Life: The Science of Biology

Transition Guide
Migrating from the 9th Edition to the 10 th Edition of
Life: The Science of Biology
Sadava / Hillis / Heller / Berenbaum
This guide has been prepared for instructors who have developed their introductory biology courses using
LIFE 9e who will be migrating to LIFE 10/e.
The guide consists of comprehensive cross-referencing between the two editions to assist instructors in
adjusting their syllabi and other course documents.
•
•
•
•
For each chapter, 9/e and 10e outlines are presented side by side, preceded by a brief description
of key attributes of the new edition chapter.
New and revised figures are listed; revised figures are cross referenced to 9/e illustrations to so
that differences between editions may be quickly assimilated.
Because the new edition features a followup question to each chapter-opening story, a brief
description of each chapter-opening story is provided.
A brief outline of each new Working With Data exercise is also provided.
LIFE 10e
Chapter 1
Studying LIFE
Features of the 10e Outline
• Section 1.1 consolidates information on the characteristics of life, and offers an earlier introduction to
•
•
the evolutionary history of life (for example, 9/e Figure 1.8 on "Life's Calendar" appears as Figure 1.2
in the 10e).
Section 1.2 is revised in light of the 10e's focus on quantification skills.
Section 1.3 has been rewritten to expand upon key reasons why biology is meaningful and relevant
and to offer a better preview of the book as a whole.
10/e outline
1.1 What Is Biology?
9/e outline
2
1.1 What Is Biology? 3
Life arose from non-life via chemical evolution 3
Cellular structure evolved in the common ancestor of life 3
Photosynthesis allows some organisms to capture energy from
the sun 4
Biological information is contained in a genetic language
common to all organisms 5
Populations of all living organisms evolve 6
Biologists can trace the evolutionary tree of life 6
Cellular specialization and differentiation underlie
multicellular life 9
Living organisms interact with one another 9
Nutrients supply energy and are the basis of biosynthesis 10
Living organisms must regulate their internal environment 10
1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life?
11
Observing and quantifying are important skills 11
Scientific methods combine observation, experimentation, and
logic 11
Good experiments have the potential to falsify hypotheses 12
Statistical methods are essential scientific tools 13
Discoveries in biology can be generalized 14
Not all forms of inquiry are scientific 14
1.3 Why Does Biology Matter?
15
Modern agriculture depends on biology 15
Biology is the basis of medical practice 15
Biology can inform public policy 16
Biology is crucial for understanding ecosystems 17
Biology helps us understand and appreciate biodiversity 17
Cells are the basic unit of life 3
All of life shares a common evolutionary history 5
Biological information is contained in a genetic language
common to all organisms 6
Cells use nutrients to supply energy and to build new
structures 7
Living organisms regulate their internal environment 7
Living organisms interact with one another 8
Discoveries in biology can be generalized 9
1.2 How Is All Life on Earth Related? 9
Life arose from non-life via chemical evolution 10
Cellular structure evolved in the common ancestor of life 10
Photosynthesis changed the course of evolution 10
Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes 11
Multicellularity arose and cells became specialized 11
Biologists can trace the evolutionary tree of life 11
The tree of life is predictive 12
1.3 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? 13
Observation is an important skill 13
The scientific method combines observation and logic 14
Good experiments have the potential to falsify hypotheses 14
Statistical methods are essential scientific tools 15
Not all forms of inquiry are scientific 15
1.4 How Does Biology Influence Public Policy? 17
Chapter--opening story:
As an introduction to the scientific method, the chapter opens by describing studies of chemicals that
may affect tadpole health, particularly chemicals common in agrigultural runoff.
New chapter-ending question: Could atrazine in the environment affect species other than
amphibians?
New and Revised Illustrations in Chapter 1:
compare to 9e Figure
10e Figure 1.6 on Adaptations to the Environment Figure 1.3, which describes in balloon captions
Revised figure features 6 stunning adaptations in
several different plant adaptations. The figure was
frogs that will draw students into the chapter.
somewhat text heavy, so the adaptation lesson
was not as visually obvious as it is in the 10e
figure.
10e Figure 1.8 Biology Is Studied at Many Levels
of Organization -- Revised to offer a better view of
sub-organismal levels of organization and to make
more visually obvious different levels, reducing
reliance on balloon captions.
Fig. 1.6 -- Included definitions of different levels
within balloon captions.
New Figure 1.9 Energy Can Be Used Immediately
or Stored
The new illustrations in the concluding section of
the 10e emphasize the experimental nature of
biology
New Figure 1.13 A Green Revolution
New Figure 1.16 A Warmer World
End of Chapter Matter Expanded
• 10 New Questions, conveyed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
LIFE 10e
Chapter
2
Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life
Features of the 10e Outline
The 10e outline is very similar to the 9e outline. Recaps and figure progression align across the two editions.
10/e outline
9/e outline
2.1 How Does Atomic Structure Explain the Properties of
Matter? 22
An element consists of only one kind of atom 22
Each element has a unique number of protons 22
The number of neutrons differs among isotopes 22
The behavior of electrons determines chemical bonding and
geometry 24
2.1 How Does Atomic Structure Explain the Properties of
Matter? 21
An element consists of only one kind of atom 21
Each element has a different number of protons 22
The number of neutrons differs among isotopes 23
The behavior of electrons determines chemical bonding and
geometry 23
2.2 How Do Atoms Bond to Form Molecules? 26
Covalent bonds consist of shared pairs of electrons 26
Ionic attractions form by electrical attraction 28
Hydrogen bonds may form within or between molecules with
polar covalent bonds 30
Hydrophobic interactions bring together nonpolar molecules 30
van der Waals forces involve contacts between atoms 30
2.2 How Do Atoms Bond to Form Molecules? 25
Covalent bonds consist of shared pairs of electrons 25
Ionic bonds form by electrical attraction 28
Hydrogen bonds may form within or between molecules with
polar covalent bonds 29
Polar and nonpolar substances: Each interacts best with its own
kind 29
2.3 How Do Atoms Change Partners in Chemical Reactions?
31
2.3 How Do Atoms Change Partners in Chemical
Reactions? 30
2.4 What Makes Water So Important for Life? 32
Water has a unique structure and special properties 32
The reactions of life take place in aqueous solutions 33
Aqueous solutions may be acidic or basic 34
2.4 What Makes Water So Important for Life? 31
Water has a unique structure and special properties 31
Water is an excellent solvent—the medium of life 32
Aqueous solutions may be acidic or basic 33
New opening story:
10e Chapter 2 opens with the story of the chemical analysis of the teeth of Camarasaurus that revealed a great
deal about the behavior and environment of this extinct dinosaur.
New chapter-ending question: Can isotope analysis of water be used to detect climate change?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 2
compare to 9e Figure
2.3 Tagging the Brain -- new images showing how
2.3, p. 23
depression can be visualized using radiosiotopes.
NEW unnumbered model of diethylcholorane which
shows how a single covalent bond may act as an axle
around two atoms along with their other bonded
atoms, can rotate
2.12 Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic -- Revised for
2.12, p. 29
clarity
End of Chapter Matter Reorganized
• 11 chapter-ending Questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 9-12 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter
3
Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids
Features of the 10e Outline
• The 10e outline is very similar to the 9e outline. Recaps and figure progression align across the two
editions.
•
As in the 9e, Life10 offers two chapters on the macromolecules (Ch 4 is dedicated to the nucleic
acids).
10e outline
9/e outline
3.1 What Kinds of Molecules Characterize Living Things?
40
Functional groups give specific properties to biological
molecules 40
Isomers have different arrangements of the same atoms 41
The structures of macromolecules reflect their functions 41
Most macromolecules are formed by condensation and broken
down by hydrolysis 42
3.2 What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of
Proteins? 42
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins 43
Peptide linkages form the backbone of a protein 43
The primary structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence
45
The secondary structure of a protein requires hydrogen
bonding 45
The tertiary structure of a protein is formed by bending and
folding 46
The quaternary structure of a protein consists of subunits 48
Shape and surface chemistry contribute to protein function
48
Environmental conditions affect protein structure 50
Protein shapes can change 50
Molecular chaperones help shape proteins 51
3.1 What Kinds of Molecules Characterize Living
Things? 39
Functional groups give specific properties to biological
molecules 39
Isomers have different arrangements of the same atoms 40
The structures of macromolecules reflect their functions 40
Most macromolecules are formed by condensation and broken
down by hydrolysis 41
3.3 What Are the Chemical Structures and
Functions of Carbohydrates? 51
Monosaccharides are simple sugars 52
Glycosidic linkages bond monosaccharides 53
Polysaccharides store energy and provide structural materials
53
Chemically modified carbohydrates contain additional
functional groups 55
3.4 What Are the Chemical Structures and
Functions of Lipids? 56
Fats and oils are triglycerides 56
Phospholipids form biological membranes 57
Some lipids have roles in energy conversion, regulation, and
protection 57
3.2 What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions
of Proteins? 42
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins 42
Peptide linkages form the backbone of a protein 44
The primary structure of a protein is its amino acid
sequence 44
The secondary structure of a protein requires hydrogen
bonding 46
The tertiary structure of a protein is formed by bending and
folding 46
The quaternary structure of a protein consists of subunits 47
Shape and surface chemistry contribute to protein function 48
Environmental conditions affect protein structure 48
Molecular chaperones help shape proteins 49
3.3 What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions
of Carbohydrates? 49
Monosaccharides are simple sugars 50
Glycosidic linkages bond monosaccharides 50
Polysaccharides store energy and provide structural
materials 52
Chemically modified carbohydrates contain additional
functional groups 53
3.4 What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions
of Lipids? 54
Fats and oils are hydrophobic 54
Phospholipids form biological membranes 55
Lipids have roles in energy conversion, regulation, and
protection 55
New opening story:
10e Chapter 3 opens with a story on spider silk, noting that it is composed of variations on a single type
of large molecule—the macromolecule called protein.
New chapter-ending question: Can knowledge of spider web protein structure be put to practical use?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 3
Comments / comparison to 9e
New amazing new opening image of spider silk
The new 10e image offers a good example of how
improvements in imaging offer insight into structure and
function
being spun from a gland by the black spider,
Castercantha
3.2 Isomers consolidates images of chemical
In the 9e, Figure 3.2 shows optical isomers only.
isomers and optical isomers
3.5 A Disulfide Bridge -- shows more accurate
9/e Figure 3.5
chemical detail in the structure of the cysteine side
chains that react to form the S-S bridge
3.6 Formation of Peptide Linkages -- shows more
9/e Figure 3.6
accurate chemical detail of the reactive atoms in
the amino and carboxyl groups
NEW 3.8 Left- and Right-Handed Helices
3.11 Quaternary Structure of a Protein -- Slightly
9/e Figure 3.10
different in models of hemoglobin are presented
relative to those in the 9e
3.18 Representative Polysaccharides -- New
9/e Figure 3.16(C)
photos of polysaccharides in cells (part C)
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Primary Structure Specifies Tertiary Structure
• Based on an original paper by Anfinsen, C. B., E. Haber, M. Sela, and F. White, Jr. 1961.
• Asks students to examine data to answer the question of whether covalent links between cysteines
essential for the three-dimensional structure of RNase. One graphs plots when disulfide bonds begin to
form and when enzyme activity begins to appear. A second graph reveals differences between peak
absorbances of native (untreated) and reduced (denatured) RNase A.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• 11 chapter-ending Questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 7-9 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter
4
Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life
Features of the 10e Outline The 10e and 9e outlines are almost identical. Most changes in the 10e are
internal to the chapter.
• Like the 9e, the 10e offers a separate chapter on the nucleic acids and develops this topic in the context
of the evolution of life.
• Section 4.1 provides an early introduction to the functions of DNA and RNA
• Section 4.2 expands the discussion of the chemical basis of life.
• Section 4.3 includes updated copy on ribozymes.
• Section 4.4's coverage of the origins of the first prokaryotic cells serves as a bridge to the first chapter on
the cell.
10e outline
9/e outline
4.1 What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of
Nucleic Acids? 63
4.1 What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions
of Nucleic Acids? 61
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids 63
Base pairing occurs in both DNA and RNA 63
DNA carries information and is expressed through RNA 65
The DNA base sequence reveals evolutionary relationships 66
Nucleotides have other important roles 66
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids 61
Base pairing occurs in both DNA and RNA 62
DNA carries information and is expressed through RNA 63
The DNA base sequence reveals evolutionary relationships 64
Nucleotides have other important roles 64
4.2 How and Where Did the Small Molecules of Life
Originate? 67
4.2 How and Where Did the Small Molecules of Life
Originate? 65
Experiments disproved the spontaneous generation of life 67
Life began in water 68
Life may have come from outside Earth 69
Prebiotic synthesis experiments model early Earth 69
Experiments disproved spontaneous generation of life 65
Life began in water 65
Life may have come from outside Earth 66
Prebiotic synthesis experiments model the early Earth 67
4.3 How Did the Large Molecules of Life Originate?71
4.3 How Did the Large Molecules of Life Originate? 69
Chemical evolution may have led to polymerization 71
RNA may have been the first biological catalyst 71
Chemical evolution may have led to polymerization 69
There are two theories for the emergence of nucleic acids,
proteins, and complex chemistry 69
RNA may have been the first biological catalyst 71
4.4 How Did the First Cells Originate?
71
Experiments explore the origin of cells 73
Some ancient cells left a fossil imprint 74
4.4 How Did the First Cells Originate? 72
Experiments describe the origin of cells 72
Some ancient cells left a fossil imprint 73
New opening story:
10e Chapter 4 opens with a story on the genomes of cheetahs.
New chapter-ending question: Can DNA analysis be used in the conservation and expansion of the
cheetah population?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 3
Comments/ Compare to 9e
New 4.2 Linking Nucleotides Together -- Builds on
an earlier introductions to condensation reactions,
polar bonds and hydrogen bonds.
New 4.3 RNA -- Consolidates visuals on RNA
4.2 Distinguishing Characteristics of DNA and RNA
polymers
4.3 Hydrogen Bonding in RNA
4.4 DNA - - Unites a flat image of dsDNA structure
4.2 Distinguishing Characteristics of DNA and RNA
with a helical model
polymers
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Could Biological Molecules Have Been Formed from Chemicals Present in Earth’s Early Atmosphere?
Based on original papers by Miller/Urey et al.
• Asks students to examine data Miller and Urey gave for sources of energy impinging on Earth to answer
the question.
• Revisits and Reinforces INVESTIGATING LIFE Figure 4.8 on the Miller/Urey Experiment
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 7-8 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter
5
Cells: The Working Units of Life
Features of the 10e Outline The 10e and 9e outlines are almost identical. Most changes in the 10e are
internal to the chapter. Many of these changes build students' understanding of cell visualization techniques,
in keeping with the 10e revision's emphasis on boosting students' quantitative skills.
•
Like the 9e, the 10e begins with microscopy and fundamental features of cells.
• Features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are systematically examined. Thumbnails of organelles are
included adjacent to subheadings on each organelle to help students connect the discussion with a
visual.
10e outline
9/e outline
5.1 What Features Make Cells the Fundamental Units
of Life? 78
5.1 What Features Make Cells the Fundamental Units
of Life? 77
Cell size is limited by the surface area-to-volume ratio 78
Microscopes reveal the features of cells 79
The plasma membrane forms the outer surface of every cell
Cells are classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic 81
Cell size is limited by the surface area-to-volume ratio 77
Microscopes reveal the features of cells 79
The plasma membrane forms the outer surface of every cell 79
All cells are classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic 80
79
5.2 What Features Characterize Prokaryotic Cells?82
5.2 What Features Characterize Prokaryotic Cells? 82
Prokaryotic cells share certain features 82
Specialized features are found in some prokaryotes 83
Prokaryotic cells share certain features 82
Specialized features are found in some prokaryotes 83
5.3 What Features Characterize Eukaryotic Cells?
84
Compartmentalization is the key to eukaryotic cell function 84
Organelles can be studied by microscopy or isolated for chemical
analysis 84
Ribosomes are factories for protein synthesis 84
The nucleus contains most of the generic information 85
The endomembrane system is a group of interrelated organelles
88
Some organelles transform energy 91
There are several other membrane-enclosed organelles 93
The cytoskeleton is important in cell structure and movement 94
Biologists can manipulate living systems to establish cause and
effect 98
5.4 What Are the Roles of Extracellular Structures?
99
The plant cell wall is an extracellular structure 99
The extracellular matrix supports tissue functions in animals 100
5.5 How Did Eukaryotic Cells Originate?
101
Internal membranes and the nuclear envelope probably came from
the plasma membrane 101
Some organelles arose by endosymbiosis 102
5.3 What Features Characterize Eukaryotic Cells? 84
Compartmentalization is the key to eukaryotic cell function 84
Organelles can be studied by microscopy or isolated for chemical
analysis 84
Ribosomes are factories for protein synthesis 85
The nucleus contains most of the genetic information 85
The endomembrane system is a group of interrelated
organelles 89
Some organelles transform energy 92
There are several other membrane-enclosed organelles 94
The cytoskeleton is important in cell structure and movement 95
5.4 What Are the Roles of Extracellular
Structures? 100
The plant cell wall is an extracellular structure 100
The extracellular matrix supports tissue functions in animals 100
5.5 How Did Eukaryotic Cells Originate? 101
Internal membranes and the nuclear envelope probably came
from the plasma membrane 101
Some organelles arose by endosymbiosis 101
Chapter 5 opening story:
10e Chapter 5 opens with a story on how a patient's cells are transformed into multipotent stem cells, that
when injected into the patient's heart can differentiate into new heart muscle cells.
New chapter-ending question: What is the status of stem cell treatment for heart disease?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 5
Revised 5.2 Why Cells Are Small has been revised to
focus on one example of surface-to-volume ratio
New unnumbered art exhibiting usefulness of
staining in microscopy, p. 79
Revised 5.3 Looking at Cells illustration now includes
line art describing how electron microscopes work
New unnumbered art illustrating location of
prokaryotic vs eukaryotic DNA
Revised 5.6 Cell Fractionation substantially revised to
include images of various pellet fractions found in the
supernatant and after additional centrifugation.
Compare to 9/e Figure 5.2, p. 78
Compare to 9/e Figure 5.3, p. 81
Compare to 9/e Figure 5.6, p. 85
Investigating LIFE Figure 5.23 (p. 99)on the role of
microfilaments in Amoeba has been transformed
into a Working With Data exercise,
NEW Working with Data Exercise
The Role of Microfilaments in Cell Movement
• Based on an original paper by Pollard, T. D. and R. R. Weihing. 1974
• Asks students to examine data to answer the question of how natural molecules may affect the behavior
of cells. Specifically, students are asked to examine data on the cause and effect of cytochalasin on
movement in Amoeba.
End-of-chapter problems have been rearranged in an order prescribed by Bloom's taxonomy.
LIFE 10e
6
Cell Membranes
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
• The 9e and 10e outlines are identical, except that copy on "other membrane functions" (former section 6.6)
does not appear in the 10e Ch 6.
• As in the 9e, Coverage of cell adhesion and recognition is robust in 9e Ch 6 as a prelude to Chapter 7 on cell
communication
• Section 6.3 is rewritten to improve clarity of discussion of diffusion and osmosis. New copy of the specificity of
ion channels has been added.
• The discussion of the membrane potential has been moved to Chapter 45 where it is introduced in the
context of nerve transmission.
10e outline
9/e outline
6.1 What Is the Structure of a Biological Membrane? 106
6.1 What Is the Structure of a Biological Membrane?
Lipids form the hydrophobic core of the membrane 106
Membrane proteins are asymmetrically distributed 108
Membranes are constantly changing 109
Plasma membrane carbohydrates are recognition sites 110
Lipids form the hydrophobic core of the membrane 106
Membrane proteins are asymmetrically distributed 107
Membranes are constantly changing 109
Plasma membrane carbohydrates are recognition sites 109
6.2 How Is the Plasma Membrane Involved in Cell
Adhesion and Recognition? 111
6.2 How Is the Plasma Membrane Involved in Cell
Adhesion and Recognition? 110
Cell recognition and cell adhesion involve proteins at the cell
surface 111
Three types of cell junctions connect adjacent cells 111
Cell membranes adhere to the extracellular matrix 113
Cell recognition and adhesion involve proteins and carbohydrates at
the cell surface 111
Three types of cell junctions connect adjacent cells 111
Cell membranes adhere to the extracellular matrix 111
6.3 What Are the Passive Processes of Membrane
Transport? 114
6.3 What Are the Passive Processes of Membrane
Transport? 113
Diffusion is the process of random movement toward a state of
equilibrium 114
Simple diffusion takes place through the phospholipid bilayer 115
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across membranes 115
Diffusion may be aided by channel proteins 117
Carrier proteins aid diffusion by binding substances 119
Diffusion is the process of random movement toward a state of
equilibrium 113
Simple diffusion takes place through the phospholipid bilayer 114
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across membranes 114
Diffusion may be aided by channel proteins 115
Carrier proteins aid diffusion by binding substances 117
6.4 What are the Active Processes of Membrane
Transport? 120
6.4 What are the Active Processes of Membrane
Transport? 118
Active transport is directional 120
Different energy sources distinguish different active transport
systems 121
Active transport is directional 118
Different energy sources distinguish different active transport systems
118
6.5 How Do Large Molecules Enter and Leave a
Cell? 122
6.5 How Do Large Molecules Enter and Leave a Cell?
120
Macromolecules and particles enter the cell by endocytosis 123
Receptor-mediated endocytosis is highly specific 123
Exocytosis moves materials out of the cell 124
Macromolecules and particles enter the cell by endocytosis 120
Receptor-mediated endocytosis is highly specific 121
Exocytosis moves materials out of the cell 122
106
6.6 What Are Some Other Functions of Membranes? 124
New opening story: 10e Chapter 6 opens with a story on about sweat -- as an example of how cells regulate what
goes into and out of them.
New chapter-ending question: Water purity is a worldwide problem. Can aquaporin membrane channels be used
in water purification?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 6
Revised Figure 6.8 Integrins and the Extracellular
Matrix has been revised to include a new part B
illustrating how cell movements are mediated by
integrin attachment
New unnumbered illustration on diffusion
Revised Figure 6.17 on Receptor-Mediated
Endocytosis has been revised to include line art of the
process.
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Rapid Diffusion of Membrane Proteins
Compare to Figure 6.8, p. 113
Replaces 9e Figure 6.9, which was perceived as
unnecessarily complex
Compare to Figure 6.19, p. 124
Figure 6.20 on "Other Membrane Functions" is omitted
in the 10e.
Based on an original paper by Frye, L. D. and M. Edidin. 1970
Asks students to examine data on rates of diffusion of proteins in mouse and human membranes to answer
questions about the rate of diffusion.
End of chapter questions appear in an order prescribed by Bloom's Taxonomy. Selected 9e questions have been
omitted. Question 7 is new.
•
•
LIFE 10e
Chapter
7
Cell Signaling and Multicellularity
Changes in 10e Ch 7
• Section 7.1's coverage of autocrine and paracrine signals revised. Coverage of juxtracrine signals added.
Discussion of cross talk added. The revised discussion is more to the point. Former Figure 7.3 (a model signal
transduction pathway) has been omitted.
• Section 7.2 includes an expanded discussion of reversible binding; equations with dissociation rate constants
have been added to the discussion of receptor-ligand bonding. Also in the spirit of building students'
quantitative reasoning, the action of a protein kinase is represented in the form of an equation.
• Section 7.3 includes revised material on second messengers and a Working with Data Exercise building on an
experiment presented in Figure 7.11 on the discovery of second messengers.
• Section 7.3 concludes with new copy on the evolution of cell–cell interactions and multicellularity
10e outline
9/e outline
7.1 What Are Signals, and How Do Cells Respond to Them?
126
Cells receive signals from the physical environment and from other
cells 126
A signal transduction pathway involves a signal, a receptor, and
responses 126
7.2 How Do Signal Receptors Initiate a Cellular Response? 127
Receptors that recognize chemical signals have specific binding sites
127
Receptors can be classified by location and function 128
reorganized
Intracellular receptors are located in the cytoplasm or the nucleus
130
7.3 How Is the Response to a Signal Transduced through the
Cell? 131
A protein kinase cascade amplifies a response to ligand binding 131
Second messengers can amplify signals between receptors and target
molecules 132
Signal transduction is highly regulated 136
7.1 What Are Signals, and How Do Cells Respond to
Them? 129
Cells receive signals from the physical environment and from other
cells 129
A signal transduction pathway involves a signal, a receptor, and
responses 130
7.2 How Do Signal Receptors Initiate a Cellular Response? 132
Receptors have specific binding sites for their signals 132
Receptors can be classified by location and function 133
7.4 How Do Cells Change in Response to Signals? 137
Ion channels open in response to signals 137
Enzyme activities change in response to signals 138
Signals can initiate DNA transcription 139
7.5 How Do Cells in a Multicellular Organism Communicate
Directly? 139
Animal cells communicate through gap junctions 139
Plant cells communicate through plasmodesmata 140
added
Modern organisms provide clues about the evolution of cell–cell
interactions and multicellularity 140
7.3 How Is the Response to a Signal Transduced through the
Cell? 136
A protein kinase cascade amplifies a response to ligand binding 136
Second messengers can stimulate protein kinase cascades 137
Second messengers can be derived from lipids 139
removed
Calcium ions are involved in many signal transduction
pathways 140
Nitric oxide can act in signal transduction 140
Signal transduction is highly regulated 141
7.4 How Do Cells Change in Response to Signals? 142
Ion channels open in response to signals 142
Enzyme activities change in response to signals 143
Signals can initiate DNA transcription 144
7.5 How Do Cells Communicate Directly? 144
Animal cells communicate by gap junctions 144
Plant cells communicate by plasmodesmata 145
Ch 7 opening story:
10e Chapter 7 opens with a story how extensive bonding behaviors after mating exhibited by Prairie voles are
mediated by peptides acting as intercellular signals.
New chapter-ending question: Does oxytocin affect caring behavior in humans?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 7
omitted:
9e Figure 7.3 A Model Signal Transduction Pathway
9/e Figure 7.10 Direct and Indirect Signal transduction
Revised 7.7 A G Protein-Linked Receptor - part C
simplified
Compare to 9/e Fig. 7.8
Revised 7.9 Signal Transduction and Cancer - revised to
show normal vs cancer cells
Compare to 9e Fig. 7.11
Revised 7.13 The IP3/DAG Second- Messenger System -
Compare to 9/e Figure 7.15
revised balloon copy steps students through the process.
NEW 7.20 Multicellularity
NEW Working with Data Exercise
The Discovery of a Second Messenger
Original Paper by Rall, T. W., E. W. Sutherland, and J. Berthet. 1957
Asks students to examine data from an experiment designed to test the hypothesis that cytoplasmic messenger
transmit messages from the epinephrine receptor at the membrane to glycogen phosphorylase in the cytoplasm.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 7-9 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter
8
Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism
Changes in 10e Chapter 8
• Section 8.1 opens differently in the 10e, revisiting the nature of chemical reactions and the energy involved in
them.
• Section 8.2 concludes by revisiting several examples of enzyme action introduced in prior chapters.
• Section 8.3 builds on students understanding of chemical reactions, presenting in equations several familiar
chemical reactions that are sped up by enzymes. The molecular nature of the enzyme substrate interface is
presented visually in several different ways.
• Section 8.5 includes examples of irreversible inhibition as well as reversible inhibition and improvements in the
discussion of allosteric regulation, and dicusses how competitive inhibitors can be used in cancer therapies.
Includes new copy on many enzymes involved in signal transduction, building on prior coverage in Ch 7.
10e outline
9/e outline
8.1 What Physical Principles Underlie Biological Energy
Transformations? 145
8.1 What Physical Principles Underlie Biological Energy
Transformations? 149
There are two basic types of energy 145
There are two basic types of metabolism 145
The first law of thermodynamics: Energy is neither created nor
destroyed 146
The second law of thermodynamics: Disorder tends to increase 146
Chemical reactions release or consume energy 147
Chemical equilibrium and free energy are related 148
There are two basic types of energy and of metabolism 149
The first law of thermodynamics: Energy is neither created nor
destroyed 150
The second law of thermodynamics: Disorder tends to increase 150
Chemical reactions release or consume energy 152
Chemical equilibrium and free energy are related 153
8.2 What Is the Role of ATP in Biochemical Energetics?
149
ATP hydrolysis releases energy 154
ATP couples exergonic and endergonic reactions 155
ATP hydrolysis releases energy 149
ATP couples exergonic and endergonic reactions 150
8.3 What Are Enzymes?
8.3 What Are Enzymes? 156
151
To speed up a reaction, an energy barrier must be overcome 151
Enzymes bind specific reactants at their active sites 152
Enzymes lower the energy barrier but do not affect equilibrium 153
8.4 How Do Enzymes Work?
8.2 What Is the Role of ATP in Biochemical Energetics? 153
8.4 How Do Enzymes Work? 158
154
Enzymes can orient substrates 154
Enzymes can induce strain in the substrate 154
Enzymes can temporarily add chemical groups to substrates 154
Molecular structure determines enzyme function 155
Some enzymes require other molecules in order to function 155
The substrate concentration affects the reaction rate 156
8.5 How Are Enzyme Activities Regulated?
To speed up a reaction, an energy barrier must be overcome 156
Enzymes bind specific reactants at their active sites 157
Enzymes lower the energy barrier but do not affect equilibrium 157
Enzymes can orient substrates 158
Enzymes can induce strain in the substrate 158
Enzymes can temporarily add chemical groups to substrates 158
Molecular structure determines enzyme function 158
Some enzymes require other molecules in order to function 160
The substrate concentration affects the reaction rate 160
156
Enzymes can be regulated by inhibitors 157
Allosteric enzymes are controlled via changes in shape 159
Allosteric effects regulate many metabolic pathways 160
Many enzymes are regulated through reversible phosphorylation 161
Enzymes are affected by their environment 161
8.5 How Are Enzyme Activities Regulated? 161
Enzymes can be regulated by inhibitors 161
Allosteric enzymes control their activity by changing shape 162
Allosteric effects regulate metabolism 163
Enzymes are affected by their environment 164
New Chapter 8 opening story:
10e Chapter 8 opens with a story on the multifaceted nature of stains and how combinations of enzymes in
detergents eradicate them.
New chapter-ending question: How are enzymes used in other industrial processes?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 3
New 8.9 Enzyme and Substrate - shows molecular and
chemical views of the enzyme-substrate interface
8.11 Life at the Active site
8.16 Reversible Inhibition
new unnumbered art of chemical analog of
dihydrofolate
8.17 Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes
compare to LIFE 9e Figure 8.9, p. 157
compare to LIFE 9e Figure 8.11, p. 159
compare to 9e Figure 8.16, p. 163
compare to 9e Figure 8.17, p. 163
NEW Working with Data Exercise
How Does an Herbicide Work?
• Based on an original paper by Boocock, M. R. and J. R. Coggins. 1983
• Asks students to examine data to involving how different concentrations of glyphosate inhibits EPSP synthase in
the weed-killer Round-Up.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 10 and 11 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter
9 Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy
Features of the 10e Outline
• Coverage of glycolysis greatly simplified in 10e Section 9.2
• Coverage of the coupling of H+ diffusion and the formation of ATP is explored in a new Working with
Data exercise in Section 9.3. The section concludes with a new subsection entitled Electron transport
can be toxic and Some microorganisms use non-O2 electron acceptors
10e outline
9/e outline
9.1 How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical
Energy? 166
9.1 How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical
Energy? 169
Cells trap free energy while metabolizing glucose 166
Redox reactions transfer electrons and energy 167
The coenzyme NAD+ is a key electron carrier in redox reactions
167
An overview: Harvesting energy from glucose 168
Cells trap free energy while metabolizing glucose 169
Redox reactions transfer electrons and energy 170
The coenzyme NAD+ is a key electron carrier in redox
reactions 171
An overview: Harvesting energy from glucose 171
9.2 What Are the Aerobic Pathways of Glucose
Catabolism? 169
9.2 What Are the Aerobic Pathways of Glucose
Metabolism? 172
In glycolysis, glucose is partially oxidized and some energy is
released 169
Pyruvate oxidation links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle 170
The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of glucose to CO2
170
Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle are regulated by the
concentrations of starting materials 171
The energy-investing reactions 1–5 of glycolysis require
ATP 174
The energy-harvesting reactions 6–10 of glycolysis yield NADH
and ATP 174
Pyruvate oxidation links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle 174
The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of glucose to
CO2 175
The citric acid cycle is regulated by the concentrations of starting
materials 177
9.3 How Does Oxidative Phosphorylation Form ATP?
171
The respiratory chain transfers electrons and protons, and releases
energy 172
Proton diffusion is coupled to ATP synthesis 173
Some microorganisms use non-O2 electron acceptors 176
9.4 How Is Energy Harvested from Glucose in the
Absence of Oxygen? 177
Cellular respiration yields much more energy than fermentation
178
The yield of ATP is reduced by the impermeability of
mitochondria to NADH 178
9.3 How Does Oxidative Phosphorylation Form
ATP? 177
The respiratory chain transfers electrons and releases energy 178
Proton diffusion is coupled to ATP synthesis 178
9.4 How Is Energy Harvested from Glucose in the
Absence of Oxygen? 181
Cellular respiration yields much more energy than
fermentation 183
The yield of ATP is reduced by the impermeability of some
mitochondria to NADH 183
9.5 How Are Metabolic Pathways Interrelated and
Regulated? 179
9.5 How Are Metabolic Pathways Interrelated and
Regulated? 184
Catabolism and anabolism are linked 179
Catabolism and anabolism are integrated 180
Metabolic pathways are regulated systems 181
Catabolism and anabolism are linked 184
Catabolism and anabolism are integrated 185
Metabolic pathways are regulated systems 185
Ch 9 opening story:
10e Chapter 9 opens with a story on baby fat, which transitions into a discussion of obesity.
New chapter-ending question: Can brown fat in adults be a target for weight loss?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 9
Revised 9.5 Glycolysis Converts Glucose into
Pyruvate The glycolysis figure has been revised to
compare to 9e Figure 9.5
place less emphasis on intermediate names and more
emphasis on key events producing intermediates. The
old figure spelled out ten different steps; the new
one shows the steps does not dwell on chemical
details. The revised figure also makes it visually
clearer that two molecules of pyruvate are ultimately
produced.
• Unnumbered art on p. 170 offers additional
detail on glycolysis steps 6 & 7
Revised A simplified overview of the citric acid cycle Compare to 9e Figure 9.7, p. 176, which spells out
is presented in Figure 9.7. Subsequent unnumbered the chemical details changes occurring at each step
art on pp. 171 and 172 offers insight into selected
steps of the citric acid cycle.
Revised 9.9 An Experiment Demonstrates the
Chemiosmotic Mechanism focuses on the role of an
H+ gradient. Changes have been made relative to the
9e discussion of this topic.
new Figure 9.10 How ATP Is Made provides an
illustration of the chemiosmotic 'motor.'
new Figure 9.14 Interactions of Catabolism and
Anabolism during Exercise
Compare to 9e Figure 9.10
NEW Working with Data Exercise Experimental Demonstration of the Chemiosmotic
Mechanism
Original Paper by Jagendorf, A. T. and E. Uribe. 1966
Asks students to examine data in order to assess which of two experiments show that a proton gradient is
necessary and sufficient to stimulate ATP formation
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 7-10 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter 10
Photosynthesis: Energy from Sunlight
Features of the 10e Outline
• Section 10.1 has been revised to include a new Working With Data Exercise that helps students understand it was
discovered that water is the source of oxygen produced by photosynthesis.
• Section 10.2 has new subheadings that highlight key steps of photosynthesis. Coverage of noncyclic vs cyclic
electron transport is shorter; the processes that occur in photosystems I and II is are presented in a straightforward
way.
10e outline
9/e outline
10.1 What Is Photosynthesis 186
10.1 What Is Photosynthesis? 190
Experiments with isotopes show that O2 comes from H2O in oxygenic
photosynthesis 186
Photosynthesis involves two pathways 188
Experiments with isotopes show that in photosynthesis O2 comes from
H2O 190
Photosynthesis involves two pathways 191
10.2 How Does Photosynthesis Convert Light Energy into
Chemical Energy? 188
10.2 How Does Photosynthesis Convert Light Energy into
Chemical Energy? 192
Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments 188
Light absorption results in photochemical change 190
Reduction leads to ATP and NADPH formation 191
Chemiosmosis is the source of the ATP produced in
photophosphorylation 192
Light is a form of energy with dual properties 192
Molecules become excited when they absorb photons 192
Absorbed wavelengths correlate with biological activity 193
Several pigments absorb energy for photosynthesis 194
Light absorption results in photochemical change 194
Excited chlorophylls in the reaction center act as electron donors 195
Reduction leads to electron transport 195
Noncyclic electron transport produces ATP and NADPH 196
Cyclic electron transport produces ATP but no NADPH 197
Chemiosmosis is the source of the ATP produced in
photophosphorylation 197
10.3 How Is Chemical Energy Used to Synthesize
Carbohydrates? 193
10.3 How Is Chemical Energy Used to Synthesize
Carbohydrates? 199
Radioisotope labeling experiments revealed the steps of the Calvin
cycle 193
The Calvin cycle is made up of three processes 194
Light stimulates the Calvin cycle 196
Radioisotope labeling experiments revealed the steps of the Calvin
cycle 199
The Calvin cycle is made up of three processes 200
Light stimulates the Calvin cycle 201
10.4 How Have Plants Adapted Photosynthesis to
Environmental Conditions? 197
10.4 How Do Plants Adapt to the Inefficiencies of
Photosynthesis? 202
Rubisco catalyzes the reaction of RuBP with O2 or CO2 197
C3 plants undergo photorespiration but C4 plants do not 198
CAM plants also use PEP carboxylase 200
Rubisco catalyzes the reaction of RuBP with O2 or CO2 202
C3 plants undergo photorespiration but C4 plants do not 203
CAM plants also use PEP carboxylase 205
10.5 How Does Photosynthesis Interact with Other
Pathways? 200
10.5 How Does Photosynthesis Interact with Other
Pathways? 205
New Ch 10 opening story
10e Chapter 10 opens by discussing an experiment designed to answer two questions about the rise in CO2: will it lead
to an increased rate of photosynthesis, and if so, will it lead to increased plant growth? To answer these questions
under realistic conditions, scientists developed a way to expose plants to high levels of CO2 in the field.
New chapter-ending question: What possible effects will increased atmospheric CO2 have on global food production?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 10
Revised 10.5 Absorption and Action Spectra -- revised to compare to 9/e 10.6
segregate the graph of the action spectrum for
photosynthesis
Revised 10.7 Energy Transfer and Electron Transport -compare to 9/e Figure 10.8
revised to include a molecular model of of a single lightharvesting complex
Revised 10.15B Organelles of Photorespiration - revised
compare to 9/e Figure 10.17
New Table 10.1 Comparison of Photosynthesis in C3, C4,
and CAM Plants -- illustrations added
NEW Working with Data Exercises
Water Is the Source of the Oxygen Produced by Photosynthesis
•
•
Based on an original paper by Ruben, S., M. Randall, M. D. Kamen, and J. L. Hyde. 1941.
Building on INVESTIGATING LIFE Figure 10w, the exercise asks students to examine data to answer the question of
whether is the source of the oxygen produced by photosynthesis. The exercise exposes students to historically
interesting key experiments that described the light-dependent and light-independent pathways of photosynthesis.
Tracing the Pathway of CO2
•
•
Based on 26 original papers by Calvin et al.
Building on Figure 10.11, which shows students how we learned that the initial product of CO2 fixation is 3PG, this
exercise demonstrates how Calvin et al elucidated the sequence of reactions that allow carbon fixation. Students
are asked to look at data plotting radioactivity in 3PG versus time under different conditions.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
LIFE 10e
Chapter
11
The Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Features of the 10e Outline
• Section 11.3 includes an improved overview of mitosis
• Minor changes in internal organization: The karyotype is now covered in Section 11.5 rather than 11.4
• Expanded discussion of polyploidy in Section 11.6
10e outline
9/e outline
11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide?
206
11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Divide? 210
Prokaryotes divide by binary fission 206
Eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis or meiosis followed by
cytokinesis 207
Prokaryotes divide by binary fission 210
Eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis or meiosis followed by
cytokinesis 211
11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled?
208
11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled? 212
Specific internal signals trigger events in the cell cycle 208
Growth factors can stimulate cells to divide 211
Specific signals trigger events in the cell cycle 213
Growth factors can stimulate cells to divide 215
11.3 What Happens during Mitosis?
11.3 What Happens during Mitosis? 215
211
Prior to mitosis, eukaryotic DNA is packed into very compact
chromosomes 211
Overview: Mitosis segregates copies of genetic information 212
The centrosomes determine the plane of cell division 212
The spindle begins to form during prophase 213
Chromosome separation and movement are highly organized 214
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm 216
Prior to mitosis, eukaryotic DNA is packed into very compact
chromosomes 215
Overview: Mitosis segregates copies of genetic information 216
The centrosomes determine the plane of cell division 216
The spindle begins to form during prophase 216
Chromosome separation and movement are highly organized 219
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm 219
11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life
Cycle? 217
11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life
Cycle? 221
Asexual reproduction by mitosis results in genetic constancy 217
Sexual reproduction by meiosis results in genetic diversity 218
Asexual reproduction by mitosis results in genetic constancy 221
Sexual reproduction by meiosis results in genetic diversity 221
The number, shapes, and sizes of the metaphase chromosomes
constitute the karyotype 223
11.5 What Happens during Meiosis?
219
Meiotic division reduces the chromosome number 219
Chromatid exchanges during meiosis I generate genetic diversity
219
During meiosis homologous chromosomes separate by independent
assortment 220
Meiotic errors lead to abnormal chromosome structures and
numbers 222
The number, shapes, and sizes of the metaphase chromosomes
constitute the karyotype 224
Polyploids have more than two complete sets of chromosomes 224
11.6 In a Living Organism, How Do Cells Die?
225
11.7 How Does Unregulated Cell Division Lead to
Cancer? 227
Cancer cells differ from normal cells 227
Cancer cells lose control over the cell cycle and apoptosis 228
Cancer treatments target the cell cycle 228
11.5 What Happens during Meiosis? 224
Meiotic division reduces the chromosome number 225
Chromatid exchanges during meiosis I generate genetic
diversity 226
During meiosis homologous chromosomes separate by
independent assortment 226
Meiotic errors lead to abnormal chromosome structures and
numbers 228
Polyploids have more than two complete sets of
chromosomes 229
11.6 In a Living Organism, How Do Cells Die? 229
11.7 How Does Unregulated Cell Division Lead to
Cancer? 230
Cancer cells differ from normal cells 230
Cancer cells lose control over the cell cycle and apoptosis 231
Cancer treatments target the cell cycle 232
Ch 11 opening story:
10e Chapter 11 opens with a story on Henrietta Lack's cancer cells (HeLa cells).
New chapter-ending question: What makes HeLa cells reproduce so well in the laboratory?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 11
Revised Figure 11.7 Cyclins Are Transient in the
Cell Cycle; better visualization of cyclin synthesis
Mitotic spindle illustration (11.11) now follows
figure on phases of mitosis (11.10)
Revised Figure 11.12 Chromatid Attachment and
Separation
NEW photo 11.14 Asexual Reproduction
Compare to 9e 11.7, p. 215
9e figures 11.10 and 11.11 are reversed
compare to 9e Figure 11.12
NEW Working with Data Exercise Regulation of the Cell Cycle
Based on an original paper by Rao, P. N. and R. T. Johnson. 1970.
• Asks students to examine data connected with Investigating Figure 11.4 to better understand the nature of
the experiment and its controls.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
Chapter-ending questions are rearranged according to Bloom's Taxonomy. Question 10 is new.
LIFE 10e
12
Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
•
•
This crucial section of the book is revised to improve clarity, link related concepts, and provide updates from
recent research results.
Rather than being segregated into separate chapters, material on prokaryotic genetics and molecular
medicine are now interwoven into relevant chapters. This chapter now includes coverage of transmission in
prokaryotes.
•
•
•
Expanded coverage of the methodology underlying Mendel's monohybrid experiments in Section 12.1.
Revised coverage of independent assortment and probability in Section 12.1
Simplified coverage of genetic maps in Section 12.4
10e outline
9/e outline
12.1 What Are the Mendelian Laws of Inheritance?
233
Mendel used the scientific method to test his hypotheses 233
Mendel’s first experiments involved monohybrid crosses 234
Mendel’s first law states that the two copies of a gene segregate
236
Mendel verified his hypotheses by performing test crosses 237
Mendel’s second law states that copies of different genes assort
independently 237
Probability can be used to predict inheritance 239
Mendel’s laws can be observed in human pedigrees 240
12.2 How Do Alleles Interact? 241
New alleles arise by mutation 241
Many genes have multiple alleles 242
Dominance is not always complete 242
In codominance, both alleles at a locus are expressed
Some alleles have multiple phenotypic effects 243
12.3 How Do Genes Interact?
243
244
12.4 What Is the Relationship between Genes and
Chromosomes? 247
Genes on the same chromosome are linked 247
Genes can be exchanged between chromatids and mapped 247
Linkage is revealed by studies of the sex chromosomes 249
12.5 What Are the Effects of Genes Outside the Nucleus?
252
Bacteria exchange genes by conjugation 253
Bacterial conjugation is controlled by plasmids 254
Mendel brought new methods to experiments on inheritance 237
Mendel devised a careful research plan 238
Mendel’s first experiments involved monohybrid crosses 240
Alleles are different forms of a gene 241
Mendel’s first law says that the two copies of a gene segregate 242
Mendel verified his hypothesis by performing a test cross 242
Mendel’s second law says that copies of different genes assort
independently 244
Punnett squares or probability calculations: A choice of
methods 245
Mendel’s laws can be observed in human pedigrees 246
12.2 How Do Alleles Interact? 248
Hybrid vigor results from new gene combinations and interactions
244
The environment affects gene action 245
Most complex phenotypes are determined by multiple genes and the
environment 246
12.6 How Do Prokaryotes Transmit Genes?
12.1 What Are the Mendelian Laws of Inheritance? 237
253
New alleles arise by mutation 248
Many genes have multiple alleles 248
Dominance is not always complete 249
In codominance, both alleles at a locus are expressed 249
Some alleles have multiple phenotypic effects 250
12.3 How Do Genes Interact? 250
Hybrid vigor results from new gene combinations and
interactions 250
The environment affects gene action 251
Most complex phenotypes are determined by multiple genes and the
environment 252
12.4 What Is the Relationship between Genes and
Chromosomes? 253
Genes on the same chromosome are linked 253
Genes can be exchanged between chromatids 253
Geneticists can make maps of chromosomes 255
Linkage is revealed by studies of the sex chromosomes 256
Genes on sex chromosomes are inherited in special ways 257
Humans display many sex-linked characters 259
12.5 What Are the Effects of Genes Outside the
Nucleus? 259
12.6 How Do Prokaryotes Transmit Genes? 260
Bacteria exchange genes by conjugation 260
Plasmids transfer genes between bacteria 261
Ch 12 opening story:
LIFE10 Ch 12 opens with by describing how efforts to restore populations of Tazmanian devils lead to the
observation that they harbor a 'genetic time bomb' that threatens the species with extinction.
New chapter-ending question: How can knowledge of genetics be used to save the Tasmanian devil?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 12
New Investigating Life Figure 12.2 Mendel’s
Monohybrid Experiments. In this experiment, the
blending hypothesis is rejected.
Revised Figure 12.11 Incomplete Dominance Follows
Mendel’s Laws
New unnumbered art on the ABO genetic locus of
affectomg blood type
Revised FIGURE 12.17 Some Alleles Do Not Assort
Independently -- improved captioning
Revised art of genetic mapping
compare to 9e 12.2
compare to 9e figure 12.12, p. 249
compare to 9e Figure 12.18, p. 254
compare to 9e Figure 12.21
NEW Working with Data Exercises
Mendel’s Monohybrid Experiments
•
•
Based on the original German version of Mendel’s paper, Versuche uber Pflanzen-Hybriden by
Builds on Investigating Life Figure 12.2, asking students to perform a Chi Square analysis on original data,
linking to the new appendix on statistical methods.
Some Alleles Do Not Assort Independently
•
•
Based on Morgan's original Paper (1912)
Builds on Investigating Life Figure 12.17, examining a possible physical basis for linkage. Provides actual
data from Morgan's three crosses, asking students to perform various statistical tests (referring students
to the statistics appendix).
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are rearranged according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• A good selection of genetics problems is provided.
LIFE 10e
Chapter
13
DNA and its Role in Heredity
Features of the 10e Outline
• New discoveries about the roles of RNA and an expanded discussion of epigenetics.
• Coverage of transfection revised in Section 13.1
• Coverage of the chemical structure of the DNA helix is revised in Section 13.2
• Section 13.3 includes coverage of prokaryotic replication
10e outline
9/e outline
13.1 What Is the Evidence that the Gene Is DNA?
260
13.1 What Is the Evidence that the Gene is DNA? 267
DNA from one type of bacterium genetically transforms another type
260
Viral infection experiments confirmed that DNA is the genetic
material 261
Eukaryotic cells can also be genetically transformed by DNA 263
13.2 What Is the Structure of DNA?
DNA from one type of bacterium genetically transforms another
type 267
The transforming principle is DNA 269
Viral replication experiments confirmed that DNA is the genetic
material 269
Eukaryotic cells can also be genetically transformed by DNA 270
264
Watson and Crick used modeling to deduce the structure of DNA
264
Four key features define DNA structure 265
The double-helical structure of DNA is essential to its function 266
13.3 How Is DNA Replicated?
13.2 What Is the Structure of DNA? 272
The chemical composition of DNA was known 272
Watson and Crick described the double helix 273
Four key features define DNA structure 274
The double-helical structure of DNA is essential to its function 275
267
Three modes of DNA replication appeared possible 267
An elegant experiment demonstrated that DNA replication is
semiconservative 268
There are two steps in DNA replication 268
DNA polymerases add nucleotides to the growing chain 269
Many other proteins assist with DNA polymerization 272
The two DNA strands grow differently at the replication fork 272
Telomeres are not fully replicated and are prone to repair 275
Three modes of DNA replication appeared possible 276
An elegant experiment demonstrated that DNA replication is
semiconservative 276
There are two steps in DNA replication 279
DNA polymerases add nucleotides to the growing chain 279
Many other proteins assist with DNA polymerization 280
Telomeres are not fully replicated and are prone to repair 283
13.4 How Are Errors in DNA Repaired?
13.4 How Are Errors in DNA Repaired? 285
13.3 How Is DNA Replicated? 276
276
13.5 How Does the Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplify
DNA? 277
13.5 How Does the Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplify
DNA? 286
The polymerase chain reaction makes multiple copies of DNA
sequences 277
The polymerase chain reaction makes multiple copies of DNA
sequences 286
New Ch 13 opening story:
LIFE10 Ch 13 opens by describing exciting research into compounds discovered to inhibit cell division and how
this work lead to the development of cisplatin, a drug that has been spectacularly successful at stopping
uncontrolled cell reproduction in some types of cancer. This opening story accentuates the book's emphasis on
discovery-based science.
New chapter-ending question: How does cisplatin work?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 13
Revised Investigating LIFE figure 13.5 on Transfection
in Eukaryotic Cells
New Figure 13.8: Base pairs in DNA Can Interact with
Other Molecules
New 13.12 The Origin of DNA Replication (shows ori
in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic chromosomes)
Compare to 9e Figure 13.5, p.272
prokaryotic genetics was presented separately in the 9e
New Figure 13.22 Cisplatin: A Small but Lethal
Molecule
NEW Working with Data Exercise
The Meselson–Stahl Experiment
•
•
Based on an original paper by Meselson, M. and F. Stahl. 1958. The replication of DNA in Escherichia coli.
The key experimental method was the separation of DNA that contained 14N (“light” DNA) from DNA that contained 15N
(“heavy” DNA), using an ultracentrifuge to create a density gradient of cesium chloride. The exercise requires students
to examine the gradients, create a table summarizing patterns in the data and whether they support the authors’
conclusions.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• The chapter-ending questions have been rearranged to reflect Bloom's Taxonomy.
LIFE 10e
Chapter
14
From DNA to Protein: Gene Expression
Features of the 10e Outline
• Section 14.2 revised to include a discussion exceptions to the central dogma seen in viral genetics.
• Section 14.3 revised to include updated coverage of nucleic acid hypridization and new research on the roles
RNA play in gene expression
• Section 14.4 updated to include more information on tRNA
10e outline
9/e outline
14.1 What Is the Evidence that Genes Code for Proteins?
282
14.1 What Is the Evidence that Genes Code for
Proteins? 291
Observations in humans led to the proposal that genes determine
enzymes 282
Experiments on bread mold established that genes determine enzymes
282
One gene determines one polypeptide 283
Observations in humans led to the proposal that genes determine
enzymes 291
Experiments on bread mold established that genes determine
enzymes 292
One gene determines one polypeptide 294
14.2 How Does Information Flow from Genes to Proteins?
284
14.2 How Does Information Flow from Genes to
Proteins? 294
Three types of RNA have roles in the information flow from DNA to
protein 285
In some cases, RNA determines the sequence of DNA 285
RNA differs from DNA and plays a vital role in gene expression 294
Two hypotheses were proposed to explain information flow from
DNA to protein 295
RNA viruses are exceptions to the central dogma 295
14.3 How Is the Information Content in DNA Transcribed
to Produce RNA? 286
14.3 How Is the Information Content in DNA Transcribed
to Produce RNA? 296
RNA polymerases share common features 286
Transcription occurs in three steps 286
The information for protein synthesis lies in the genetic code 288
RNA polymerases share common features 296
Transcription occurs in three steps 296
The information for protein synthesis lies in the genetic code 298
14.4 How Is Eukaryotic DNA Transcribed and the RNA
Processed? 290
14.4 How Is Eukaryotic DNA Transcribed and the RNA
Processed? 300
Many eukaryotic genes are interrupted by noncoding sequences 290
Eukaryotic gene transcripts are processed before translation 291
Eukaryotic genes have noncoding sequences 300
Eukaryotic gene transcripts are processed before translation 302
14.5 How Is RNA Translated into Proteins?
14.5 How Is RNA Translated into Proteins? 304
293
Transfer RNAs carry specific amino acids and bind to specific codons
293
Each tRNA is specifically attached to an amino acid 294
The ribosome is the workbench for translation 294
Translation takes place in three steps 295
Polysome formation increases the rate of protein synthesis 297
Transfer RNAs carry specific amino acids and bind to specific
codons 304
Activating enzymes link the right tRNAs and amino acids 305
The ribosome is the workbench for translation 306
Translation takes place in three steps 306
Polysome formation increases the rate of protein synthesis 308
14.6 What Happens to Polypeptides after Translation? 298
14.6 What Happens to Polypeptides after Translation? 310
Signal sequences in proteins direct them to their cellular destinations
298
Many proteins are modified after translation 300
Signal sequences in proteins direct them to their cellular
destinations 310
Many proteins are modified after translation 312
New opening story, which ends with a question that is revisited at chapter end:
10e Chapter 14 opens with a story on MRSA: methicillin-resistant S. aureus. These “superbugs” are now common
in hospitals and nursing homes and cause about 20,000 deaths a year in the United States.
New chapter-ending question: Can new treatments focused on gene expression control MRSA?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 14
revised Figure 14.3: RNA Polymerase
revised Figure 14.5 Deciphering the Genetic Code
revised Figure 14.7 Nucleic Acid Hybridization and
Introns
revised Figure 14.18 Destinations for Newly Translated
Polypeptides in a Eukaryotic Cell -- includes more detail
on the development of channels in the membrane
compare to 9e figure 14.2, p. 296
compare to 9e Figure 14.5, p. 298
compare to 9e Figure 14.8, p. 301
compare to 9e Figure 14.19, p. 310
NEW Working with Data Exercise
One Gene, One Enzyme
•
Original Paper by Srb, A. M. and N. H. Horowitz. 1944. The ornithine cycle in Neurospora and its genetic control.
•
Following up on Investigating LIFE Figure 14.1 on the one- gene, one-enzyme hypothesis, students are
presented with data on 15 mutant strains(the arg mutants) that could not synthesize arginine, but could
grow on medium supplemented with arginine. Students are asked to indicate which enzymes were key to arg
mutant growth and form hypotheses concerning factors that inhibit growth.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are rearranged according to Bloom's Taxonomy
LIFE 10e
Chapter
15
Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine
Features of the 10e Outline
• Section order is rearranged in 10e Ch 15; coverage of molecular tools such as gel electrophoresis now
follows coverage of genetic disease
• Section 15.1 includes new coverage of reversion, somatic mutations, retroviruses and transposons
• Genetic disease is covered earlier in the chapter; Section 15.2 includes insights into somatic mutations that
cause cancer.
• Section 15.3 includes updated coverage of how reverse genetics and gene markers can help identify disease
and new examples of DNA fingerprinting
• Section 15.5 includes new copy how the adeno-associated virus has been used to engineer treatment in
human gene therapy clinical trials.
10e outline
15.1 What Are Mutations?
9/e outline
305
15.1 What Are Mutations? 317
Mutations have different phenotypic effects 305
Point mutations are changes in single nucleotides 306
Chromosomal mutations are extensive changes in the genetic material
307
Retroviruses and transposons can cause loss of function mutations or
duplications 308
Mutations can be spontaneous or induced 308
Mutagens can be natural or artificial 310
Some base pairs are more vulnerable than others to mutation 310
Mutations have both benefits and costs 310
15.2 What Kinds of Mutations Lead to Genetic Diseases?
311
Genetic mutations may make proteins dysfunctional 311
Disease-causing mutations may involve any number of base pairs
312
Expanding triplet repeats demonstrate the fragility of some human
genes 313
Cancer often involves somatic mutations 314
Most diseases are caused by multiple genes and environment 314
15.3 How Are Mutations Detected and Analyzed? 315
Restriction enzymes cleave DNA at specific sequences 315
Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments 316
DNA fingerprinting combines PCR with restriction analysis and
electrophoresis 317
Reverse genetics can be used to identify mutations that lead to disease
318
Genetic markers can be used to find disease-causing genes 318
The DNA barcode project aims to identify all organisms on Earth
319
15.4 How Is Genetic Screening Used to Detect Diseases?
320
Screening for disease phenotypes involves analysis of proteins and
other chemicals 320
DNA testing is the most accurate way to detect abnormal genes 320
Allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization can detect mutations
321
15.5 How Are Genetic Diseases Treated?
322
Mutations have different phenotypic effects 317
Point mutations change single nucleotides 318
Chromosomal mutations are extensive changes in the genetic
material 320
Mutations can be spontaneous or induced 320
Some base pairs are more vulnerable than others to mutation 322
Mutagens can be natural or artificial 322
Mutations have both benefits and costs 322
15.2 How Are DNA Molecules and Mutations
Analyzed? 323
Restriction enzymes cleave DNA at specific sequences 323
Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments 324
DNA fingerprinting uses restriction analysis and
electrophoresis 325
The DNA barcode project aims to identify all organisms on
Earth 326
15.3 How Do Defective Proteins Lead to Diseases? 327
Genetic mutations may make proteins dysfunctional 327
Prion diseases are disorders of protein conformation 329
Most diseases are caused by multiple genes and environment 330
15.4 What DNA Changes Lead to Genetic
Diseases? 330
Genetic markers can point the way to important genes 330
Disease-causing mutations may involve any number of base
pairs 333
Expanding triplet repeats demonstrate the fragility of some
human genes 333
15.5 How Is Genetic Screening Used to Detect
Diseases? 334
Screening for disease phenotypes involves analysis of
proteins 334
DNA testing is the most accurate way to detect abnormal
genes 335
15.6 How Are Genetic Diseases Treated? 337
Genetic diseases can be treated by modifying the phenotype 337
Gene therapy offers the hope of specific treatments 338
Genetic diseases can be treated by modifying the phenotype 322
Gene therapy offers the hope of specific treatments 323
New opening story, which ends with a question that is revisited at chapter end:
10e Chapter 15 opens with a story on chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), a type of cancer that affected
Karem Abdull Jabar (among others) in which BCR–ABL gene fusion results produces an oncogene that makes a
protein product which stimulates cell division and causes cancer. The story described new promising
treatments that target this specific protein.
New chapter-ending question: Are there other targeted therapies directed to specific types of cancer?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 15
New Figure 15.11 Multiple Somatic Mutations
Transform a Normal Colon Epithelial Cell into a Cancer
Cell
Revised Figure 15.14 DnA Fingerprinting with Short
Tandem Repeats --includes a photo of Saddam Hussein
having cells scraped from his cheek for testing
New Figure 15.15 DnA Linkage Analysis
New Figure 15.20 Gene Therapy Andrew Feigin and his
colleagues showed that a virus can be used to insert a
therapeutic gene into the brains of patients with
Parkinson’s disease
compare to 9e Figure 15.9, p. 326
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Gene Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease
•
Original Paper by LeWitt, P. A. and 20 additional authors. 2011. AAV2-GAD gene therapy for advanced
Parkinson’s disease
• The exercise describes gene therapy to supply an enzyme whose activity produces a molecule that can
reduce symptoms of Parkinson's disease (the enzyme is glutamate decarboxylase and the molecule
produced is the neurotransmitter GABA). Students are asked to compare data from the control group to
that of the gene therapy group and assess whether statistically significant differences are evident.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 5 and 7 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter
16
Regulation of Gene Expression
Features of the 10e Outline
• Gene expression in viruses is now covered after prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression, rather than before.
• Section 16.1 on prokaryotic gene regulation includes new coverage of positive and negative regulation and the
roles of inducers. A new subsection on how RNA polymerases can be directed to particular classes of promoters
(covering consensus sequences and sigma factors) has been added.
• Section 16.2 on eukaryotic gene regulation has been updated; new information on transcription factors,
particularly TFIID, is included. Coverage of structural motifs is curtailed relative to the prior edition.
• Coverage of epigenetic remodeling simplified in Section 16.4
• Section 16.5 updated to include new information on small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) , mRNA inhibition, and
riboswitches.
10e outline
9/e outline
16.1 How Is Gene Expression Regulated in Prokaryotes?
329
16.1 How Do Viruses Regulate Their Gene Expression? 343
Regulating gene transcription conserves energy 329
Operons are units of transcriptional regulation in prokaryotes 330
Operator–repressor interactions control transcription in the lac and trp
operons 330
Protein synthesis can be controlled by increasing promoter efficiency
332
RNA polymerases can be directed to particular classes of promoters
332
16.2 How Is Eukaryotic Gene Transcription Regulated? 333
General transcription factors act at eukaryotic promoters 333
Specific proteins can recognize and bind to DNA sequences and
regulate transcription 335
Specific protein–DNA interactions underlie binding 335
The expression of transcription factors underlies cell differentiation
336
The expression of sets of genes can be coordinately regulated by
transcription factors 336
16.3 How Do Viruses Regulate Their Gene Expression?
339
Many bacteriophages undergo a lytic cycle 339
Some bacteriophages can undergo a lysogenic cycle 340
Eukaryotic viruses can have complex life cycles 341
HIV gene regulation occurs at the level of transcription elongation 341
16.4 How Do Epigenetic Changes Regulate Gene
Expression? 343
DNA methylation occurs at promoters and silences transcription 343
Histone protein modifications affect transcription 344
Epigenetic changes can be induced by the environment 344
DNA methylation can result in genomic imprinting 344
Global chromosome changes involve DNA methylation 345
16.5 How Is Eukaryotic Gene Expression Regulated after
Transcription? 346
Different mRNAs can be made from the same gene by alternative
splicing 346
Small RNAs are important regulators of gene expression 347
Translation of mRNA can be regulated by proteins and riboswitches
Bacteriophage undergo a lytic cycle 343
Some bacteriophage can carry bacterial genes from one cell to
another 345
Some bacteriophage can undergo a lysogenic cycle 345
Eukaryotic viruses have complex regulatory mechanisms 346
16.2 How Is Gene Expression Regulated in Prokaryotes? 348
Regulating gene transcription conserves energy 348
Operons are units of transcriptional regulation in prokaryotes 349
Operator–repressor interactions control transcription in the lac and trp
operons 350
Protein synthesis can be controlled by increasing promoter
efficiency 351
16.3 How Is Eukaryotic Gene Transcription Regulated? 352
Transcription factors act at eukaryotic promoters 353
Other proteins can recognize and bind to DNA sequences and regulate
transcription 354
Specific protein–DNA interactions underlie binding 354
The expression of sets of genes can be coordinately regulated by
transcription factors 355
16.4 How Do Epigenetic Changes Regulate Gene
Expression? 356
DNA methylation occurs at promoters and silences transcription 356
Histone protein modifications affect transcription 357
Epigenetic changes induced by the environment can be inherited 358
DNA methylation can result in genomic imprinting 358
Global chromosome changes involve DNA methylation 359
16.5 How Is Eukaryotic Gene Expression Regulated After
Transcription? 360
Different mRNAs can be made from the same gene by alternative
splicing 360
MicroRNAs are important regulators of gene expression 361
Translation of mRNA can be regulated 361
New Ch 16 opening story:
10e Chapter 16 opens with a study examining a gene for the glucocorticoid receptor, which is involved in regulating
hormonal responses to stress and posits that stress during pregnancy can affect the fetus.
New chapter-ending question: Can epigenetic changes be manipulated?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 16
New 16.1 Positive and Negative Regulation
New 16.2 An Inducer Stimulates the Expression of a
Gene for an Enzyme
New Straightforward art of the helix-turn-helix motif
New INVESTIGATING LIFE FIGURE 16.10 Expression of
Specific Transcription Factors Turns Fibroblasts
into Neurons
Revised 16.16 The Reproductive Cycle of HIV -updated and simplified
Revised 16.19 Epigenetic Remodeling of Chromatin for
Transcription updated and simplified
New 16.23 mRNA Inhibition by RNAs
New 16.24 Translational Repressor Can Repress
Translation
NEW Working with Data Exercise
compare to 9e Figure 16.16
compare to 9e Figure 16.6
compare to 9e Figure 16.19
compare to 9e Figure 16.23
Expression of Transcription Factors Turns Fibroblasts into Neurons
•
•
original paper: Vierbuchen, T., A. Ostermeier, Z. P. Pang, Y. Kokubu, T. C.Südhof, and M. Wernig. 2010. Direct
conversion of fibroblasts to functional neurons by defined factors
Builds on Investigating Life Figure 16.10, providing students with data on response of transformed cells to
electrical stimulation and the rate of cell division in the population of transformed cells. Asks students to
comment on effect of electrical stimulation and whether cell division stopped in the transformed cells.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 8 and 10 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter
17
Genomes
Features of the 10e Outline
• The chapter benefits from streamlining throughout.
• Section 17.1 includes new coverage on new approaches to genome sequencing; more explicit coverage of
high-throughput sequencing is included; comparative sequencing is now covered.
• Section 17.2 has been significantly revised to take note of new lessons learned from the sequencing of
prokaryotic genomes and from metagenomics. Coverage of transposons is expanded.
• Section 17.3 is updated to include new information on plant genomes and comparative genomics
• Section 17.4 is updated to include new information on the human genomes and comparative genomics,
including recent attempts to reconstruct the Neanderthal genome
10e outline
17.1 How Are Genomes Sequenced?
9/e outline
353
New methods have been developed to rapidly sequence DNA 353
Genome sequences yield several kinds of information 355
17.2 What Have We Learned from Sequencing
Prokaryotic Genomes? 356
Prokaryotic genomes are compact 356
The sequencing of prokaryotic and viral genomes has many potential
benefits 357
Metagenomics allows us to describe new organisms and ecosystems
357
Some sequences of DNA can move about the genome 358
Will defining the genes required for cellular life lead to artificial life?
359
17.3 What Have We Learned from Sequencing Eukaryotic
Genomes? 361
Model organisms reveal many characteristics of eukaryotic genomes
361
Eukaryotes have gene families 363
Eukaryotic genomes contain many repetitive sequences 364
17.1 How Are Genomes Sequenced? 366
Two approaches were used to sequence the human genome 366
The nucleotide sequence of DNA can be determined 368
High-throughput sequencing has been developed for large
genomes 369
Genome sequences yield several kinds of information 370
17.2 What Have We Learned from Sequencing
Prokaryotic Genomes? 371
The sequencing of prokaryotic genomes led to new genomics
disciplines 371
Some sequences of DNA can move about the genome 372
The sequencing of prokaryotic and viral genomes has many
potential benefits 373
Metagenomics allows us to describe new organisms and
ecosystems 373
Will defining the genes required for cellular life lead to artificial
life? 374
17.3 What Have We Learned from Sequencing
Eukaryotic Genomes? 375
Model organisms reveal many characteristics of eukaryotic
genomes 375
Eukaryotes have gene families 377
Eukaryotic genomes contain many repetitive sequences 378
17.4 What Are the Characteristics of the Human Genome?
366
17.4 What Are the Characteristics of the Human
Genome? 380
The human genome sequence held some surprises 366
Comparative genomics reveals the evolution of the human genome
366
Human genomics has potential benefits in medicine 367
The human genome sequence held some surprises 380
Human genomics has potential benefits in medicine 381
17.5 What Do the New Disciplines of Proteomics and
Metabolomics Reveal? 369
The proteome is more complex than the genome 369
Metabolomics is the study of chemical phenotype 370
17.5 What Do the New Disciplines Proteomics and
Metabolomics Reveal? 382
The proteome is more complex than the genome 382
Metabolomics is the study of chemical phenotype 383
New Ch. 17 opening story:
10e Chapter 17 opens with a story on the genomes of "man's best friends": doggies.
New chapter-ending question: What does dog genome sequencing reveal about other animals?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 17
New 17.1 DNA Sequencing
17.2 Arranging DNA Fragments
New Table 17.1 Gene Functions in Three Bacteria
new 17.5 DNA Sequences That Move prepares students
for the Investigaing Life Figure 17.8 on transposon
mutagenesis
new 17.7 Synthetic Cells Mycoplasma mycoides JCVIsyn1.0, the first synthetic organism
new 17.9 Plant Genomes
new Table 17.6 Major Transposable Element Groups in
9/e Figure 17.2 has been cut
replaces 9e 17.10
omitted: 9e Figure 17.13
the Eukaryotic Genome
revised 17.14 SNP Genotyping and Disease
compare to 9e 17.15
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Using Transposon Mutagenesis to Determine the Minimal Genome
Based on two original papers :
• Transposon mutagenesis and a minimal Mycoplasma genome (Hutchinson et al) and Essential genes of
a minimal bacterium (Glass et al., 2006)
• Presents students with data on the growth of M. genitalium strains with insertions in genes (intragenic
regions) compared with the growth of strains with insertions in noncoding (intergenic) regions.
Students are asked to consider how this study helps identify essential genes for growth and to consider
how a transposon inserts into the specific regions of a gene might affect the phenotype.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 1, 7, and 10 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter
18
Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology
Features of the 10e Outline
• Section 18.2 is updated to provide new examples of recombinant DNA technology
• Section 18.3 includes new coverage of the creation of synthetic DNA via PCR
• Section 18.4 includes new copy on ways to study genes in biological systems, such as to overexpress it in
cells where it is normally expressed at lower levels. Coverage of use of microarrays is expanded
• Section 18.6 has new copy on GMOs and a clearer discussion of the advantages of and concerns about
biotechnology
10e outline
18.1 What Is Recombinant DNA?
9/e outline
374
18.2 How Are New Genes Inserted into Cells?
18.1 What Is Recombinant DNA? 387
375
Genes can be inserted into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells 376
A variety of methods are used to insert recombinant DNA into
host cells 376
Reporter genes help select or identify host cells containing
recombinant DNA 377
18.3 What Sources of DNA Are Used in Cloning?
379
Libraries provide collections of DNA fragments 379
cDNA is made from mRNA transcripts 379
Synthetic DNA can be made by PCR or by organic chemistry
380
18.4 What Other Tools Are Used to Study DNA
Function? 380
18.2 How Are New Genes Inserted into Cells? 389
Genes can be inserted into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells 389
Recombinant DNA enters host cells in a variety of ways 389
Reporter genes identify host cells containing recombinant
DNA 390
18.3 What Sources of DNA Are Used in Cloning? 392
Libraries provide collections of DNA fragments 392
cDNA libraries are constructed from mRNA transcripts 392
Synthetic DNA can be made by PCR or by organic
chemistry 393
DNA mutations can be created in the laboratory 393
18.4 What Other Tools Are Used to Study DNA
Function? 393
Genes can be expressed in different biological systems 380
DNA mutations can be created in the laboratory 381
Genes can be inactivated by homologous recombination 381
Complementary RNA can prevent the expression of specific genes
382
DNA microarrays reveal RNA expression patterns 382
Genes can be inactivated by homologous recombination 393
Complementary RNA can prevent the expression of specific
genes 394
DNA microarrays can reveal RNA expression patterns 395
18.5 What Is Biotechnology? 383
Expression vectors can turn cells into protein factories 397
Expression vectors can turn cells into protein factories 384
18.6 How Is Biotechnology Changing Medicine and
Agriculture? 384
Medically useful proteins can be made using biotechnology 384
DNA manipulation is changing agriculture 386
There is public concern about biotechnology 388
18.5 What Is Biotechnology? 397
18.6 How Is Biotechnology Changing Medicine,
Agriculture, and the Environment? 398
Medically useful proteins can be made by biotechnology 398
DNA manipulation is changing agriculture 400
Biotechnology can be used for environmental cleanup 402
There is public concern about biotechnology 402
New Ch 18 opening story:
10e Chapter 18 opens with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and the general subject of bioremediation,
turning to the controversial subject of how genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been developed and
approved for use in not only bioremediation but agriculture, medicine, and other industries
New chapter-ending question: Are there other uses for microorganisms in environmental cleanup?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 18
New 18.3 Selection for Recombinant DNA
revised 18.7 Using Antisense RNA and siRNA to Block compare to 9e Figure 18.8
Translation of mRNA
revised 18.8 DNA Microarray for Medical Diagnosis
compare to 9e Figure 18.10
new 18.12 Genetic Modification of Plants versus
compare to 9e Figure 18.14
Conventional Plant Breeding
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Recombinant DNA
original paper by Cohen, S. N., A. C. Y. Chang, H. W. Boyer, and R. B. Helling.
Asks students to examine data on the use of the restriction enzyme EcoRI to cut two E. coli plasmids, one
containing a resistance gene for kanamycin and the other containing a resistance gene for tetracycline
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 7, 8, 11, and 12 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter
19
Differential Gene Expression in Development
Features of the 10e Outline
• Section rearrangements: coverage of cell fate is now covered in Section 19.2; coverage of irreversible cell
differentiation now concludes the chapter
• Coverage of cell fates revised in Section 19.2
• Coverage of Gene Expression in Development revised in Section 19.3 to build on prior coverage of cell fate
• Coverage of role of materal effects and positional information updated in Section 19.4
• Coverage of cloning wraps up the chapter
10e outline
9/e outline
19.1 What Are the Processes of Development?
393
Development involves distinct but overlapping processes 393
Cell fates become progressively more restricted during development
19.2 How Is Cell Fate Determined?
19.1 What Are the Processes of Development? 406
394
395
Cytoplasmic segregation can determine polarity and cell fate 395
Inducers passing from one cell to another can determine cell fates 395
19.3 What Is the Role of Gene Expression in Development?
397
Cell fate determination involves signal transduction pathways that lead to
differential gene expression 397
Differential gene transcription is a hallmark of cell differentiation 398
19.4 How Does Gene Expression Determine Pattern
Formation? 399
Multiple proteins interact to determine developmental programmed cell
death 399
Plants have organ identity genes 400
Morphogen gradients provide positional information 401
A cascade of transcription factors establishes body segmentation in the
fruit fly 401
19.5 Is Cell Differentiation Reversible?
405
Plant cells can be totipotent 405
Nuclear transfer allows the cloning of animals 406
Multipotent stem cells differentiate in response to environmental signals
408
Pluripotent stem cells can be obtained in two ways 408
Development involves distinct but overlapping processes 406
Cell fates become progressively more restricted during
development 407
19.2 Is Cell Differentiation Irreversible? 408
Plant cells can be totipotent 408
Nuclear transfer allows the cloning of animals 409
Multipotent stem cells differentiate in response to environmental
signals 410
Pluripotent stem cells can be obtained in two ways 411
19.3 What Is the Role of Gene Expression in Cell
Differentiation? 412
Differential gene transcription is a hallmark of cell
differentiation 412
19.4 How Is Cell Fate Determined? 413
Cytoplasmic segregation can determine polarity and cell fate 413
Inducers passing from one cell to another can determine cell
fates 414
19.5 How Does Gene Expression Determine Pattern
Formation? 417
Multiple genes interact to determine developmental programmed
cell death 417
Plants have organ identity genes 418
Morphogen gradients provide positional information 419
A cascade of transcription factors establishes body segmentation
in the fruit fly 420
Hox genes encode transcription factors 423
New Ch 19 opening story:
10e Chapter 19 opens with a story on how stem cell therapy helped replace torn tendons to allow Bartolo Colon to
pitch again.
New chapter-ending question: What are other uses of stem cells derived from fat?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 19
New 19.2 A Cell’s Fate is Determined in the Embryo
revised art of asymmetry in early development
Revised Figure 19.5 (induction of development of C.
elegans)
Revised Figure 19.7 Transcription and Differentiation in
the Formation of Muscle Cells
Revised Figure 19.9 Organ Identity Genes in
Arabidopsis Flowers
New 19.12 Concentrations of Bicoid and nanos Proteins
Determine the Anterior–PosteriorAxis
compare to 9e Figure 19.8, p. 414
compare to 9e Figure 19.11, p. 416
compare to 9/e Figure 19.7, p. 413
compare to 9e Figure 19.14, p. 418
compare to 9e Figure 19.17
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Cloning a Mammal
•
•
original paper: Wilmut, I., A. E. Schnieke, J. McWhir, A. J. Kind, and K. H. S. Campbell. 1997. Viable offspring
derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells.
Asks students to compare data revealing efficiencies of various cloning techniques used in the Dolly experiments
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
LIFE 10e
Chapter
20
Genes, Development, and Evolution
Features of the 10e Outline
• Part Five closes with a unique sequence of two chapters that explore the interface of developmental processes
with molecular biology (Chapter 19) and with evolution (Chapter 20), providing students with a link between
these two crucial topics and a bridge to Part Six.
• Section 20.3 on the development of differences among species has been significantly revised; coverage of the
role of Hox genes is expanded; new copy on heterotypy is included
10e outline
9/e outline
20.1 How Can Small Genetic Changes Result in Large
Changes in Phenotype? 413
20.1 What Is Evo-Devo? 427
Developmental genes in distantly related organisms are similar
Developmental genes in distantly related organisms are similar 427
413
20.2 How Can Mutations with Large Effects Change Only
One Part of the Body? 415
Genetic switches govern how the genetic toolkit is used 415
Modularity allows for differences in the patterns of gene expression
416
20.3 How Can Developmental Changes Result in
Differences among Species? 418
20.2 How Can Mutations With Large Effects Change Only
One Part of the Body? 429
Genetic switches govern how the genetic toolkit is used 429
Modularity allows for differences in the timing and spatial pattern of
gene expression 430
20.3 How Can Differences among Species Evolve? 432
Differences in Hox gene expression patterns result in major
differences in body plans 418
Mutations in developmental genes can produce major morphological
changes 418
20.4 How Can the Environment Modulate Development?
420
Temperature can determine sex 420
Dietary information can be a predictor of future conditions 421
A variety of environmental signals influence development 421
20.5 How Do Developmental Genes Constrain Evolution?
423
Evolution usually proceeds by changing what’s already there 423
Conserved developmental genes can lead to parallel evolution 423
20.4 How Does the Environment Modulate
Development? 433
Temperature can determine sex 433
Organisms use information that predicts future conditions 434
A variety of environmental signals influence development 435
20.5 How Do Developmental Genes Constrain
Evolution? 436
Evolution proceeds by changing what’s already there 436
Conserved developmental genes can lead to parallel evolution 436
New Ch 20 opening story:
10e Chapter 20 opens by describing beak diversity in birds, harking back to Darwin's finches, offering thoughts on
the relationship between development and evolution.
New chapter-ending question: How are gene expression patterns involved in the shaping of the diverse beaks of
birds?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 20
New Figure 20.4 Heterometry and the Beaks of the
Finches
New Figure 20.10 A Result of Heterotypy
replaces 9e Figure 20.4
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 6-10 are new
LIFE 10e
21
Mechanisms of Evolution
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
•
•
•
Chapter 21 illustrates the practical value of fully understanding modern evolutionary biology, beginning by
briefly and succinctly tracing the history of “Darwin’s dangerous idea” through the twentieth century.
Section 21.1 has been revised to focus on how Darwin's ideas are embraced in the present syntheses of
molecular evolutionary genetics and evolutionary developmental biology—fields of study that uphold and
support the principles of evolutionary biology as the basis for comparing and comprehending all other
aspects of biology.
In the new edition, principles underpinning the Hardy-Weinberg calculations are discussed in Section
21.3, after mechanisms of evolutionary change. A straightforward presentation of genetic structure is
offered.
New opening story, which ends with a question that is revisited at chapter end:
10e Chapter 21 opens by discussing the flu epidemic of 1918 as an introduction to the evolution of flu viruses and
the need for new flu vaccines.
New chapter-ending question: How do biologists use evolutionary theory to develop better flu vaccines?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 21
New 21.2 Milestones in the Development of
Evolutionary Theory -- offers a timeline of discoveries
that have contributed to today's understanding of
evolution.
Revised 21.10 Calculating Allele and Genotype
Frequencies -- consolidated discussion of how
frequencies of alleles are calculated and how these are
applies to populations
compare to 9e Fig. 21.6, p. 446
9/e Figures 21.9, 21.10 and 21.11 are omitted in
favor of a more concise presentation
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Do Heterozygous Males Have a Mating Advantage?
Original Paper: Watt, W. B., P. A. Carter and S. M. Blower. 1985. Adaptation
at specific loci. IV. Differential mating success among glycolytic allozyme genotypes of Colias butterflies
Building on Investigating Life Figure 21.17 (A Heterozygote Mating Advantage), this exercise describes how Watt
estimated the frequency of heterozygotes among mating males by collecting mated female butterflies in the
field and allowing them to lay eggs in the laboratory. Students are given real data on the hatched eggs and the
genotypes of the offspring, as well as the genotypes of the females. Students are asked 'If we assume that the
proportions of each genotype among mating males should be the same as the proportions seen among all viable
males, what is the number of mating males expected to be heterozygous in each sample?' Students are also
asked to use a chi-square test (see Appendix B) to evaluate the significance of the difference in the observed
and expected numbers of heterozygous and homozygous individuals among the mating males.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy.
• Questions 9-10 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter
22
Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies
Features of the 10e Outline
• A hallmark of the 9th edition, famously well received, Chapter 22 describes phylogenetic trees as a tool not only
of classification but also of evolutionary inquiry
• The outline is not much changed in the 10e. Section 22.1 again sets the stage for the discussion of evolution
with copy on "how to read a phylogenic tree." The emphasis is on cladistics; Linnaean terms are deemphasized.
Section 22.2 reviews how evolutionary relationships can be inferred by tracing shared derived traits, looking at
development behavior, and molecular data in making phylogenetic reconstructions. Section 24.4 wraps up by
defining taxa in terms of paraphyletic, polyphyletic, and monophyletic groups.
10e outline
22.1 What Is Phylogeny?
9/e outline
450
22.1 What Is Phylogeny? 465
All of life is connected through evolutionary history 451
Comparisons among species require an evolutionary perspective
22.2 How Are Phylogenetic Trees Constructed?
451
452
Parsimony provides the simplest explanation for phylogenetic data
454
Phylogenies are reconstructed from many sources of data 454
Mathematical models expand the power of phylogenetic
reconstruction 456
The accuracy of phylogenetic methods can be tested 457
22.3 How Do Biologists Use Phylogenetic Trees?
458
Phylogenetic trees can be used to reconstruct past events 458
Phylogenies allow us to compare and contrast living organisms 459
Phylogenies can reveal convergent evolution 459
Ancestral states can be reconstructed 460
Molecular clocks help date evolutionary events 461
22.4 How Does Phylogeny Relate to Classification?
462
Evolutionary history is the basis for modern biological classification
463
Several codes of biological nomenclature govern the use of scientific
names 463
All of life is connected through evolutionary history 466
Comparisons among species require an evolutionary perspective 467
22.2 How Are Phylogenetic Trees Constructed? 468
Parsimony provides the simplest explanation for phylogenetic data 470
Phylogenies are reconstructed from many sources of data 470
Mathematical models expand the power of phylogenetic
reconstruction 471
The accuracy of phylogenetic methods can be tested 471
22.3 How Do Biologists Use Phylogenetic Trees? 473
Phylogenies help us reconstruct the past 473
Phylogenies allow us to compare and contrast living organisms 474
Ancestral states can be reconstructed 475
Molecular clocks help date evolutionary events 475
22.4 How Does Phylogeny Relate to Classification? 476
Evolutionary history is the basis for modern biological
classification 477
Several codes of biological nomenclature govern the use of scientific
names 478
New Chapter- opening story:
10e Chapter 22 opens by describing the work of RogerTsien, who changed some of the amino acids within
GFP to create fluorescent proteins of several distinct colors, which was followed up by Matz, who sequenced the
genes of the fluorescent proteins and used these sequences to reconstruct the evolutionary
history of the amino acid changes that produced different colors in different species of corals.
New chapter-ending question: How are phylogenetic methods used to resurrect protein sequences from extinct
organisms?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 22
New 22.9 A Forensic Application of Phylogenetic
Analysis -- presents real data used in court to prove how
a patient acquired HIV
New 22.16 Evolution of Fluorescent Proteins of Corals
replaces 9e Figure 22.9, p. 474
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Does Phylogenetic Analysis Correctly Reconstruct Evolutionary History?
Original Papers:
Hillis, D. M., J. J. Bull, M. E. White, M. R. Badgett, and I. J.Molineux. 1992. Experimental phylogenetics: Generation of
a known phylogeny.
Bull, J. J., C. W. Cunningham, I. J. Molineux, M. R. Badgett,and D. M. Hillis. 1993. Experimental molecular evolution of
bacteriophage T7.
Building on Investigating LIFE Figure 22.7, the data presented in this figure derives from text author David Hillis's
research on viral lineages of the T7 virus, presenting comparative sequences of specific characters from several
lineages. Asks students to examine data to answer the such questions as "Can you reconstruct the DNA sequences
of the ancestral lineages?" and "Why did the investigators use a blind study design, in which the true identities of
the viral lineages were not revealed until the analyses were complete? What potential for bias were they
avoiding?"
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy.
• Questions 7, 9, and 10 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter
23
Speciation
Features of the 10e Outline
The chapters of the diversity unit have been revised with the aim of making it easier for students to appreciate the
major evolutionary changes that have taken place within the different groups of organisms. These chapters emphasize
understanding the big picture of organismal diversity—the tree of life—as opposed to memorizing a taxonomic
hierarchy and names.
• Section 23.1 compares various species concepts, beginning with the biological species concept and wrapping up
with the lineage species concept.
• Section 23.4 has been expanded to cover more concretely various ecological and behavioral factors that influence
speciation rates (e.g., diet specialization, pollination, dispersal)
10e outline
23.1 What Are Species?
9/e outline
468
23.1 What Are Species? 482
We can recognize many species by their appearance 468
Reproductive isolation is key 468
The lineage approach takes a long-term view 469
The different species concepts are not mutually exclusive 469
We can recognize many species by their appearance 482
Species are reproductively isolated lineages on the tree of life 483
23.2 What Is the Genetic Basis of Speciation?
Gene incompatibilities can produce reproductive isolation in two
daughter species 484
Reproductive isolation develops with increasing genetic
divergence 485
23.2 How Do New Species Arise? 484
470
Incompatibilities between genes can produce reproductive isolation
470
Reproductive isolation develops with increasing genetic divergence
470
23.3 What Barriers to Gene Flow Result in Speciation?
472
Physical barriers give rise to allopatric speciation 472
Sympatric speciation occurs without physical barriers 473
23.4 What Happens When Newly Formed Species Come into
Contact? 475
Geographic barriers give rise to allopatric speciation 485
Sympatric speciation occurs without physical barriers 486
23.3 What Happens When Newly Formed Species Come
Together? 489
Prezygotic isolating mechanisms prevent hybridization 476
Postzygotic isolating mechanisms result in selection against
hybridization 478
Hybrid zones may form if reproductive isolation is incomplete 478
Prezygotic barriers prevent fertilization 489
Postzygotic barriers can isolate species after fertilization 491
Hybrid zones may form if reproductive isolation is incomplete 492
23.5 Why Do Rates of Speciation Vary?
23.4 Why Do Rates of Speciation Vary? 493
480
Several ecological and behavioral factors influence speciation rates
480
Rapid speciation can lead to adaptive radiation 481
New opening story, which ends with a question that is revisited at chapter end:
10e Chapter 23 opens by discussing the ever-fascinating speciation of cichlids in Lake Malawi
New chapter-ending question: Can biologists study the processes of speciation in the laboratory?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 23
Revised 23.3 The Dobzhansky–Muller Model -- offers a
stepwise approach to explaining this simple two-locus
genetic model
New 23.6 Allopatric Speciation - a new example of
allopatric speciation of fish populations in the Ozark and
Ouachita mountains
NEW 23.19 Evolution in the Laboratory -- describes
experiments on the evolution of prezygotic isolating
mechanisms in Drosophila melanogaster
compare to 9/e Figure 23.2, p. 484
compare to 9e Figure 23.5, p. 486
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Does Flower Color Act as a Prezygotic Isolating Mechanism?
Original Paper: Levin, D. A. 1985. Reproductive character displacement in Phlox.
Builds on Investigating LIFE Figure 23.14, presenting Levin's data on the genetic composition of seeds produced by
hybridization. Asks students to consider the confidence interval associated with the study, and to ponder alternative
experimental designs.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy.
• Questions 5- 10 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter 24
Evolution of Genes and Genomes
Features of the 10e Outline
• Section 24.2 provides added insights into convergent molecular evolution
• Section 24.3 includes new insights on gene duplications and the use of gene trees
• Section 24.4 revisits an example of the evolution of resistance to TXX toxin in the context of how gene evolution is
used to study protein function
10e outline
24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution?
9/e outline
486
24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? 499
Evolution of genomes results in biological diversity 486
Genes and proteins are compared through sequence alignment 486
Models of sequence evolution are used to calculate evolutionary
divergence 487
Experimental studies examine molecular evolution directly 489
Evolution of genomes results in biological diversity 499
Genes and proteins are compared through sequence alignment 500
Models of sequence evolution are used to calculate evolutionary
divergence 501
Experimental studies examine molecular evolution directly 502
24.2 What Do Genomes Reveal about Evolutionary
Processes? 491
24.2 What Do Genomes Reveal About Evolutionary
Processes? 505
Much of evolution is neutral 492
Positive and purifying selection can be detected in the genome 492
Genome size also evolves 494
Much of evolution is neutral 506
Positive and purifying selection can be detected in the genome 506
Genome size and organization also evolve 507
24.3 How Do Genomes Gain and Maintain Functions? 496
24.3 How Do Genomes Gain and Maintain Functions? 509
Lateral gene transfer can result in the gain of new functions 496
Most new functions arise following gene duplication 496
Some gene families evolve through concerted evolution 498
Lateral gene transfer can result in the gain of new functions 509
Most new functions arise following gene duplication 510
Some gene families evolve through concerted evolution 511
24.4 What Are Some Applications of Molecular
Evolution? 499
24.4 What Are Some Applications of Molecular
Evolution? 512
Molecular sequence data are used to determine the evolutionary
history of genes 499
Gene evolution is used to study protein function 500
In vitro evolution is used to produce new molecules 500
Molecular evolution is used to study and combat diseases 501
Molecular sequence data are used to determine the evolutionary history
of genes 512
Gene evolution is used to study protein function 513
In vitro evolution produces new molecules 514
Molecular evolution is used to study and combat diseases 514
New Chapter-opening story:
10e Chapter 24 opens with a story on how gene duplications make possible the specialization of protein function.
The example pursued is a species of electric fish.
New chapter-ending question: How do evolutionary studies of sodium channel genes help us understand some
human genetic disorders?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 24
revised: 24.7 Convergent Molecular Evolution: Now an
compare to 9e Figure 24.7
INVESTIGATING LIFE illustration, which leads into a new
WWD exercise
New Figure 24.10 Some Functional Genes are
Duplicated Many Times as Nonfunctional
Pseudogenes
leads into 9e Figure 24.10 (renumbered 24.11 in the
10e)
NEW chapter 24 Working with Data Exercise
Detecting Convergence in Lysozyme Sequences
•
•
Based on an original paper by Stewart, C.-B., J. W. Schilling, and A. C. Wilson. 1987
Asks students to examine data on the amino acid changes across the phylogeny of six mammals to answer
questions concerning which amino acid positions show unique convergence.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 8 and 10 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter
25
The History of Life on Earth
Features of the 10e Outline
• Section 25.1's coverage of geologic time scales has been expanded
• Coverage of plate tectonics and volcanic activity has been increased moderately in Section 25.2
• Coverage of the history of life and associated timelines has been revised in Section 25.3
10e outline
25.1 How Do Scientists Date Ancient Events?
9/e outline
506
25.1 How Do Scientists Date Ancient Events? 519
Radioisotopes provide a way to date fossils and rocks 507
Radiometric dating methods have been expanded and refined 507
Scientists have used several methods to construct a geological time
scale 508
25.2 How Have Earth’s Continents and Climates Changed
over Time? 508
The continents have not always been where they are today 509
Earth’s climate has shifted between hot and cold conditions 510
Volcanoes have occasionally changed the history of life 510
Extraterrestrial events have triggered changes on Earth 511
Oxygen concentrations in Earth’s atmosphere have changed over time
511
25.3 What Are the Major Events in Life’s History?
514
Several processes contribute to the paucity of fossils 514
Precambrian life was small and aquatic 515
Life expanded rapidly during the Cambrian period 516
Many groups of organisms that arose during the Cambrian later
diversified 516
Geographic differentiation increased during the Mesozoic era 521
Modern biotas evolved during the Cenozoic era 521
The tree of life is used to reconstruct evolutionary events 522
Radioisotopes provide a way to date rocks 520
Radioisotope dating methods have been expanded and refined 521
25.2 How Have Earth’s Continents and Climates Changed
over Time? 521
Oxygen concentrations in Earth’s atmosphere have changed over
time 523
Earth’s climate has shifted between hot/humid and cold/dry
conditions 524
Volcanoes have occasionally changed the history of life 525
Extraterrestrial events have triggered changes on Earth 525
25.3 What Are the Major Events in Life’s History? 526
Several processes contribute to the paucity of fossils 526
Precambrian life was small and aquatic 527
Life expanded rapidly during the Cambrian period 527
Many groups of organisms that arose during the Cambrian later
diversified 528
Geographic differentiation increased during the Mesozoic era 532
Modern biota evolved during the Cenozoic era 533
The tree of life is used to reconstruct evolutionary events 533
New opening story, which ends with a question that is revisited at chapter end:
10e Chapter 25 opens by describing how new techniques have enabled scientists to identify and date extinct
species such as the ancient dragonfly Meganeuropsis permiana, which had a wingspan of more than 70
centimeters.
New chapter-ending question: Can modern experiments test hypotheses about the evolutionary impact of ancient
environmental changes?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 25
Revised 25.1 Radioactive Isotopes Allow Us to Date
Ancient Rocks - now differentiates between different
uranium isotopes used to date rocks
New 25.2 Periodic Mass Extinctions Mark Many
Geologic Boundaries
New 25.3 (b) -- photo of mountain chain resulting from
subduction
New 25.5 Volcanic Eruptions Can Cool Global
Temperatures
compare to 9e Figure 25.1, p. 520
New 25.7 Banded Iron Formations Indicate Early
Photosynthesis
Revised 25.10 Atmospheric Oxygen Concentrations and
Body Size in Insects-- revised to show trends in male vs
female insects
A greater number of life events are broken out in the
timelines of the history of life
revised 25.12 A Sense of Life’s Time
new 25.13 Diversification of Multicellular Organisms:
The “CambrianExplosion”
compare to 9e Figure 25.6, p 524
compare to 9/e Fig. 25.10, p. 527
NEW Working with Data Exercise
The Effects of Oxygen Concentration on Insect Body Size
Data from three recent papers is cited, underscoring the importance of collaboration in the scientific community:
Harrison, J. F. and G. G. Haddad. 2011. Effects of oxygen on growth and size: Synthesis of molecular, organismal
and evolutionary studies with Drosophila melanogaster.
Harrison, J. F., A. Kaiser and J. M. VandenBrooks. 2010. Atmospheric oxygen level and the evolution of insect body
size.
Klok, C. J., A. J. Hubb and J. F. Harrison. 2009. Single andmultigenerational responses of body mass to atmospheric
oxygen concentration in Drosophila melanogaster: Evidence for roles of plasticity and evolution.
Students are asked to consider what conclusions might be drawn by hypothetically different rates of body size
increase relative to given data on oxygen concentration. Students are also asked to consider the timeframe of the
provided data relative to the geologic time scale provided in Table 25.1
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
LIFE 10e
Chapter
26
Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses
Features of the 10e Outline
• The chapter has been reorganized, offering new coverage of the evolution and diversification of bacteria, archaea,
and viruses.
• The focus is less on taxonomic groups and more on factors that influence evolution.
• New section 26.1 covers analyses of the nucleotide sequences of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes that provided the
first comprehensive evidence of evolutionary relationships among prokaryotes.
• New section 26.3 includes coverage of microbiomes (including the human body) and expanded discussion of
microbiotic communities
• New section 26.4 has expanded coverage of the evolution of viruses, retroviruses, and biotechnology's use of
viruses
10e outline
26.1 Where Do Prokaryotes Fit into the Tree of Life?
9/e outline
526
The two prokaryotic domains differ in significant ways 526
The small size of prokaryotes has hindered our study of their
evolutionary relationships 527
The nucleotide sequences of prokaryotes reveal their evolutionary
relationships 528
Lateral gene transfer can lead to discordant gene trees 529
The great majority of prokaryote species have never been studied 530
26.2 Why Are Prokaryotes So Diverse and Abundant? 530
The low-GC Gram-positives include some of the smallest cellular
organisms 530
Some high-GC Gram-positives are valuable sources of antibiotics 532
Hyperthermophilic bacteria live at very high temperatures 532
Hadobacteria live in extreme environments 532
Cyanobacteria were the first photosynthesizers 532
Spirochetes move by means of axial filaments 533
Chlamydias are extremely small parasites 533
The proteobacteria are a large and diverse group 534
Gene sequencing enabled biologists to differentiate the domain
Archaea 534
Most crenarchaeotes live in hot or acidic places 536
Euryarchaeotes are found in surprising places 536
Korarchaeotes and nanoarchaeotes are less well known 537
26.3 How Do Prokaryotes Affect Their Environments? 537
Prokaryotes have diverse metabolic pathways 537
Prokaryotes play important roles in element cycling 538
Many prokaryotes form complex communities 539
Prokaryotes live on and in other organisms 539
Microbiomes are critical to human health 539
A small minority of bacteria are pathogens 541
26.4 How Do Viruses Relate to Life’s Diversity and
Ecology? 543
Many RNA viruses probably represent escaped genomic components of
cellular life 544
Some DNA viruses may have evolved from reduced cellular organisms
Vertebrate genomes contain endogenous retroviruses 545
Viruses can be used to fight bacterial infections 545
Viruses are found throughout the biosphere 546
26.1 How Did the Living World Begin to Diversify? 537
The three domains differ in significant ways 537
26.2 What Are Some Keys to the Prokaryote Success? 539
Prokaryotes generally form complex communities 539
Prokaryotes have distinctive cell walls 541
Prokaryotes have distinctive modes of locomotion 541
Prokaryotes reproduce asexually, but genetic recombination can
occur 542
Prokaryotes can communicate 542
Prokaryotes have amazingly diverse metabolic pathways 543
26.3 How Can We Resolve Prokaryote Phylogeny? 545
The small size of prokaryotes has hindered our study of their
phylogeny 545
The nucleotide sequences of prokaryotes reveal their evolutionary
relationships 545
Lateral gene transfer can lead to discordant gene trees 545
The great majority of prokaryote species have never been studied 546
26.4 What Are the Major Known Groups of
Prokaryotes? 547
Spirochetes move by means of axial filaments 547
Chlamydias are extremely small parasites 548
Some high-GC Gram-positives are valuable sources of antibiotics 548
Cyanobacteria are important photoautotrophs 548
The low-GC Gram-positives include the smallest cellular organisms 549
The proteobacteria are a large and diverse group 550
Archaea differ in several important ways from bacteria 551
Most Crenarchaeota live in hot and/or acidic places 552
Euryarchaeota are found in surprising places 552
Korarchaeota and Nanoarchaeota are less well known 553
26.5 How Do Prokaryotes Affect Their Environments? 553
Prokaryotes are important players in element cycling 553
Prokaryotes live on and in other organisms 554
A small minority of bacteria are pathogens 554
26.6 Where Do Viruses Fit into the Tree of Life? 555
Many RNA viruses probably represent escaped genomic omponents 555
Some DNA viruses may have evolved from reduced cellular
organisms 557
New Ch 26 opening story:
10e Chapter 26 opens by discussing the remarkable discovery of Vibrio’s bioluminescence, resulting from a critical
concentration of a specific chemical signal produced by the bacteria in a classic example of quorum sensing.
New chapter-ending question: What adaptive advantage does bioluminescence provide to Vibrio bacteria?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Chapter 26
New 26.1 The Three Domains of the Living World
The new tree shows major prokaryotic groups, not just
the three domains
revised Investigating Life Figure 26.14 what Is the
Highest Temperature Compatible with Life? -experimental results are presented in the, associated
new Working with Data Exercise.
New 26.16 Some Crenarchaeotes Like it Hot
New 26.21 The Body’s microbiome is Critical to the
maintenance of Health
New 26.22 Satisfying Koch’s Postulates -- looks at
Marshall and Warren's discovery of the real cause of
peptic ulcers in the context of Koch's postulates
New 26.25 Mimiviruses Have Genomes Similar in Size
to Those of Many Parasitic Bacteria-- builds on earlier
coverage of the genetic basis of evolution in the context
of mimivirus genomics
New 26.26 Bioluminescent Bacterial Symbionts -- a
great followup to the opening story on bioluminescence,
in an ecological context
consolidates 9/e 26.1 (from p. 538) and 9/e 26.11 (p. 547)
compare to 9e Figure 26.21 (p. 551)
NEW Working with Data Exercise
A Relationship between Temperature and Growth in an Archaean
Original Paper: Kashefi, K. and D. R. Lovley. 2003. Extending the upper temperature limit for life.
Students are required to graph temperature against generation time to arrive at conclusions concerning the
temperature at which cells optimally divide.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Question 8 is new
LIFE 10e
27
The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
• The 10e version of this chapter has been streamlined; fewer groups are examined. The focus is instead on
protest roles in the environment and on unusual reproduction cycles of the protists.
• Section 27.1 has revised copy on the steps by which the modern eukaryotic cell arose and the transfer of
chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.
• New Section 27.2 presents a few representative protest groups (in the 9e these were introduced toward the
end of the chapter)
• New Section 27.3 has a somewhat shorter presentation of protist life cycles relative to the 9e. Figure
illustrating haploid/diploid life cycles in particular species have been omitted in favor of a more general
discussion.
• New Section 24.4 examines environmental communities of protists, including a new investigation figure on
coral bleaching
10e outline
27.1 How Did the Eukaryotic Cell Arise?
9/e outline
550
27.1 How Did the Eukaryotic Cell Arise? 561
The modern eukaryotic cell arose in several steps 550
Chloroplasts have been transferred among eukaryotes several times
551
27.2 What Features Account for Protist Diversity?
552
Alveolates have sacs under their plasma membranes 553
Stramenopiles typically have two flagella of unequal length 555
Rhizaria typically have long, thin pseudopods 557
Excavates began to diversify about 1.5 billion years ago 558
Amoebozoans use lobe-shaped pseudopods for locomotion 559
27.3 What Is the Relationship between Sex and
Reproduction in Protists? 562
Some protists reproduce without sex and have sex without
reproduction 562
Some protist life cycles feature alternation of generations 562
27.4 How Do Protists Affect Their Environments?
Phytoplankton are primary producers 563
Some microbial eukaryotes are deadly 563
Some microbial eukaryotes are endosymbionts 564
We rely on the remains of ancient marine protists 565
563
The diversity of protists is reflected in both morphology and
phylogeny 561
Cellular features support the monophyly of eukaryotes 561
The modern eukaryotic cell arose in several steps 564
Chloroplasts are a study in endosymbiosis 565
Lateral gene transfer accounts for the presence of some
prokaryotic genes in eukaryotes 566
27.2 What Features Account for Protist Diversity? 566
Protists occupy many different niches 566
Protists have diverse means of locomotion 567
Protists employ vacuoles in several ways 567
The cell surfaces of protists are diverse 568
27.3 How Do Protists Affect the World Around
Them? 569
Some protists are endosymbionts 569
Some microbial protists are deadly 570
We continue to rely on the products of ancient marine protists
27.4 How Do Protists Reproduce? 572
Some protists have reproduction without sex, and sex without
reproduction 572
Some protist life cycles feature alternation of generations 573
Chlorophytes provide examples of several life cycles 574
The life cycles of some protists require more than one host
species 575
27.5 What Are the Evolutionary Relationships among
Eukaryotes? 575
Alveolates have sacs under their plasma membrane 575
Stramenopiles have two unequal flagella, one with hairs 577
Red algae have a distinctive accessory photosynthetic
pigment 579
Chlorophytes, charophytes, and land plants contain chlorophylls
a and b 580
Diplomonads and parabasalids are excavates that lack
mitochondria 581
Heteroloboseans alternate between amoeboid forms and forms
with flagella 581
Euglenids and kinetoplastids have distinctive mitochondria and
flagella 581
Foraminiferans have created vast limestone deposits 582
Radiolarians have thin, stiff pseudopods 582
Amoebozoans use lobe-shaped pseudopods for locomotion 583
Ch 27 opening story:
10e Chapter 27 opens by describing red tides, their causes, and their effects. The opening paves the way for an
examination of protists in an ecological context.
New chapter-ending question: Can dinoflagellates be beneficial, as well as harmful, to marine ecosystems?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 27
Revised 27.1 A Hypothetical Sequence for the Evolution
of the Eukaryotic Cell
new 27.3 Precambrian Divergence of Major Eukaryote
Groups-- A phylogenetic tree shows one current
hypothesis and estimated time line for the origin of the
major groups of eukaryotes
Revised 27.20 life Cycle of the malarial Parasite
Replaces 9/e illustrations on specific life cycles in favor
of the more applied example of reproduction of the
mosquito that causes malaria
New INVESTIGATING LIFE 27.21 Can Corals Reacquire
Dinoflagellate Endosymbionts Lost to Bleaching?
compare to 9/e Figure 27.2
replaces 9/e Figure 27.1 (p. 562)
omitted in the 10e are some 9/e life cycle
illustrations:
27.13
27.14
27.15
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Uptake of Endosymbionts After Coral Bleaching
Original Paper by Lewis, C. L. and M. A. Coffroth. 2004. The acquisition of exogenous algal symbionts by an
octocoral after bleaching.
Presents students with data to inform their answers to such questions as whether new strains of Symbiodinium are
taken up only by coral colonies that have lost all their original endosymbionts.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• 11 chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 4-10 are new. Questions 6-10 require analysis of data.
LIFE 10e
Chapter 28
Plants without Seeds: From Water to Land
Features of the 10e Outline
• The 10e chapter is reorganized to focus less on taxonomic groups and more on evolutionary features of
plants.
• Section 28.1 opens with the evolution of photosynthesis and the first groups of plants to utilize it. The red
and green algae are introduced along with land plants.
• Features of plant groups are described in an evolutionary context in Sections 28.2 and 28.3
10e outline
28.1 How Did Photosynthesis Arise in Plants?
9/e outline
570
Several distinct clades of algae were among the first photosynthetic
eukaryotes 571
Two groups of green algae are the closest relatives of land plants 572
There are ten major groups of land plants 573
28.2 When and How Did Plants Colonize Land?
574
Adaptations to life on land distinguish land plants from green algae
574
Life cycles of land plants feature alternation of generations 574
Nonvascular land plants live where water is readily available 575
The sporophytes of nonvascular land plants are dependent on the
gametophytes 575
Liverworts are the sister clade of the remaining land plants 577
Water and sugar transport mechanisms emerged in the mosses 577
Hornworts have distinctive chloroplasts and stalkless sporophytes
578
28.1 How Did the Land Plants Arise? 589
There are ten major groups of land plants 589
The land plants arose from a green algal clade 590
28.2 How Did Plants Colonize and Thrive on
Land? 591
Adaptations to life on land distinguish land plants from green
algae 591
Nonvascular land plants usually live where water is readily
available 592
Life cycles of land plants feature alternation of generations 592
The sporophytes of nonvascular land plants are dependent on
gametophytes 592
28.3 What Features Allowed Land Plants to Diversify in
Form? 579
28.3 What Features Distinguish the Vascular
Plants? 594
Vascular tissues transport water and dissolved materials 579
Vascular plants allowed herbivores to colonize the land 580
The closest relatives of vascular plants lacked roots 580
The lycophytes are sister to the other vascular plants 581
Horsetails and ferns constitute a clade 581
The vascular plants branched out 582
Heterospory appeared among the vascular plants 584
Vascular tissues transport water and dissolved materials 594
Vascular plants have been evolving for almost half a billion
years 595
The earliest vascular plants lacked roots and leaves 596
The vascular plants branched out 596
Roots may have evolved from branches 596
Monilophytes and seed plants have true leaves 597
Heterospory appeared among the vascular plants 597
28.4 What Are the Major Clades of Seedless
Plants? 599
Liverworts may be the most ancient surviving plant clade 599
Water- and sugar-transport mechanisms first emerged in the
mosses 600
Hornworts have distinctive chloroplasts and sporophytes without
stalks 600
Some vascular plants have vascular tissue but not seeds 601
The lycophytes are sister to the other vascular plants 602
Horsetails, whisk ferns, and ferns constitute a clade 602
New Ch 28 opening story:
10e Chapter 28 opens with the Deepwater explosion and a discussion of the photosynthetic source of Gulf oil.
New chapter-ending question: Given that petroleum is produced naturally from green algae, can humans use
green algae to produce oil commercially?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 28
Revised Figure 28.1 The evolution of plants
revised 28.6 Alternation of Generations in Land Plants
revised 28.17 Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations and
the Evolution of Megaphylls -- graphed information is
more explicit
New 28.19 Biodiesel from Algae
consolidates information in 9/e Figures 28.1 and
28.5
compare to 9/e 28.3 (p. 592)
compare to 9/e 28.9 (p. 598)
NEW Working with Data Exercise
The Phylogeny of Land Plants
Original Paper:
Qiu, Y.-L. et al. 2006. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Provides a small data set of nucleotide positions in 10 plants, and asks students to construct a phylogenetic
tree of these 10 species using the parsimony method. With the tree constructed, students are directed to
look for shared derived traits that distinguish groups.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 6-9 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter
29
The Evolution of Seed Plants
Features of the 10e Outline
• Coverage of the development of a seed is revised/expanded in Section 29.1
• Section 29.3 continues the diversity unit's emphasis on shared derived traits.
10e outline
9/e outline
29.1 How Did Seed Plants Become Today’s Dominant
Vegetation? 608
29.1 How Did Seed Plants Become Today’s Dominant
Vegetation? 589
Features of the seed plant life cycle protect gametes and embryos 589
The seed is a complex, well-protected package 591
A change in stem anatomy enabled seed plants to grow to great heights
591
Features of the seed plant life cycle protect gametes and embryos 608
The seed is a complex, well-protected package 610
A change in anatomy enabled seed plants to grow to great heights 611
29.2 What Are the Major Groups of Gymnosperms?
29.2 What Are the Major Groups of Gymnosperms? 612
592
There are four major groups of living gymnosperms 592
Conifers have cones and no swimming sperm 593
Conifers have cones but no motile gametes 613
29.3 How Do Flowers and Fruits Increase the Reproductive
Success of Angiosperms? 596
29.3 What Features Contributed to the Success of the
Angiosperms? 615
Angiosperms have many shared derived traits 596
The sexual structures of angiosperms are flowers 596
Flower structure has evolved over time 597
Angiosperms have coevolved with animals 598
The angiosperm life cycle produces diploid zygotes nourished by
triploid endosperms 600
Fruits aid angiosperm seed dispersal 601
Recent analyses have revealed the phylogenetic relationships of
angiosperms 601
The sexual structures of angiosperms are flowers 616
Flower structure has evolved over time 616
Angiosperms have coevolved with animals 618
The angiosperm life cycle features double fertilization 619
Angiosperms produce fruits 620
Recent analyses have revealed the oldest split among the
angiosperms 620
29.4 How Do Plants Benefit Human Society?
29.4 How Do Plants Support Our World? 622
604
Seed plants have been sources of medicine since ancient times 604
Seed plants are our primary food source 605
Seed plants are our primary food source 622
Seed plants have been sources of medicine since ancient times 623
Ch 29 opening story:
10e Chapter 29 opens by describing Darwin's fascination with orchids and his observation that many flowers appear
to evolve in tandem with insects.
New chapter-ending question: What was Darwin’s explanation for the three distinct flowers growing on a single
orchid plant?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 29
Revised 29.4 Pollination is a Hallmark of the Seed
Plants -- correction to carpel information
New 29.5 A Seed Develops
New 29.14 The Effect of Stigma Retraction in
Monkeyflowers
replaces 9/e Figure 29.14 (p. 618)
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• 11 chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 6-10 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter
30
The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi (new title)
Features of the 10e Outline
• Coverage of phylogeny and classification now consolidated in Section 30.3.
• Fungal life cycles now covered in conjunction with life history in Section 30.3. New copy on the dikaryotic
condition added
• New section on applications of fungi added (Section 30.4), which includes asides on edible fungi and
laboratory uses of fungi.
10e outline
30.1 What Is a Fungus?
9/e outline
609
30.1 What Is a Fungus? 627
Unicellular yeasts absorb nutrients directly 609
Multicellular fungi use hyphae to absorb nutrients 609
Fungi are in intimate contact with their environment 610
30.2 How Do Fungi Interact with Other Organisms?
Unicellular fungi are known as yeasts 628
The body of a multicellular fungus is composed of hyphae 629
Fungi are in intimate contact with their environment 630
Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually 630
611
Saprobic fungi are critical to the planetary carbon cycle 611
Some fungi engage in parasitic or predatory interactions 611
Mutualistic fungi engage in relationships that benefit both partners
612
Endophytic fungi protect some plants from pathogens, herbivores, and
stress 615
30.3 How Do Major Groups of Fungi Differ in Structure
and Life History? 615
Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually 616
Microsporidia are highly reduced, parasitic fungi 617
Most chytrids are aquatic 617
Some fungal life cycles feature separate fusion of cytoplasms and
nuclei 619
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi form symbioses with plants 619
The dikaryotic condition is a synapomorphy of sac fungi and club
fungi 620
The sexual reproductive structure of sac fungi is the ascus 620
The sexual reproductive structure of club fungi is the basidium 622
new 30.4 What Are Some Applications of Fungal Biology?
623
30.2 How Do Fungi Interact with Other
Organisms? 631
Saprobic fungi are critical to the planetary carbon cycle 631
Fungi may engage in parasitic and predatory interactions 632
Some fungi engage in relationships beneficial to both
partners 633
Endophytic fungi protect some plants from pathogens,
herbivores, and stress 635
30.3 What Variations Exist among Fungal Life
Cycles? 635
Alternation of generations is seen among some aquatic
chytrids 635
Terrestrial fungi have separate fusion of cytoplasms and
nuclei 638
The dikaryotic condition is a synapomorphy of sac fungi and
club fungi 638
30.4 How Have Fungi Evolved and Diversified? 638
Microsporidia are highly reduced, parasitic fungi 639
Chytrids are the only fungi with flagella 639
Zygospore fungi are terrestrial saprobes, parasites, and
mutualists 640
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi form symbioses with plants 640
The sexual reproductive structure of sac fungi is the ascus 640
The sexual reproductive structure of club fungi is a basidium 642
Fungi are important in producing food and drink 623
Fungi record and help remediate environmental pollution 624
Lichen diversity and abundance are indicators of air quality 624
Fungi are used as model organisms in laboratory studies 624
Reforestation may depend on mycorrhizal fungi 626
Fungi provide important weapons against diseases and pests 626
Chapter 30 opening story:
10e Chapter 30 opens by discussing Fleming's discovery of penincillin, leading into a question that is pursued in new Section
30.4 on applications of fungal biology.
New chapter-ending question: Have antibiotics derived from fungi eliminated the danger of bacterial diseases in
human populations?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 30
Revised 30.6 Invading a Leaf A great new micrograph
3.10 Phylogeny of the fungi -- now in Section 30.3
NEW 30.11 A Generalized Fungal Life Cycle - a new
intro to fungal life cycles
revised
30.14 Sexual Life Cycles of Chytrids and Zygospore
Fungi
compare to 9e 30.7, p. 632
moved 9/e Figure 30.2
Replaces 9e 30.12. Looks at two life cycles at a time
instead of four
30.16 Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya
NEW 30.20 Some Lichens Are Edible
NEW 30.23 Penicillin Resistance
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Using Fungi to Study Environmental Contamination
•
Based on an original paper by Flegal, A. R., C. Gallon, S. Hibdon, Z. E. Kuspa, and L. F Laporte. 2010
Asks students to examine data on lead contamination in different fungal species to answer questions about
trends in atmospheric lead concentrations.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Analyzing and Evaluating Questions are new
LIFE 10e
31
Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
• Some copy in the chapter has been rearranged in an effort to present animal body plans in tandem with a
timeline of animal evolution. For example, the Choanocytes are now presented in Section 31.1.
• Section 32.2 now covers the development of nervous systems
10e outline
9/e outline
31.1 What Characteristics Distinguish the Animals?
630
31.1 What Characteristics Distinguish the Animals? 646
Animal monophyly is supported by gene sequences and morphology
630
A few basic developmental patterns differentiate major animal groups
633
Animal monophyly is supported by gene sequences and
morphology 646
A few basic developmental patterns differentiate major animal
groups 648
31.2 What Are the Features of Animal Body Plans?
31.2 What Are the Features of Animal Body Plans? 649
634
Most animals are symmetrical 634
The structure of the body cavity influences movement 635
Segmentation improves control of movement 636
Appendages have many uses 636
Nervous systems coordinate movement and allow sensory processing
637
Most animals are symmetrical 649
The structure of the body cavity influences movement 649
Segmentation improves control of movement 650
Appendages have many uses 650
31.3 How Do Animals Get Their Food?
Filter feeders capture small prey 652
Herbivores eat plants 652
Predators capture and subdue large prey 652
Parasites live in or on other organisms 653
Detritivores live off the remains of other organisms 654
637
Filter feeders capture small prey 637
Herbivores eat plants 637
Predators and omnivores capture and subdue prey 638
Parasites live in or on other organisms 638
Detritivores live on the remains of other organisms 639
31.4 How Do Life Cycles Differ among Animals?
639
Many animal life cycles feature specialized life stages 639
Most animal life cycles have at least one dispersal stage 640
Parasite life cycles facilitate dispersal and overcome host defenses 640
Some animals form colonies of genetically identical, physiologically
integrated individuals 640
No life cycle can maximize all benefits 641
31.5 What Are the Major Groups of Animals?
643
Sponges are loosely organized animals 643
Ctenophores are radially symmetrical and diploblastic 644
Placozoans are abundant but rarely observed 645
Cnidarians are specialized predators 645
Some small groups of parasitic animals may be the closest relatives of
bilaterians 648
31.3 How Do Animals Get Their Food? 651
31.4 How Do Life Cycles Differ among Animals? 654
Most animal life cycles have at least one dispersal stage 655
No life cycle can maximize all benefits 655
Parasite life cycles evolve to facilitate dispersal and overcome host
defenses 656
Colonial organisms are composed of genetically identical,
physiologically integrated individuals 656
31.5 What Are the Major Groups of Animals? 658
Sponges are loosely organized animals 658
Placozoans are abundant but rarely observed 660
Ctenophores are radially symmetrical and diploblastic 660
Cnidarians are specialized carnivores
New opening story, which ends with a question that is revisited at chapter end:
10e Chapter 31 opens by discussing how the structural simplicity of Trichoplax is now considered
by most biologists to be an evolutionary reversal from a more complex body form.
New chapter-ending question: Which animal groups are involved in the earliest split in the animal tree?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 31
New location Table 31.1 Summary of Living Members of
the Major Animal Groups
NEW 31.2 Choanocytes in Sponges Resemble
Choanoflagellate Protists
Revised 31.6 Segmentation -- an example of human
segmentation has been added.
compare to 9e Figure 31.7
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Reconstructing Animal Phylogeny
original Paper: Dunn, C. W. and 17 others 2008. Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the Animal
Tree of Life.
Dunn and colleagues reported on 11,234 amino acid positions among 77 species of animals. Twenty-seven of
these amino acid positions for ten of those species are provided to students in a table. Students are asked to
construct a tree from the data and report on character state changes on branches of the tree.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
LIFE 10e
Chapter
32
Protostome Animals
Features of the 10e Outline
• As in the 9e, the first section of the chapter describes the major protostome subdivisions: lophotrochozoans
and ecdysozoans. Subsequent sections introduce students to major groups in each subdivision.
10e outline
32.1 What Is a Protostome?
9/e outline
652
32.1 What Is a Protostome? 667
Cilia-bearing lophophores and trochophores evolved among the
lophotrochozoans 652
Ecdysozoans must shed their cuticles 654
Arrow worms retain some ancestral developmental features 655
Cilia-bearing lophophores and trochophores evolved among the
lophotrochozoans 668
Ecdysozoans must shed their cuticles 669
Arrow worms retain some ancestral developmental features 670
32.2 What Features Distinguish the Major Groups of
Lophotrochozoans? 656
32.2 What Features Distinguish the Major Groups of
Lophotrochozoans? 671
Most bryozoans and entoprocts live in colonies 656
Flatworms, rotifers, and gastrotrichs are structurally diverse relatives
656
Ribbon worms have a long, protrusible feeding organ 658
Brachiopods and phoronids use lophophores to extract food from the
water 658
Annelids have segmented bodies 659
Mollusks have undergone a dramatic evolutionary radiation 662
Bryozoans live in colonies 671
Flatworms and rotifers are structurally diverse relatives 672
Ribbon worms have a long, protrusible feeding organ 673
Phoronids and brachiopods use lophophores to extract food from
the water 674
Annelids have segmented bodies 674
Mollusks have undergone a dramatic evolutionary radiation 676
32.3 What Features Distinguish the Major Groups of
Ecdysozoans? 665
Several marine ecdysozoan groups have relatively few species 665
Nematodes and their relatives are abundant and diverse 666
32.4 Why Are Arthropods So Diverse?
667
Arthropod relatives have fleshy, unjointed appendages 667
Jointed appendages appeared in the trilobites 668
Chelicerates have pointed, nonchewing mouthparts 668
Mandibles and antennae characterize the remaining arthropod groups
669
More than half of all described species are insects 671
32.3 What Features Distinguish the Major Groups of
Ecdysozoans? 679
Several marine groups have relatively few species 679
Nematodes and their relatives are abundant and diverse 680
32.4 Why Are Arthropods So Diverse? 681
Arthropod relatives have fleshy, unjointed appendages 682
Jointed appendages first appeared in the trilobites 682
Myriapods have many legs 683
Most chelicerates have four pairs of legs 683
Crustaceans are diverse and abundant 684
Insects are the dominant terrestrial arthropods 686
An Overview of Protostome Evolution 689
Ch 32 opening story:
10e Chapter 32 opens by describing the efforts of Terry Erwin to estimate the total number of insect species in
tropical rainforests.
New chapter-ending question: Which groups of protostomes are thought to contain the most undiscovered
species?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 32
Revised 32.7 Rotifers and Gastrotrichs
Revised 32.13 organization and Diversity of Molluscan
bodies -- photos now complement drawings of body
plans
compare to 9/e 32.8 on rotifers only
NEW Ch 32 Working with Data Exercise
How Many Species of Insects Exist on Earth?
based on two original papers by Terry Erwin (featured in chapter opening)
Erwin, T. L. 1988. The tropical forest canopy: The heart of biotic diversity, In E. o. Wilson, ed., Biodiversity,
123–129. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
Erwin, T. L. 1997. Biodiversity at its utmost: Tropical forest beetles.
Students are presented with sample data from Erwin's studies and asked to consider how estimates of insect
diversity can be extrapolated reasonably from the sample.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• 11 chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 10 is new, and draws upon the Working With Data exercise.
LIFE 10e
33
Deuterostome Animals
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
• Former Sections 33.1 and 33.2 are consolidated in 10e Section 33.1, which opens by describing
developmental patterns that deuterostome clades have in common.
• Section 33.3 has been revised to include updated information on lancelets and to introduce the vertebrate
body plan prior to the phylogeny of living vertebrates.
• Coverage of neoteny revised in Section 33.4. New copy on how continental drift affected the evolution of
mammals.
• Section 33.4's intro to neoteny is revisited in Section 33.5, which is expanded to describe neoteny in
primates. Skull maps have been added.
10e outline
33.1 What Is a Deuterostome?
9/e outline
679
33.1 What Is a Deuterostome? 693
Deuterostomes share early developmental patterns 679
There are three major deuterostome clades 679
Fossils shed light on deuterostome ancestors 679
33.2 What Are the Major Groups of Echinoderms and
Hemichordates? 694
Echinoderms have unique structural features 695
Hemichordates are wormlike marine deuterostomes 697
33.2 What Features Distinguish the Echinoderms,
Hemichordates, and Their Relatives? 680
33.3 What New Features Evolved in the
Chordates? 697
Echinoderms have unique structural features 680
Hemichordates are wormlike marine deuterostomes 682
33.3 What New Features Evolved in the Chordates?
683
Adults of most lancelets and tunicates are sedentary 684
A dorsal supporting structure replaces the notochord in vertebrates
684
The phylogenetic relationships of jawless fishes are uncertain 685
Jaws and teeth improved feeding efficiency 686
Fins and swim bladders improved stability and control over
locomotion 686
Adults of most cephalochordates and urochordates are
sessile 698
A dorsal supporting structure replaces the notochord in
vertebrates 699
The vertebrate body plan can support large, active animals 700
Fins and swim bladders improved stability and control over
locomotion 701
33.4 How Did Vertebrates Colonize the Land? 703
Jointed limbs enhanced support and locomotion on land 689
Amphibians usually require moist environments 690
Amniotes colonized dry environments 692
Reptiles adapted to life in many habitats 693
Crocodilians and birds share their ancestry with the dinosaurs 693
Feathers allowed birds to fly 695
Mammals radiated after the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs 696
Jointed fins enhanced support for fishes 703
Amphibians adapted to life on land 704
Amniotes colonized dry environments 706
Reptiles adapted to life in many habitats 707
Crocodilians and birds share their ancestry with the
dinosaurs 708
The evolution of feathers allowed birds to fly 708
Mammals radiated after the extinction of dinosaurs 709
Most mammals are therians 710
33.5 What Traits Characterize the Primates?
33.5 What Traits Characterize the Primates? 713
33.4 How Did Vertebrates Colonize the Land?
689
701
Two major lineages of primates split late in the Cretaceous 701
Bipedal locomotion evolved in human ancestors 702
Human brains became larger as jaws became smaller 704
Humans developed complex language and culture 705
Human ancestors evolved bipedal locomotion 715
Human brains became larger as jaws became smaller 716
Humans developed complex language and culture 716
New opening story, which ends with a question that is revisited at chapter end:
10e Chapter 33 opens by describing gastric brooding in frogs as a prelude to the question:
New chapter-ending question: How has the evolution of complex behaviors affected the diversification of
some major groups of deuterostomes?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 33
New 33.4 Highly Reduced Acoels Are Probably Relatives
ofthe Ambulacrarians
Revised 33.10 Phylogeny of the Living Vertebrates
New 33.16 Tetrapod Limbs Are Modified Fins -- showing
that the basic skeletal elements of limbs can be traced
through major changes in limb form and function among
the terrestrial vertebrates
Revised 33.19 The Amniote Egg -- part (B) on the
placeta has been added
New Table 33.1 Major Groups of Living Mammals -expanded and subdivided
New 33.28 Major Groups of Eutherians Diversified as
the Continents Drifted Apart
Revised 33.34 A Phylogenetic Tree of Hominins -- skull
images added
New 33.35 Neoteny in the Evolution of Humans
compare to 9e 33.8, p. 699
compare to 9e Figure 33.17, p. 706
compare to 9e Table 33.1, p. 712
compare to 9e Figure 33.31, p. 715
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 6, 8, and 10 are new
LIFE 10e
34
The Plant Body
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
• The chapter has been significantly revised. There is a great deal of rewriting for clarity.
• Section 34.1 has been completely redirected with the inclusion of a new section entitled Plants develop
differently than animals. Plant cell wall foermation is discussed in the context of apical-basal polarity.
• The pace of Section 34.2, which introduces the plant tissues, has been improved.
• The pace of Section 34.3, which discusses plant growth, has been improved through the addition of lists
and illustration improvements
10e outline
34.1 What Is the Basic Body Plan of Plants?
9/e outline
709
34.1 What Is the Basic Body Plan of Plants? 720
Most angiosperms are either monocots or eudicots 709
Plants develop differently than animals 710
Apical–basal polarity and radial symmetry are characteristics of
the plant body 711
The root system anchors the plant and takes up water and
dissolved minerals 721
The stem supports leaves and flowers 722
Leaves are the primary sites of photosynthesis 722
34.2 What Are the Major Tissues of Plants?
34.2 How Does the Cell Wall Support Plant Growth
and Form? 723
712
The plant body is constructed from three tissue systems 712
Cells of the xylem transport water and dissolved minerals 714
Cells of the phloem transport the products of photosynthesis
714
34.3 How Do Meristems Build a Continuously Growing
Plant? 715
Plants increase in size through primary and secondary growth
715
A hierarchy of meristems generates the plant body 715
Indeterminate primary growth originates in apical meristems 715
The root apical meristem gives rise to the root cap and the root
primary meristems 716
The products of the root’s primary meristems become root tissues
716
The root system anchors the plant and takes up water and
dissolved minerals 718
The products of the stem’s primary meristems become stem
tissues 719
The stem supports leaves and flowers 720
Leaves are determinate organs produced by shoot apical
meristems 720
Many eudicot stems and roots undergo secondary growth 721
34.4 How Has Domestication Altered Plant Form?
723
Cell walls and vacuoles help determine plant form 723
The structure of cell walls allows plants to grow 723
34.3 How Do Plant Tissues and Organs Originate? 725
The plant body is constructed from three tissue systems 726
Cells of the xylem transport water and dissolved minerals 728
Cells of the phloem transport the products of photosynthesis 728
34.4 How Do Meristems Build a Continuously Growing
Plant? 728
Plants increase in size through primary and secondary
growth 728
A hierarchy of meristems generates the plant body 729
Indeterminate primary growth originates in apical meristems 730
The root apical meristem gives rise to the root cap and the root
primary meristems 730
The products of the root’s primary meristems become root
tissues 730
The products of the stem’s primary meristems become stem
tissues 731
Leaves are determinate organs produced by shoot apical
meristems 732
Many eudicot stems and roots undergo secondary growth 733
34.5 How Has Domestication Altered Plant Form? 735
Chapter 34 opening story:
10e Chapter 34 opens by describing the use of cassava because it offers a preview of a wide range of studies
embraced by the discipline of plant physiology.
New chapter-ending question: How might plant physiologists improve the cassava plant for human use?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 34
Revised 34.1 Vegetative Organs and Systems -- now
compare to 9e Figure 34.1, p. 721
presents a generalized view rather than a
comparative one
NEW 34.2 Cytokinesis and morphogenesis
NEW 34.3 Two Patterns for Plant Morphogenesis -offers a prelude to 9/e Figure 34.8
offers a simple introduction to three tissue systems
Revised 34.6, 34.7 Tissue Cell Types -- two figures are compare to 9/e 34.9, p. 727
offered instead of one, better pacing the section (the
9e figure included other cell types in addition to
ground tissue cell types)
Revised 34.10 Products of the Root’s Primary
consolidates images in 9/e Figures 34.12 and 34.13
Meristems
on root anatomy
Revised 34.13 Vascular Bundles in Stems -- includes
great new photos of vascular bundles
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 8-10 are new
LIFE 10e
35
Transport in Plants
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
• The 10e chapter is significantly shorter than the 9e counterpart.
10e outline
35.1 How Do Plants Take Up Water and Solutes?
9/e outline
727
Water potential differences govern the direction of water
movement 727
Water and ions move across the root cell plasma membrane 728
Water and ions pass to the xylem by way of the apoplast and
symplast 729
35.2 How Are Water and Minerals Transported in the
Xylem? 730
The transpiration–cohesion–tension mechanism accounts for
xylem transport 731
35.3 How Do Stomata Control the Loss of Water and
the Uptake of CO2? 732
The guard cells control the size of the stomatal opening 733
Plants can control their total numbers of stomata 734
35.4 How Are Substances Translocated in the Phloem?
734
Sucrose and other solutes are carried in the phloem 734
The pressure flow model appears to account for translocation in
the phloem 735
35.1 How Do Plants Take Up Water and Solutes? 740
Water potential differences govern the direction of water
movement 740
Aquaporins facilitate the movement of water across
membranes 742
Uptake of mineral ions requires membrane transport proteins 742
Water and ions pass to the xylem by way of the apoplast and
symplast 743
35.2 How Are Water and Minerals Transported in the
Xylem? 745
Xylem sap is not pumped by living cells 745
Root pressure alone does not account for xylem transport 745
The transpiration–cohesion–tension mechanism accounts for
xylem transport 746
A pressure chamber measures tension in the xylem sap 747
35.3 How Do Stomata Control the Loss of Water and
the Uptake of CO2? 748
The guard cells control the size of the stomatal opening 748
35.4 How Are Substances Translocated in the
Phloem? 750
The pressure flow model appears to account for translocation in
the phloem 751
The pressure flow model has been experimentally tested 752
New opening story, which ends with a question that is revisited at chapter end:
10e Chapter 35 opens with a story on "thirsty rice" and how strains of rice requiring less water yet producing
the same amount of grain would be less vulnerable to drought while increasing crop yields. Molecular
engineering of the gene HARDY is described as a prelude to the question:
New chapter-ending question: What other methods are used to reduce water loss in agriculture?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 35
Revised 35.1 The Pathways of Water and Solutes in
a Plant -- new labels added for clarity
Revised 35.2 Water Potential, Solute Potential, and
Pressure Potential -- part (B) added to show effect of
differences in water potential on a plant cell.
New 35.5 Apoplast and Symplast
New 35.6 Pathways to the Root Xylem
New INVESTIGATING LIFE FIGURE 35.12
Manipulating Sucrose Transport from the Phloem
compare to 9e figure 35.1, p. 741
compare to 9e Figure 35.2, p. 741
A much more conceptual view than 9e figure 35.6
NEW Chapter 35 Working with Data Exercise
Manipulating Sucrose Transport from the Phloem
original paper: Sonnewald, U., N.-R. Hajirezaei, J. Kossmann, A. Heyer, R.Tretheway, and L. Willmitzer. 1997.
Increased potato tubersize from apoplastic expression of yeast invertase.
•
Builds on Figure 35.12 by providing a subset of wild type vs transgenic data in modified potato
plants, asking students to consider such questions as "Which group of plants had higher invertase
activity?" and "What can you conclude about the distribution of sucrose to developing tubers?"
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 7-9 and 11 are new.
LIFE 10e
Chapter
36
Plant Nutrition
Features of the 10e Outline
• The chapter has been significantly updated and reorganized in the 10e
• The chapter now opens by describing plant macro- and micronutrients and how they were discovered.
• Section 36.2 has been extensively rewritten and includes new copy on regulation of nutrient uptake.
• Section 36.3 has included updated information on several topics concerning soild structure, including cation
exchange, soil pH, and inorganic fertilizers.
• Section 36.4 has new copy on crop rotation
10e outline
36.1 What Nutrients Do Plants Require?
9/e outline
741
36.1 How Do Plants Acquire Nutrients? 756
All plants require specific macronutrients and micronutrients 741
Deficiency symptoms reveal inadequate nutrition 742
Hydroponic experiments identified essential elements 742
36.2 How Do Plants Acquire Nutrients?
Plants rely on growth to find nutrients 743
Nutrient uptake and assimilation are regulated
743
How does a stationary organism find nutrients? 756
36.2 What Mineral Nutrients Do Plants Require? 757
Deficiency symptoms reveal inadequate nutrition 757
Hydroponic experiments identified essential elements 758
36.3 How Does Soil Structure Affect Plants? 759
744
36.3 How Does Soil Structure Affect Plants?
744
Soils are complex in structure 745
Soils form through the weathering of rock 745
Soils are the source of plant nutrition 746
Fertilizers can be used to add nutrients to soil 746
36.4 How Do Fungi and Bacteria Increase Nutrient Uptake
by Plant Roots? 747
Plants send signals for colonization 747
Mycorrhizae expand the root system 748
Soil bacteria are essential in getting nitrogen from air to plant cells
749
Nitrogenase catalyzes nitrogen fixation 749
Biological nitrogen fixation does not always meet agricultural needs
750
Plants and bacteria participate in the global nitrogen cycle 750
36.5 How Do Carnivorous and Parasitic Plants Obtain a
Balanced Diet? 751
Carnivorous plants supplement their mineral nutrition 751
Parasitic plants take advantage of other plants 752
The plant–parasite relationship is similar to plant–fungus and plant–
bacteria associations 753
Soils are complex in structure 759
Soils form through the weathering of rock 760
Soils are the source of plant nutrition 760
Fertilizers and lime are used in agriculture 761
Plants affect soil fertility and pH 761
36.4 How Do Fungi and Bacteria Increase Nutrient
Uptake by Plant Roots? 762
Mycorrhizae expand the root system of plants 762
Soil bacteria are essential in getting nitrogen from air to plant
cells 762
Nitrogen fixers make all other life possible 763
Nitrogenase catalyzes nitrogen fixation 763
Some plants and bacteria work together to fix nitrogen 764
Legumes and rhizobia communicate using chemical signals 765
Biological nitrogen fixation does not always meet agricultural
needs 765
Plants and bacteria participate in the global nitrogen cycle 766
36.5 How Do Carnivorous and Parasitic Plants Obtain a
Balanced Diet? 767
Carnivorous plants supplement their mineral nutrition 767
Parasitic plants take advantage of other plants 767
The plant–parasite relationship is similar to plant–fungi and plant–
bacteria associations 768
Ch 36 opening story:
10e Chapter 36 opens with a story on up-to-date nitrogen fertilizing practices
New chapter-ending question: What progress has been made in improving the nitrogen use efficiency of corn?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 36
New 36.1 Mineral Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms
NEW 36.3 Plants Regulate their Nutrition
New 36.7 Roots Send Signals for Colonization
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Is Nickel an Essential Element for Plant Growth?
Based on an original paper by Brown, P. H., R. M. Welch, and E. E. Cary. 1987. Nickel: A micronutrient essential for
higher plants.
Asks students to consider investigations into the function of nickel at the molecular level indicating that nickel is a
cofactor for the enzyme urease, a nickel metalloenzyme, which explains why nickel is an essential micronutrient.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
LIFE 10e
Chapter
37
Regulation of Plant Growth
Features of the 10e Outline
• 10e Chapter 37 is loaded with various new caveats, including improvements to the opening story, new coverage
of karrakins, an improved introduction to the general scheme of signal transduction, a WWD on the Darwins’
studies of phototropism, new general comments on methods used to identify plant hormones, and new insights
into the inhibition of ethylene action.
• Section 37.1 has been streamlined, providing a shorter and more concise overview of plant development. The
section includes new copy on dormancy.
• The action of the gibberelllins and auxin has been updated and streamlined in Section 37.2. Coverage of
transcriptional repressors has been consolidated.
• Section 37.4 has been streamlined. Two rather than three signal transduction pathways are illustrated.
• Section 37.5 has been revised to incorporate a more explicit diagram of the absorption spectra for Pr and Pfr
10e outline
37.1 How Does Plant Development Proceed?
757
In early development, the seed germinates and forms a growing
seedling 757
Several hormones and photoreceptors help regulate plant growth
758
Genetic screens have increased our understanding of plant signal
transduction 759
37.2 What Do Gibberellins and Auxin Do?
760
Gibberellins have many effects on plant growth and development
760
Auxin plays a role in differential plant growth 762
Auxin affects plant growth in several ways 765
At the molecular level, auxin and gibberellins act similarly 767
37.3 What Are the Effects of Cytokinins, Ethylene, and
Brassinosteroids? 768
Cytokinins are active from seed to senescence 768
Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that hastens leaf senescence and fruit
ripening 769
Brassinosteroids are plant steroid hormones 771
37.4 How Do Photoreceptors Participate in Plant Growth
Regulation? 771
Phototropins, cryptochromes, and zeaxanthin are blue-light receptors
771
Phytochromes mediate the effects of red and far-red light 772
Phytochrome stimulates gene transcription 773
Circadian rhythms are entrained by light reception 774
9/e outline
37.1 How Does Plant Development Proceed? 772
In early development, the seed germinates and forms a growing
seedling 773
Environment cues can initiate seed germination 773
Seed dormancy affords adaptive advantages 774
Seed germination begins with the uptake of water 774
The embryo must mobilize its reserves 774
Several hormones and photoreceptors help regulate plant growth 774
Signal transduction pathways are involved in all stages of plant
development 775
Studies of Arabidopsis thaliana have increased our understanding of
plant signal transduction 775
37.2 What Do Gibberellins Do? 776
Gibberellins are plant hormones 777
Gibberellins have many effects on plant growth and development 777
Gibberellins act by initiating the breakdown of transcriptional
repressors 778
37.3 What Does Auxin Do? 779
Auxin transport is polar and requires carrier proteins 781
Auxin transport mediates responses to light and gravity 781
Auxin affects plant growth in several ways 782
At the molecular level, auxin and gibberellins act similarly 784
37.4 What Are the Effects of Cytokinins, Ethylene, and
Brassinosteroids? 784
Cytokinins are active from seed to senescence 784
Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that hastens leaf senescence and fruit
ripening 786
Brassinosteroids are plant steroid hormones 786
37.5 How Do Photoreceptors Participate in Plant Growth
Regulation? 788
Phototropins, cryptochromes, and zeaxanthin are blue-light
receptors 788
Phytochromes mediate the effects of red and far-red light 789
Phytochrome stimulates gene transcription 790
Circadian rhythms are entrained by light reception 790
Ch 37 opening story:
10e Chapter 37 opens by discussing American plant geneticist Norman Borlaug, who began making genetic crosses
between the Japanese wheat and other varieties that had genes conferring rapid growth, adaptability to varying
climates, and resistance to fungal diseases. The results were “semidwarf” wheat varieties that gave record yields.
New chapter-ending question: What changes in growth patterns made the new strains of wheat and rice
successful?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 37
Revised 37.1 Patterns of Early Shoot Development
Revised 37.11 Gibberellins and Auxin Have Similar
Signal Transduction Pathways
New 37.17 Phytochrome Exists in Two Forms
Absorption spectra of phytochrome reveal two
interconvertible forms.
compare to 9e Figure 37.1
consolidates information in 9/e figures 37.7 and 37.14
NEW Working with Data Exercise
The Darwins’ Phototropism Experiment
Original Paper: Darwin, C. R. 1880. The Power of Movement in Plants.
Asks students to evaluate actual copy from the Dawins' paper, presenting such questions as "Can you
explain why there was slight bending in the 6 coleoptiles that were covered with painted tubes?" and "The Darwins
observed that the leaves of the insect-consuming Venus flytrap do not bend toward light. Why would this
response not be important to an insectivorous plant?"
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
LIFE 10e
Chapter
38
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Features of the 10e Outline
While the outline remains mostly unchanged, lots of new details have been integrated into 10e Ch 38.
• Section 38.1 has improved coverage of megagametophytes, pollination, pollen phenotypes, and double fertilization
• Coverage of LEAFY's effects on the APETALA1 gene and the APETALA1 factor has been updated. Coverage of
florigen has been enhanced.
9/e outline
10e outline
38.1 How Do Angiosperms Reproduce Sexually?
779
38.1 How Do Angiosperms Reproduce Sexually? 795
The flower is an angiosperm’s structure for sexual reproduction 779
Flowering plants have microscopic gametophytes 779
Pollination in the absence of water is an evolutionary adaptation 780
A pollen tube delivers sperm cells to the embryo sac 780
Many flowering plants control pollination or pollen tube growth to
prevent inbreeding 782
Angiosperms perform double fertilization 783
Embryos develop within seeds contained in fruits 784
Seed development is under hormonal control 785
The flower is an angiosperm’s structure for sexual reproduction 795
Flowering plants have microscopic gametophytes 796
Pollination in the absence of water is an evolutionary adaptation 798
Flowering plants prevent inbreeding 798
A pollen tube delivers sperm cells to the embryo sac 799
Angiosperms perform double fertilization 799
Embryos develop within seeds 800
Seed development is under hormonal control 801
Fruits assist in seed dispersal 801
38.2 What Determines the Transition from the Vegetative to
the Flowering State? 785
38.2 What Determines the Transition from the Vegetative to
the Flowering State? 802
Shoot apical meristems can become inflorescence meristems 785
A cascade of gene expression leads to flowering 786
Photoperiodic cues can initiate flowering 787
Plants vary in their responses to photoperiodic cues 787
Night length is a key photoperiodic cue that determines flowering 788
The flowering stimulus originates in a leaf 788
Florigen is a small protein 790
Flowering can be induced by temperature or gibberellin 790
Some plants do not require an environmental cue to flower 792
Apical meristems can become inflorescence meristems 803
A cascade of gene expression leads to flowering 803
Photoperiodic cues can initiate flowering 804
Plants vary in their responses to photoperiodic cues 804
The length of the night is the key photoperiodic cue determining
flowering 804
The flowering stimulus originates in a leaf 805
Florigen is a small protein 807
Flowering can be induced by temperature or gibberellin 808
Some plants do not require an environmental cue to flower 808
38.3 How Do Angiosperms Reproduce Asexually?
792
Many forms of asexual reproduction exist 792
Vegetative reproduction has a disadvantage 793
Vegetative reproduction is important in agriculture 793
38.3 How Do Angiosperms Reproduce Asexually? 809
Many forms of asexual reproduction exist 809
Vegetative reproduction has a disadvantage 810
Vegetative reproduction is important in agriculture 810
Ch 38 opening story:
10e Chapter 38 opens with a story on the theft of a packet of seeds from the lab of an Oxford University geneticist.
The seeds have the potential vastly improve the world's food supply.
New chapter-ending question: By what genetic mechanism is apomixes brought about?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 38
Revised 38.2 Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms The
captioning on this key diagram has been improved by
expert review
New 38.16 Chromatin Remodeling during Vernalization
compare to 9e Figure 38.2, p. 797
NEW Working with Data Exercise
The Flowering Signal Moves from Leaf to Bud
Original Paper: Hamner, K. C. and J. Bonner. 1938. Photoperiodism in relationto hormones as factors in floral
initiation and development.
Builds on INVESTIGATING LIFE Figure 38.12; provides data on cocklebur growth under various conditions. Asks students
to examine data to answer questions such as, " What do the data tell you about the signal generated by the plant in
response to photoperiod and that induces flowering in the apical meristem?"
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Question 10 is new
LIFE 10e
39
Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
•
Section 39.1 significantly revised through the addition of copy on induced defensed (PTI and ETI), phytoalexins,
pathogenesis-related proteins, and gene-for-gene resistance.
•
Coverage of herbivory in Section 39.2 is completely rewritten.
10e outline
39.1 How Do Plants Deal with Pathogens?
9/e outline
798
39.1 How Do Plants Deal with Pathogens? 815
Physical barriers form constitutive defenses 798
Plants can seal off infected parts to limit damage 798
General and specific immunity both involve multiple responses 799
Specific immunity involves gene-for-gene resistance 800
Specific immunity usually leads to the hypersensitive response 800
Systemic acquired resistance is a form of long-term immunity 801
Mechanical defenses include physical barriers 815
Plants can seal off infected parts to limit damage 816
Plant responses to pathogens may be genetically determined 817
Receptor–elicitor binding evokes the hypersensitive response 817
Systemic acquired resistance is a form of long-term “immunity” 818
Plants develop specific immunity to RNA viruses 818
39.2 How Do Plants Deal with Herbivores?
Herbivory increases the growth of some plants 819
Mechanical defenses against herbivores are widespread 819
Plants produce chemical defenses against herbivores 820
Some secondary metabolites play multiple roles 821
Plants respond to herbivory with induced defenses 821
Why don’t plants poison themselves? 822
The plant doesn’t always win the arms race 823
801
Mechanical defenses against herbivores are widespread 801
Plants produce constitutive chemical defenses against herbivores 802
Some secondary metabolites play multiple roles 803
Plants respond to herbivory with induced defenses 803
Jasmonates trigger a range of responses to wounding and herbivory
805
Why don’t plants poison themselves? 805
Plants don’t always win the arms race 806
39.3 How Do Plants Deal with Environmental Stresses?
806
Some plants have special adaptations to live in very dry conditions
806
Some plants grow in saturated soils 808
Plants can respond to drought stress 809
Plants can cope with temperature extremes 810
39.2 How Do Plants Deal with Herbivores? 819
39.3 How Do Plants Deal with Climatic Extremes? 823
Desert plants have special adaptations to dry conditions 823
In water-saturated soils, oxygen is scarce 825
Plants can acclimate to drought stress 826
Plants have ways of coping with temperature extremes 826
39.4 How Do Plants Deal with Salt and Heavy Metals? 828
Most halophytes accumulate salt 828
Some plants can tolerate heavy metals 828
39.4 How Do Plants Deal with Salt and Heavy Metals? 810
Most halophytes accumulate salt 811
Some plants can tolerate heavy metals 811
New opening story:
10e Chapter 38 opens with a story on Artemisia, which produces a chemical called artemisinin that is toxic to certain
cells, including those of the parasite that causes malaria.
New chapter-ending question: What is the current status of artemisinin therapy for malaria?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 39
New 39.1 Diseases of Tomato Plants A wide variety of
disease agents
cause a variety of symptoms
Revised 39.2 Signaling between Plants and Pathogens
compare to 9e Figure 39.2, p. 816
NEW Ch 39 Working with Data Exercise
Nicotine Is a Defense against Herbivores
Original Paper:
Steppuhn, A., K. Gase, B. Krock, R. Halitschke, and I. T. Baldwin. 2004.
Builds on INVESTIGATING LIFE FIGURE 39.6, describing how In a separate experiment, Baldwin and his colleagues
showed that treatment with jasmonic acid (jasmonate) increased the concentration of nicotine in wild-type tobacco
plants but not in the low-nicotine transgenic plants. Asks students to consider what the data reveal about the role of
nicotine in preventing herbivore damage and to indicate what statistical test should be run on the data to test
significance.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 6, 8,and 9 are new.
LIFE 10e
Chapter
40
Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation
Features of the 10e Outline
•
As in the 9/e, the 10e opens with homeostasis, focusing on temperature regulation (on which author Craig Heller is
an expert) as an example.
• A numbered section (40.2) is now devoted to cells, tissues, and organs. Coverage of glial cells is expanded.
10e outline
9/e outline
40.1 How Do Multicellular Animals Supply the Needs of
Their Cells? 816
40.1 How Do Multicellular Animals Supply the Needs of Their
Cells? 833
An internal environment makes complex multicellular animals
possible 816
Physiological systems are regulated to maintain homeostasis 816
An internal environment makes complex multicellular animals
possible 833
Physiological systems maintain homeostasis 834
Cells, tissues, organs, and systems are specialized to serve homeostatic
needs 835
Organs consist of multiple tissues 837
40.2 What Are the Relationships between Cells, Tissues,
and Organs? 817
Epithelial tissues are sheets of densely packed, tightly connected cells
817
Muscle tissues generate force and movement 818
Connective tissues include bone, blood, and fat 818
Neural tissues include neurons and glial cells 819
Organs consist of multiple tissues 820
40.3 How Does Temperature Affect Living Systems?
820
Q10 is a measure of temperature sensitivity 821
Animals acclimatize to seasonal temperatures 821
40.4 How Do Animals Alter Their Heat Exchange with the
Environment? 822
Endotherms produce substantial amounts of metabolic heat 822
Ectotherms and endotherms respond differently to changes in
environmental temperature 822
Energy budgets reflect adaptations for regulating body temperature
823
Both ectotherms and endotherms control blood flow to the skin
824
Some fish conserve metabolic heat 825
Some ectotherms regulate metabolic heat production 825
40.5 How Do Endotherms Regulate Their Body
Temperatures? 826
Basal metabolic rates correlate with body size 826
Endotherms respond to cold by producing heat and adapt to cold by
reducing heat loss 827
Evaporation of water can dissipate heat, but at a cost 829
The mammalian thermostat uses feedback information 829
Fever helps the body fight infections 830
Some animals conserve energy by turning down the thermostat 830
40.2 How Does Temperature Affect Living Systems? 838
Q10 is a measure of temperature sensitivity 838
Animals acclimatize to seasonal temperatures 839
40.3 How Do Animals Alter Their Heat Exchange with the
Environment? 839
Endotherms produce heat metabolically 839
Ectotherms and endotherms respond differently to changes in
temperature 840
Energy budgets reflect adaptations for regulating body temperature 841
Both ectotherms and endotherms control blood flow to the skin 842
Some fishes elevate body temperature by conserving metabolic heat 843
Some ectotherms regulate heat production 843
40.4 How Do Mammals Regulate Their Body
Temperatures? 844
Basal metabolic rates are correlated with body size and environmental
temperature 844
Endotherms respond to cold by producing heat and adapt to cold by
reducing heat loss 845
Evaporation of water can dissipate heat, but at a cost 846
The mammalian thermostat uses feedback information 846
Fever helps the body fight infections 847
Turning down the thermostat 847
Ch 40 opening story:
10e Chapter 40 opens by describing how heat stress felled marathoner Paula Radcliffe in the 2004 Olympics
New chapter-ending question: Can we increase heat loss from our natural heat portals to protect against heat stress?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 38
Revised 40.2 Thermostat Regulates Temperature
Revised 40.5 Connective Tissues -- incorporates white
fat images
New 40.9 Metabolic Compensation - enhances coverage
of acclimatization
Revised 40.13 Some Ectotherms Regulate Blood Flow to
the Skin -- balloon captioning simplified
Revised 40.19 The Hypothalamus Regulates Body
Temperature
New 40.20 The Mammalian Thermostat -- harks back to
new Figure 40.2
Revised 40.21 Hibernation Patterns in a Ground Squirrel
-- offers a closer look at the data
replaces 9e 40, p. 834
compare to 9/e 40.5, p. 837
compared to 9e 40.12, p. 842
compare to 9e 40.19, p. 847
compare to 9/e figure 40.20, p. 848
NEW Working with Data Exercise
A Mammal’s BMR Is Proportional to Its Body Size
original paper:
White, C. R. and R. S. Seymour. 2003. Mammalian basal metabolic rate is proportional to body mass.
Provides a subset of data supporting the theory that BMR varies as a function of body mass to the ¾ power, asking
students to consider what data supports the 3/4 power theory, and how the data might be linearized via a
logarithmic transformation (referring students to the “mouse-to-elephant curve” in Figure 40.16, and pointing out
that these data relate to each other as an exponential function and therefore produce a curvilinear plot.)
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 8-11 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter
41
Animal Hormones
Features of the 10e Outline
•
•
•
•
As in the 9/e, Chapter 41 picks up on the theme of regulation developed in Chapter 40. Early introduction of
hormones allows subsequent chapters to refer to their actions.
Section 41.1 is significantly revised. While the 9/e chapter opened by examining specific hormones, the 10e opens
by discussing classes of hormones.
Section 41.2 is new, offering up-to-date insights into the discovery of the nature of hormones. The section
includes a new INVESTIGATING LIFE figure as well as the chapters new WWD figure, both dealing with recent
evidence that muscle can produce the hormone that stimulates the browning of fat, the topic introduced at the
chapter opening.
Section 41.4 has revised coverage of TSH, TRH, goiter, calcitrol, and the adrenal gland.
10e outline
41.1 What Are Hormones and How Do They Work?
9/e outline
835
41.1 What Are Hormones and How Do They Work? 852
Endocrine signaling can act locally or at a distance 835
Hormones can be divided into three chemical groups 836
Hormone action is mediated by receptors on or within their target cells
836
Hormone action depends on the nature of the target cell and its
receptors 837
Chemical signals can act locally or at a distance 853
Hormonal communication has a long evolutionary history 853
Hormones can be divided into three chemical groups 856
Hormone receptors can be membrane-bound or intracellular 856
Hormone action depends on the nature of the target cell and its
receptors 857
41.2 What Have Experiments Revealed about Hormones
and Their Action? 838
41.2 How Do the Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Interact? 858
The first hormone discovered was the gut hormone secretin 838
Early experiments on insects illuminated hormonal signaling systems
839
Three hormones regulate molting and maturation in arthropods 840
41.3 How Do the Nervous and Endocrine Systems Interact?
842
The pituitary is an interface between the nervous and endocrine
systems 842
The anterior pituitary is controlled by hypothalamic neurohormones
844
Negative feedback loops regulate hormone secretion 844
41.4 What Are the Major Endocrine Glands and
Hormones? 845
The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine 845
Three hormones regulate blood calcium concentrations 847
PTH lowers blood phosphate levels 848
Insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose concentrations 848
The adrenal gland is two glands in one 849
Sex steroids are produced by the gonads 850
Melatonin is involved in biological rhythms and photoperiodicity 851
Many chemicals may act as hormones 851
41.5 How Do We Study Mechanisms of Hormone Action?
852
Hormones can be detected and measured with immunoassays 852
A hormone can act through many receptors 853
The pituitary connects the nervous and endocrine systems 858
The anterior pituitary is controlled by hypothalamic neurohormones 860
Negative feedback loops regulate hormone secretion 861
41.3 What Are the Major Mammalian Endocrine Glands and
Hormones? 861
The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine 861
Three hormones regulate blood calcium concentrations 863
PTH lowers blood phosphate levels 864
Insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose concentrations 864
The adrenal gland is two glands in one 865
Sex steroids are produced by the gonads 867
Melatonin is involved in biological rhythms and photoperiodicity 868
Many chemicals may act as hormones 868
41.4 How Do We Study Mechanisms of Hormone Action? 868
Hormones can be detected and measured with immunoassays 868
A hormone can act through many receptors 869
Ch 4` opening story:
10e Chapter 41 opens by describing the role of brown fat in studies of weight loss and gain, harking back to its
introduction in Ch 40. The opening moves on to describe a recently discovered signaling molecule called irisin, which
has been classified as a hormone, that may explain the difference in individual propensity to put on weight.
•
New chapter-ending question: How can we demonstrate that a molecule found in the blood is a hormone?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 41
New 41.1 Chemical Signaling Systems
New 41.2 Three Classes of Hormones
Revised 41.3 The Fight-or-Flight Response
New INVESTIGATING LIFE FIGURE 41.5 Muscle Cells Can
Produce a Hormone -- this figure picks up on the
chapter-opening discussion of brown fat and the
hormones that affect it.
Replaces 9/e 41.1, p. 853
New 41.2 i ncorporates information that was included in
9/e figure 41.14.
compare to 9e figure 41.5
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Identifying a Hormone Secreted byExercised Muscles
original paper: Boström, P. and 17 others. 2012. A PGC1-a-dependentmyokine that drives brown-fat-like
development of white fat and thermogenesis.
Provides students with data suggesting that exercising mammalian muscle cells secrete a substance (identified as
irisin) that hypothesized to be a hormonal signal stimulating white fat cells to develop some of the characteristics
of brown fat cells. Building on the introduction to the experiment provided in Figure 41.5, students are asked to
comment on the nature of the control group: that is, why, in testing the hypothesis, it was important to remove
the muscle cells from the conditioned media before adding the media to the fat cells. Students are also asked:
"What was the effect of pretreating the culture media with antibody? What additional information did this
experiment provide?"
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 7, 9, and 10 are new
LIFE 10e
42
Immunology: Animal Defense Systems
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
• Revised organization consolidates material on B cells and antibody production
• In the new edition the terms innate and adaptive defenses replace the terms nonspecific and specific defense
• Updated coverage of cell-signaling in Section 42.2 includes new coverage of PRRs and PAMPs
• Reorganized presentation of class switching and monoclonal antibodies in Section 42.4
10e outline
9/e outline
42.1 What Are the Major Defense Systems of Animals? 857
42.1 What Are the Major Defense Systems of Animals? 874
Blood and lymph tissues play important roles in defense 857
White blood cells play many defensive roles 858
Immune system proteins bind pathogens or signal other cells 858
Blood and lymph tissues play important roles in defense 875
White blood cells play many defensive roles 875
Immune system proteins bind pathogens or signal other cells 875
42.2 What Are the Characteristics of the Innate Defenses?
859
42.2 What Are the Characteristics of the Nonspecific
Defenses? 877
Barriers and local agents defend the body against invaders 859
Cell signaling pathways stimulate the body’s defenses 860
Specialized proteins and cells participate in innate immunity 860
Inflammation is a coordinated response to infection or injury 861
Inflammation can cause medical problems 862
Barriers and local agents defend the body against invaders 877
Other nonspecific defenses include specialized proteins and cellular
processes 878
Inflammation is a coordinated response to infection or injury 878
Inflammation can cause medical problems 879
Cell signaling pathways stimulate the body’s defenses 879
42.3 How Does Adaptive Immunity Develop?
862
Adaptive immunity has four key features 862
Two types of adaptive immune responses interact: an overview 863
Adaptive immunity develops as a result of clonal selection 865
Clonal deletion helps the immune system distinguish self from nonself
865
Immunological memory results in a secondary immune response 865
Vaccines are an application of immunological memory 866
42.4 What Is the Humoral Immune Response?
867
Some B cells develop into plasma cells 867
Different antibodies share a common structure 867
There are five classes of immunoglobulins 868
Immunoglobulin diversity results from DNA rearrangements and other
mutations 868
The constant region is involved in immunoglobulin class switching
869
Monoclonal antibodies have many uses 871
42.5 What Is the Cellular Immune Response?
871
T cell receptors bind to antigens on cell surfaces 871
MHC proteins present antigen to T cells 872
T-helper cells and MHC II proteins contribute to the humoral immune
response 872
Cytotoxic T cells and MHC I proteins contribute to the cellular immune
response 874
Regulatory T cells suppress the humoral and cellular immune responses
874
MHC proteins are important in tissue transplants 874
42.6 What Happens When the Immune System
Malfunctions? 875
42.3 How Does Specific Immunity Develop? 880
Adaptive immunity has four key features 880
Two types of specific immune responses interact: an overview 881
Genetic changes and clonal selection generate the specific immune
response 882
Immunity and immunological memory result from clonal selection 883
Vaccines are an application of immunological memory 883
Animals distinguish self from nonself and tolerate their own
antigens 884
42.4 What Is the Humoral Immune Response? 885
Some B cells develop into plasma cells 885
Different antibodies share a common structure 885
There are five classes of immunoglobulins 886
Monoclonal antibodies have many uses 886
42.5 What Is the Cellular Immune Response? 887
T cell receptors bind to antigens on cell surfaces 888
MHC proteins present antigen to T cells 888
T-helper cells and MHC II proteins contribute to the humoral immune
response 889
Cytotoxic T cells and MHC I proteins contribute to the cellular immune
response 889
Regulatory T cells suppress the humoral and cellular immune
responses 889
MHC proteins are important in tissue transplants 891
42.6 How Do Animals Make So Many Different
Antibodies? 891
Antibody diversity results from DNA rearrangement and other
Allergic reactions result from hypersensitivity 875
Autoimmune diseases are caused by reactions against self antigens 876
AIDS is an immune deficiency disorder 876
mutations 892
The constant region is involved in immunoglobulin class switching 893
42.7 What Happens When the Immune System
Malfunctions? 894
Allergic reactions result from hypersensitivity 894
Autoimmune diseases are caused by reactions against self antigens 895
AIDS is an immune deficiency disorder 895
Ch 42 opening story:
10e Chapter 42 opens with a discussion of herd immunity and the eradication of smallpox.
New chapter-ending question: Why do many people resist vaccination?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 42
New Table 42.1 Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses
to an Infection
Revised Figure 42.2 White Blood Cells
New 42.3 Innate Immunity
New 42.9 Vaccination Immunological memory from
compare to 9e Figure 42.2, p. 876
exposure to an antigen
simplified art on antibody-epitope interaction and
macrophase-antibody interaction
Revised 42.16 Phases of the Humoral and Cellular
Immune Responses
Revised 42.17 Tregs and Tolerance
compare to 9/e Figure 42.12
compare to 9/e Figure 42.13, p. 890
compare to 9/e 42.14, p. 891
NEW Working with Data Exercise
The Discovery of Adaptive Immunity
original paper: Behring, E. and S. Kitasato. 1890. Uber das Zustandekommen der Diptherie-Immunitat und der
Tetanus-Immunitat bel thieren. Deustche medizinische Wochenschrift 16: 1113–1114.
Asks students to examine data on different doses of toxin delivered to test the immunity of guinea pigs to answer the
question: What can you conclude from these data in terms of the level of protection afforded by the serum?
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Question 9 is revised and Question 10 is new.
LIFE 10e
Chapter
43
Animal Reproduction
Features of the 10e Outline
• 9/e users will find this chapter mostly familiar, with the exception of the new WWD exercise which presents data
just published on the role circadian rhythms play in childbirth.
• New copy on reproductive technologies included in Section 43.4.
10e outline
9/e outline
43.1 How Do Animals Reproduce without Sex?
881
43.1 How Do Animals Reproduce without Sex? 900
Budding and regeneration produce new individuals by mitosis 881
Parthenogenesis is the development of unfertilized eggs 881
Budding and regeneration produce new individuals by mitosis 900
Parthenogenesis is the development of unfertilized eggs 901
43.2 How Do Animals Reproduce Sexually?
43.2 How Do Animals Reproduce Sexually? 902
882
Gametogenesis produces eggs and sperm 882
Fertilization is the union of sperm and egg 884
Getting eggs and sperm together 887
Some individuals can function as both male and female 887
The evolution of vertebrate reproductive systems parallels the move to
land 888
Animals with internal fertilization are distinguished by where the
embryo develops 889
Gametogenesis produces eggs and sperm 902
Fertilization is the union of sperm and egg 905
Getting eggs and sperm together 906
An individual animal can function as both male and female 907
The evolution of vertebrate reproductive systems parallels the move to
land 907
Animals with internal fertilization are distinguished by where the
embryo develops 908
43.3 How Do the Human Male and Female Reproductive
Systems Work? 889
43.3 How Do the Human Male and Female Reproductive
Systems Work? 909
Male sex organs produce and deliver semen 889
Male sexual function is controlled by hormones 892
Female sex organs produce eggs, receive sperm, and nurture the
embryo 892
The ovarian cycle produces a mature egg 893
The uterine cycle prepares an environment for a fertilized egg 893
Hormones control and coordinate the ovarian and uterine cycles 894
FSH receptors determine which follicle ovulates 895
In pregnancy, hormones from the extraembryonic membranes take over
896
Childbirth is triggered by hormonal and mechanical stimuli 896
Male sex organs produce and deliver semen 909
Male sexual function is controlled by hormones 911
Female sex organs produce eggs, receive sperm, and nurture the
embryo 912
The ovarian cycle produces a mature egg 913
The uterine cycle prepares an environment for the fertilized egg 913
Hormones control and coordinate the ovarian and uterine cycles 914
In pregnancy, hormones from the extraembryonic membranes take
over 915
Childbirth is triggered by hormonal and mechanical stimuli 916
43.4 How Can Fertility Be Controlled?
Human sexual responses have four phases 916
Humans use a variety of methods to control fertility 917
Reproductive technologies help solve problems of infertility 919
897
Humans use a variety of methods to control fertility 897
Reproductive technologies help solve problems of infertility 897
43.4 How Can Fertility Be Controlled? 916
Ch 43 opening story:
10e Chapter 43 opens with a story on honey bee reproduction.
New chapter-ending question: How can a queen be so different from her worker sisters when they all share the
same genome?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 43
Updated photo: 43.5 Barriers to Sperm
NEW Ch 43 Working with Data Exercise
Circadian Timing, Hormone Release, and Labor
original Paper: Olcese, J., S. Lozier, and C. Paradise. 2012. Melatonin and the circadian timing of human parturition.
Reproductive Sciences, epub before print, May 3, 2012.
•
Examines data related to the observations that pregnant women are more likely to go into labor duringthe night
than in the daytime, and how, when taken to a well-lit hospital, women's contractions decrease.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 7-10 are new.
LIFE 10e
Chapter
44
Animal Development
Features of the 10e Outline
As in the 9/e the animal development chapter builds on prior coverage of development presented in the context
of molecular biology (Chs 19 and 20). Users of the 9/e will find this chapter familiar, with the exception of the
new WWD exercise.
•
9/e section 44.1 has been divided into two sections in the 10e, so that there is now a separate section (44.2) on
mitosis
10e outline
9/e outline
44.1 How Does Fertilization Activate Development?
903
The sperm and the egg make different contributions to the zygote
Rearrangements of egg cytoplasm set the stage for determination
44.2 How Does Mitosis Divide Up the Early Embryo?
903
903
904
Cleavage repackages the cytoplasm 904
Early cell divisions in mammals are unique 905
Specific blastomeres generate specific tissues and organs 906
Germ cells are a unique lineage even in species with regulative
development 908
44.3 How Does Gastrulation Generate Multiple Tissue
Layers? 908
Invagination of the vegetal pole characterizes gastrulation in the sea
urchin 908
Gastrulation in the frog begins at the gray crescent 909
The dorsal lip of the blastopore organizes embryo formation 910
Transcription factors and growth factors underlie the organizer’s
actions 911
The organizer changes its activity as it migrates from the dorsal lip
912
Reptilian and avian gastrulation is an adaptation to yolky eggs 913
The embryos of placental mammals lack yolk 914
44.4 How Do Organs and Organ Systems Develop?
915
The stage is set by the dorsal lip of the blastopore 915
Body segmentation develops during neurulation 916
Hox genes control development along the anterior–posterior axis 916
44.5 How Is the Growing Embryo Sustained?
44.1 How Does Fertilization Activate Development? 923
The sperm and the egg make different contributions to the zygote 923
Rearrangements of egg cytoplasm set the stage for determination 924
Cleavage repackages the cytoplasm 925
Early cell divisions in mammals are unique 926
Specific blastomeres generate specific tissues and organs 927
44.2 How Does Gastrulation Generate Multiple Tissue
Layers? 928
Invagination of the vegetal pole characterizes gastrulation in the sea
urchin 928
Gastrulation in the frog begins at the gray crescent 929
The dorsal lip of the blastopore organizes embryo formation 930
Transcription factors underlie the organizer’s actions 931
The organizer changes its activity as it migrates from the dorsal lip 932
Reptilian and avian gastrulation is an adaptation to yolky eggs 933
Placental mammals retain the avian–reptilian gastrulation pattern but
lack yolk 934
44.3 How Do Organs and Organ Systems Develop? 935
The stage is set by the dorsal lip of the blastopore 935
Body segmentation develops during neurulation 935
Hox genes control development along the anterior–posterior axis 936
44.4 How is the Growing Embryo Sustained? 937
918
Extraembryonic membranes form with contributions from all germ
layers 918
Extraembryonic membranes in mammals form the placenta 919
Extraembryonic membranes form with contributions from all germ
layers 937
Extraembryonic membranes in mammals form the placenta 938
44.6 What Are the Stages of Human Development?
44.5 What Are the Stages of Human Development? 939
919
Organ development begins in the first trimester 920
Organ systems grow and mature during the second and third trimesters
920
Developmental changes continue throughout life 920
Organ development begins in the first trimester 939
Organ systems grow and mature during the second and third
trimesters 939
Developmental changes continue throughout life 940
Ch 44 opening story:
As in the 9/e, 10e Chapter 44 opens by discussing how we know the information generated by beating nodal cilia is
critical for the left–right asymmetrical patterns of gene expression and developmental processes that follow.
New chapter-ending question: How does the directional flow of extracellular fluid across the node stimulate a left–right
asymmetry in gene expression and development?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 44
Revised: 44.4 Becoming a Blastocyst
compare to 9/e figure 44.4, p. 926
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Nodal Flow and Inverted Organs
original Paper
Nonaka, S., H. Shiratori, and H. Hamata. 2002. Determination of left–right patterning of the mouse embryo by artificial
nodalflow. Nature 418: 96–99.
Presents students with data indicating that roughly half of all iv/iv mouse embryos will develop with normal left–right
organ asymmetry while the other half show reversed asymmetry. Researchers in Japan used iv/iv embryos to test the
hypothesis that the leftward flow of extracellular fluid created by the beating of nodal primary
cilia is the stimulus for breaking bilateral symmetry in organ development.
Students are asked such questions as:
--Do the data support the hypothesis that nodal flow is astimulus that determines left–right organ asymmetry?
--How would you explain the different results for the slow rightward flow in the presomite wild-type and iv/iv mice?
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 6-7, and 9-10 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter 45
Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems
Features of the 10e Outline
• Section 4.5.1 simplified and shortened to highlight the nature of informational systems and to focus on cells. New
information on glia and astrocytes added.
• Coverage of the membrane potential is consolidated in Section 45.2, which includes additional insight into the
Nernst and Goldman equations.
• Section 45.3 has been revised to include a new information on the role GABA receptors play in learning.
• Section 45.4 is new and offers exciting new insights into the role of glia in vertebrate nervous systems.
10e outline
45.1 What Cells Are Unique to the Nervous System?
9/e outline
925
The structure of neurons reflects their functions 925
Glia are the “silent partners” of neurons 926
Simple electrical concepts underlie neural function 927
Membrane potentials can be measured with electrodes 928
Ion transporters and channels generate membrane potentials 928
Ion channels and their properties can now be studied directly 929
Gated ion channels alter membrane potential 930
Graded changes in membrane potential can integrate information 932
Sudden changes in Na+ and K+ channels generate action potentials 932
Action potentials are conducted along axons without loss of signal 934
Action potentials jump along myelinated axons 935
936
The neuromuscular junction is a model chemical synapse 936
The arrival of an action potential causes the release of neurotransmitter
936
Synaptic functions involve many proteins 936
The postsynaptic membrane responds to neurotransmitter 936
Synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory 938
The postsynaptic cell sums excitatory and inhibitory input 938
Synapses can be fast or slow 938
Electrical synapses are fast but do not integrate information well 939
The action of a neurotransmitter depends on the receptor to which it
binds 939
To turn off responses, synapses must be cleared of neurotransmitter
940
The diversity of receptors makes drug specificity possible 940
45.4 How Are Neurons and Glia Organized into
Information-Processing Systems? 940
Nervous systems range in complexity 940
The knee-jerk reflex is controlled by a simple neural network 941
The vertebrate brain is the seat of behavioral complexity 943
Neural networks range in complexity 944
Neurons are the functional units of nervous systems 945
Glia are also important components of nervous systems 947
45.2 How Do Neurons Generate and Transmit Electrical
Signals? 948
45.2 How Do Neurons Generate and Transmit Electric
Signals? 927
45.3 How Do Neurons Communicate with Other Cells?
45.1 What Cells Are Unique to the Nervous System? 944
Simple electrical concepts underlie neural function 948
Membrane potentials can be measured with electrodes 948
Ion transporters and channels generate membrane potentials 948
Ion channels and their properties can now be studied directly 951
Gated ion channels alter membrane potential 952
Graded changes in membrane potential can integrate information 952
Sudden changes in Na+ and K+ channels generate action potentials 953
Action potentials are conducted along axons without loss of signal 955
Action potentials can jump along axons 955
45.3 How Do Neurons Communicate with Other Cells? 956
The neuromuscular junction is a model chemical synapse 956
The arrival of an action potential causes the release of
neurotransmitter 956
Synaptic functions involve many proteins 957
The postsynaptic membrane responds to neurotransmitter 957
Synapses between neurons can be excitatory or inhibitory 958
The postsynaptic cell sums excitatory and inhibitory input 958
Synapses can be fast or slow 958
Electrical synapses are fast but do not integrate information well 959
The action of a neurotransmitter depends on the receptor to which it
binds 959
Glutamate receptors may be involved in learning and memory 960
To turn off responses, synapses must be cleared of neurotransmitter 960
The diversity of receptors makes drug specificity possible 961
Ch 45 opening story:
10e Chapter 45 opens by discussing how researchers created a “Down syndrome mouse” that has most of the same
genes triplicated as those in humans with Down syndrome. Using this mouse model, biologists found out that the
learning disability of these mice was due to overinhibition in the brain, and that when this inhibition was reduced with
drugs, the ability of these mice to learn was increased.
New chapter-ending question: What causes overinhibition in the nervous system, and how can it be reduced?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 45
New 45.4 Astrocytes Communicate with Many Synapses
New Investigating Life Figure 45.16 Reducing Neuronal
Inhibition May Enhance Learning -- introduced to help
answer the question posed in the chapter-opening story.
New Figure 45.18 The Knee Jerk Reflex
omitted to narrow the focus of the chapter:
9e Figures 45.16, 45.17
Used to be in Chapter 47 on the mammalian nervous
system; the focus of that chapter is now on higher
functions
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Equilibrium Membrane Potential: The Goldman Equation
Based on an original paper by Goldman, D. E. 1943
Building on the presentation of the Nernst Equation in Figure 45.7, points out that the equilibrium membrane potential
is the product of more than one ion. Asks students to examine data to better understand the contribution of different
ions.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• 11 chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 7-9 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter
46
Sensory Systems
Features of the 10e Outline
• Section 46.1 rearranged and shortened slightly.
• Discussion of hair cells comes sooner in Section 46.2
• Topic arrangement readjusted in Section 46.4, providing contrasting animal examples of vision earlier and
biochemical details later. Subheads do a better job of announcing topics.
10e outline
9/e outline
46.1 How Do Sensory Receptor Cells Convert Stimuli into
Action Potentials? 947
46.1 How Do Sensory Cells Convert Stimuli into Action
Potentials? 965
Sensory transduction involves changes in membrane potentials 947
Sensory receptor proteins act on ion channels 947
Sensation depends on which neurons receive action potentials from
sensory cells 947
Many receptors adapt to repeated stimulation 948
Sensory receptor proteins act on ion channels 965
Sensory transduction involves changes in membrane potentials 966
Sensation depends on which neurons receive action potentials from
sensory cells 967
Many receptors adapt to repeated stimulation 967
46.2 How Do Sensory Systems Detect Chemical Stimuli? 949
46.2 How Do Sensory Systems Detect Chemical Stimuli? 967
Olfaction is the sense of smell 949
Some chemoreceptors detect pheromones 950
The vomeronasal organ contains chemoreceptors 950
Gustation is the sense of taste 951
Arthropods are good models for studying chemoreception 968
Olfaction is the sense of smell 968
The vomeronasal organ contains chemoreceptors 969
Gustation is the sense of taste 969
46.3 How Do Sensory Systems Detect Mechanical Forces?
952
46.3 How Do Sensory Systems Detect Mechanical
Forces? 970
Many different cells respond to touch and pressure 952
Mechanoreceptors are found in muscles, tendons, and ligaments 952
Hair cells are mechanoreceptors of the auditory and vestibular systems
953
Auditory systems use hair cells to sense sound waves 954
Flexion of the basilar membrane is perceived as sound 955
Various types of damage can result in hearing loss 956
The vestibular system uses hair cells to detect forces of gravity and
momentum 956
Many different cells respond to touch and pressure 970
Mechanoreceptors are found in muscles, tendons, and ligaments 971
Auditory systems use hair cells to sense sound waves 972
Hair cells are sensitive to being bent 974
Hair cells detect forces of gravity and momentum 975
Hair cells are evolutionarily conserved 975
46.4 How Do Sensory Systems Detect Light?
957
Rhodopsin is a vertebrate visual pigment 957
Invertebrates have a variety of visual systems 958
Image-forming eyes evolved independently in vertebrates and
cephalopods 958
The vertebrate retina receives and processes visual information 959
Rod and cone cells are the photoreceptors of the vertebrate retina 960
Information flows through layers of neurons in the retina 962
46.4 How Do Sensory Systems Detect Light? 976
Rhodopsins are responsible for photosensitivity 976
Rod cells respond to light 976
Invertebrates have a variety of visual systems 978
Image-forming eyes evolved independently in vertebrates and
cephalopods 979
The vertebrate retina receives and processes visual information 980
Ch 46 opening story:
As in the 9/e, 10e Chapter 46 opens with a story on pit organs in snakes, as a segue to sensory systems in general.
New chapter-ending question: How can bats emit loud pulses of sound and not be deaf to the faint echoes that return
within milliseconds?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 46
Revised: 46.18 Light Absorption Closes Sodium
compare to 9/e Figure 46.15, p. 978
Channels
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Membrane Currents and Light Intensity in Rod Cells
Original Paper: Baylor, D. A., T. D. Lamb, and K.-W. Yau. 1979. The membranecurrent of single rod outer segments.
Journal of Physiology 288: 589–611.
In a slightly different set of experiments than that described in Figure 46.17, researchers measured the effect of light on
the current across the rod cell membrane. Students examine data a series of recordings of the membrane currents (i.e.,
inward currents of positive ions) generated when rod cells were illuminated by light flashes of varying intensities to
answer questions such as
-- Why is there no difference between the maximum currents induced by flashes of light at 7.8 and 16 photons per mm2?
-- If you measured membrane potential instead of an outward current, how would the resulting recordings differ from the
one shown here?
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 8-10 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter
47
The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions
Features of the 10e Outline
• Improvements in heading structure make section topic more obvious.
• Knee-jerk reflex illustration and discussion is now covered in Chapter 45 as an introduction to the nervous system so
that the focus in Section 47.1 is on the organization of the brain
• Section 47.2 streamlined through loss of experiment on the role ganglion cells play in cat vision.
10e outline
9/e outline
47.1 How Is the Mammalian Nervous System Organized? 968
47.1 How Is the Mammalian Nervous System Organized? 986
Functional organization is based on flow and type of information 968
The anatomical organization of the CNS emerges during development
968
The spinal cord transmits and processes information 969
The brainstem carries out many autonomic functions 969
The core of the forebrain controls physiological drives, instincts, and
emotions 970
Regions of the telencephalon interact to control behavior and produce
consciousness 970
The size of the human brain is off the curve 973
A functional organization of the nervous system is based on flow and
type of information 986
The vertebrate CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube 986
The spinal cord transmits and processes information 988
The reticular system alerts the forebrain 989
The core of the forebrain controls physiological drives, instincts, and
emotions 989
Regions of the telencephalon interact to produce consciousness and
control behavior 990
The human brain is off the curve 992
47.2 How Is Information Processed by Neural Networks? 973
47.2 How Is Information Processed by Neural Networks? 993
Pathways of the autonomic nervous system control involuntary
physiological functions 974
The visual system is an example of information integration by the cerebral
cortex 975
Three-dimensional vision results from cortical cells receiving input from
both eyes 977
The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary physiological
functions 993
Patterns of light falling on the retina are integrated by the visual
cortex 994
Cortical cells receive input from both eyes 997
47.3 Can Higher Functions Be Understood in Cellular Terms?
978
Sleep and dreaming are reflected in electrical patterns in the cerebral
cortex 978
Language abilities are localized in the left cerebral hemisphere 980
Some learning and memory can be localized to specific brain areas 981
We still cannot answer the question “What is consciousness?” 982
47.3 Can Higher Functions Be Understood in Cellular
Terms? 998
Sleep and dreaming are reflected in electrical patterns in the cerebral
cortex 999
Language abilities are localized in the left cerebral hemisphere 1000
Some learning and memory can be localized to specific brain areas 1000
We still cannot answer the question “What is consciousness?” 1002
Opening story:
10e Chapter 47 opens with a study comparing the brains of taxi drivers with varying numbers of years of experience and
and with the brains of control subjects who were not taxi drivers. The study introduces the function of the hippocampus.
New chapter-ending question: Does the firing pattern of hippocampal place cells during sleep represent a memory of
recent experience being transferred into long-term memory?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 47
Revised 47.12 Stages of Sleep - features new images of sleep
monitoring
NEW Ch 47 Working with Data Exercise
Sleep and Learning
original paper: Walker, M. P., T. Brakefield, A. Morgan, J. A. Hobson, and R. Stickgold. 2002. Practice with sleep makes perfect: Sleep
dependent motor skill learning. Neuron 35: 205–211.
Presents data on typing speed of individuals having had different amounts of sleep, asking students to answer such
questions as
-- What would you conclude from these data about the role of sleep or wake in the consolidation of a procedural memory?
-- What feature of sleep seems to be most important for procedural memory consolidation?
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 7-10 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter
48
Musculoskeletal Systems
Features of the 10e Outline
• The chapter will be familiar to users of the 9/e although it includes a couple of great changes: Improvements in the
illustration of the chemical events at the neuromuscular junction, and a new WWD exercise drawing on our own
Craig Heller's research into improvements in athletes' performance when training cooled.
10e outline
48.1 How Do Muscles Contract?
9/e outline
987
48.1 How Do Muscles Contract? 1007
Sliding filaments cause skeletal muscle to contract 987
Actin–myosin interactions cause filaments to slide 988
Actin–myosin interactions are controlled by calcium ions 989
Cardiac muscle is similar to and different from skeletal muscle 991
Smooth muscle causes slow contractions of many internal organs 993
48.2 What Determines Skeletal Muscle Performance?
994
Sliding filaments cause skeletal muscle to contract 1007
Actin–myosin interactions cause filaments to slide 1009
Actin–myosin interactions are controlled by calcium ions 1010
Cardiac muscle is similar to and different from skeletal muscle 1012
Smooth muscle causes slow contractions of many internal organs 1012
Single skeletal muscle twitches are summed into graded
contractions 1014
The strength of a muscle contraction depends on how many fibers are
contracting and at what rate 994
Muscle fiber types determine endurance and strength 995
A muscle has an optimal length for generating maximum tension 996
Exercise increases muscle strength and endurance 996
Muscle ATP supply limits performance 997
Insect muscle has the greatest rate of cycling 997
Muscle fiber types determine endurance and strength 1015
A muscle has an optimal length for generating maximum tension 1016
Exercise increases muscle strength and endurance 1017
Muscle ATP supply limits performance 1017
Insect muscle has the greatest rate of cycling 1018
48.3 How Do Skeletal Systems and Muscles Work
Together? 999
48.3 How Do Skeletal Systems and Muscles Work
Together? 1018
A hydrostatic skeleton consists of fluid in a muscular cavity 999
Exoskeletons are rigid outer structures 999
Vertebrate endoskeletons consist of cartilage and bone 999
Bones develop from connective tissues 1001
Bones that have a common joint can work as a lever 1001
A hydrostatic skeleton consists of fluid in a muscular cavity 1018
Exoskeletons are rigid outer structures 1019
Vertebrate endoskeletons consist of cartilage and bone 1019
Bones develop from connective tissues 1020
Bones that have a common joint can work as a lever 1021
48.2 What Determines Muscle Performance? 1015
Chapter-opening story:
10e Chapter 48 opens by discussing factors that contribute to long jumps by athletes, frogs, and fleas.
New chapter-ending question: How can the kangaroo increase its speed fivefold without increasing its metabolic
expenditure?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 48
Revised 48.4 The Neuromuscular Junction
Revised 48.5 T Tubules Spread Action Potentials into
the Fiber -- details of events at the neuromuscular plate
have been added, particularly how Ca2+ diffuses in
sarcoplasm, stimulating musclecontraction.
compare to 9e 48.4, p. 1010
compare to 9/e 48.5, p. 1010
NEW Ch 48 Working with Data Exercise
Does Heat Cause Muscle Fatigue?
Original paper: Grahn, D. A., V. H. Cao, C. M. Nguyen, M. T. Lieu, and H. C.Heller. 2012. Work volume and strength
training responses to resistive exercise improve with periodic heat extraction from the palm. Journal of Strength and
Conditioning Research. Epub ahead of print.
Providing details of a study performed author Craig Heller, this exercise presents students with data on performance by
people who trained under cool vs heated circumstances. Investigators used the rapid cooling technology described in
the opening of Chapter 40 to extract heat from subjects during 3-minute rests between ten sets of pull-ups twice a
week. Students are then asked: "What do these data indicate about the possible role of muscle temperature in muscle
fatigue?"
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 6 and 8-10 are new
LIFE 10e
49
Gas Exchange
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
• Focused on the exchange of respiratory gases, Ch 49 describes adaptations that allow animals to breathe in
different environments, particularly differences between air breathers and water breathers. Central to the chapter
is a discussion of how the evolution of lungs paralleled the move onto land. The different oxygen-binding
properties of different hemoglobins and myoglobin are described as adaptations to different circumstances. The
regulation of breathing is also considered.
• Section 49.1 contains a revised introduction to partial pressures
10e outline
9/e outline
49.1 What Physical Factors Govern Respiratory Gas
Exchange? 1006
49.1 What Physical Factors Govern Respiratory Gas
Exchange? 1026
Diffusion of gases is driven by partial pressure differences 1006
Fick’s law applies to all systems of gas exchange 1006
Air is a better respiratory medium than water 1007
High temperatures create respiratory problems for aquatic animals
1007
O2 availability decreases with altitude 1007
CO2 is lost by diffusion 1008
Diffusion is driven by concentration differences 1026
Fick’s law applies to all systems of gas exchange 1027
Air is a better respiratory medium than water 1027
High temperatures create respiratory problems for aquatic animals 1028
O2 availability decreases with altitude 1028
CO2 is lost by diffusion 1028
49.2 What Adaptations Maximize Respiratory Gas
Exchange? 1008
Respiratory organs have large surface areas 1008
Ventilation and perfusion of gas exchange surfaces maximize partial
pressure gradients 1009
Insects have airways throughout their bodies 1009
Fish gills use countercurrent flow to maximize gas exchange 1009
Birds use unidirectional ventilation to maximize gas exchange 1010
Tidal ventilation produces dead space that limits gas exchange
efficiency 1012
49.3 How Do Human Lungs Work?
1013
Respiratory tract secretions aid ventilation 1013
Lungs are ventilated by pressure changes in the thoracic cavity 1015
49.4 How Does Blood Transport Respiratory Gases?
Hemoglobin combines reversibly with O2 1016
Myoglobin holds an O2 reserve 1017
Hemoglobin’s affinity for O2 is variable 1017
CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions in the blood
49.5 How Is Breathing Regulated?
1019
Breathing is controlled in the brainstem 1019
Regulating breathing requires feedback 1020
1018
1016
49.2 What Adaptations Maximize Respiratory Gas
Exchange? 1029
Respiratory organs have large surface areas 1029
Transporting gases to and from exchange surfaces optimizes partial
pressure gradients 1029
Insects have airways throughout their bodies 1029
Fish gills use countercurrent flow to maximize gas exchange 1030
Birds use unidirectional ventilation to maximize gas exchange 1031
Tidal ventilation produces dead space that limits gas exchange
efficiency 1032
49.3 How Do Human Lungs Work? 1035
Respiratory tract secretions aid ventilation 1035
Lungs are ventilated by pressure changes in the thoracic cavity 1035
49.4 How Does Blood Transport Respiratory Gases? 1037
Hemoglobin combines reversibly with O2 1037
Myoglobin holds an O2 reserve 1038
Hemoglobin’s affinity for O2 is variable 1038
CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions in the blood 1039
49.5 How Is Breathing Regulated? 1040
Breathing is controlled in the brainstem 1040
Regulating breathing requires feedback information 1041
Opening story:
10e Chapter 49 opens by considering why elephants have long noses.
New chapter-ending question: How do elephants avoid damage to the blood vessels of their thoracic cavities
when they snorkel?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 49
Revised 49.12 Binding of O2 to Hemoglobin Depends on
PO2 -- A part (A) has been added on the
sigmoidal shape of hemoglobin’s oxygen binding curve
Revised 49.13 Oxygen-Binding Adaptations
compare to 9/e 49.12, p. 1037
compare to 9/e 49.13, p. 1038
NEW Working with Data Exercise
The Respiratory Control System Is Not Always Regulated by PCO2
Original Paper: Bainton, C. R. 1972. Effect of speed vs. grade and shivering on ventilation in dogs during active exercise.
Journal of Applied Physiology
Experiments in which dogs run at different speeds while their PCO2 and V are measured produce results different from
those shown in Figure 49.17. When subjects run at different speeds,their PCO2s are the same and yet their V changes.
To resolve the differences between these types of experiments, Bainton recorded PCO2 and V in dogs, breath-bybreath immediately after a change in treadmill speed. Presented with data from this studies students are asked to
draw a plot and answer and consider how these results relate to those obtained in the experiment in
which the incline of the treadmill was gradually raised and lowered.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 8, 9, and 11 are new
LIFE 10e
50
Circulatory Systems
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
•
This chapter opens by describing why animals need a circulatory system and reviews open and closed systems in
various animals. Ch 50 considers how vertebrate circulatory systems evolved, considering lungfish, amphibian,
reptilian, and mammalian circulatory systems in turn. Special adaptations, such as mechanisms needed when an airbreathing mammal is under water are also mentioned. The human heart and circulation is closely examined, including
the cardiac cycle, the measurement of blood pressure, the mechanics of the heartbeat. Blood vessels and blood flow
are considered along with vascular disease and control of blood pressure.
•
Chapter 50 is organized along the same lines as the 9/e version but includes new experiments and new data on heart
rate.
10e outline
9/e outline
50.1 Why Do Animals Need a Circulatory System?
1026
50.1 Why Do Animals Need a Circulatory System? 1046
Some animals do not have a circulatory system 1026
Circulatory systems can be open or closed 1026
Open circulatory systems move extracellular fluid 1026
Closed circulatory systems circulate blood through a system of blood
vessels 1026
Some animals do not have a circulatory system 1046
Circulatory systems can be open or closed 1046
Open circulatory systems move extracellular fluid 1047
Closed circulatory systems circulate blood through a system of blood
vessels 1047
50.2 How Have Vertebrate Circulatory Systems Evolved?
1027
50.2 How Have Vertebrate Circulatory Systems Evolved? 1048
Circulation in fish is a single circuit 1028
Lungfish evolved a gas-breathing organ 1028
Amphibians have partial separation of systemic and pulmonary
circulation 1029
Reptiles have exquisite control of pulmonary and systemic circulation
1029
Birds and mammals have fully separated pulmonary and systemic
circuits 1030
50.3 How Does the Mammalian Heart Function?
1030
Blood flows from right heart to lungs to left heart to body 1030
The heartbeat originates in the cardiac muscle 1032
A conduction system coordinates the contraction of heart muscle 1034
Electrical properties of ventricular muscles sustain heart contraction
The ECG records the electrical activity of the heart 1035
50.4 What Are the Properties of Blood and Blood Vessels?
1037
Red blood cells transport respiratory gases 1038
Platelets are essential for blood clotting 1039
Arteries withstand high pressure, arterioles control blood flow 1039
Materials are exchanged in capillary beds by filtration, osmosis, and
diffusion 1039
Blood flows back to the heart through veins 1041
Lymphatic vessels return interstitial fluid to the blood 1042
Vascular disease is a killer 1042
50.5 How Is the Circulatory System Controlled and
Regulated? 1043
Autoregulation matches local blood flow to local need 1044
Arterial pressure is regulated by hormonal and neural mechanisms
Fishes have a two-chambered heart 1048
Amphibians have a three-chambered heart 1049
Reptiles have exquisite control of pulmonary and systemic
circulation 1049
Birds and mammals have fully separated pulmonary and systemic
circuits 1050
50.3 How Does the Mammalian Heart Function? 1051
Blood flows from right heart to lungs to left heart to body 1051
The heartbeat originates in the cardiac muscle 1053
A conduction system coordinates the contraction of heart muscle 1054
Electrical properties of ventricular muscles sustain heart contraction 1054
The ECG records the electrical activity of the heart 1055
50.4 What Are the Properties of Blood and Blood
Vessels? 1056
Red blood cells transport respiratory gases 1056
Platelets are essential for blood clotting 1057
Blood circulates throughout the body in a system of blood vessels 1058
Materials are exchanged in capillary beds by filtration, osmosis, and
diffusion 1058
Blood flows back to the heart through veins 1060
Lymphatic vessels return interstitial fluid to the blood 1061
Vascular disease is a killer 1061
50.5 How Is the Circulatory System Controlled and
Regulated? 1062
Autoregulation matches local blood flow to local need 1062
Arterial pressure is regulated by hormonal and neural mechanisms 1063
Chapter 50 opening story:
Heart failure in basketball player Reggie Lewis.
New chapter-ending question: How can the same mutation-based heart condition be fatal to an athlete but innocuous in
most other people?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 50
Revised in-text illustrations of the hearts of fishes,
lungfish, and amphibians
New 50.5 The Pacemaker Potential
New 50.6 The Autonomic Nervous System Controls
Heart Rate
Revised 50.8 The Action Potential of Ventricular Muscle
Fibers; a new part A added that illustrates the three
phases of the action potential
New Investigating Life Figure 50.9 Hot Fish, Cold Heart -investigates the hypothesis that The bluefin tuna can
maintain a fast heart rate at low temperatures because its
heart muscle cells cycle Ca2+ more rapidly than in typical
fishes.
Revised 50.14 A Narrow Lane - line art of the capillary
now complements the photo
NEW Working with Data Exercise
replaces 9/e 50.5, p. 1054
compare to 9/e 50.7, p. 1055
Warm Fish with Cold Hearts
Original paper: Landeira-Fernandez, A., M. M. Morrissette, J. M. Blanc, and B.A. Block. 2004. Temperature dependence of
the Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2) in the ventricles of tuna and mackerel. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory,
Integrative, and Comparative Physiology 286: R398–R404.
Building on new Investigating Figure 50.9, data is presented on Ca2+ uptake by different species of fish at varying
temperatures. Students are asked to consider such questions as "How do these data support the hypothesis that bluefin
tuna have an increased ability to sequester Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?" and "What does this plot tell you about
the properties of the Ca2+/ATPase pumps in the different fish? What is the explanation for the higher rate of Ca2+
uptake in bluefin tuna?"
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 7-10 are new
LIFE 10e
51
Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
• Coverage of Koch's postulates and the bacterial cause of ulcers is now presented earlier in the book (pp. 541-542)
• Chapter coverage is united by a theme of inquiry concerning the roots of obesity.
10e outline
51.1 What Do Animals Require from Food?
9/e outline
1049
51.1 What Do Animals Require from Food? 1068
Energy needs and expenditures can be measured 1049
Sources of energy can be stored in the body 1050
Food provides carbon skeletons for biosynthesis 1051
Animals need mineral elements for a variety of functions 1052
Animals must obtain vitamins from food 1053
Nutrient deficiencies result in diseases 1054
Energy needs and expenditures can be measured 1068
Sources of energy can be stored in the body 1070
Food provides carbon skeletons for biosynthesis 1070
Animals need mineral elements for a variety of functions 1071
Animals must obtain vitamins from food 1072
Nutrient deficiencies result in diseases 1073
51.2 How Do Animals Ingest and Digest Food?
51.2 How Do Animals Ingest and Digest Food? 1074
1054
The food of herbivores is often low in energy and hard to digest 1054
Carnivores must find, capture, and kill prey 1055
Vertebrate species have distinctive teeth 1055
Digestion usually begins in a body cavity 1056
Tubular guts have an opening at each end 1056
Digestive enzymes break down complex food molecules 1057
The food of herbivores is often low in energy and hard to digest 1074
Carnivores must detect, capture, and kill prey 1074
Vertebrate species have distinctive teeth 1074
Digestion usually begins in a body cavity 1075
Tubular guts have an opening at each end 1075
Digestive enzymes break down complex food molecules 1076
51.3 How Does the Vertebrate Gastrointestinal System
Function? 1058
51.3 How Does the Vertebrate Gastrointestinal System
Function? 1077
The vertebrate gut consists of concentric tissue layers 1058
Mechanical activity moves food through the gut and aids digestion1059
Chemical digestion begins in the mouth and the stomach 1060
The stomach gradually releases its contents to the small intestine 1061
Most chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine 1061
Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine 1063
Absorbed nutrients go to the liver 1063
Water and ions are absorbed in the large intestine 1063
Herbivores rely on microorganisms to digest cellulose 1063
The vertebrate gut consists of concentric tissue layers 1077
Mechanical activity moves food through the gut and aids digestion 1078
Chemical digestion begins in the mouth and the stomach 1079
Stomach ulcers can be caused by a bacterium 1079
The stomach gradually releases its contents to the small intestine 1080
Most chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine 1081
Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine 1082
Absorbed nutrients go to the liver 1083
Water and ions are absorbed in the large intestine 1083
Herbivores rely on microorganisms to digest cellulose 1083
51.4 How Is the Flow of Nutrients Controlled and
Regulated? 1064
Hormones control many digestive functions 1065
The liver directs the traffic of the molecules that fuel metabolism 1065
The brain plays a major role in regulating food intake 1067
51.4 How Is the Flow of Nutrients Controlled and
Regulated? 1084
Hormones control many digestive functions 1085
The liver directs the traffic of the molecules that fuel metabolism 1085
Regulating food intake is important 1087
Chapter-opening story:
10e Chapter 51 opens with a discussion of “thrifty genes”—particular alleles of the genes involved in digestion,
absorption, and energy storage that result in greater-than-average efficiency in converting food into energy reserves,
such as fat.
New chapter-ending question: Are there genes that predispose a person to obesity?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 51
revised: 51.10 Tissue Layers of the Vertebrate Gut
revised: 51.17 Regulating Glucose Levels in the Blood
compare to 9/e 51.10, p. 1078
compare to 9e 51.18, p. 1086
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Is Leptin a Satiety Signal?
Original Papers:
Coleman, D. L., and K. P. Hummel. 1969. Effects of parabiosis of normal with genetically diabetic mice. American Journal
of Physiology 217: 1298–1304.
Coleman, D. L. 1973. Effects of parabiosis of obese with diabetes and normal mice. Diabetologia 9: 294–297.
Builds on Investigating Figure 51.18, presenting data from a study investigating the hypothesis that there are two
separate genes that signal the brain when enough food has been obtained—one that encodes a satiety signal (leptin)
and another that encodes a receptor protein for the signal. Results from studies in which leptin was injected into mice
are provided to help students answer questions like, " What factors might explain the loss of body mass in the leptininjected ob/ob mice?"
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 7, 9, and 10 are new
LIFE 10e
Chapter
52
Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion
Features of the 10e Outline
9/e users will find the organization and coverage of Ch. 52 familiar. The focus of the chapter is on how excretory systems
maintain homeostasis; the chapter examines a variety of excretory stems and has a comparative emphasis. There is,
however, solid coverage of the mammalian kidney and the formation of urine. The opening essay on vampire bats points
out that while all animals need water, not all animals drink. With a focus on how different environments require different
adaptations, the chapter explores many ways animals obtain water and conserve water. Adaptations evolved in animals
living in a salt-water environment are explored as well.
•
•
Coverage of osmoregulation is moderately revised in Section 52.1
Revised and simplified explanations of the renal countercurrent multiplier in Section 52.5.
10e outline
9/e outline
52.1 How Do Excretory Systems Maintain Homeostasis?1072
52.1 How Do Excretory Systems Maintain Homeostasis? 1092
Water enters or leaves cells by osmosis 1072
Excretory systems control extracellular fluid osmolarity and composition
1072
Aquatic invertebrates can conform to or regulate their osmotic and ionic
environments 1072
Vertebrates are osmoregulators and ionic regulators 1073
Water enters or leaves cells by osmosis 1092
Excretory systems control extracellular fluid osmolarity and
composition 1093
Animals can be osmoconformers or osmoregulators 1093
Animals can be ionic conformers or ionic regulators 1093
52.2 How Do Animals Excrete Nitrogen?
1074
52.2 How Do Animals Excrete Nitrogen? 1094
Animals excrete nitrogen in a number of forms 1074
Most species produce more than one nitrogenous waste 1074
52.3 How Do Invertebrate Excretory Systems Work?
Animals excrete nitrogen in a number of forms 1094
Most species produce more than one nitrogenous waste 1095
1075
The protonephridia of flatworms excrete water and conserve salts 1075
The metanephridia of annelids process coelomic fluid 1075
Malpighian tubules of insects use active transport to excrete wastes
1076
52.4 How Do Vertebrates Maintain Salt and Water Balance?
1077
Marine fishes must conserve water 1077
Terrestrial amphibians and reptiles must avoid desiccation 1077
Mammals can produce highly concentrated urine 1078
The nephron is the functional unit of the vertebrate kidney 1078
Blood is filtered into Bowman’s capsule 1078
The renal tubules convert glomerular filtrate to urine 1079
52.5 How Does the Mammalian Kidney Produce
Concentrated Urine? 1079
Kidneys produce urine and the bladder stores it 1080
Nephrons have a regular arrangement in the kidney 1081
Most of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted
tubule 1082
The loop of Henle creates a concentration gradient in the renal medulla
1082
Water permeability of kidney tubules depends on water channels 1084
The distal convoluted tubule fine-tunes the composition of the urine
1084
Urine is concentrated in the collecting duct 1084
The kidneys help regulate acid–base balance 1084
Kidney failure is treated with dialysis 1085
52.6 How Are Kidney Functions Regulated?
1087
52.3 How Do Invertebrate Excretory Systems Work? 1095
The protonephridia of flatworms excrete water and conserve salts 1095
The metanephridia of annelids process coelomic fluid 1096
The Malpighian tubules of insects depend on active transport 1097
52.4 How Do Vertebrates Maintain Salt and Water
Balance? 1097
Marine fishes must conserve water 1098
Terrestrial amphibians and reptiles must avoid desiccation 1098
Mammals can produce highly concentrated urine 1098
The nephron is the functional unit of the vertebrate kidney 1098
Blood is filtered into Bowman’s capsule 1099
The renal tubules convert glomerular filtrate to urine 1100
52.5 How Does the Mammalian Kidney Produce
Concentrated Urine? 1100
Kidneys produce urine, and the bladder stores it 1100
Nephrons have a regular arrangement in the kidney 1100
Most of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted
tubule 1101
The loop of Henle creates a concentration gradient in the renal
medulla 1102
Water permeability of kidney tubules depends on water channels 1103
The distal convoluted tubule fine-tunes the composition of the
urine 1104
Urine is concentrated in the collecting duct 1104
The kidneys help regulate acid–base balance 1104
Kidney failure is treated with dialysis 1105
52.6 How Are Kidney Functions Regulated? 1107
Glomerular filtration rate is regulated 1107
Glomerular filtration rate is regulated 1087
Regulation of GFR uses feedback information from the distal tubule
1087
Blood osmolarity and blood pressure are regulated by ADH 1088
The heart produces a hormone that helps lower blood pressure 1090
Blood osmolarity and blood pressure are regulated by ADH 1107
The heart produces a hormone that helps lower blood pressure 1109
Chapter- opening story:
10e Chapter 52 opens by discussing the fascinating way that vampire bats lose fluid after a blood meal.
New chapter-ending question: How do desert rodents and vampire bats make highly concentrated urine?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 52
Revised: 52.1 Some Marine Invertebrates osmoregulate
Simplified: 52.3 Waste Products of Metabolism
Revised: 52.8 A Tour of the Nephron
Revised 52.11 The Kidney Excretes Acids and Conserves
Bases
Revised: 52.16 ADH induces insertion of Aquaporins into
Plasma Membranes
Revised 52.17 The Ability to Concentrate
compare to 9/e Figure 52.1, p. 1093
compare to 9/e 52.3, p. 1095
compare to 9/e 52.8, p. 1099
compare to 9/e 52.13, p. 1106
compare to 9/e 52.17, p. 1109
compare to 9/e 52.11, p. 1104
NEW Working with Data Exercise
What Kidney Characteristics Determine Urine Concentrating Ability?
original Paper: Schmidt-Nielsen, B. and R. O’Dell. 1961. Structure and concentrating mechanism in the mammalian
kidney. American Journal of Physiology
Students are presented with data from a classic study of the observation that not all loops of Henle extend all the way to
the tip of the medulla— that there are short and long loops of Henle. They are presented with data to help answer the
question of whether the concentrating ability of the kidney be a function of the proportion of the loops that are long.
Schmidt-Nielsen and O’Dell measured aspects of kidney size and function in several animals from habitats of different
aridity and determined the maximum concentration of urine the animals could produce when water deprived.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 7, 9, and 10 are new
LIFE 10e
53
Animal Behavior
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
• Sections 53.2 and 53.3 streamlined; fewer examples are presented
• Section 53.6 includes new coverage of suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and a new study indicating that circadian
rhythms can be restored by transplanted SCN tissue, demonstrating that the SCN is sufficient to generate circadian
rhythms
10e outline
9/e outline
53.1 What Are the Origins of Behavioral Biology?
1094
53.1 What Are the Origins of Behavioral Biology? 1114
Conditioned reflexes are a simple behavioral mechanism 1094
Ethologists focused on the behavior of animals in their natural
environment 1094
Ethologists probed the causes of behavior 1095
Conditioning was the focus of behaviorists 1114
Fixed action patterns were the focus of ethologists 1115
Ethologists probed the causes of behavior 1116
53.2 How Do Genes Influence Behavior?
Breeding experiments can produce behavioral phenotypes 1096
Knockout experiments can reveal the roles of specific genes 1096
Behaviors are controlled by gene cascades 1097
Breeding experiments can show whether behavioral phenotypes are
genetically determined 1117
Knockout experiments can reveal the roles of specific genes 1117
Behaviors are controlled by gene cascades 1118
53.3 How Does Behavior Develop?
53.3 How Does Behavior Develop? 1119
1096
1098
53.2 How Can Genes Influence Behavior? 1117
Hormones can determine behavioral potential and timing 1098
Some behaviors can be acquired only at certain times 1099
Birdsong learning involves genetics, imprinting, and hormonal timing
1099
The timing and expression of birdsong are under hormonal control
Hormones can determine behavioral potential and timing 1119
Some behaviors can be acquired only at certain times 1120
Bird song learning involves genetics, imprinting, and hormonal
timing 1121
The timing and expression of bird song are under hormonal control 1122
53.4 How Does Behavior Evolve?
53.4 How Does Behavior Evolve? 1123
1102
Animals are faced with many choices 1103
Behaviors have costs and benefits 1103
Territorial behavior carries significant costs 1103
Cost–benefit analysis can be applied to foraging behavior 1104
53.5 What Physiological Mechanisms Underlie Behavior?
1106
Biological rhythms coordinate behavior with environmental cycles
1106
Animals must find their way around their environment 1109
Animals use multiple modalities to communicate 1110
53.6 How Does Social Behavior Evolve?
1113
Mating systems maximize the fitness of both partners 1113
Fitness can include more than your own offspring 1114
Eusociality is the extreme result of kin selection 1115
Group living has benefits and costs 1116
Animals must make many behavioral choices 1123
Behaviors have costs and benefits 1123
Cost–benefit analysis can be applied to foraging behavior 1125
53.5 What Physiological Mechanisms Underlie
Behavior? 1127
Biological rhythms coordinate behavior with environmental cycles 1127
Animals must find their way around their environment 1129
Animals use multiple modalities to communicate 1131
53.6 How Does Social Behavior Evolve? 1133
Mating systems maximize the fitness of both partners 1134
Fitness can include more than producing offspring 1135
Eusociality is the extreme result of kin selection 1136
Group living has benefits and costs 1137
Can the concepts of sociobiology be applied to humans? 1116
NEW Chapter-opening story:
10e Chapter 53 opens with a story on cowbird behavior: Cowbird eggs have been found in the nests of at least 220 other
species.
New chapter-ending question: Could cowbird behaviors create selective pressure for host species not to develop
egg discrimination behavior?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 53
New: 53.8 Practice Makes Perfect when male zebra fi
9/e figures omitted in the 10e
Figure 53.3 Courtship displays
Figure 53.4 Genes and hygienic behavior
replaces 9/e Figure 53,9, p. 1121
nches (Taeniopygia guttata) sing alone, they improvise
(undirected song), but when they sing in the presence
of a female, they sing a stereotyped (directed) song.
New: 53.14 The Brain Clock Can Be Transplanted
New: 53.21 Favoring Sisters over Daughters. Female
honey bees are diploid and males are haploid. Thus if a
female worker bee were to reproduce, she would share
approximately 50 percent of her genes with her daughters.
However, she shares an average of 75 percent of her
genes with her sisters
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Why Put Up with a Parasite?
original Paper
Hoover, J. P. and S. K. Robinson. 2007. Retaliatory mafia behavior by a parasitic cowbird favors host acceptance of
parasitic eggs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Following up on the chapter-opening story on cowbirds, we are given an investigation of the observation of “mafia
behavior” in cowbirds, in which the parasitic female returns to the host nest and, if her eggs have been removed,
destroys the nest completely. Data on the incidence of nest destruction by cowbirds and the average number of warbler
offspring fledged per warbler nest in each treatment category is presented, and students are asked to consider such
questions as, " Under which conditions were warblers most successful? Under which conditions were warbler nests most
likely to be destroyed?"
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Question 11 is new
LIFE 10e
54
Ecology and the Distribution of Life
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
• While the chapter outline is subtly changed, the chapter itself features numerous improvements, especially to
illustrations. Illustrations have been reordered and many now include improved color coding and numbered balloon
captions, which help students follow details in the diagrams.
• Copy on aquatic biomes has been moved up and expanded in Section 54.4, and includes a more synthetic
explanation of how aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric components integrate toinfluence the distribution and
abundance of life on Earth
• New visually oriented chapter-ending exercises build students' problem-solving skills.
10e outline
54.1 What Is Ecology?
9/e outline
1122
54.1 What Is Ecology? 1141
Ecology is not the same as environmentalism 1122
Ecologists study biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems 1122
Ecology is not the same as environmentalism 1141
Ecologists study biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems 1142
54.2 Why Do Climates Vary Geographically?
54.2 Why Do Climates Vary Geographically? 1142
1122
Solar radiation varies over Earth’s surface 1123
Solar energy input determines atmospheric circulation patterns 1124
Atmospheric circulation and Earth’s rotation result in prevailing winds
1124
Prevailing winds drive ocean currents 1124
Organisms adapt to climatic challenges 1125
54.3 How Is Life Distributed in Terrestrial Environments?
1126
Tundra is found at high latitudes and high elevations 1128
Evergreen trees dominate boreal and temperate evergreen forests
1129
Temperate deciduous forests change with the seasons 1130
Temperate grasslands are widespread 1131
Hot deserts form around 30° latitude 1132
Cold deserts are high and dry 1133
Chaparral has hot, dry summers and wet, cool winters 1134
Thorn forests and tropical savannas have similar climates 1135
Tropical deciduous forests occur in hot lowlands 1136
Tropical rainforests are rich in species 1137
54.4 How Is Life Distributed in Aquatic Environments?
1139
The marine biome can be divided into several life zones 1139
Freshwater biomes may be rich in species 1140
Estuaries have characteristics of both freshwater and marine
environments 1141
54.5 What Factors Determine the Boundaries of
Biogeographic Regions? 1141
Geological history influences the distribution of organisms 1141
Two scientific advances changed the field of biogeography 1142
Discontinuous distributions may result from vicariant or dispersal
events 1143
Humans exert a powerful influence on biogeographic patterns 1145
Global climates are solar powered 1142
Solar energy input determines atmospheric circulation patterns 1142
Global oceanic circulation is driven by wind patterns 1143
Organisms adapt to climatic challenges 1144
54.3 What Is a Biome? 1146
Tundra is found at high latitudes and high elevations 1147
Evergreen trees dominate boreal forests 1148
Temperate deciduous forests change with the seasons 1149
Temperate grasslands are widespread 1150
Hot deserts form around 30° latitude 1151
Cold deserts are high and dry 1152
Chaparral has hot, dry summers and wet, cool winters 1153
Thorn forests and tropical savannas have similar climates 1154
Tropical deciduous forests occur in hot lowlands 1155
Tropical evergreen forests are rich in species 1156
Biome distribution is not determined solely by temperature 1157
54.4 What Is a Biogeographic Region? 1157
Geological history influenced the distribution of organisms 1157
Two scientific advances changed the field of biogeography 1159
Biotic interchange follows fusion of land masses 1160
Vicariant events influence distribution patterns 1161
Humans exert a powerful influence on biogeographic patterns 1162
54.5 How Is Life Distributed in Aquatic Environments? 1163
The oceans can be divided into several life zones 1163
Freshwater environments may be rich in species 1164
Estuaries have characteristics of both freshwater and marine
environments 1164
NEW Chapter- opening story:
10e Chapter 54 opens with a story on the remarkable hardiness of the fynbos plant -- and how Today more than 1,700
fynbos species are threatened with extinction.
New chapter-ending question: What is it about the western edges of continents that promotes tough, shrubby plant
communities such as fynbos?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 54
Revised: 54.1 Solar Energy Input Varies with Latitude
New 54.2 Seasonal Change Is the Result of the Tilt of
Earth’s Axis
Revised: 54.3 Air Circulation in Earth’s Atmosphere
Revised: 54.4 Prevailing Winds
Revised: 54.5 Oceanic Circulation
Revised: 54.9 Life zones of the Marine Biome
New: 54.10 Life zones in a Freshwater Lake
Revised: 54.12 Earth’s Biogeographic Regions
Revised: 54.14 Phylogenetic Tree to Area Phylogeny
NEW Working with Data Exercise
compare with 9/e 54.1, p. 1142
compare with 9/e 54.2, p. 1143
compare with 9/e 54.3A, p. 1144
compare with 9/e 54.3b, p. 1144
compare with 9/e Figure 54.14, p. 1163
compare to 9/e 54.8, p. 1158
compare to 9/e 54.11, p. 1161
Walter Climate Diagrams
original source: Devised by the German biogeographer Heinrich Walter in 1979
Given an example of a Walter diagram, students are asked to create their own Walter diagrams given data on several
cities. They are then asked to address such questions as, " Based solely on your diagrams, which biome do you think is
represented by each location?" and " How do you explain the temperature disparity between London and Moscow,
both of which lie in a similar latitude of Europe?"
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 6. 7, 8, and 10 are new
LIFE 10e
55
Population Ecology
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
• Former Section 55.1 has been divided into two sections, one on the measurement of populations and the other on
population dynamics. Life tables are now covered in Section 55.2
• Coverage of survivorship curves is expanded and clarified in Section 55.2
• New exercises provide opportunities for students to see how ecological data are acquired in the laboratory and in
the field, how these data are analyzed, and how the results are applied to answer questions
10e outline
55.1 How Do Ecologists Measure Populations?
9/e outline
1150
55.1 How Do Ecologists Study Populations? 1168
Ecologists use a variety of approaches to count and track individuals
1150
Ecologists can estimate population densities from samples 1151
A population’s age structure influences its capacity to grow 1151
A population’s dispersion pattern reflects how individuals are
distributed in space 1152
Ecologists use a variety of approaches to count and track
individuals 1168
Population densities can be estimated from samples 1169
Populations have age structures and dispersion patterns 1169
Changes in population size can be estimated from repeated density
measurements 1171
Life tables track demographic events 1171
55.2 How Do Ecologists Study Population Dynamics? 1153
55.2 How Do Environmental Conditions Affect Life
Histories? 1173
Demographic events determine the size of a population 1153
Life tables track demographic events 1154
Survivorship curves reflect life history strategies 1155
55.3 How Do Environmental Conditions Affect Life
Histories? 1156
Survivorship and fecundity determine a population’s growth rate
1156
Life history traits vary with environmental conditions 1156
Life history traits are influenced by interspecific interactions 1157
55.4 What Factors Limit Population Densities? 1157
All populations have the potential for exponential growth 1157
Logistic growth occurs as a population approaches its carrying capacity
1158
Population growth can be limited by density-dependent or densityindependent factors 1159
Different population regulation factors lead to different life history
strategies 1159
Several ecological factors explain species’ characteristic population
densities 1159
Some newly introduced species reach high population densities 1160
Evolutionary history may explain species abundances 1160
55.5 How Does Habitat Variation Affect Population
Dynamics? 1161
Many populations live in separated habitat patches 1161
Corridors may allow subpopulations to persist 1162
55.6 How Can We Use Ecological Principles to Manage
Populations? 1163
Management plans must take life history strategies into account 1163
Management plans must be guided by the principles of population
dynamics 1163
Human population growth has been exponential 1164
Survivorship and fecundity determine a population’s intrinsic rate of
increase 1173
Life history traits vary with environmental conditions 1173
Life history traits are influenced by interspecific interactions 1174
55.3 What Factors Limit Population Densities? 1174
All populations have the potential for exponential growth 1174
Logistic growth occurs as a population approaches its carrying
capacity 1175
Population growth can be limited by density-dependent or densityindependent factors 1176
Different population regulation factors lead to different life
histories 1176
Several factors explain why some species achieve higher population
densities than others 1176
Evolutionary history may explain species abundances 1178
55.4 How Does Habitat Variation Affect Population
Dynamics? 1178
Many populations live in separated habitat patches 1178
Corridors allow subpopulations to persist 1179
55.5 How Can Populations Be Managed Scientifically? 1180
Population management plans must take life history strategies into
account 1180
Population management plans must be guided by the principles of
population dynamics 1180
Human population increase has been exponential 1181
Chapter-opening story:
10e Chapter 55 opens with the story of the tragic loss of the reindeer population at St. Matthews island due to
overpopulation.
New chapter-ending question: Why did introduced reindeer populations persist on the island of South Georgia but
not on the island of St. Matthew?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 55
Revised: 55.1 Identifying Individuals
New 55.2 The Mark–Recapture Method
New Table 55.1 Life Table for the 1978 Cohort of
Geospiza scandens on Isla Daphne
Revised: 55.5 Survivorship Curves
Revised: 55.7 Exponential Population Growth Can Lead
to a Population Crash
Revised: 55.12 Corridors Can Rescue Some Populations
NEW Working with Data Exercise
compare to 9/e 55.1, p-. 1169
replaces 9/e Table 55.1
compare to 9/e Figure 55.4, p. 1173
compare to 9/e Figure 55.6, p. 1175
compare to 9/e 55.11, p. 1179
Monitoring Tick Populations
Original Paper:
Falco, R. C. and O. Fish. 1988. Prevalence of Ixodes dammini near the homes of Lyme disease patients in Westchester
County, New York. American Journal of Epidemiolology.
Building on the new figure on the mark-recapture method, which features tick counts, this exercise provides students
with counts and areas, and asks them to extrapolate how many ticks might be found in a given lawn.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Question 10 is new
LIFE 10e
56
Species Interactions and Coevolution
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
• Chapter 56 describes species interactions and how they evolve. The coevolution of species is a key theme of the
chapter: reciprocal adaptations emerging from predator-prey interactions (the evolution of teeth and claws, the
emergence of defensive weapons such as aposematism and mimicry are described along with reciprocal
adaptations emerging from herbivory and parasitism. Section 56.3 is devoted to how mutualistic interactions
evolve, touching upon diffuse coevolution. Section 56.4 describes various results of competition, including the
evolution of niches and guilds.
• Subsections of Section 56.3 have been rearranged to present the general case before the specific
10e outline
9/e outline
56.1 What Types of Interactions Do Ecologists Study?
1170
56.1 What Types of Interactions Do Ecologists Study? 1186
Interactions among species can be grouped into several categories1170
Interaction types are not always clear-cut 1171
Some types of interactions result in coevolution 1171
Interactions among species can be grouped into several categories 1186
Some types of interactions result in coevolution 1188
56.2 How Do Antagonistic Interactions Evolve?
Predator–prey interactions result in a range of adaptations 1172
Herbivory is a widespread interaction 1175
Parasite–host interactions may be pathogenic 1176
Predator–prey interactions result in a range of adaptations 1189
Herbivory is a widespread interaction 1190
Microparasite–host interactions may be pathogenic 1192
Most ectoparasites have adaptations for holding onto their hosts 1193
56.3 How Do Mutualistic Interactions Evolve?
56.3 How Do Mutualistic Interactions Evolve? 1194
1172
1177
56.2 How Do Antagonistic Interactions Evolve? 1188
Some mutualistic partners exchange food for care or transport 1178
Some mutualistic partners exchange food or housing for defense 1178
Plants and pollinators exchange food for pollen transport 1180
Plants and frugivores exchange food for seed transport 1181
Plants and pollinators exchange food for pollen transport 1194
Plants and frugivores exchange food for seed transport 1196
Some mutualistic partners exchange food for care or transport 1196
Some mutualistic partners exchange food or housing for defense 1196
56.4 What Are the Outcomes of Competition?
56.4 What Are the Outcomes of Competition? 1198
1182
Competition is widespread because all species share resources 1182
Interference competition may restrict habitat use 1183
Exploitation competition may lead to coexistence 1183
Species may compete indirectly for a resource 1184
Competition may determine a species’ niche 1184
Competition is widespread because all species share resources 1198
Interference competition may restrict habitat use 1198
Exploitation competition may lead to coexistence 1198
Species may compete indirectly for a resource 1199
Consumers may influence the outcome of competition 1199
Competition may determine a species’ niche 1199
Chapter-opening story:
10e Chapter 56 opens with a story on the coevolution of leaf-cutter ants and a type of fungi on which they depend.
New chapter-ending question: The fungi in leafcutter nests cannot survive without the ants, but can leafcutter ants
survive without the fungus?
9/e figures omitted or moved
56.5 What you see is what you get
56.10 See like a bee
NEW ch 56 Working with Data Exercise
A Complex Species Interaction
Original Paper
Ness, J. H. 2006. A mutualism’s indirect costs: The most aggressive plant bodyguards also deter pollinators. Oikos 113:
506–514.
Ness collected data on visitation by bee pollinators from F. wislizeni colonized by each of four ant species. Using this
data, students are asked
QUESTION 1
Which ant species is the best defender against herbivores?
QUESTION 2
In the presence of which ant species are bees most likely to forage?
QUESTION 3
Why do you think that the reproductive success of these plants (as measured by seed mass and number of seeds
produced) varies according to which ants are guarding them?
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 6, 8, 9, 10 are new
LIFE 10e
57
Community Ecology
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
• While the outlines of the 9/e and 10e chapters are nearly identical, many subtle and worthwhile changes were
made, particularly to improve illustrations.
• Data have been added to several figures to emphasize how ecologists conduct field experiments.
• Rather than defer this topic to the ecosystems chapter, LIFE 10e Ch 57 opens with trophic flows, tracing species
distributions to energy flows through a community and explores how productivity and species richness are linked.
• Coverage of MacArthur and Wilson’s Theory of Island Biogeography has been revised and expanded; the concept of
habitat islands is introduced.
10e outline
57.1 What Are Ecological Communities?
9/e outline
1189
57.1 What Are Ecological Communities? 1204
Energy enters communities through primary producers 1189
Consumers use diverse sources of energy 1190
Fewer individuals and less biomass can be supported at higher trophic
levels 1190
Productivity and species diversity are linked 1192
Energy enters communities through primary producers 1204
Consumers use diverse sources of energy 1205
Fewer individuals and less biomass can be supported at higher trophic
levels 1206
Productivity and species richness are linked 1206
57.2 How Do Interactions among Species Influence
Communities? 1193
57.2 How Do Interactions among Species Influence
Community Structure? 1208
Species interactions can cause trophic cascades 1193
Keystone species have disproportionate effects on their communities
1194
Species interactions can cause trophic cascades 1208
Keystone species have wide-ranging effects 1209
57.3 What Patterns of Species Diversity Have Ecologists
Observed? 1195
Diversity comprises both the number and the relative abundance of
species 1195
Ecologists have observed latitudinal gradients in diversity 1196
The theory of island biogeography suggests that immigration and
extinction rates determine diversity on islands 1196
57.4 How Do Disturbances Affect Ecological Communities?
1199
Succession is the predictable pattern of change in a community after a
disturbance 1199
Both facilitation and inhibition influence succession 1201
Cyclical succession requires adaptation to periodic disturbances 1201
Heterotrophic succession generates distinctive communities 1202
57.5 How Does Species Richness Influence Community
Stability? 1202
Species richness is associated with productivity and stability 1202
Diversity, productivity, and stability differ between natural and
managed communities 1202
57.3 What Patterns of Species Diversity Have Ecologists
Observed? 1210
A community’s diversity can be measured with a diversity index 1210
Latitudinal gradients in diversity are observed in both hemispheres 1211
The theory of island biogeography suggests that species richness reaches
an equilibrium 1212
57.4 How Do Disturbances Affect Ecological
Communities? 1214
Succession is the predictable pattern of change in a community after a
disturbance 1214
Both facilitation and inhibition influence succession 1215
Cyclical succession requires adaptation to periodic disturbances 1216
Heterotrophic succession generates distinctive communities 1216
57.5 How Does Species Richness Influence Community
Stability? 1217
Species-rich communities use resources more efficiently 1217
Diversity, productivity, and stability differ between natural and managed
communities 1218
Chapter-opening story:
10e Chapter 57 begins by describing how an understanding of insect ecology was useful in forensics: determining the
date of death of a corpse found rotting in a German forest.
New chapter-ending question: How do the insect species in a corpse community influence one another’s abilityto
survive?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 57
New 57.1 Ecological Communities Exist
at Different Scales
Revised 57.2 Energy Flow through Trophic Levels
Revised 57.3 Food Webs Show Trophic Interactions in a
Community
New Table 57.1 The Major Trophic Levels
Revised 57.6 Wolves Initiated a Trophic Cascade in
Yellowstone National Park
Revised 57.7 Ochre Sea Stars Are a Keystone Species
New 57.10 The Species–Area Relationship
Revised 57.11 MacArthur and Wilson’s Theory of Island
Biogeography
Compare to 9/e 57.1, p. 1205
Compare to 9/e 57.2, p. 1206
compare to 9/e 57.5, p, 1208
compare to 9/e 57.6, p. 1209
compare to 9/e 57.9, p. 1212
NEW Working with Data Exercise
Latitudinal Gradients in Pitcher Plant Communities
original Paper
Buckley, H. L., T. E. Miller, A. Ellison, and N. J. Gotelli. 2003. Reverse latitudinal trend in the species richness of an entire
community at two spatial scales. Ecology Letters 6: 825–829.
In this exercise, students are provided with a summary of a study in which researchers determined the relative
abundances of all species of invertebrates (including insect larvae), heterotrophic protists (protozoa), and bacteria
present in each of 20 pitcher plants collected at each of 39 sites. Students then are asked to consider such questions
as: Overall, does this community display a typical diversity gradient with latitude? Of the individual taxa, which ones
depart from the typical diversity gradient?
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 8, 9, and 11 are new
LIFE 10e
58
Ecosystems and Global Ecology
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
• Improvements in section headings make the topical coverage in this chapter more obvious. Better
partitioning of coverage of tropic levels between this chapter and Chapter 57 along with integration of
prior coverage of ecosystem types, allows Ch. 58 to tie the entire ecology unit together nicely.
• Ch. 58 picks up on the energy theme developed in the prior chapter to consider how energy flows and
flows of elements make an environment more or less suitable for any given species. The chapter
introduces the compartments of the global ecosystem and how materials cycle through them.
• Section 58.1 is significantly revised, particularly with respect to coverage of NPP.
• Section 58.2 commences with the concept of flux as an introduction to the layers of the atmosphere and
the compartments of the biosphere.
10e outline
9/e outline
58.1 How Does Energy Flow through the Global
Ecosystem? 1208
58.1 What Are the Compartments of the Global
Ecosystem? 1222
Energy flows and chemicals cycle through ecosystems 1208
The geographic distribution of energy flow is uneven 1208
Human activities modify the flow of energy 1210
Energy flows and materials cycle through ecosystems 1222
The atmosphere regulates temperatures close to Earth’s
surface 1223
The oceans receive materials from the other compartments 1224
Water moves rapidly through lakes and streams 1225
Land covers about a quarter of Earth’s surface 1226
58.2 How Do Materials Move through the Global
Ecosystem? 1210
Elements move between biotic and abiotic compartments of
ecosystems 1211
The atmosphere contains large pools of the gases required by
living organisms 1211
The terrestrial surface is influenced by slow geological processes
1213
Water transports elements among compartments 1213
Fire is a major mover of elements 1214
58.3 How Do Specific Nutrients Cycle through the
Global Ecosystem? 1214
Water cycles rapidly through the ecosystem 1215
The carbon cycle has been altered by human activities 1216
The nitrogen cycle depends on both biotic and abiotic processes
1218
The burning of fossil fuels affects the sulfur cycle 1219
The global phosphorus cycle lacks a significant atmospheric
component 1220
Other biogeochemical cycles are also important 1221
Biogeochemical cycles interact 1221
58.4 What Goods and Services Do Ecosystems Provide?
1223
58.5 How Can Ecosystems Be Sustainably Managed?
1224
58.2 How Does Energy Flow through the Global
Ecosystem? 1227
The geographic distribution of energy flow is uneven 1227
Human activities modify the flow of energy 1228
58.3 How Do Materials Cycle through the Global
Ecosystem? 1229
Water transfers materials from one compartment to another 1229
Fire is a major mover of elements 1230
The carbon cycle has been altered by human activities 1230
Recent perturbations of the nitrogen cycle have had adverse
effects on ecosystems 1232
The burning of fossil fuels affects the sulfur cycle 1234
The global phosphorus cycle lacks a significant atmospheric
component 1235
Other biogeochemical cycles are also important 1236
Biogeochemical cycles interact 1236
58.4 What Services Do Ecosystems Provide? 1237
58.5 How Can Ecosystems Be Sustainably
Managed? 1238
New opening story:
Chapter 58 opens with a discussion of the decline of the Atlantic croaker in the Gulf Coast area, and how this
is a harbinger of the extent of the gulf coast dead zone.
New chapter-ending question: How can we determine to what extent dead zones result from human
actions and to what extent they are the result of natural processes?
New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 58
New 58.1 Energy Flows and Chemical Nutrients
Cycle through Ecosystems
Revised 58.2 Energy Flow Contributions by
Ecosystem Type
Revised 58.3 Geographic Variation in Terrestrial NPP
New 58.4 Geographic Variation in Marine NPP
New 58.5 Chemical Elements Cycle through the
Biosphere
Revised 58.12 Higher Atmospheric CO2
Concentrations Correlate with Warmer
Temperatures -- new data incorporated
Revised 58.13 Shrinking Ice Caps -- new NASA image
compare to 9/e 58.6, p. 1227
compare to 9/e 58.7, p. 1228
compare to 9/e Figure 58.11, p. 1232
compare to 9/e Figure 58.12, p. 1232
NEW Working with Data Exercise
How Does Molybdenum Concentration
Affect Nitrogen Fixation?
original paper
Hungate, B. A. et al. 2004. CO2 elicits long-term decline in nitrogen fixation. Science 304: 1291.
Because nitrogen-fixing plants are sensitive to light availability ,an alternative explanation for the results in
Figure 15.18 is that increased shading resulting from greater leaf area of the CO2-stimulated plants could
have caused the subsequent decline in fixation. To test this possibility, the investigators computed the leafarea index (LAI), a measure of the amount of leaf-surface area per unit of ground area. Students are asked to
consider a regression analysis that the authors claim provides strong evidence in favor of low availability of
molybdenum rather than low light availability as the reason for the decline in rate of nitrogen fixation.
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Question 10 is new
LIFE 10e
59
Biodiversity and Conservation Biology
Chapter
Features of the 10e Outline
• While the 9/e and 10/e outlines are similar, the 10e chapter has been updated throughout, sadly to record larger
numbers of threatened species and larger biological hot spots.
10e outline
59.1 What Is Conservation Biology?
9/e outline
1229
59.1 What Is Conservation Biology? 1243
Conservation biology aims to protect and manage biodiversity 1229
Biodiversity has great value to human society 1230
Conservation biology aims to protect and manage biodiversity 1243
Biodiversity has great value to human society 1244
59.2 How Do Conservation Biologists Predict Changes in
Biodiversity? 1230
59.2 How Do Biologists Predict Changes in
Biodiversity? 1245
Our knowledge of biodiversity is incomplete 1230
We can predict the effects of human activities on biodiversity 1231
Our knowledge of biodiversity is incomplete 1245
We can predict the effects of human activities on biodiversity 1246
59.3 What Human Activities Threaten Species Persistence?
1232
59.3 What Factors Threaten Species Persistence? 1247
Habitat losses endanger species 1233
Overexploitation has driven many species to extinction 1234
Invasive predators, competitors, and pathogens threaten many species
1235
Rapid climate change can cause species extinctions 1236
Species are endangered by the degradation, destruction, and
fragmentation of their habitats 1247
Overexploitation has driven many species to extinction 1248
Invasive predators, competitors, and pathogens threaten many
species 1249
Rapid climate change can cause species extinctions 1249
59.4 What Strategies Are Used to Protect Biodiversity?
1237
59.4 What Strategies Do Biologists Use to Protect
Biodiversity? 1251
Protected areas preserve habitat and prevent overexploitation 1237
Degraded ecosystems can be restored 1237
Disturbance patterns sometimes need to be restored 1239
Ending trade is crucial to saving some species 1240
Species invasions must be controlled or prevented 1241
Biodiversity has economic value 1241
Changes in human-dominated landscapes can help protect biodiversity
1243
Captive breeding programs can maintain a few species 1244
Earth is not a ship, a spaceship, or an airplane 1244
Protected areas preserve habitat and prevent overexploitation 1251
Degraded ecosystems can be restored 1252
Disturbance patterns sometimes need to be restored 1253
Ending trade is crucial to saving some species 1254
Invasions of exotic species must be controlled or prevented 1254
Biodiversity can have market value 1255
Simple changes can help protect biodiversity 1256
Captive breeding programs can maintain a few species 1257
The legacy of Samuel Plimsoll 1257
Chapter-opening story:
The book wraps up with a cascade effect story which emphasizes the chapter's theme of conservation biology. In
the 1980s, flocks of migrating bald eagles gorged on the abundant kokanee spawning upstream of
Flathead Lake in Glacier National Park. The sight was a tremendous tourist draw every fall. Without the salmon,
fewer eagles visit the area, and without the eagles, there are fewer tourists.
New chapter-ending question: How can adverse impacts of species introductions be anticipated before
lasting damage occurs?
Revised 59.3 Species at Risk of Extinction -- updated
compare to 9/e 59.4, p. 1247
Revised 59.4 The Disappearing Rainforest -- updated
compare to 9/e Figure 59.3, p. 1246
Revised 59.6 Species Losses in Fragmented Brazilian
compare to 9/e Figure 59.6, p. 1248
Forest -- updated, now data driven
Revised 59.10 Hotspots of Biodiversity - updated
compare to 9/e Figure 59.10, p-. 1251
Revised 59.11 Centers of Imminent Extinction
compare to 9/e Figure 59.11
-- updated
New 59.20 Three Steps to Invasion
Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises
• 11 chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy
• Questions 7-9 are new