USE OF THE LITERATURE
Standar Kompetensi
• Mahasiswa mampu menggunakan literatur
untuk mendukung sebuah pembuatan karya
tulis ilmiah
Referensi
• Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches by John W. Cresswell (1994)
Purposes of the literature
•
The literature in a research study accomplishes
several purposes:
a. It shares with the reader the results of other
studies that are closely related to the study being
reported
b. It relates a study to the larger, filling in gaps, and
extending prior study
c. It provides a framework for establishing the
importance of the study, as well as a benchmark for
comparing the results of a study with other findings
The Literature in a Qualitative or Quantitative
Study
• One of the chief reasons for conducting a
qualitative study is that the study is
exploratory; not much has been written about
the topic or population being studied, and the
researcher seeks to listen to informants and to
build a picture based on their ideas
•
Three placement locations on where to use the
literature in a qualitative study
a. Discuss the related literature in the introduction to
a study. It provides a useful backdrop for the
problem – who has studied it, who has indicated
the importance of studying the issue
b. To review the literature in a separate section.
c. The researcher may incorporate the related in the
final section of the study, where it is used to
compare and contrast the result
• Quantitative studies include a substantial
amount of literature to provide direction for
the research questions or hypotheses
• Regardless of the placement, the literature is
used deductively as a framework for the
research questions or hypotheses
• Cooper (1984) suggested the literature
reviews can be integrative where they simply
are summaries of past research and
theoretical review, wherein the researcher
focuses on extant theory that relates to the
problem being studied
• And a methodological review in which the
researcher focuses on methods and
definitions. These reviews may provide not
only a summary of studies but also an actual
critique of the strengths and weaknesses of
the method sections
Type for Using Literature in a Qualitative
Study (summary)
• The literature is used to “frame” the problem
in the introduction the study
• The literature is presented in a separate
section as a “review of the literature”
• The literature is presented in the study at the
end, it becomes a basis for comparing and
contrasting findings of the qualitative study
Materials to Include in a Review
• Mention the problem being addressed
• State the central purpose or focus of the study
• Briefly state information about the sample,
population, or subjects
• Depending on whether or not the review is a
methodological review, point out technical
and methodological flaws in the study
The Material Extracted
• Mention the problem being addressed by the
article or book
• Identify the central theme of the study
• Identify the major conclusions related to this
theme
• If the review type is methodological, mention
flaws in reasoning, logic, force of argument,
and so forth
A Priority for Reviewing the Literature
• Begin with journal articles
start with the most recent studies about the
topic
• Review books related to the topic
• Follow the search by reading recent
conference papers on a topic
• Look at other abstracts
A Model for Delimiting the Literature Review
• Qualitative: Consider a literature review to be
composed of five components: an
introduction, Topic 1 (about the used
theories), Topic 2 (methodology), Topic 3
(results), and a summary (shortage)
• Quantitative: Consider a literature review to
be composed of five components: an
introduction, Topic 1 (about the independent
variable), Topic 2 (dependent variable), Topic 3
(studies that address both variables), and a
summary
A Research Map of the Literature
• A useful tool for this task is to design a map of
the research literature. Maps are visual
renderings of the literature
• The central idea is that the researcher begins
to build a visual picture of existing research
about a topic
Quiz time…
• Try to work on your literature review and
develop your visual map