Household Energy Use
Survey Harmonization
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Presentation Outline
 Background –
Importance of Monitoring Household Energy Use for Health
 Household Energy Survey Harmonization Process
 Reaching the Finish Line: Outputs
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Importance of Monitoring
Household Energy Use
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
WHO Monitors Household Energy Use
 Historical tracking: WHO has monitored household energy
use and its health impacts for over a decade
– MDG/SDG reporting, World Health Statistics, etc.
 Nationally-representative estimates of household energy
use:
– Used in a statistical model to provide global, regional and country level
(total, urban, rural) estimates
 Publicly available & used by countries and partners
(e.g. IEA, GACC, WB)
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
WHO Household Energy Databases
• The WHO HHE database currently houses data on the main energy
source for:
• Cooking: 964 surveys, 161 countries, 1970-2015
• Lighting: 243 surveys, 88 countries, 1963-2014
• Heating: 74 surveys, 30 countries, 1980-2015
… updates in process, and new data welcome
All surveys are nationally-representative
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
How does WHO use national survey data?
 Global population relying
primarily on polluting &
clean fuel and
technologies (1980-2015)
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
How does WHO use national survey data?
Exposure to
household air pollution
3.1 billon people
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
How does WHO use national survey data?
Exposure to
household air pollution
3.1 billon people
Disease burden from
household air pollution
~4 million deaths per
year
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Monitoring Household Energy Use
Required for SDG Goal 7
Goal 7
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for
all
Indicator
7.1.2
Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and
technologies
Proportion of population with access to electricity
Indicator
7.1.1
• Excludes kerosene (a nonsolid fuel)
• Emission rates drive innovation in renewable technologies
Currently there are no widely-available biomass stoves that can
be considered ‘clean’, however with further innovation in new
affordable and efficient home technologies (e.g. low-emission
cookstoves), the articulation of this indicator allows for such
innovations to be positively counted toward this target and
others (e.g. Target 3.9)
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Clean HHE
WHO IAQG define “clean” for health
Normative guidance found in the WHO Guidelines for
indoor air quality: household fuel combustion provide:
• Emission rate targets for PM2.5 and CO that determine
whether fuel and technology combinations are “clean” for
health
• Guidance on the policy in transition to the sustained
adoption of clean fuels and technologies – will take time
& vary across settings
• Recommendations against kerosene and
unprocessed coal use
• Emphasis on importance of addressing all main
household energy end uses for health benefits
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
WHO is Custodial Agency for
Air Pollution-Related SDGs
SDG 7.1.2: Percentage of population with
primary reliance on
clean fuels and technologies
SDG 11.6.2: Annual urban mean concentration
of particulate matter (PM2.5), populationweighted.
SDG 3.9.1: Mortality from air pollution
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Presentation Outline
 Background –
Importance of Monitoring Household Energy Use for Health
 Household Energy Survey Harmonization Process
 Reaching the Finish Line: Outputs
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Historical Perspective: National Household Surveys
A story of the good, the bad and the ugly...
The good...
The ugly...
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
The less good (bad)...
Historical Perspective: National Household Surveys
A story of the good, the bad and the ugly...
The good...
The less good
(bad)...
Usually able to use one question:
What is your main cooking fuel?
The ugly...
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Review of Multi-Stakeholder Survey
Harmonization Process
Two stakeholder meetings (GACC 2013 &
PAHO 2015)
Development of enhanced HHE survey
instrument in multiple formats
Piloting, refinement and alignment
Finalization, dissemination & capacitybuilding in countries (Current/Future)
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Challenges for Global Monitoring of
Household Energy Use
 Harmonization–missing a systematic system of validated
questions & response options
 Enhanced assessment – measure more than just main fuel
for cooking
• Include heating, lighting
• Assess all fuels used
 Time, resources & questionnaire space (PRACTICALITY)
 Country support – countries need to be better understand
the value of this information, have the capacity to capture
this information and the resources to do so
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Survey Harmonization Goals
 Multi-stakeholder household energy survey
harmonization process is led by WHO in cooperation with
Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves and World Bank
 Goals
– Enhance and harmonize household surveys to
ensure same essential data is captured by all
surveys
– Facilitate monitoring of SDGs
– Account for all fuels and technologies used for
cooking, heating, lighting
• Ideally, provide data on household energy use
impacts on health, gender, environment, etc.
– Ensure alignment with MTF of SE4All GTF
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Household Energy Use Questions
 Essential questions for SDG monitoring
*
–
–
–
–
–
7 essential questions for monitoring SDG 7.1.2
Primary fuels and technologies for cooking, heating, lighting
Questions structured to capture use of clean solid fuel technologies
Target audience: national surveys, censuses
Focus of discussion today
 Other priority questions
– Use of other fuels and technologies for cooking, heating, and
lighting
– Cooking location
– Time use/health questions
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Comprehensive Household Energy Use
Survey
 Additional questions that capture more details
– Frequency of use, expenditures / prices
– Characterization of wood biomass stoves and fuels
– Target audience: surveys focused on energy use
 For finalization in near future
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Review of Pilot Efforts
N
Cameroon – Daniel Pope, Nigel Bruce, Eliza
Survey
Length
Avg.
Min.
1500
Preferred
Survey
Format
List
Short
12
250
Matrix
Long
15
58
List
Short
20
174
List
Short
20
200
Both
Both
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Puzzolo, Nganda Malea, U. Liverpool, GLPGP
Paraguay – Karin Troncoso, PAHO
Benin - Herve Lanwin, MSF
Peru – Stella Hartinger, Daniel Maeusezahl,
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
Ghana – Kwaku Poku Asante, Martha Abdulai,
Ghana Health Services
Peru – Kendra Williams, William Checkley,
Johns Hopkins University
Belize – MICS
Costa Rica - MICS
Household Energy
Use
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Tanzania
Edmund Bell-King,
Colalight
MICS 6 Indicators
 MICS 6 includes 9 household energy questions
 Questions ask about primary fuels and technologies for:
– Cooking, heating, lighting and ventilation
 Appreciate MICS team for testing and incorporating these questions!
 http://mics.unicef.org/tools
HOUSEHOLD ENERGY USE
13.1
Access to electricity
HC
Number of household members with access to electricity
Total number of household members
SDG
Indicator
7.1.1
13.2
Primary reliance on clean fuels
and technologies for cooking,
space heating and lighting
EU
Number of household members with primary reliance on clean fuels and
technologies for cooking, space heating and lighting
Total number of household members
SDG
Indicator
7.1.2
13.3
Primary reliance on clean fuels
and technologies for cooking
EU
Number of household members with primary reliance on clean fuels and
technologies for cooking
Total number of household members
13.4
Primary reliance on clean fuels
and technologies for space
heating
EU
Number of household members with primary reliance on clean fuels and
technologies for space heating
Total number of household members
13.5
Primary reliance on clean fuels
and technologies for lighting
EU
Number of household members with primary reliance on clean fuels and
technologies for lighting
Total number of household members
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Presentation Outline
 Background –
Importance of Monitoring Household Energy Use for Health
 Household Energy Survey Harmonization Process
 Reaching the Finish Line: Outputs
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
A Closer Look at the “NEW”
Household Energy Use Questions
 Available in 3 Formats
List
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Matrix
Concise
Matrix
Products of
Survey Harmonization Process
 Survey documents, in multiple formats
 Household Energy Use Questionnaire
Guide, explains the importance of each
question, and calculations for constructing
indicators
 Household Energy Use Catalog, with
detailed descriptions of all answer options for
survey questions, including pictorial guides
(can be used in training)
 Interviewer Manual, for training and a
reference tool
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
WHO Indicator Calculation
 For reporting SDG 7.1.2, WHO will report:
–
–
–
–
Primary reliance on clean cooking fuels and technologies
Primary reliance on clean lighting fuels and technologies
Primary reliance on clean heating fuels and technologies
Composite indicator: Primary reliance on clean fuels and
technologies for cooking AND heating AND lighting
– Historical indicator: Primary use of solid fuel for cooking
 WHO will also calculate:
– Household use of clean, transitional, and polluting fuels
for cooking, heating and lighting
– Data will be available from WHO
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
WHO Indicator Calculation
Using Survey Data (Example)
Clean - unexposed
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Transitional
Polluting- exposed
A Closer Look at the “NEW”
Priority HHE Use Questions
 7 essential questions
 Designed for use at
national, local or project
level
 More exhaustive and
detailed list of fuels and
technology options
 Complementary documents
provided
 Captures multiple fuels and
technologies for cooking,  Provided in multiple formats
heating and lighting
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Main Cookstove / Cooking Device
*
*
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Next Steps
 WHO finalized questions based on feedback from
piloting and consultations
 WHO will finalize supporting documentation and provide
support to countries in their implementation
 WHO will incorporate findings into their databases and as
soon as possible, incorporate the results of more robust
surveys into reporting
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Thank You
Questions or Comments?
Jessica Lewis
[email protected]
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Extra Slides
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Fuel Used in Main Cookstove /
Cooking Device
 Main Fuel
 Cooking Location
*
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Main Space Heating Device
*
*
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Main Space Heating Fuel
*
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Main Lighting Device
*
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Electricity Section
*
*
*
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use
Time Use and Health (Recommended)
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Survey Harmonization: Household Energy Use