Wireless Mobile Broadband for PPDR and
Intelligent Transport Systems
ANSI Homeland Security Standards Panel
Joanne C. Wilson, VP Standards
14 December 2005
ArrayComm: Industry Leadership
• ArrayComm background
o
World leader in smart antenna technology
o
Founded 1992
o
Over 250,000 base stations deployed
o
Extensive patent portfolio in Smart Antenna Technology
o
$250M invested in technology development & commercialization
• Technology and end-to-end systems
o
IntelliCell Smart antenna technology for PHS, GSM, W-CDMA, 802.16
o
End-to-end wireless systems including iBurst, WLL
o
Consistently reducing costs of coverage and capacity
• Business model
o
Software products, services
o
Technology development, transfer
o
Chipsets
1
The Issue
• Public safety agencies need/want to cooperate, both
for
Routine operations: traffic crashes, fires, police operations
o Major emergencies: terrorist attacks, plane/train crashes,
toxic spills, natural disasters
o
• Ability to communicate is a major issue
With one another
o With information sources
o With the public
o
2
The Current Situation
• Many agencies have their own communications systems
Proprietary equipment
o Different bands
o Different protocols
o Inconsistent capabilities for voice and data
o
• Problem compounded across adjoining jurisdictions that need
to to cooperate
• Biggest issues:
o
Lack of interoperability
• An inconvenience for routine operations
• A potential calamity in emergencies
o
Limited spectrally efficiency
• Limits the data rates available –precious time wasted for large downloads
• Limits number of users supported, particularly during emergencies
• Increases CapEx and OpEx of Public Safety networks
3
Operational Needs for Emergencies and Disasters
• Working together means the ability to ...
o
Gather, analyze, and pool information from multiple sources in multiple forms
o
Coordinate operations flexibly and dynamically
o
Disseminate information to the public
• Keep them informed
• Keep them out of trouble
• Get them out of trouble
• This requires
o
Immediate, wide area, high-speed communications
o
Ability to supplement or replace primary communication networks
• Provide stationary and mobile communications
o
Flexible, familiar user-interface
o
Standard terminal equipment and application software
o
Flexible, multi-tiered command and control structure
4
The Equipment Needed to Make Wireless Communications Useful
• Mobile wireless communications can collect reasonable
information and manage the infrastructure better
o
Video cameras at key locations
o
Message signs where the population needs them
o
Buses, trains, police cars, etc. with low cost voice/data devices for
information collection and instructions from the central authorities
o
Direct feeds to radio stations, TV stations, mobile text messages,
internet web pages, etc.
5
Towards a Solution: Mobile BWA w/ VoIP
• Provides a consistent, robust capability that
Works for all routine operations
o Provides priority for emergency operations
o
• Provides high-speed access to data, including private
Internet sites
o
o
o
o
o
o
Graphical, text, or speech output
Commercial vehicle cargo (esp. hazmat)
Building floor plans for firefighters
Medical data for ambulances
Vehicle (and other) records for police
Maps and facility records for major emergencies and evacuation
• Can be installed for public authority communications
Police, fire, ambulance
o Traffic authorities
o Bus and trains
o Collect / provide information to the public
o
6
Towards a Solution: ITS for Public Protection and Disaster Relief
• Manage communications for emergency vehicles
• Facilitate cooperation among first responders (fire,
ambulance, police, etc.)
• Two important facilitators
o
Software Reconfigurable and Cognitive Radios
o
Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
7
Towards a Solution: Safer Vehicles Through ITS
• User applications are migrating to the user’s personal
communicator
o
Vehicles may provide an enhanced user interface when the personal
communicator is used in the vehicle
• Future embedded vehicle data communications will include
applications to
o
Help vehicle manufacturers make better, more attractive vehicles
• Wireless diagnostics, CRM, configuration management of on-board
software, etc.
o
Help enhance safety
• ACN, safety systems support, etc.
o
Provide other vehicle-centered applications (remote door unlock,
stolen vehicle tracking, etc.)
8
Towards a Solution: CALM Architecture for ITS Networks
• CALM* family of mobile communication protocols
Premise: Vehicle communications will be data, not voice
o Voice communications and most user/driver services will be
delivered via the driver’s personal communicator
o
• Future generation phone + PDA + media player
• For seamless use everywhere, not just in-vehicle
• Vehicle may provide an enhanced user interface
o
Vehicle-oriented services using data communications, e.g.:
• Probe-based safety enhancement and automatic crash notification
• Stolen vehicle tracking, remote door unlock
• Updating, activation, management of vehicle system software
Transparent use of multiple media (5.9GHz WAVE, IR, cellular,
MMwave, wireless broadband, etc.)
____________
*Continuous Air interface Long and Medium range
o
9
Benefits of an integrated view
• Mobile Broadband Wireless Access for PPDR
o
Enabling mobile broadband access to always-on, IP-based
applications
• ITS
Addressing the mismatch in life cycles and life spans between the
automotive world and the electronics and communications world
o Safety-oriented communications has to stay available for the
service life of the vehicle
o Move user/driver oriented “Telematics” off the vehicle platform (to
advanced personal communicator)
o
• Together forging an integrated system of
Vehicles/drivers
o Infrastructure/operators
o Wireless communications
o Land-enhanced safety services
o
10
Enabling Technologies
Enabling Technologies
• Need for more spectrally efficient systems and
technologies
o
Adaptive Antennas Systems and Spatial Processing
• Comparison of various wireless systems w/ and
w/o adaptive antenna technology
• Other Key Technologies:
MIMO
o Software Reconfigurable and Cognitive Radios
o
12
The spectral efficiency bottleneck
• Today’s principal spectral inefficiency
o
omnidirectional radiation and reception
• Why?
tiny fraction of power used for communication
o the rest: interference for co-channel users
o
• So:
Exploit spatial properties of RF signals
o Provide gain and interference mitigation
o Improve capacity/quality tradeoff
o And…
o
What is spectral
efficiency?
bits/seconds/Hz/cell
Measures how well a
wireless network utilizes
radio spectrum
Determines the total
throughput each base
station (cell) can
support in a network in
a given amount of
spectrum
Build an air interface from the ground up
optimized for spatial division
13
The Capacity/Coverage Tradeoff
Throughput/cell
(Mbps)
802.11b (83 MHz)
Adaptive Antenna
Benefit
2/2.5G (10 MHz)
Interference
Limited
Noise
Limited
range (km)
Technical Interpretation
• Gain vs. noise, fading, ... expands envelope to right
• Interference mitigation (+ gain) expands it upwards
Economic Interpretation
• Coverage improvements reduce CapEx, OpEx (esp. backhaul, sites)
• Capacity improvements reduce delivery cost, spectrum requirements
14
Adaptive Antennas and Spatial Processing
• Systems comprising
o
multiple antenna elements (antenna arrays)
o
coherent processing
o
signal processing that adapts to operational scenario
• Providing
o
gain and interference mitigation
o
leading to improved signal quality and spectral efficiency
o
leading to improved service quality and economics
• Realized with
o
arrays at the base station or subscriber only (“MISO”)
o
independent processing with arrays at BS and SS (“MIMO”)
o
coordinated processing with arrays at BS and SS (“MIMO”)
15
Adaptive Antenna Concept
User 2,
s2(t)ejt
User 1,
s1(t)ejt
as1(t)
(t)-bs2(t)
as1(t)
(t)+bs2(t)
+1
-1
+1
2as1(t)
+1
2bs2(t)
• Users’ signals arrive with different relative phases and amplitudes
• Processing provides gain and interference mitigation
16
Gain, Active & Passive Mitigation
co-channel user
passive mitigation
user
active mitigation
coherent gain
omni/sector
reference
17
Gains Against Noise & Interference
Power
(dB)
Nominal
Case
Adaptive Antenna
Case
enhanced signal level
signal
level
interference
level
passive interference
mitigation
noise
floor
active interference
mitigation
18
Affect of AAS on System Capacity and Range:
System Capacity
System Range
Mobile Wireless System Capacity in Mature Networks,
Mbps aggregate BTS capacity per MHz available
HC-SDMA
4.0
802.16+AC*
1.7
MC-SCDMA
1.2
(proprietary variant)
PHS+AC*
0.7
GSM+AC*
0.6
WCDMA+AC*
0.4
EV-DO or HSDPA
0.4
Flash-OFDM
0.4
802.16
0.3
TD-CDMA
0.2
WCDMA
0.2
GSM
0.1
PHS
0.04
With ArrayComm
smart antennas
Without
*Standard protocol with base station enhanced by fully adaptive antenna technology
Sources: Vendor claims for maximum BTS throughput, ArrayComm field experience in Korea and Australia, various analysts.
19
Adaptive Antenna System Performance:
Performance
Determinant
Import
GSM/
CDMA2000/
Duplexing
Method
Downlink environment generally
estimated from uplink
WLAN
HC-SDMA
GPRS
WCDMA
FDD
FDD
TDD
TDD
Choices affect AA performance
•Broadcast
•Broadcast
•Limited
training
•Limited
training
•Broadcast
(all
channels)
AA
optimized
protocol
Spatial broadcast channels limit
reuse
Up/down highly correlated with
TDD
Up/down less correlated with
FDD
Protocol
•Limited
training
Downlink performance highest
with recent uplink training data
Service
Definition
Degree of mobility limits
capacity
High
mobility
High
mobility
Portable
Portable
Nulling performance degrades
with high mobility
High mobilitylower capacity
Adaptive antennas benefit all systems, but
HC-SDMA extracts maximum benefits by design
20
Some Comparisons
40
Cell Capacity
System Spectral Efficiency
Throughput in 10 MHz (Mbps)
4.0
3.0
0.16
2.5
GPRS
2.1
2.2
CDMA2000 WCDMA
3.4
1xEV-DO
HC-SDMA
2.0
1.5
250
1.0
Network Capacity
0.5
Number of cells to deliver the
same information density, Mbps per KM2
HC-SDMA
IntelliCell®
WLL
PHS
GSM
HSCSD
GSM
IS-95 HDR
Cdma2000
IS-95C
IS-95B
0
IS-95 A
Spectral Efficiency in bits/sec/Hz/cell
3.5
19
GPRS
18
12
1
CDMA2000 WCDMA 1xEV-DO HC-SDMA
21
Comparisons of data rate performance to many simultaneous users
Per-user data rate trends based on total number of subscribers
Data Rate per User (Mbps)
1.2
1.2
HC-SDMA
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
1xEv-DO
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
3G
GPRS
0.0
0.0
0
0
500
500
1000
1000
1500
1500
2000
2000
2500
2500
3000
3000
Number of Subscribers
Assumes 30X oversubscription, 10MHz total spectrum
Source: ArrayComm analysis, QUALCOMM
22
Base Station Antenna Arrays
• Wide variety of geometries and element types
o
arrangements of off-the-shelf single elements
o
custom arrays
• Array size
o
vertical extent determined by element gain/pattern as usual
o
horizontal extent, as small as 3-5 lambda
o
regular structures with 0.5 lambda subarrays desirable for FDD
• 2 GHz: array of eight 10 dBi elements is 0.5 x 0.75 m
o
small!
o
conformal arrays for aesthetics
23
Additional Comments on MIMO
• MIMO can provide peak-rate increase for point-to-point,
noise-limited applications
o
unproven performance in mobile environments
o
unproven performance in interference-limited environments
o
coverage benefits only if ALL devices in network support MIMO
• Requirements for MIMO gains
o
increased subscriber device cost/complexity
o
air interface overhead for training
• MIMO benefits may not be realized with repeaters
o
simple interposed repeater reduces MIMO to MISO
o
no capacity gain over MISO (AAS) in that case
o
complex, “smart” repeaters required if MIMO transparency desired
24
Additional Comments on MIMO
• MISO (AAS) is robust, initial starting point
o
provides coverage
o
controls interference, increases capacity
• SS smart antennas can be introduced at any time
o
provides enhanced data rates, end-user experience (coverage)
o
complements BS AAS
• MIMO is a software upgrade at that point
o
can be deployed if and when it is necessary
25
Software Reconfigurable and Cognitive Radios
• Radio functionality defined by software
o
Allows radios to dynamically adapt to different protocols and
frequencies so that first responders can cooperate without
clashing
• Provides for interoperability among agencies using
multiple wireless systems
• Lower post-deployment costs
• Provides compatibility with new technologies and
systems
26
Status of Standardization:
Mobile BWA and ITS
Adaptive Antennas in All New Broadband Systems
ITU Recommendation M.1678 (2004):
“This Recommendation considers the ability of adaptive antenna
systems to improve the spectral efficiency of land mobile networks and
recommends their use in the deployment of new and the further
enhancement of existing mobile networks. It also recommends the
integration of this new technology into the development of new radio
interfaces.”
802.11n,
proprietary
User Data Rate
802.11
802.16
W-LAN
WiFi
802.20
MMDS/FWA
Cable/DSL
Satellite
MBWA
802.16d
802.16e
HSDPA
WCDMA, CDMA2K
3G
3G
Dialup
Mobility
28
Status of Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Standardization
• HC-SDMA standard developed in ATIS based on iBurst
protocol (version 1.3.1) adopted as an ANSI Standard –
September 14, 2005
• 802.16e (Mobile WiMAX) adopted by IEEE-SA Board –
December 6, 2005
• IEEE 802.20 in the process of technology selection toward
completion of standard by EOY’06
• ITU-R Working Party 8A developing recommendation and
report on BWA for the Mobile Service below 6 GHz
• ISO/TC204 initiating work leading toward ISO standard for
use of 802.16e and HC-SDMA by Intelligent Transport
Systems (ITS)
29
New Wireless Broadband Project in ISO/TC 204
• ISO/NP 25111: “Intelligent Transport Systems - CALM - General
Support for Mobile Broadband Wireless Access in the CALM
environment ” adopted in April 2005 at Paris meeting of
ISO/TC204
• Scope:
o
Specify the functions for the use of Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
(MBWA) Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) in the CALM environment for
Medium and Long Range wireless communications in the ITS sector.
o
This work will facilitate the development of standardised interfaces to the
CALM architecture currently being defined by another part of TC204/WG16,
and therefore a set of Layer 3 and above interface parameters will also be
defined.
o
This work will help developers and operators of road traffic communication
systems achieve communication functions that support a wide range of
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) applications. Initial areas of broad band
deployment have been identified. This work will include a continuous
exploration of new broadband technologies as they are developed.
30
New WiMAX Project in ISO/TC 204
• ISO/NP 25112: “Intelligent Transport Systems - CALM - IEEE
802.16 (WiMAX) as a Communications Technology under CALM”
adopted in April 2005 at Paris meeting of ISO/TC204
• Scope:
o
A standardised set of Layer 3 and above protocols and parameters for use of
IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) in CALM. This may include specifications for both
Master/Slave and Peer-to-Peer Communications. The project will support
communications using IEEE 802.16 (i.e., WiMAX) standards.
o
It is planned that this work will allow an interface to the CALM architecture
currently being defined by another part of TC204/WG16, and therefore a set
of interface parameters will also be defined.
o
This work will help developers and operators of road traffic communication
systems to achieve communication functions that support a wide range of
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) applications.
31
New HC-SDMA Project in ISO/TC204
• ISO/NP25113: “Intelligent Transport Systems - CALM -
Standardise Specific Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
Communications Systems” adopted in April 2005 at Paris
meeting of ISO/TC204
• Scope:
o
A standardised approach, including protocols and parameters, for
Medium and Long Range communications, for currently deployed
MBWA MANs and specifications for both Master/Slave and Peer-toPeer Communications that support vehicles traveling at highway
speeds.
o
Support communications over existing MBWA MANs, including,
among others, HC-SDMA that is being standardized by ATIS WTSCWWINA, and which is embodied in the iBurst system.
o
Allow an interface to the CALM architecture currently being defined by
another part of TC204/WG16.
o
Help developers and operators of road traffic communication systems
achieve communication functions that support a wide range of
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) applications.
32
Deployments: iBurst (HC-SDMA)
iBurst Network/Service Model
Billing and Service
Platforms
Packet Service Switch
(Tunnel Switch, PDSN)
iBurst
Base Station
Content provider
Enterprise VPN
WAN
iBurst
Subscribers
iBurst
Base Station
ASP
ISP
DSL
PSTN
Cable
Internet
Cellular
iBurst
Base Station
Access & Transport
Service
34
Air Interface Highlights
• Time division duplex (TDD)
o
maximize flexibility in band selection
o
maximize flexibility in accommodating asymmetry
o
maximize benefits of adaptive antenna processing
• Packet switched TDMA/SDMA multiple access scheme
• Channel coding and fast ARQ for reliability
• Centralized resource allocation for efficiency, QoS
• Inter-cell and inter-system (e.g., 802.11) handover
• “Reliable pipe”
• Peak per-user rate 16 Mbps, initially 1 Mbps
• 40 Mbps throughput in 10 MHz (DSLAM equivalent)
35
iBurst Key Features
Feature
Importance
Public Safety
Notes
High Capacity
(20 Mbps throughput in 5 MHz)
•Reduced # of sites and
•Rapid deployment
•Bandwidth for
associated Cap/Op-Ex
broadband and
narrowband apps
High Spectral Efficiency
(4 b/s/Hz in loaded network)
•Reduced spectrum
Extended Range,
Improved Penetration
•Reduced number of sites and
•Better coverage for in-
High Peak User Data Rate
(up to 16 Mbps/user downlink)
•Support broadband
•GIS, surveillance data
QoS Support
•Tiered service
•delay/latency sensitive apps
•Prioritization of critical
requirements
•TDD spectrum relatively
available
associated Cap/Op-Ex
applications
along with BE services
building responders
services
•Bandwidth management
among agencies
36
iBurst Key Features (Cont’d)
Feature
Importance
Public Safety
Notes
Self Organizing
•Reduced planning for new
•Rapid field deployment
•Vehicular handoff, 802.11
•Mobile IP handover with
builds and capacity addition
Mobility Support
interworking (Mobile IP)
other public safety
networks
Reliable, Transparent IP Transport
•Use existing app’s, services
•Device agnostic
Backhaul Agnostic
•Ease of deployment
•Satellite, P2P microwave
Uses Existing IP Core
•Providers use existing billing,
•App’s, authorization,
provisioning, authentication,
authorization platforms
transport
authentication same in
field as in back office
37
Two nationwide-scale networks thriving now
South Africa
Australia
http://www.iburst.co.za
http://www.iburst.com.au
38
WBS Network in South Africa
• 33 live base stations
» Coverage in Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, and
Pretoria
• Over 9,000 subscribers
» 69% desktop
» 31% laptop (PCMCIA card)
• Full NOC in Johannesburg & POP in Cape Town
• FULL ISP services (Tier-2 ISP):
» Email
» Domain registration and
» Hosting services
• IP bandwidth management per session/product/protocol
• Pseudo & customized VPN solutions
39
WBS Network in South Africa, continued
• Currently covering 4 major cities.
• Increase to 6-8 cities by end of 2005
• Current coverage design is >5 km radius
o
Moving to 3 km and better in CBDs and urban areas
40
The PBA Network Today
• 73 sites
• Coverage: 5m pops, 3500 sq km
• Sydney Melbourne Brisbane Canberra & Gold Coast
– all backhauled to Sydney
• Broadband widely available
• 50:50 sales of PCMCIA & desktop modem
o
Laptop PC sales growing rapidly, desktop flat
o
Increasing interest in VoIP
41
Thank you!
Creating value by enabling
last mile wireless broadband
access — at home, in the office,
or on the go.
42