NOVEL TECHNOLOGY
FOR CONVERTING
UNSORTED MUNICIPAL
SOLID WASTE TO
REFUSE DERIVED FUEL
THROUGH PROCESS
INTEGRATION
Nzioka A.M., Samgen Enterprise
Troshin A.G., NTU “KhPI”
Goal
Municipal solid waste generation
Solutions to unsorted municipal
solid waste in Kenya
Proposed Novel technology
Characteristics
Environmental aspects
Symbiotic relationship
Exergy analysis
Domestic and Industrial
Production Process
Inefficient
utilisation
of resources
Waste
Products
Byproducts
Liabilities, environmental concerns
and risks
When wastes and
pollution are created
during manufacturing,
the generator
maintains liability
forever and that the
ownership of waste
can never really be
passed on
Cheremisinoff N. P.
Solutions to unsorted
municipal solid waste
LANDFILLING
Developed to meet environmental
compliance by companies and
organisations
Commonly used as the main disposal
method in developing countries
Less cost- effective requiring major
long-term investments
Enormous capital costs
Pose continuous threat to the public
and environment (oduor, fire etc.)
Continuous strain on scarce resources
(land)
WASTE-TO-ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
Proven technology in developed
states for waste eradication
Utilises waste as source of heat
energy thermal power generation
Flue gas cleaning ensures minimal
emission level of toxic substances
Less viable solution to eradication
of municipal solid waste in
developing countries (Kenya)
Nature and composition of waste
Socio-economic factors
60
50
40
39
29
30
20
10
0
19
13
developing nations
developed nations
PROPOSED NOVEL
TECHNOLOGY
Characteristics of
proposed technology
Optimal solution for eradicating
wet and unsorted municipal solid
waste in developing nations
Conversion of combustible waste to
fuel
Recycling of non combustible
material
Effective removal of toxic gaseous
compounds prior to combustion
Reduces demand on land resources
Environmental aspect
Minimal or zero accumulation of
waste before pretreatment
process
 Optimal temperatures for
thermochemical conversion of
waste for effective removal of
toxic compounds (HCl, HF)
Optimal temperatures for drying
Minimal or zero dependence on
external source of heat energy
Current trends in developed
nations indicate an increase in the
use of low calorific coal and
refuse derived fuel
Reduction in overall demand of
non renewable energy resources
Energy demanding industries are
source of heat energy for thermal
processes in refuse derived fuel
production
Symbiotic relationship
(Industry – RDF )
ENERGY DEMANDING
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
HEAT ENERGY
REFUSE DERIVED
PRODUCTION
PROCESS
FUEL
EXERGY ANALYSIS
Case study: Reciprocating
grate cooler for cooling
cement clinker
1200
clinker temperature
cooling air
1000
Adjustment for clinker
temperature at inlet
stage
adjustment for cooling air
at outlet stage
Temperature (deg. cel.0
800
600
400
200
1
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Grate ccoler length (m)
Computed clinker and temperature
profiles
Entropy analysis of a typical
reciprocating grate cooler for
cooling cement clinker
Developed solutions
Case study: reciprocating
grate cooler clinker
Developed solutions
Case study: suspension
preheater system
Municipal solid waste:
Characteristics
Moisture %
60
Moisture content %
50
40
30
Moisture %
20
10
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
days
Development of the proposed
technology will be a source of
both formal and informal
employment
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