (b) maërl beds. Maps were created using ArcGIS® software by Esri (Environmental Systems Resource Institute, ArcMap 10.1,
(www.esri.com).
9
Supplementary Figure S5. Jackknife tests of variable importance for the coralligenous
outcrops distribution model: (a) test gain, (b) test AUC. cora: coralligenous outcrops. See
Table 3 for full names of environmental variables.
10
Supplementary Figure S6. Jackknife tests of variable importance for the maërl beds
distribution model: (a) test gain, (b) test AUC. See Table 3 for full names of environmental
variables.
11
Supplementary Table S1. Variables considered for use as input into the models. A subset (12
variables) was selected () for model development.
Model
development
Name
Source
Bathymetry
Bottom salinity
Bottom temperature
Bottom type
Chlorophyll a concentration
Diffuse attenuation coefficient
Distance to ports
Distance to (major) river
mouths
Euphotic depth
Geostrophic velocities of sea
surface current
Nutrient input
Phosphate concentration
Pollutants (inorganic)
Pollutants (organic)
Sea Surface Temperature
Silicate concentration
EMODNet Hydrography Portal
World Ocean Database 2009
World Ocean Database 200961
Halpern et al., 2008
Tyberghein et al., 2012
Tyberghein et al., 2012
Port location from World Port Index 2011
River mouth location from ESRI Data and Maps (2012)
and Wessel and Smith (1996)
Ocean Color Web







Aviso SSALTO/DUACS

Halpern et al., 2008
Tyberghein et al., 2012
Halpern et al., 2008
Halpern et al., 2008
Tyberghein et al., 2012
Tyberghein et al., 2012
Based on bathymetry layer of EMODNet Hydrography
Portal






Slope of the seafloor
12



Supplementary Table S2. Georeferenced occurrence data on coralligenous outcrops and
maërl beds, as collated for each country bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Sampling intensity
being very uneven across the different countries, the numbers of points/lines/polygons are
unrelated to the actual surface areas covered by these habitats. For instance, the high numbers
for Malta and France (Corsica) result from two high-resolution surveys that took place
northwest and east of Malta and north of Corsica. Nevertheless, the information in this table
reflects the unprecedented extent of the collated datasets for coralligenous outcrops and maërl
beds in the Mediterranean Sea.
Albania
Algeria
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Cyprus
Egypt
France (incl. Monaco)
Greece
Israel
Italy
Country
Lebanon
Libya
Malta
Montenegro
Morocco
Slovenia
Spain
Syria
Tunisia
Turkey
Total
Coralligenous outcrops
Point
Line
Polygon
0
0
4
10
0
7
0
0
0
189
0
5
1
0
9
0
0
0
65
0
22,215
93
0
12
2
0
2
365
0
1,017
0
0
0
4
0
0
3,409
0
12
1
7
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
107
0
341
4
0
0
20
5
7
16
0
0
4,293
12
23,632
13
Maërl beds
Total
Point
Polygon
0
0
4
0
0
17
0
0
0
10
0
204
0
3
13
0
0
0
0
712 22,927
27
3
135
0
3
7
8
13
1,406
0
0
0
0
0
4
333
2
3,757
0
0
8
0
0
7
0
0
0
13
11
1,988
2
0
6
0
0
35
23
0
39
416
748
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65