Integrated Science EOC Review
Science is

asking questions

carrying out experiments

analyzing results

repeating this process as often as needed
Displaying Results, Interpreting Graphs
Independent variable: is what you manipulate/change; it’s the cause (in cause and effect); it’s typically on the x-axis
Dependent variable: is what you measure/observe; it’s the effect (in cause and effect); it’s typically on the y-axis
Look at the graph on the left:
- What is the independent variable? The dependent?
- What is the number of bacteria after 6.5 hours?
Now look to the graph on the right:
- What are the independent and dependent
variables?
- What battery do you want in your flashlight?
Duracell? Or a different one? Why?
- Can you figure out the question this experiment
answers? What could their hypothesis have been?
Now look to the graph on the left:
- What are the independent and dependent variables?
- What’s better, glass or plexi-glass? How do you know?
- Why were 5 trials done? Why not just do it once?
- Why isn’t this graph done as a line graph
Energy: Energy is defined as the ability to cause change or do work
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Energy can only be transformed from one form to
another
Energy transformation always results in less useful
energy because some is “lost,” usually as heat
Thermal energy is the sum of the kinetic energy of
all of the particles in the system. Heat is the transfer
of thermal energy from an object with a higher
temperature to one with a lower temperature. Heat is
transferred one of three ways -
Conduction – requires contact; most likely in
solids, particularly metals

Convection – requires a liquid or gas because
the cool sinks (more dense) and the hot rises (less
dense)

Radiation – infrared radiation; you feel the
heat from the sun. Does not require matter to move
Temperature
A quantitative measure of the degree to which an object is ‘hot’
…remember ‘cold’ is the absence of heat
It is the average kinetic energy in a sample
Units of temperature oF, oC, K
(Fahrenheit, Celsius or Centigrade, Kelvin)
-273 oC = 0 K  0 K is absolute zero
Temperature does not depend upon the amount of a substance
…if water is 100oC it doesn’t matter whether it’s a bathtub full or a teacup
Earth’s Systems
Atmosphere - this system includes the mixture of gases that surround the
planet
Biosphere - this system includes all living things, including plants,
animals and other organisms
Geosphere - this system includes the crust, mantle and inner & outer
core
Hydrosphere - this system is the planet’s water, including oceans, lakes,
rivers, ground water, ice and water vapor
* The spheres are interrelated by various Geochemical cycles (Carbon,
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Water) -- the movement of these elements &
compound through the different spheres
Geochemical Cycle -- Water Cycle
The Sun’s energy drives this cycle

precipitation: rain, snow, sleet

runoff: water running over land to
lakes, rivers, oceans (bodies of water)

infiltration: water soaking into the
ground, becoming groundwater (and
aquifers) from precipitation or from bodies
of water

water table: the level of water
underground; how deep do you have to dig
when you put in a well?

evaporation: liquid water becoming a
vapor, occurs with all bodies of water; just
like a glass of water that will empty over time
as it sits on the counter

evapotranspiration: water lost by
plants

condensation: water vapor that forms
clouds, potentially falling back to the earth
Plate Tectonics
Movement of the Earth’s crust by convection currents in the mantle
Evidence

earthquakes and volcanic activity where the plates meet

existence of trenches and mid-ocean ridges (edges of plates)

how the continents look like a jigsaw puzzle (Continental Drift)
Divergent boundary: Plates pulling apart; mid-ocean ridges
Convergent-subduction: Plates coming together with oceanic plate
subducting (going under) the continental plate; trenches, volcanoes,
earthquakes
Convergent-collision: Plates coming together and producing uplift;
mountains and earthquakes
Transform: Plates sliding past each other; earthquakes
Geologic Time
Relative Dating

The deeper the sedimentary rock, the older the rock because newer rock is
deposited on the surface, on top of the older rock

Geologic features, such as faults, dikes, and igneous intrusions are younger than
the rocks they cut.

Fossils are associated with particular points in time (index fossil’s lived &
died in a small window of time), this allows
o the approximation of a rock layer’s age
o match different rocks of the same age because they have the same fossil
Absolute Dating = the actual age of a rock
Radiometric methods
 relies on elements that are radioactive
 radioactive elements emit radiation, like Uranium-238 (or carbon-14 for material that used to be alive)
Half-life is literally the time it takes for half a radioactive sample to decay to something stable (not radioactive).
Notice how the amount changes in the graph below
 after one half-life, 50% has decayed & 50% remains radioactive
 after two half-lives, another 50% decayed, BUT it was 50% of 50%, so 25% remains radioactive
Rock Cycle: A series of
processes by which rocks change
from one type of rock to
another.
Rocks are made of minerals.
Minerals are naturally occurring,
inorganic solid with a crystal
structure and a characteristic
chemical composition.
Matter is stuff!
- it has mass
- it takes up space
It can be classified by composition (mixtures and pure substances)
It exists in different states (or
phases of matter)
Chemical Reactions
Reactants  products

All reactions must be balanced because of the Law of Conservation of Mass
Matter is made of atoms
Notice:
1. the protons and electrons are charged, oppositely charged
2. the protons and neutons are in the nucleus
3. the electrons are in the cloud surrounding the nucleus
4. Atomic number is the number of protons.
5. Mass number is the number of protons and neutrons
Isotopes
Same element (see all of the versions of hydrogen)
but with a different number of neutrons (which
Hydrogen-1
Hydrogen-2
Hydrogen-3
produces a different mass number)
Ions
Atoms are normally neutral, meaning they have no charge (# protons = # electrons)
When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become ions (# protons Does Not = # electrons & they are charged)
positive charge = more protons than electrons
negative charge = more electrons than protons
Radioactivity
Unstable Isotopes spontaneously decay or emit radiation
Fission & Fusion Both fission & fusion can become self-sustaining chain reactions.
Fusion is what occurs in the
sun; notice it occurs when 2
small nuclei fuse together to
form a bigger nucleus
Fission is what drives most
nuclear power plants; it
occurs when a really large
nucleus is split into 2
smaller nuclei. The first
fission bomb was tested at
the Trinity Site in 1945.
Periodic Table – organized
information about the elements
Periods are rows
Groups = Families are columns
(Remember: atoms in families
are the most similar)
Motion




distance= far you travel , no direction
displacement=how far you are from where you started ; direction
speed=how fast you are going; no direction
velocity=how fast and in what direction
Velocity= distance/time
Constant Velocity
Acceleration = change in velocity/time
At Rest
Constant Acceleration
v=velocity final-velocity initial
Newton’s Three Laws
1. An object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted on by an outside force
2. Force = mass x acceleration
3. For every action there is an equal but opposite reaction
Gravity (g)=9.8m/s2 The acceleration of a falling object on the Earth
***All objects would fall at the same rate regardless of mass if there were no air resistance (like on the
moon!)***
An objects size and shape (not weight or mass) effect how fast it falls because of air resistance
Terminal velocity is when a falling object stops accelerating because the upward force of air resistance
equals the downward force of gravity
Lunar Cycle
The moon completes an orbit around the earth = 28
days
New moon to Full moon is always based upon the
position of the earth, moon & sun
- if the moon is between the sun & earth, it’s a ‘new
moon’
- if the earth is between the sun & moon, it’s a ‘full
moon’
Night & Day
A revolution of the earth upon its axis = 24hrs
- the side to the sun = Day
- the side away from the sun = Night
Seasons
Tilt of the Earth determines the season
Seasons are yearly because they change based on the
earth’s orbit of the sun = 1 year = 12 months = 365
days
- if northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, it’s
summer (& winter in the southern hemisphere)
- if northern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun,
it’s winter (& summer in the southern hemisphere)
Stars
As wavelength increases (top line)
- energy is lower (bottom line)
- frequency is lower (middle line)
Wavelength varies in size: soccer fields (longer) to the
size of a water molecule (shorter)
Energy (& frequency) are higher when wavelength is
shorter; lower when wavelength is longer
ROYGBIV = Visible light (between infrared & UV) - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
Red - longest wavelength, lowest energy, lowest frequency
Violet - shortest wavelength, highest energy, highest frequency
Telescopes use different wavelengths of light to look at different celestial objects. Optical telescopes were used
starting in the 1600’s to look at things that couldn’t be seen with the naked eye. The VLA (very large array)
outside Socorro looks for radio waves. Because light has a finite speed, when we look at objects in the sky we are
looking into the past.
Absorption & Emission
- electrons can absorb energy from light (photons, a
particle of light); see the bottom part of the diagram at
left
- electrons then emit light and spectral lines (lines of
color = specific energy as shown in EM diagram at the
top of the page) are produced; see three similar diagrams
to the left
- because elements have unique arrangements of
electrons, elements produce unique emission spectra 
each of the three look different & are from different
elements (like a fingerprint)
H-R diagram (to the left) uses
- luminosity (brightness – the amount of energy
emitted by a star & its distance from us)
- temperature (or color, bluer stars are hotter, redder
stars are cooler, relative to each other)
Stars spend most of their lifetime on the main
sequence.
All energy released by a star is the result of nuclear fusion
Fusion: small atomic nuclei coming together with enough force, that a new, larger nucleus is formed (see the
diagram to the above)
This building is known as nucleosynthesis (& fusion is what produces all the elements – they’re from stars)
Evidence for Big Bang Theory
1. Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe was expanding. If the universe is expanding now, that implies that
it was much smaller earlier
2. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB) is consistent from all directions, which is a remnant of the
inflation period described by the BBT.
3. The abundances of elements in the universe, particularly Hydrogen and Helium, are consistent with Big Bang
Theory.
4. The Big Bang Theory is the most consistent in predicting the universe as we know it today.