CARBON COMPOUNDS
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Carbon forms many
important
compounds.
Carbon Compounds
are termed “organic”
molecules because it
was historically
believed that they
were derived from
living things.
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Importance of Carbon
– Organic Molecules
– Energy
– Materials (incl. Polymers)
– Filtration
Carbon – Modern Marvels
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lF2CYnME1B4
Carbon : Chemistry of Living Things
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgNg5IQnGhM&feature=related
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Carbon compounds occur in the hydrosphere
(ocean), atmosphere, lithosphere (crust) and
biosphere (organisms) of the Earth.
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Carbon occurs in
many different
forms (called
allotropes).
a. Diamond
b. Graphite
c. Lonsdaleite (sim. diamond)
d, e and f. Fullerenes
g. Amorphous Carbon
h. Carbon Nanotube
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Recall that carbon forms covalent bonds.
This allows carbon to bond with itself and
create the foundation for long-chained,
branched and ringed molecules.
Representing Carbon Molecules
Ball & Stick
Molecular Formula
Structural
Formula
Condensed
Formula
C4H10
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Compounds consisting only of carbon and
hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons.
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Common Hydrocarbon Compounds
Finding Oil
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_fEeHe8suE
Petroleum Refining
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jk0WrtA8_T8&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xHqmjALVng&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8W8SW98-sXQ&feature=related
CARBON COMPOUNDS
The properties of hydrocarbon compounds
are dependent on:
• the number of carbon atoms,
• the type of chemical bonds, and;
• the arrangement of the atoms.
Propane
Boiling Point = - 40oC
Butane
Boiling Point = 0.5oC
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Hydrocarbon Structures
Straight Chains
Rings
Branched*
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Hydrocarbon Structures
Hydrocarbon compounds with the same
molecular formula but different structural
formulas are called Isomers.
Two isomers of C4H10
Isomers of Hexane
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOhEJK4Umds
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Hydrocarbons are classified by their
structures and types of chemical bonds.
• Saturated:
– Alkanes [ single bonds ]
• Unsaturated:
– Alkenes [ at least one double bond ]
– Alkynes [ at least one triple bond ]
– Cyclic or Aromatic [ ring structures ]
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Hydrocarbons
Saturated
Alkanes
Unsaturated
Alkenes
Cyclic /
Aromatic
Alkynes
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Naming Hydrocarbon Compounds
Hydrocarbon are
named by
identifying the
number of carbons
in the longest chain
(using Latin
prefixes) and
adding the suffix
that describes the
molecular structure
(i.e. ane for
alkanes).
# Carbons
Prefix
1
meth
2
eth
3
prop
4
but
5
pent
6
hex
7
hept
8
oct
9
non
10
dec
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Naming Hydrocarbon Compounds
Each type of hydrocarbon structure have
specific elements to consider.
1. Straight Chains
2. Branched Hydrocarbons
3. Cyclic Hydrocarbons
Naming First 10 Alkanes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_BVFBujGN4&feature=fvsr
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Naming Straight-Chained Compounds
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Naming Branched Compounds
When one of the hydrogens in a straight-chained
hydrocarbon is replaced by a hydrocarbon group, it
becomes a Branched Hydrocarbon.
The substituted group
it is called an alkyl group.
It is named by changing
the suffix to yl.
Naming Alkanes (with Alkyl Groups)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKAD-OOOHxg
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Naming Branched Compounds
1. Determine the number of carbons in the longest
continuous chain to establish the root name.
2. Number the carbons in the longest chain
beginning at the end with the closest alkyl group.
3. Identify the substitution group(s) by name and
the number of the carbon to which they are
attached.
4. Compile the name for the compound.
–
–
–
–
The name will end in the root name determined in step 1.
The name must also contain a number to identify the
carbon location of each substitution group.
List the substitution groups in alphabetical order.
Use the prefixes, di, tri tetra, etc., if there are multiples of
the same type of substitution group.
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Naming Branched Compounds
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Naming Cyclic Compounds
1. Identify the appropriate number of carbon atoms and
precede it with Cyclo.
2. Follow the same process as naming branched
hydrocarbons.
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Naming Cyclic Compounds
Benzene is a special aromatic hydrocarbon.
CARBON COMPOUNDS
When a hydrogen is replaced by an atom or
group of atoms it is called a substituted
hydrocarbon.
The substituted
atom or group of
atoms is called a
functional group.
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Common Functional Groups
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Functional Groups
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznLsY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dsCDieAZcs8
CARBON COMPOUNDS
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Examples of Substituted Hydrocarbons
Alcohols
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Examples of Substituted Hydrocarbons
Amino Acid
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Polymer – A large, carbon molecule that
forms when many smaller molecules (called
monomers) join together.
Polymers
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgWgLioazSo
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Polymerization of Ethylene
CARBON COMPOUNDS
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Polymerization of Vinyl Chloride
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Addition Polymerization
Addition Polymerization – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3gpLM8UIA_w
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alkenes-alkynes/alkenereactions/v/polymerization-of-alkenes-with-acid
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Condensation Polymerization
Condensation Polymerization - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VigpwmH7E3M
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Types of Polymers*
Natural
Carbs
Cellulose
Synthetic
Amino Acid Rubber
Nucleic
Acid
Polyethylene
Nylon
* Properties are dependent on the structure of the
polymer (i.e. length/type of chain or ring)
CARBON COMPOUNDS
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Natural Polymers
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Synthetic Polymers
Natural Rubber https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKq42J7SaWw
Rubber Tires https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K474RYse9P8
Erasers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Y0zaYitGcA
Nylon http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7ihpZhCj6k
Plastic Injection Molding https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=eUthHS3MTdA
How it’s Made – Plastic Bags http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CfL5xl2N1Q
How it’s Made – Plastic Bottles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfyPCujUPms
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Structure and Properties of Plastics
TYPE
STUCTURE
PROPERTIES
EXAMPLES
High Density
Polyethylene
Linear
Strong and Rigid
Tupperware, Milk
Jugs
Low Density
Polyethylene
Branched
Flexible
Plastic bags
Cross-Linked
Chains linked
w/other elements
like sulfur
Very Strong
more links = stiffer
Tubing
Wire Insulation
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Properties of Plastics
• Tensile Strength
Amount of pulling force needed to
break.
• Bending Resistance
Resistance to flexing.
• Abrasion Resistance
Resistance to scratching/rubbing.
• Puncture Resistance
Resistance to piercing.
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Properties of Plastics
Properties
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5nX-w9WxNA
Tensile Strength
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzgumWPB_zc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VgE7TaXuUqI
Bending
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVVfFEz5jgM
Motorcycle helmet impact testing
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4_VgPDVeUA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtRdMEoeQbc
Milk Bottles
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSw-W3Tnlxk
Engineering Disposable Diapers
https://m.youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&v=xYNX8y6lQMc
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Properties of Plastics – Secure Landfill
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Properties of Plastics – Secure Landfill
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Proposed Site for Landfill
Proposed Site
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Properties of
Plastics
Impact Testing for
Puncture Resistance
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Plastics – Environmental / Health Issues
American cities produce approximately 640,000,000 kg
of solid waste/day. [ = 1.6km2 x 3m deep ]
What Happens to Plastic bottles . . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6xlNyWPpB8
Mixed Recycling http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOpYa5OKGgY
Plastic Bottles
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TL_qH1ra7J0
Plastic Bags
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6hzhKmw4EY
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Bisphenol A
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Unit Exam