Information Processing Model
Metacognition
rehearsal
Env. Sensory
Stim. Memory
Decay
(lost)
a
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p
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p
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rehearsal
Working
Memory
encoding
Longterm
Memory
retrieval
Forgotten Response
(lost)
Forgotten
(perhaps
recoverable)
Perception
• The set of psychological processes by
which people recognize, organize,
synthesize, and give meaning to the
sensations received from environmental
stimuli
• Strongly influenced by ________________
________________
Gestalt Principles of
Visual Perception
• __________________
– When perceiving a visual field, some objects
(figures) seem prominent, and other aspects
recede (ground)
Gestalt Principles of
Visual Perception
• __________________
– When we perceive an assortment of objects, we
tend to see objects that are close to each other
as forming a group
Gestalt Principles of
Visual Perception (cont.)
• __________________
– We tend to group objects on the basis of their
similarity to each other
Gestalt Principles of
Visual Perception (cont.)
• __________________
– We tend to perceive smoothly flowing or
continuous forms rather than disrupted or
discontinuous ones
Gestalt Principles of
Visual Perception (cont.)
• __________________
– We tend to perceptually close up, or complete,
objects that are not, in fact, complete
Gestalt Principles of
Visual Perception (cont.)
• __________________
– We tend to perceive objects as forming mirror
images about their center
Implications for Teachers
• Check perceptions by _________________
– about _________________________________
– about _________________________________
– about _________________________________
Attention
• Conscious or unconscious?
• Volitional or not?
• The means by which we actively process a
limited amount of information from the
large amount of information available
through our senses, stored memories, and
other cognitive processes
• Stroop effect
Attention (cont.)
• Process of focusing on a stimulus or on
stimuli
• Severe bottleneck
• Keys are ____________________________
• ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Working Memory
• aka short-term memory (STM)
• Transfer from sensory memory to workingmemory is governed by attention
___________
___________
Working Memory
_______________________
__________
__________
Characteristics of WM
• Duration (trace life)
• Capacity (for storage)
• Nature of the code
Capacity
• Limited: ________________ (Miller, 1956)
• Ways around limitations:
• ____________________
• ____________________