Biology I (H)
NAME:_____________________________ _______
Study Guide: CH 22 ECOSYSTEMS & THE BIOSPHERE
E. S. Gustafson
PERIOD: ____
SECTION 22-1: ENERGY TRANSFER
PRODUCERS
What are producers?
What two autotrophic processes do producers utilize? Provide example organisms for each type.
Who are the major producers in terrestrial ecosystems? Who are the major producers in aquatic
ecosystems?
Define gross primary productivity.
What is biomass?
Define net primary productivity.
Which two biomes have the highest average net primary productivity?
Which two biomes have the lowest average net primary productivity?
CONSUMERS
How do heterotrophs obtain energy?
Name four groups of organisms that are heterotrophic.
How are consumers grouped by ecologists?
Explain what herbivores are & provide some examples.
Explain what carnivores are & provide some examples.
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Explain what omnivores are & provide some examples.
Explain what detritivores are & provide some examples.
Explain what decomposers are & provide some examples.
Why are decomposers important to ecosystems?
ENERGY FLOW
How does energy move through an ecosystem?
Explain what an organism’s trophic level is.
Use the boxes below to construct a typical trophic sequence that might exist in the desert outside of Las
Vegas.
Explain what a food chain is.
Briefly describe a typical food chain using example organisms.
What is a food web?
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Examine the food web illustrated below.
What organisms represent producers? ______________________________
What organism(s) represent(s) an omnivore? ______________________________
What organisms are prey for the leopard seal? _______________________________________________
What organism is the top carnivore in this food web? ______________________________
What percent of the total energy consumed at one trophic level is incorporated into the organisms in the
next level?
What is the range of values for energy transfer from one trophic level to the next?
Describe four reasons why the percentage of energy transfer from one level to the next is so low.
Relate the relative abundance of organisms to their position in the trophic structure.
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SECTION 22-2: ECOSYSTEM RECYCLING
Explain what a biogeochemical cycle is.
THE WATER CYCLE
Define transpiration.
Define precipitation & provide five examples of precipitation.
Examine the illustration below & label the numbered arrows.
1.
__________________________
2.
__________________________
3.
__________________________
4
2
4.
__________________________
5.
__________________________
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1
1/3
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THE CARBON CYCLE
What two processes form the basis of the carbon cycle?
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Examine the illustration below & label the numbered arrows.
1.
_________________________
2.
_________________________
1
2
3.
_________________________
4.
_________________________
4
3
THE NITROGEN CYCLE
Explain what nitrogen-fixation is.
Describe what nitrogen-fixing bacteria do in the terrestrial nitrogen cycle.
What group of bacteria can perform this function in aquatic environments? (Not in text)
Examine the illustration below & label the numbered arrows.
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Examine the illustration below & match the numbered labels to the processes listed below.
A. Nitrification: _____
B. Nitrogen-fixation in plant roots: _____
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C. Ammonification: _____
D. Atmospheric nitrogen: _____
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E. Denitrification: _____
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2
F.
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Assimilation: _____
3
G. Nitrogen-fixation in soil: _____
4
5
H. Waste/Death: _____
What causes ammonification & why is important to ecosystems?
Describe the process of nitrification.
Describe the process of denitrification.
Label the diagram
at right.
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SECTION 22-3: TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
THE SEVEN MAJOR BIOMES
How are biomes distinguished & commonly identified?
TUNDRA
Where is the tundra located?
What is permafrost?
Provide examples of plants that are typically associated with the tundra.
Provide examples of animals typically associated with the tundra.
TAIGA
Where is the taiga located?
Provide examples of plants that are typically associated with the taiga.
Provide examples of animals typically associated with the taiga.
TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FORESTS
List some locations for temperate deciduous forests.
Provide examples of plants that are typically associated with temperate deciduous forests.
Provide examples of animals typically associated with temperate deciduous forests.
TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS
List some locations for temperate grasslands & associate these locations with specific names.
Provide examples of plants that are typically associated with temperate grasslands.
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Provide examples of animals typically associated with temperate grasslands.
How have humans utilized the fertile soil of temperate grasslands?
DESERTS
List some locations for deserts.
Where are some so-called “cold deserts” located?
Describe some adaptations of plants to desert conditions.
Provide examples of plants that are typically associated with deserts.
Provide examples of animals typically associated with deserts.
In what desert is the city of Las Vegas located?
SAVANNAS
List some locations for savannas.
Provide examples of plants that are typically associated with savannas.
Provide examples of animals typically associated with savannas.
TROPICAL RAINFORESTS
List some locations for tropical rainforests.
Provide examples of plants that are typically associated with tropical rainforests.
What is the forest canopy?
What is an epiphyte?
Provide examples of animals typically associated with tropical rainforests.
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OTHER BIOMES
List three other biomes not specifically mentioned in your text.
What famous mountain range is found in north western Nevada?
SECTION 22-4: AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
OCEAN ZONES
Distinguish between the photic zone & the aphotic zone.
List & describe the three ecological zones extending outward from land.
1.
2.
3.
Distinguish between the pelagic zone & the benthic zone.
What are some adaptations of organisms living in the intertidal zone?
Describe some features of the neritic zone that are important to living things.
Where in the neritic zone do we find the greatest species richness?
Who are the producers in the upper parts of the pelagic oceanic zone?
Provide examples of animals living in the upper oceanic zone.
List & describe some features of a typical vent community in the benthic oceanic zone.
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Where are estuaries found?
Name some examples of estuary communities.
Provide examples of plants that are typically associated with estuaries.
Provide examples of animals typically associated with estuaries.
Use you book to label the diagram below.
a. ___________________
b. ___________________
c. ___________________
d. ___________________
FRESHWATER ZONES
Describe between eutrophic lakes & ponds & oligotrophic lakes & ponds.
Provide some examples of animals that are associated with lakes & ponds.
Provide some examples of animals that are associated with rivers & streams.
What famous oligotrophic lake is found on the Nevada-California border?
What famous river flows along the eastern border of southern Nevada?
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