Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2
separation
The state-of-the-art
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2
separation
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Jarosław Milewski
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Radisson Blu
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 1 of 21
CO2 Emission
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
CO2 Emission
1.2
Introduction
CO2 Emission
1
gCO2/kWh
Methods of CO2
separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
P
M ol
M ol and
ac do
ed va
o
Bo C
G nia
re
sn ze
ia ch S ece
- H R er
er ep bia
ze ub
g l
G ovi ic
er na
m
U
Tu an
ni
te I rk y
d re ey
Ki la
ng nd
N Bu dom
et lg
he ar
i
Rorlan a
m d
Po an s
rtu ia
g
S a
Be pai l
la n
Lu
ru
xe
s
m Ita
b l
U our y
k g
Sl rain
ov e
C en
D yp ia
en ru
m s
E ar
st k
o
M
on M nia
te alt
Beneg a
lg ro
C ium
Sl roa
ov tia
Fi aki
H nla a
un nd
Augar
s y
Latria
Fr tvia
an
ce
0
Figure : Mean CO2 emission during power generation in chosen
European countries
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 2 of 21
CO2 Emission
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
I
Electricity consumption = development level of the region
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
CO2 Emission
Methods of CO2
separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 3 of 21
CO2 Emission
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
CO2 Emission
Methods of CO2
separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Question? How we are supposed to do and how to reduce CO2
emission and at the same time not limit the power generation,
which is in today’s world determinant of living standards and
the level of development of each country?
Proposal
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 4 of 21
CO2 separation methods
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Methods of CO2 separation
CO2 separation methods
Net CO 2 avoided =
Introduction
CO 2 reduction with CCS
CO 2 emissions without CCS
Methods of CO2
separation
CO2 separation
methods
Green electricity (if produced)
Heat supply
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2
separation
Industry
CO2 emissions without CCS
The state-of-the-art
CO2 reduction with CCS
Materials issues
Total CO2 produced
Summary
Capture efficiency
Proposal
Figure : Evaluation of CCS measures (Haugen et all 2011)
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 5 of 21
CO2 separation methods
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
Methods for separation of carbon dioxide:
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
I
absorption—the physical and chemical
I
adsorption,
I
membrane separation
I
cryogenic separation.
Introduction
Methods of CO2
separation
CO2 separation
methods
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2
separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Technology used for many years in industrial scale processes are
based on absorption—MEA (monoethanolamine)
I
energy consumption from 0.1 to 0.8 kWh/kgCO2 .
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 6 of 21
CO2 separation methods
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2
separation
CO2 separation
methods
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2
separation
Conclusion! The application of these methods on a large scale
will lead to significant energy (loss of power and efficiency) and
investment costs.
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 7 of 21
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2
separation
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2 separation
I
MCFC reduce the CO2 emission and increasing the efficiency
of electrical power and the system
Introduction
Direct Current (DC)
Methods of CO2
separation
CO2 separation
methods
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2
separation
e−
N2 + O2 + CO2
e−
H2
O2
CO2
e−
−
e
e−
The state-of-the-art
CO2
Materials issues
Summary
H2 O −
e
Proposal
e−
CO2 + H2 O
e−
CO=
2
O2
CO
e− 2
e−
Cathode
Anode
Electrolyte
Figure : Working principles of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 8 of 21
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2
separation
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
I
I
Fuel cells produce electricity in electrochemical processes
There are many various types of fuel cells
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2
separation
CO2 separation
methods
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2
separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Figure : Inside the MCFC stack
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 9 of 21
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2
separation
H2 O
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
CO2
Water
condensation
6.5% CO2
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
400◦ C
Catalytic
Burner
Introduction
15% CO2
Methods of CO2
separation
HX-3
120◦ C
HX-4
400◦ C
MCFC
300◦ C
CO2 separation
methods
O2
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2
separation
HX-1
HX-2
Additional
Air
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Coal Fired
Boiler
Summary
Proposal
H2 O
CH4
◦
630 C
Figure : MCFC for CO2 separating from coal fired boiler
I
We create the hybrid system
I
I
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
There is an additional source of electricity
Increase in the amount of electricity generated
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 10 of 21
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2
separation
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
I
I
A significant reduction CO2
Increase in total efficiency
Introduction
Methods of CO2
separation
CO2 separation
methods
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2
separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Figure : Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells—the layers
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 11 of 21
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2
separation
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2
separation
CO2 separation
methods
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2
separation
Conclusion! The proposed solution is free from drawbacks in
other ways CO2 separation and does not consume any energy
from plant to which it is applied.
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 12 of 21
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2
separation
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2
separation
CO2 separation
methods
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2
separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
(a) MCFC single cell test facility (b) MCFC single cell used for tests
Figure : Single cell laboratory stand
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 13 of 21
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2
separation
Experiment
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
1
Methods of CO2
separation
CO2 separation
methods
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2
separation
0.8
CO2 sepration factor
Introduction
Reference point
+ Hard Coal+ Air
Optimized
0.9
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
0.7
0.6
Reference point
+ Hard Coal+Air
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Reference point
+ Hard Coal
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
0.1
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Current density, A/cm²
0.2
Figure : CO2 separation factor for the analyzed cases
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 14 of 21
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2
separation
Experiment
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
45
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
40
Reference point
+ Hard Coal + Air
Optimized
35
Methods of CO2
separation
CO2 separation
methods
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2
separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Efficiency, %
Introduction
30
25
20
Reference point
+ Hard Coal +Air
15
10
Reference point
+ Hard Coal
5
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
Current density, A/cm²
Figure : Fuel cell efficiency for the analyzed cases
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 15 of 21
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
The state-of-the-art
I
Introduction
Methods of CO2
separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
I
Proposal
I
I
I
I
MFCF operates at 650 ◦ C
I Low enough to use metals
I High enough to CH → H
4
2 (the system can be fed by
Natural Gas)
I High enough for avid to use noble metals (platinum) for
catalysis
MCFC specifications:
I Electrolyte thickness of 1 mm
I Nickel catalyst (vs. platinum)
The thickness of the electrodes ≈1 mm—a tape-casting
method for manufacturing
No heat cycle (there is no limit Carnot efficiency)
No moving parts
Lack of noise
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 16 of 21
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Higher efficiency requires new materials
I
Chemical composition
I
cathode, anode, electrolyte
Introduction
Methods of CO2
separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Figure : Chemical composition of the anode material
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 17 of 21
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
I
Structure
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2
separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
I
size and shape of powder particles
I
porosity
I
surface treatment
Summary
Proposal
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 18 of 21
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2
separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Figure : Structure of anode material
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 19 of 21
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2
separation
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
Summary
1. MCFC-based power plants reach the capacity of hundreds of
MW
2. MCFCs are able to separate CO2 from the flue gas reaching
high performance
3. 25 years Ansaldo Fuel Cell research—”know-how”
3.1 MCFC fuel cell stacks
3.2 A NG reformer (hydrogen production)
3.3 Auxiliary equipment (demi station, etc.)
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 20 of 21
Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells for CO2 separation
Jarosław Milewski,
Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Introduction
Methods of CO2
separation
Proposal
1. Demonstration of highly efficient innovative CCS system
1.1 Capture—Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
1.2 Storage—a Norwegian partner needed
2. MCFC
The state-of-the-art
Materials issues
Summary
Proposal
2.1 Mobile demonstration laboratory—in situ at a power
plant
2.2 Optimizing system design for CO2 capture
2.2.1 material aspects
2.2.2 architecture aspects
2.2.3 power plant integration
2.3 Unknown issues investigation
2.3.1 dust influence (if any)
2.3.2 sulfur dioxide influence
2.3.3 lifetime
Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Institute of Heat Engineering
Warsaw University of Technology
New innovative solution for CO2 capture
Radisson Blu
Slide 21 of 21