Chapter Outline
What is Life?
The Living World
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya, (Viruses)
Biomolecules
Functional Groups
Major Classes of Biomolecules
Biochemical Reactions
Reactions, Energy, Metabolism, Order
Genetic Information Processing
1. Life is complex and dynamic.
2. Life is organized and self-sustaining.
3. Life is cellular.
4. Life is information based.
5. Life adapts and evolves.
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1P1-2
1.1 The Living World
Prokaryotes
All living species are composed of
prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
Living organisms are classified in to
three domains:
bacteria
archaea (extremophiles)
eukarya
Two groups:
eubacteria
e. g. Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureus
archae
e. g. Halobacterium salinarium
Thermoplasma acidophilus
1P1-3
1P1-4
Eukaryotes
1.2 Biomolecules
Eukaryotic cells are larger and more
complex than prokaryotic cells.
They contain organelles: eg. Nucleus.
Most are multicellular.
Most compounds found in organisms
are organic molecules.
These molecules contain carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus, and sulfur.
Most molecules found in organisms are
derived from hydrocarbons.
1P1-5
1P1-6
1
Biomolecules: Hydrocarbons
Biomolecules: Functional Groups
H
H C H methane
H
HHHHHH
H C C C C C C H hexane
CH2 H H H H H H
H2C
CH2
H2C
CH2 cyclohexane
CH2
R CH CH R alkene
R OH alcohol
Biomolecules: Functional Groups
Classes of Biomolecules-1a
O
RC OH carboxylic acid
O
R C OR ester
Amino acids make peptides and proteins.
O
O C OH
OH
C
1P1-7
amine
1P1-8
H2N C H
CH2OH
R
O OH Serine, Ser
α-aminoacid
C
H2N C H
CH2 R groups
NH2
H2N
O
R C NH2 amide
R NH2
R SH thiol
O
RCH aldehyde
O
R C R ketone
C
H
4
1P1-9
Classes of Biomolecules-1b
1P1-10
Small Biomolecules-1c
Some amino acids are not α-aminoacids.
HOHHO
H3N C C N C C O
R
R
+
O
H2N CH2CH2C OH
β-alanine
Peptide bond
O
H2N CH2CH2CH2C OH
γ-aminobutyric acid
GABA
1P1-11
O
O
O
O
H2N CH C NH CH C NH CH C NH CHC OH
CH2OH H
CH2SH CH3 1P1-12
2
Small Biomolecules-2
Small Biomolecules-3a
Monosaccharides (simple sugars) make
carbohydrates
Fatty acids are part of many lipids. O
H
HO
H
H
CHO
CH2OH
C OH
CO
C H HO C H
C OH H C OH
C OH H C OH
CH2OH CH2OH
D-glucose
D-fructose
O
H
C
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
D-ribose
H3 C
CH2
Lauric acid (saturated) in anion form
O
CH
O
CH2 O C R1
O
CH O C R2
O
CH2 O C R3
a fat/oil or
triacyl glycerol
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
C
O
CH
CH2 3
An unsaturated fatty acid
1P1-13
Small Biomolecules-3b
C
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2 O
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
1P1-14
Small Biomolecules-3c
O
CH2 O C R1
O
CH O C R2
O
CH3
+
CH2 O P CH2CH2 N CH3
O
CH3
CH3
(CH3)2CH CH2 3 CH
CH3
CH3
HO
Cholesterol
phosphatidylcholine
1P1-15
1P1-16
Small Biomolecules-4a
Small Biomolecules-4b
Nucleotides join to form DNA and RNA.
Nucleotides are composed of:
a nitrogenous base
ribose or deoxyribose sugar ring
NH2
phosphate group
Bases
NH2
O
Adenine (A)
C N
C N
Guanine
(G)
N C
HN C
CH
CH Cytosine (C)
HC C N
C CN
N
N
Thymine (T)
H H2N
H
Uracil (U)
pyrimidines
purines
O
O
NH2
C CH3
C
C
N CH HN C
HN CH
C CH
C CH
C
O N CH O N
O N
1P1-18
H
H
H
O
N
- O P O CH
2
N
-O
O
H H
H
H
OH OH
N
N
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3
Small Biomolecules-4c
Small Biomolecules-4d
DNA
Is a polymer of two polynucleotide
strands wrapped in a right handed
double helix.
Has a sugar (deoxyribose) phosphate
backbone.
Has the bases paired via hydrogen
bonding. (A-T and G-C)
Carries the genetic information (genes)
of an organism.
1P1-19
Fig 1.14
1P1-20
Small Biomolecules-4e
RNA
Is a polymer of polynucloetide strands.
Has a sugar (ribose) phosphate
backbone.
Has the bases A, U, G, and C.
Consists of three types:
messenger RNA
transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA
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