Oil and Gas Equipment Types,
Controls and Emission Rates
Scott F. Archer
USDI – BLM
National Science &
Technology Center
September 12, 2007
What is wrong with O&G?
• There is a lot of it.
• There will be more
of it.
• The process is
fragmented.
• Many small
sources, not subject
to permitting.
And it’s Ugly.
Where does it come from?
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Oil
Gas
Coal
Coal Bed
Methane
• Oil Shale
• Tar Sands
Where is it located?
Where is it located?
Multiple Companies
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Exploration
Drilling
Servicing
Trucking
Pipelines
Compressors
Refining
Sales
Leasing
Drilling
• Very large diesel
engines (500-1500
hp)
• Going to year-round
operation
• Going to multiple
wells off a single
pad
Testing
• Post “Fracting”
• Large quantities of
water
• “Free” flow to
determine
drawdown
• CO, NOx, possible
SO2 emissions
“Oil” Well
• Small well
head engines
• Separator
• Dehydration
• Evap Pond
• Storage tanks
• Waste pit
Dehydrator
Tanks
• Water and/or crude
• VOCs and HAPs
• Sometimes H2S
Tanker Trucks
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Regular servicing
VOC emissions
Truck Exhaust
Road Dust
Gas Compression
• Wide range of sizes
and types
• Single cylinder Poppops
• Converted Auto
Engines
• 500 hp + engines
• Electrification
• Use on-site fuels
The “Good”…
The “Typical”… (and not so typical)
and the “Ugly”
Exploration
Three conditions must be present:
1)
source rock, rich in organic material;
2)
reservoir rock, such as porous and permeable limestone or dolomite; and
3)
a trapping mechanism, such as an anticline or faulted strata.
Exploration
Methods to locate:
1)
Maps;
2)
Exploratory well “cuttings;” and
3)
Geophysical studies (gravity, magnetic, seismic reflectionsa trapping
mechanism, such as an anticline or faulted strata.
Exploration
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
ISSUE #37 | November 2005
© Phoenix Geophysics
Well Drilling
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Drill-site preparation (blading well pad)
Rig up (transport by truck)
“Spuding in” (beginning drilling operation)
Drilling, casing and logging
“Fracting” or “stimulating”
Testing and cementing (flaring)
Completion (Well Head)
Well Drilling
Drill Rigs
Water rig for
CBM
produced-water disposal in the Powder River Basin between Buffalo and
Gillette, WY. Proposed drilling depth is 14,000 feet
Production
Production
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Artificial lift (Pumpjack)
Well Head Compression
Separators (glycol)
De-hydrators
Tanks or pipelines
Ancillary Facilities
VALERUS SUPPLIED AMJAD SUPPORTED
TURNKEY APPLICATIONS
Natural Gas Compression
Production Equipment
Process Equipment
Fluid Control
Wellhead Compression
Separators
Amine
Storage & Transfer Pump
Systems
Gas Gathering
Dehydrators
Dew Point Control
Produced Water Injection
Vapor Recovery
Coolers
CO2/H2S Removal Amine or
Membrane
Power Generation
Gas Storage
Sand Traps
Refrigeration
Natural Gas Generator Sets
Gas Pipeline Booster Stations
Injection
(Air or Gas)
Gas Lift
CNG
Gas Process
Onshore & Offshore
Oil & Gas
Line Heaters
Cryogenic
Diesel
Generator Sets
Meter Skids
JT Fuel Conditioning
Standby Units
Diesel & Gasoline Refineries
De-aerator & Boiler Feed Water
Continuous Power Units
Gas Filtration
Turbo Drive Generator Sets
Oil & Gas
Line Heaters
Environmental Solutions
Co-Generation
Power Plants
Ancillary Facilities
• Gas sweetening (Amine Plant)
• Sales/Pipeline Compression
• Waste water injection
Amine Sweetening Process
LARGE COMPRESSOR STATION IN WYOMING
Photos provided by Jeff Blend, Montana DEQ
Secondary Recovery
Water flooding
Also tertiary recovery with CO2 gas injection
Air Pollutant Emissions
Air Pollutant Emissions
Air Pollutant Emissions
Air Pollutant Emissions
Air Pollutant Emissions
Air Pollutant Emissions
Alaskan Inspection and Enforcement
For more information
Contact
Scott F. Archer
Senior Air Resource Specialist
303.236.6400
[email protected]