2/26/14
1
Big Idea 14 : Organization and Development of Living
Organisms
DESCRIPTION
A. ALL LIVING THINGS SHARE CERTAIN
CHARACTERISTICS.
B. THE SCIENTIFIC THEORY OF CELLS, ALSO
CALLED CELL THEORY, IS A FUNDAMENTAL
ORGANIZING PRINCIPLE OF LIFE ON EARTH.
C. LIFE CAN BE ORGANIZED IN A FUNCTIONAL AND
STRUCTURAL HIERARCHY.
D. LIFE IS MAINTAINED BY VARIOUS
PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS ESSENTIAL FOR
GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND HOMEOSTASIS.
FROM SMALL TO BIG
HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION
evel helps to build the one
above it.
levels become more complex.
rticles
and progress all the way to an organisms ecosystem.
HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
ATOM
unit of an element which has the properties of that
element
HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION
MOLECULE
MOLECULE
has its own properties.
ORGANELLE
vacuole, lysosome
HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION
CELL
he processes
necessary for life
TISSUE
HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION
ORGAN
function create organs.
ORGAN SYSTEM
function create organ systems
HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION
ORGANISM
POPULATION
e in the same place
make up a population.
HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION
COMMUNITY
communities.
ECOSYSTEM
communities.
ECOSYSTEM
-living
factors in a particular environment.
HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION
BIOME
HIERARCHY RECAP
of ecosystems
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
1. What is the smallest unit of matter? The smallest unit of life?
2. What are organelles, and where are they found?
3. How are tiny cells related to organ systems found in the
body?
4. How are cells related to organisms?
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
1. What is the smallest unit of matter? Atoms The smallest unit
of life? Cells
2. What are organelles, and where are they found? Structures
with specific functions inside cells
3. How are tiny cells related to organ systems found in the
body? Cells make up organs which create organ systems.
4. How are cells related to organisms? Organisms are living
things, and living things are made up of cells.
WHERE DID OUR CELLS COME FROM?
THE CELL THEORY
WHERE DID OUR CELLS COME FROM?
THE CELL THEORY
the basic units of structure and function in living
things.
CELL THEORY
ROBERT HOOKE
-like structures
The cells he saw were actually dead plant cell walls.
ANTON VON LEEUWENHOEK
teeth scrapings
CELL THEORY
LIVING THINGS
CELL FUNCTION
CELL THEORY
CELLS FROM LIVING THINGS
-living
things.
-living matter.
CELL THEORY
UNICELLULAR
a larger organism with multiple cells can.
MULTICELLULAR
organisms can contain hundreds, millions even trillions
of cells.
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
1. What are the 3 factors in the Cell Theory?
2. Who are the first two scientists credited with the discovery of
cells?
3. List 3 cell functions.
4. What does spontaneous generation mean?
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
1. What are the 3 factors in the Cell Theory? All living things are
made up of cells; cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things; living cells come from only living
cells.
2. Who are the first two scientists credited with the discovery of
cells? Robert Hooke, Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
3. List 3 cell functions. Releasing energy from food; getting rid
of body wastes; making new cells for growth and repair
4. What does spontaneous generation mean? Living organisms
can come from non-living things.
STAYING ALIVE
Homeostasis
must maintain constant even if outside factors change.
water and eliminate wastes.
things.
Homeostasis
CELL MEMBRANE
cell.
items inside the cell.
CONTROL OF MATERIALS IN & OUT
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
the use of cellular energy
CONTROL OF MATERIALS IN & OUT
DIFFUSION
move from a crowded area to a less crowded area.
reached.
maintain equilibrium.
CONTROL OF MATERIALS IN & OUT
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
in the membrane
a. Transport Proteins are specific – they “select” only certain
molecules to cross the membrane.
b. Transports larger or charged molecules
CONTROL OF MATERIALS IN & OUT
OSMOSIS
cells.
CONTROL OF MATERIALS IN & OUT
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
es through the
cell membrane.
move through the cell membrane.
particle.
CONTROL OF MATERIALS IN & OUT
ENDOCYTOSIS
cell.
cell eating”
EXOCYTOSIS
material fuses with cell membrane
and releases the material.
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
1. What part of the cell allows homeostasis to occur?
2. List and describe two forms of passive transport.
3. List and describe two forms of active transport.
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
1. What part of the cell allows homeostasis to occur? Cell
Membrane
2. List and describe two forms of passive transport. Diffusion:
transporting specific substances through the cell membrane;
Osmosis: diffusion of water through the cell membrane.
3. List and describe two forms of active transport. Endocytosis:
Process of pulling large particles into the cell using energy
Exocytosis: Releasing large particles from the cell using
energy
TRAPPING ENERGY FOR LIFE
CHEMICAL ENERGY
LIVING THINGS
process of
photosynthesis
on producers and other consumers
TRAPPING ENERGY FOR LIFE
RELEASING ENERGY FOR LIFE
energy.
tion
energy.
TRAPPING ENERGY FOR LIFE
RESPIRATION
glucose, fats, and protein and release their stored energy
– no oxygen required
– requiring oxygen
triphosphate
TRAPPING ENERGY FOR LIFE
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
presence of oxygen
6H12O6 +
6O2
2+
6H2O + Energy
(ATP)
TRAPPING ENERGY FOR LIFE
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
oxygen
muscles.
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
1. What is the difference between a producer and a consumer?
2. What is the chemical process of breaking down food and
releasing energy?
3. What is a by-product of anaerobic respiration?
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
1. What is the difference between a producer and a consumer?
Producers can make their own foods through the process of
photosynthesis. Consumers cannot make their own food and
must rely on eating other producers/consumers for energy.
2. What is the chemical process of breaking down food and
releasing energy? Respiration
3. What is a by-product of anaerobic respiration? Lactic acid
(fermentation)
REPRODUCING
living things become older, they usually become larger in
size.
multiply on large numbers.
themselves, quickly and easily.
of cell division is known as MITOSIS.
• Process in which the nucleus of the cell divides and the
formation of two daughter cells occur
Mitosis
nvelope degrades; chromosomes start to
condense.
centrioles.
Mitosis
res.
parent cell but smaller.
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
MATCH THE FOLLOWING PHASES WITH THEIR
DESCRIPTIONS:
1. Daughter cells are genetically identical to each other.
2. Chromatid arms move to opposite ends of cell.
3. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
4. Chromosomes line up in center of cell.
5. Cytoplasm is divided between two cells.
6. Spindle fibers and centrioles duplicate.
WHAT’S INSIDE THESE LITTLE THINGS?
Cell Organelles
Cytoplasm-gel like substance found in a cell
Chloroplasts-a green structure in a plant
Cell Wall-a stiff covering that protects plant cells
Nucleus-control center of the cell
Chromosomes-provides direction for cell to follow
Endoplasmic Reticulum-transportation network
Mitochondrion-produces energy in the cell
Vacuole-cell storage sac for food, waste, and water
Cell Organelles
-cell storage sac for food, waste, and water
–produces energy in a cell
-provides direction for cells to follow
Nucleus-control center of a cell
--transportation system
-gel like substance found in a cell
-surrounds cell material
Cell Organelles
structures. These structures perform the same type of
activities.
same. These structures perform different activities but
necessary to its particular cell.
– found in plant not animal cells
loroplasts – used in photosynthesis - found in plant not
animal cells
Nervous System Summary
system.
– whether you think
about doing it (like drawing a picture), or not (like breathing
and blinking).
and control center.
information on how the body is doing, what it needs, and
sends a response to meet those needs.
along the length of cells. These impulses travel up to 250
miles per hour!
Skeletal System Summary
move with the help of your
muscles.
25 into 206 hard permanent bones.
others produce white blood cells (fight harmful bacteria in the
body).
Muscular System Summary
which allow us to move in many ways
nerves
can only pull they cannot push
– pumps blood
– pumps blood
through the body
– surrounds or are part of internal organs,
they are involuntary (you can’t control them)
-Skeletal muscle – carries out voluntary actions (you can
control them) the most common type, make up 23% of
women’s and 40% of men’s body weight
Cardiovascular/Respiratory System Summary
Cardiovascular system
oxygen and collecting carbon dioxide using veins and arteries.
Respiratory system
lungs, nose, and mouth
blood steam and getting rid of carbon dioxide.
Digestive System Summary
break down food so it can be used to make energy for the
body.
are constantly dying.
food around the mouth and down the throat.
food around the mouth and down the throat.
digestion.
break the food down to be used by the body for energy,
building blocks for cells and tissues, and some is stored for
later use.
nutrients are absorbed. The parts of food that cannot be
used are passed out of the body.
CAUTION!
BE ON THE LOOKOUT
VIRUS
-living because they do not have
cells or use energy.
ll, multiply, take over, and eventually kill the
cell.
VIRUS
PARTS of a VIRUS
lock onto the host cells.
instructions for reproducing the virus once it is in its host.
VIRUS
REPRODUCTION
the virus has entered the cell it can do 2 things:
1. ACTIVE VIRUS
1. Gets into the cell and begins to spread its genetic material.
The cell makes new virus cells until it cannot hold them
anymore and explodes, sending the viruses out into the
The cell makes new virus cells until it cannot hold them
anymore and explodes, sending the viruses out into the
body
2. HIDDEN VIRUS
1. Acts the same way as an active virus except it does not
begin to multiply immediately
VIRUS
BAD NEWS
o the human body as well as
other animals/plants.
whereas some cause deadly disease such as HIV.
h such as the rice dwarf
virus, and others can harm animals such as distemper.
GOOD NEWS
material, scientists have begun to inject viruses with “good”
genetic material.
ed the cell, “good” genetic material
can be duplicated and spread into the body.
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
1. Why do scientists classify viruses as non-living?
2. Name the two parts of a virus.
3. Describe how viruses replicate.
4. What is one good thing about a virus?
KNOWLEDGE CHECK
1. Why do scientists classify viruses as non-living? They do not
require energy, have cells or make/excrete waste.
2. Name the two parts of a virus. Protein outershell, genetic
material in the inner core
3. Describe how viruses replicate. Once inside the cell, the
viruses genetic material begins to multiply and fill the cell.
Once the cell is full, it bursts, and the new viruses spread.
Once the cell is full, it bursts, and the new viruses spread.
4. What is one good thing about a virus? Scientists can use
viruses and fill them with “good” genetic information. Once
they are injected into the body, they can attach to cells and
multiply as if they were destructive.
BACTERIA
-celled
BACTERIA
ARCHAEBACTERIA
-free environments
-water
EUBACTERIA
bes
BACTERIA
SHAPE
-shaped:
STRUCTURE
• Capsule
• Cell wall
• Ribosomes
• Nucleoid
• Flagella
• Pilli
• Cytoplasm
BACTERIA
REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL
parent.
then
its parents.
BACTERIA
BAD NEWS
an happen in several ways:
GOOD NEWS
organisms to grow.
to break down grass
and hay.
nutrients by the bacteria, and is no longer present to produce
odors, sludge, and pollution
t, cottage, & Swiss cheeses, sour cream, and
buttermilk are made from bacteria that grows in milk.
THERES A FUNGUS AMONG US!
FUNGI
gi are symbionts with other organisms.
photosynthetic
with dew
FUNGI
STRUCTURE
FUNGI
FOOD SOURCE
which is absorbed.
REPRODUCTION
separates.
that are different from both parents
FUNGI
- produce spores in their threadlike hyphae (ex.
bread mold)
- produce spores in structures that look like sacs (ex.
yeast)
- produce spores in structures that look like clubs (ex.
mushrooms)
- those that cannot reproduce sexually (ex.
penicillin)
FUNGI
BAD NEWS
1. Plant diseases
2. Human diseases
3. Food
GOOD NEWS
1. Food
2. Molds in cheeses – Blue cheese
3. Aspergillus - used to make soy sauce and citric acid
4. Yeasts
5. Penicillium
6. Genetic engineering tools
7. Used to break down materials and recycle wastes and dead
organisms