Transition Guide Migrating from the 9th Edition to the 10 th Edition of Life: The Science of Biology Sadava / Hillis / Heller / Berenbaum This guide has been prepared for instructors who have developed their introductory biology courses using LIFE 9e who will be migrating to LIFE 10/e. The guide consists of comprehensive cross-referencing between the two editions to assist instructors in adjusting their syllabi and other course documents. • • • • For each chapter, 9/e and 10e outlines are presented side by side, preceded by a brief description of key attributes of the new edition chapter. New and revised figures are listed; revised figures are cross referenced to 9/e illustrations to so that differences between editions may be quickly assimilated. Because the new edition features a followup question to each chapter-opening story, a brief description of each chapter-opening story is provided. A brief outline of each new Working With Data exercise is also provided. LIFE 10e Chapter 1 Studying LIFE Features of the 10e Outline • Section 1.1 consolidates information on the characteristics of life, and offers an earlier introduction to • • the evolutionary history of life (for example, 9/e Figure 1.8 on "Life's Calendar" appears as Figure 1.2 in the 10e). Section 1.2 is revised in light of the 10e's focus on quantification skills. Section 1.3 has been rewritten to expand upon key reasons why biology is meaningful and relevant and to offer a better preview of the book as a whole. 10/e outline 1.1 What Is Biology? 9/e outline 2 1.1 What Is Biology? 3 Life arose from non-life via chemical evolution 3 Cellular structure evolved in the common ancestor of life 3 Photosynthesis allows some organisms to capture energy from the sun 4 Biological information is contained in a genetic language common to all organisms 5 Populations of all living organisms evolve 6 Biologists can trace the evolutionary tree of life 6 Cellular specialization and differentiation underlie multicellular life 9 Living organisms interact with one another 9 Nutrients supply energy and are the basis of biosynthesis 10 Living organisms must regulate their internal environment 10 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? 11 Observing and quantifying are important skills 11 Scientific methods combine observation, experimentation, and logic 11 Good experiments have the potential to falsify hypotheses 12 Statistical methods are essential scientific tools 13 Discoveries in biology can be generalized 14 Not all forms of inquiry are scientific 14 1.3 Why Does Biology Matter? 15 Modern agriculture depends on biology 15 Biology is the basis of medical practice 15 Biology can inform public policy 16 Biology is crucial for understanding ecosystems 17 Biology helps us understand and appreciate biodiversity 17 Cells are the basic unit of life 3 All of life shares a common evolutionary history 5 Biological information is contained in a genetic language common to all organisms 6 Cells use nutrients to supply energy and to build new structures 7 Living organisms regulate their internal environment 7 Living organisms interact with one another 8 Discoveries in biology can be generalized 9 1.2 How Is All Life on Earth Related? 9 Life arose from non-life via chemical evolution 10 Cellular structure evolved in the common ancestor of life 10 Photosynthesis changed the course of evolution 10 Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes 11 Multicellularity arose and cells became specialized 11 Biologists can trace the evolutionary tree of life 11 The tree of life is predictive 12 1.3 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? 13 Observation is an important skill 13 The scientific method combines observation and logic 14 Good experiments have the potential to falsify hypotheses 14 Statistical methods are essential scientific tools 15 Not all forms of inquiry are scientific 15 1.4 How Does Biology Influence Public Policy? 17 Chapter--opening story: As an introduction to the scientific method, the chapter opens by describing studies of chemicals that may affect tadpole health, particularly chemicals common in agrigultural runoff. New chapter-ending question: Could atrazine in the environment affect species other than amphibians? New and Revised Illustrations in Chapter 1: compare to 9e Figure 10e Figure 1.6 on Adaptations to the Environment Figure 1.3, which describes in balloon captions Revised figure features 6 stunning adaptations in several different plant adaptations. The figure was frogs that will draw students into the chapter. somewhat text heavy, so the adaptation lesson was not as visually obvious as it is in the 10e figure. 10e Figure 1.8 Biology Is Studied at Many Levels of Organization -- Revised to offer a better view of sub-organismal levels of organization and to make more visually obvious different levels, reducing reliance on balloon captions. Fig. 1.6 -- Included definitions of different levels within balloon captions. New Figure 1.9 Energy Can Be Used Immediately or Stored The new illustrations in the concluding section of the 10e emphasize the experimental nature of biology New Figure 1.13 A Green Revolution New Figure 1.16 A Warmer World End of Chapter Matter Expanded • 10 New Questions, conveyed according to Bloom's Taxonomy LIFE 10e Chapter 2 Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life Features of the 10e Outline The 10e outline is very similar to the 9e outline. Recaps and figure progression align across the two editions. 10/e outline 9/e outline 2.1 How Does Atomic Structure Explain the Properties of Matter? 22 An element consists of only one kind of atom 22 Each element has a unique number of protons 22 The number of neutrons differs among isotopes 22 The behavior of electrons determines chemical bonding and geometry 24 2.1 How Does Atomic Structure Explain the Properties of Matter? 21 An element consists of only one kind of atom 21 Each element has a different number of protons 22 The number of neutrons differs among isotopes 23 The behavior of electrons determines chemical bonding and geometry 23 2.2 How Do Atoms Bond to Form Molecules? 26 Covalent bonds consist of shared pairs of electrons 26 Ionic attractions form by electrical attraction 28 Hydrogen bonds may form within or between molecules with polar covalent bonds 30 Hydrophobic interactions bring together nonpolar molecules 30 van der Waals forces involve contacts between atoms 30 2.2 How Do Atoms Bond to Form Molecules? 25 Covalent bonds consist of shared pairs of electrons 25 Ionic bonds form by electrical attraction 28 Hydrogen bonds may form within or between molecules with polar covalent bonds 29 Polar and nonpolar substances: Each interacts best with its own kind 29 2.3 How Do Atoms Change Partners in Chemical Reactions? 31 2.3 How Do Atoms Change Partners in Chemical Reactions? 30 2.4 What Makes Water So Important for Life? 32 Water has a unique structure and special properties 32 The reactions of life take place in aqueous solutions 33 Aqueous solutions may be acidic or basic 34 2.4 What Makes Water So Important for Life? 31 Water has a unique structure and special properties 31 Water is an excellent solvent—the medium of life 32 Aqueous solutions may be acidic or basic 33 New opening story: 10e Chapter 2 opens with the story of the chemical analysis of the teeth of Camarasaurus that revealed a great deal about the behavior and environment of this extinct dinosaur. New chapter-ending question: Can isotope analysis of water be used to detect climate change? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 2 compare to 9e Figure 2.3 Tagging the Brain -- new images showing how 2.3, p. 23 depression can be visualized using radiosiotopes. NEW unnumbered model of diethylcholorane which shows how a single covalent bond may act as an axle around two atoms along with their other bonded atoms, can rotate 2.12 Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic -- Revised for 2.12, p. 29 clarity End of Chapter Matter Reorganized • 11 chapter-ending Questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 9-12 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 3 Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids Features of the 10e Outline • The 10e outline is very similar to the 9e outline. Recaps and figure progression align across the two editions. • As in the 9e, Life10 offers two chapters on the macromolecules (Ch 4 is dedicated to the nucleic acids). 10e outline 9/e outline 3.1 What Kinds of Molecules Characterize Living Things? 40 Functional groups give specific properties to biological molecules 40 Isomers have different arrangements of the same atoms 41 The structures of macromolecules reflect their functions 41 Most macromolecules are formed by condensation and broken down by hydrolysis 42 3.2 What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Proteins? 42 Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins 43 Peptide linkages form the backbone of a protein 43 The primary structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence 45 The secondary structure of a protein requires hydrogen bonding 45 The tertiary structure of a protein is formed by bending and folding 46 The quaternary structure of a protein consists of subunits 48 Shape and surface chemistry contribute to protein function 48 Environmental conditions affect protein structure 50 Protein shapes can change 50 Molecular chaperones help shape proteins 51 3.1 What Kinds of Molecules Characterize Living Things? 39 Functional groups give specific properties to biological molecules 39 Isomers have different arrangements of the same atoms 40 The structures of macromolecules reflect their functions 40 Most macromolecules are formed by condensation and broken down by hydrolysis 41 3.3 What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Carbohydrates? 51 Monosaccharides are simple sugars 52 Glycosidic linkages bond monosaccharides 53 Polysaccharides store energy and provide structural materials 53 Chemically modified carbohydrates contain additional functional groups 55 3.4 What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Lipids? 56 Fats and oils are triglycerides 56 Phospholipids form biological membranes 57 Some lipids have roles in energy conversion, regulation, and protection 57 3.2 What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Proteins? 42 Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins 42 Peptide linkages form the backbone of a protein 44 The primary structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence 44 The secondary structure of a protein requires hydrogen bonding 46 The tertiary structure of a protein is formed by bending and folding 46 The quaternary structure of a protein consists of subunits 47 Shape and surface chemistry contribute to protein function 48 Environmental conditions affect protein structure 48 Molecular chaperones help shape proteins 49 3.3 What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Carbohydrates? 49 Monosaccharides are simple sugars 50 Glycosidic linkages bond monosaccharides 50 Polysaccharides store energy and provide structural materials 52 Chemically modified carbohydrates contain additional functional groups 53 3.4 What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Lipids? 54 Fats and oils are hydrophobic 54 Phospholipids form biological membranes 55 Lipids have roles in energy conversion, regulation, and protection 55 New opening story: 10e Chapter 3 opens with a story on spider silk, noting that it is composed of variations on a single type of large molecule—the macromolecule called protein. New chapter-ending question: Can knowledge of spider web protein structure be put to practical use? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 3 Comments / comparison to 9e New amazing new opening image of spider silk The new 10e image offers a good example of how improvements in imaging offer insight into structure and function being spun from a gland by the black spider, Castercantha 3.2 Isomers consolidates images of chemical In the 9e, Figure 3.2 shows optical isomers only. isomers and optical isomers 3.5 A Disulfide Bridge -- shows more accurate 9/e Figure 3.5 chemical detail in the structure of the cysteine side chains that react to form the S-S bridge 3.6 Formation of Peptide Linkages -- shows more 9/e Figure 3.6 accurate chemical detail of the reactive atoms in the amino and carboxyl groups NEW 3.8 Left- and Right-Handed Helices 3.11 Quaternary Structure of a Protein -- Slightly 9/e Figure 3.10 different in models of hemoglobin are presented relative to those in the 9e 3.18 Representative Polysaccharides -- New 9/e Figure 3.16(C) photos of polysaccharides in cells (part C) NEW Working with Data Exercise Primary Structure Specifies Tertiary Structure • Based on an original paper by Anfinsen, C. B., E. Haber, M. Sela, and F. White, Jr. 1961. • Asks students to examine data to answer the question of whether covalent links between cysteines essential for the three-dimensional structure of RNase. One graphs plots when disulfide bonds begin to form and when enzyme activity begins to appear. A second graph reveals differences between peak absorbances of native (untreated) and reduced (denatured) RNase A. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • 11 chapter-ending Questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 7-9 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 4 Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life Features of the 10e Outline The 10e and 9e outlines are almost identical. Most changes in the 10e are internal to the chapter. • Like the 9e, the 10e offers a separate chapter on the nucleic acids and develops this topic in the context of the evolution of life. • Section 4.1 provides an early introduction to the functions of DNA and RNA • Section 4.2 expands the discussion of the chemical basis of life. • Section 4.3 includes updated copy on ribozymes. • Section 4.4's coverage of the origins of the first prokaryotic cells serves as a bridge to the first chapter on the cell. 10e outline 9/e outline 4.1 What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Nucleic Acids? 63 4.1 What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of Nucleic Acids? 61 Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids 63 Base pairing occurs in both DNA and RNA 63 DNA carries information and is expressed through RNA 65 The DNA base sequence reveals evolutionary relationships 66 Nucleotides have other important roles 66 Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids 61 Base pairing occurs in both DNA and RNA 62 DNA carries information and is expressed through RNA 63 The DNA base sequence reveals evolutionary relationships 64 Nucleotides have other important roles 64 4.2 How and Where Did the Small Molecules of Life Originate? 67 4.2 How and Where Did the Small Molecules of Life Originate? 65 Experiments disproved the spontaneous generation of life 67 Life began in water 68 Life may have come from outside Earth 69 Prebiotic synthesis experiments model early Earth 69 Experiments disproved spontaneous generation of life 65 Life began in water 65 Life may have come from outside Earth 66 Prebiotic synthesis experiments model the early Earth 67 4.3 How Did the Large Molecules of Life Originate?71 4.3 How Did the Large Molecules of Life Originate? 69 Chemical evolution may have led to polymerization 71 RNA may have been the first biological catalyst 71 Chemical evolution may have led to polymerization 69 There are two theories for the emergence of nucleic acids, proteins, and complex chemistry 69 RNA may have been the first biological catalyst 71 4.4 How Did the First Cells Originate? 71 Experiments explore the origin of cells 73 Some ancient cells left a fossil imprint 74 4.4 How Did the First Cells Originate? 72 Experiments describe the origin of cells 72 Some ancient cells left a fossil imprint 73 New opening story: 10e Chapter 4 opens with a story on the genomes of cheetahs. New chapter-ending question: Can DNA analysis be used in the conservation and expansion of the cheetah population? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 3 Comments/ Compare to 9e New 4.2 Linking Nucleotides Together -- Builds on an earlier introductions to condensation reactions, polar bonds and hydrogen bonds. New 4.3 RNA -- Consolidates visuals on RNA 4.2 Distinguishing Characteristics of DNA and RNA polymers 4.3 Hydrogen Bonding in RNA 4.4 DNA - - Unites a flat image of dsDNA structure 4.2 Distinguishing Characteristics of DNA and RNA with a helical model polymers NEW Working with Data Exercise Could Biological Molecules Have Been Formed from Chemicals Present in Earth’s Early Atmosphere? Based on original papers by Miller/Urey et al. • Asks students to examine data Miller and Urey gave for sources of energy impinging on Earth to answer the question. • Revisits and Reinforces INVESTIGATING LIFE Figure 4.8 on the Miller/Urey Experiment Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 7-8 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 5 Cells: The Working Units of Life Features of the 10e Outline The 10e and 9e outlines are almost identical. Most changes in the 10e are internal to the chapter. Many of these changes build students' understanding of cell visualization techniques, in keeping with the 10e revision's emphasis on boosting students' quantitative skills. • Like the 9e, the 10e begins with microscopy and fundamental features of cells. • Features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are systematically examined. Thumbnails of organelles are included adjacent to subheadings on each organelle to help students connect the discussion with a visual. 10e outline 9/e outline 5.1 What Features Make Cells the Fundamental Units of Life? 78 5.1 What Features Make Cells the Fundamental Units of Life? 77 Cell size is limited by the surface area-to-volume ratio 78 Microscopes reveal the features of cells 79 The plasma membrane forms the outer surface of every cell Cells are classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic 81 Cell size is limited by the surface area-to-volume ratio 77 Microscopes reveal the features of cells 79 The plasma membrane forms the outer surface of every cell 79 All cells are classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic 80 79 5.2 What Features Characterize Prokaryotic Cells?82 5.2 What Features Characterize Prokaryotic Cells? 82 Prokaryotic cells share certain features 82 Specialized features are found in some prokaryotes 83 Prokaryotic cells share certain features 82 Specialized features are found in some prokaryotes 83 5.3 What Features Characterize Eukaryotic Cells? 84 Compartmentalization is the key to eukaryotic cell function 84 Organelles can be studied by microscopy or isolated for chemical analysis 84 Ribosomes are factories for protein synthesis 84 The nucleus contains most of the generic information 85 The endomembrane system is a group of interrelated organelles 88 Some organelles transform energy 91 There are several other membrane-enclosed organelles 93 The cytoskeleton is important in cell structure and movement 94 Biologists can manipulate living systems to establish cause and effect 98 5.4 What Are the Roles of Extracellular Structures? 99 The plant cell wall is an extracellular structure 99 The extracellular matrix supports tissue functions in animals 100 5.5 How Did Eukaryotic Cells Originate? 101 Internal membranes and the nuclear envelope probably came from the plasma membrane 101 Some organelles arose by endosymbiosis 102 5.3 What Features Characterize Eukaryotic Cells? 84 Compartmentalization is the key to eukaryotic cell function 84 Organelles can be studied by microscopy or isolated for chemical analysis 84 Ribosomes are factories for protein synthesis 85 The nucleus contains most of the genetic information 85 The endomembrane system is a group of interrelated organelles 89 Some organelles transform energy 92 There are several other membrane-enclosed organelles 94 The cytoskeleton is important in cell structure and movement 95 5.4 What Are the Roles of Extracellular Structures? 100 The plant cell wall is an extracellular structure 100 The extracellular matrix supports tissue functions in animals 100 5.5 How Did Eukaryotic Cells Originate? 101 Internal membranes and the nuclear envelope probably came from the plasma membrane 101 Some organelles arose by endosymbiosis 101 Chapter 5 opening story: 10e Chapter 5 opens with a story on how a patient's cells are transformed into multipotent stem cells, that when injected into the patient's heart can differentiate into new heart muscle cells. New chapter-ending question: What is the status of stem cell treatment for heart disease? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 5 Revised 5.2 Why Cells Are Small has been revised to focus on one example of surface-to-volume ratio New unnumbered art exhibiting usefulness of staining in microscopy, p. 79 Revised 5.3 Looking at Cells illustration now includes line art describing how electron microscopes work New unnumbered art illustrating location of prokaryotic vs eukaryotic DNA Revised 5.6 Cell Fractionation substantially revised to include images of various pellet fractions found in the supernatant and after additional centrifugation. Compare to 9/e Figure 5.2, p. 78 Compare to 9/e Figure 5.3, p. 81 Compare to 9/e Figure 5.6, p. 85 Investigating LIFE Figure 5.23 (p. 99)on the role of microfilaments in Amoeba has been transformed into a Working With Data exercise, NEW Working with Data Exercise The Role of Microfilaments in Cell Movement • Based on an original paper by Pollard, T. D. and R. R. Weihing. 1974 • Asks students to examine data to answer the question of how natural molecules may affect the behavior of cells. Specifically, students are asked to examine data on the cause and effect of cytochalasin on movement in Amoeba. End-of-chapter problems have been rearranged in an order prescribed by Bloom's taxonomy. LIFE 10e 6 Cell Membranes Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • The 9e and 10e outlines are identical, except that copy on "other membrane functions" (former section 6.6) does not appear in the 10e Ch 6. • As in the 9e, Coverage of cell adhesion and recognition is robust in 9e Ch 6 as a prelude to Chapter 7 on cell communication • Section 6.3 is rewritten to improve clarity of discussion of diffusion and osmosis. New copy of the specificity of ion channels has been added. • The discussion of the membrane potential has been moved to Chapter 45 where it is introduced in the context of nerve transmission. 10e outline 9/e outline 6.1 What Is the Structure of a Biological Membrane? 106 6.1 What Is the Structure of a Biological Membrane? Lipids form the hydrophobic core of the membrane 106 Membrane proteins are asymmetrically distributed 108 Membranes are constantly changing 109 Plasma membrane carbohydrates are recognition sites 110 Lipids form the hydrophobic core of the membrane 106 Membrane proteins are asymmetrically distributed 107 Membranes are constantly changing 109 Plasma membrane carbohydrates are recognition sites 109 6.2 How Is the Plasma Membrane Involved in Cell Adhesion and Recognition? 111 6.2 How Is the Plasma Membrane Involved in Cell Adhesion and Recognition? 110 Cell recognition and cell adhesion involve proteins at the cell surface 111 Three types of cell junctions connect adjacent cells 111 Cell membranes adhere to the extracellular matrix 113 Cell recognition and adhesion involve proteins and carbohydrates at the cell surface 111 Three types of cell junctions connect adjacent cells 111 Cell membranes adhere to the extracellular matrix 111 6.3 What Are the Passive Processes of Membrane Transport? 114 6.3 What Are the Passive Processes of Membrane Transport? 113 Diffusion is the process of random movement toward a state of equilibrium 114 Simple diffusion takes place through the phospholipid bilayer 115 Osmosis is the diffusion of water across membranes 115 Diffusion may be aided by channel proteins 117 Carrier proteins aid diffusion by binding substances 119 Diffusion is the process of random movement toward a state of equilibrium 113 Simple diffusion takes place through the phospholipid bilayer 114 Osmosis is the diffusion of water across membranes 114 Diffusion may be aided by channel proteins 115 Carrier proteins aid diffusion by binding substances 117 6.4 What are the Active Processes of Membrane Transport? 120 6.4 What are the Active Processes of Membrane Transport? 118 Active transport is directional 120 Different energy sources distinguish different active transport systems 121 Active transport is directional 118 Different energy sources distinguish different active transport systems 118 6.5 How Do Large Molecules Enter and Leave a Cell? 122 6.5 How Do Large Molecules Enter and Leave a Cell? 120 Macromolecules and particles enter the cell by endocytosis 123 Receptor-mediated endocytosis is highly specific 123 Exocytosis moves materials out of the cell 124 Macromolecules and particles enter the cell by endocytosis 120 Receptor-mediated endocytosis is highly specific 121 Exocytosis moves materials out of the cell 122 106 6.6 What Are Some Other Functions of Membranes? 124 New opening story: 10e Chapter 6 opens with a story on about sweat -- as an example of how cells regulate what goes into and out of them. New chapter-ending question: Water purity is a worldwide problem. Can aquaporin membrane channels be used in water purification? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 6 Revised Figure 6.8 Integrins and the Extracellular Matrix has been revised to include a new part B illustrating how cell movements are mediated by integrin attachment New unnumbered illustration on diffusion Revised Figure 6.17 on Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis has been revised to include line art of the process. NEW Working with Data Exercise Rapid Diffusion of Membrane Proteins Compare to Figure 6.8, p. 113 Replaces 9e Figure 6.9, which was perceived as unnecessarily complex Compare to Figure 6.19, p. 124 Figure 6.20 on "Other Membrane Functions" is omitted in the 10e. Based on an original paper by Frye, L. D. and M. Edidin. 1970 Asks students to examine data on rates of diffusion of proteins in mouse and human membranes to answer questions about the rate of diffusion. End of chapter questions appear in an order prescribed by Bloom's Taxonomy. Selected 9e questions have been omitted. Question 7 is new. • • LIFE 10e Chapter 7 Cell Signaling and Multicellularity Changes in 10e Ch 7 • Section 7.1's coverage of autocrine and paracrine signals revised. Coverage of juxtracrine signals added. Discussion of cross talk added. The revised discussion is more to the point. Former Figure 7.3 (a model signal transduction pathway) has been omitted. • Section 7.2 includes an expanded discussion of reversible binding; equations with dissociation rate constants have been added to the discussion of receptor-ligand bonding. Also in the spirit of building students' quantitative reasoning, the action of a protein kinase is represented in the form of an equation. • Section 7.3 includes revised material on second messengers and a Working with Data Exercise building on an experiment presented in Figure 7.11 on the discovery of second messengers. • Section 7.3 concludes with new copy on the evolution of cell–cell interactions and multicellularity 10e outline 9/e outline 7.1 What Are Signals, and How Do Cells Respond to Them? 126 Cells receive signals from the physical environment and from other cells 126 A signal transduction pathway involves a signal, a receptor, and responses 126 7.2 How Do Signal Receptors Initiate a Cellular Response? 127 Receptors that recognize chemical signals have specific binding sites 127 Receptors can be classified by location and function 128 reorganized Intracellular receptors are located in the cytoplasm or the nucleus 130 7.3 How Is the Response to a Signal Transduced through the Cell? 131 A protein kinase cascade amplifies a response to ligand binding 131 Second messengers can amplify signals between receptors and target molecules 132 Signal transduction is highly regulated 136 7.1 What Are Signals, and How Do Cells Respond to Them? 129 Cells receive signals from the physical environment and from other cells 129 A signal transduction pathway involves a signal, a receptor, and responses 130 7.2 How Do Signal Receptors Initiate a Cellular Response? 132 Receptors have specific binding sites for their signals 132 Receptors can be classified by location and function 133 7.4 How Do Cells Change in Response to Signals? 137 Ion channels open in response to signals 137 Enzyme activities change in response to signals 138 Signals can initiate DNA transcription 139 7.5 How Do Cells in a Multicellular Organism Communicate Directly? 139 Animal cells communicate through gap junctions 139 Plant cells communicate through plasmodesmata 140 added Modern organisms provide clues about the evolution of cell–cell interactions and multicellularity 140 7.3 How Is the Response to a Signal Transduced through the Cell? 136 A protein kinase cascade amplifies a response to ligand binding 136 Second messengers can stimulate protein kinase cascades 137 Second messengers can be derived from lipids 139 removed Calcium ions are involved in many signal transduction pathways 140 Nitric oxide can act in signal transduction 140 Signal transduction is highly regulated 141 7.4 How Do Cells Change in Response to Signals? 142 Ion channels open in response to signals 142 Enzyme activities change in response to signals 143 Signals can initiate DNA transcription 144 7.5 How Do Cells Communicate Directly? 144 Animal cells communicate by gap junctions 144 Plant cells communicate by plasmodesmata 145 Ch 7 opening story: 10e Chapter 7 opens with a story how extensive bonding behaviors after mating exhibited by Prairie voles are mediated by peptides acting as intercellular signals. New chapter-ending question: Does oxytocin affect caring behavior in humans? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 7 omitted: 9e Figure 7.3 A Model Signal Transduction Pathway 9/e Figure 7.10 Direct and Indirect Signal transduction Revised 7.7 A G Protein-Linked Receptor - part C simplified Compare to 9/e Fig. 7.8 Revised 7.9 Signal Transduction and Cancer - revised to show normal vs cancer cells Compare to 9e Fig. 7.11 Revised 7.13 The IP3/DAG Second- Messenger System - Compare to 9/e Figure 7.15 revised balloon copy steps students through the process. NEW 7.20 Multicellularity NEW Working with Data Exercise The Discovery of a Second Messenger Original Paper by Rall, T. W., E. W. Sutherland, and J. Berthet. 1957 Asks students to examine data from an experiment designed to test the hypothesis that cytoplasmic messenger transmit messages from the epinephrine receptor at the membrane to glycogen phosphorylase in the cytoplasm. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 7-9 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 8 Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism Changes in 10e Chapter 8 • Section 8.1 opens differently in the 10e, revisiting the nature of chemical reactions and the energy involved in them. • Section 8.2 concludes by revisiting several examples of enzyme action introduced in prior chapters. • Section 8.3 builds on students understanding of chemical reactions, presenting in equations several familiar chemical reactions that are sped up by enzymes. The molecular nature of the enzyme substrate interface is presented visually in several different ways. • Section 8.5 includes examples of irreversible inhibition as well as reversible inhibition and improvements in the discussion of allosteric regulation, and dicusses how competitive inhibitors can be used in cancer therapies. Includes new copy on many enzymes involved in signal transduction, building on prior coverage in Ch 7. 10e outline 9/e outline 8.1 What Physical Principles Underlie Biological Energy Transformations? 145 8.1 What Physical Principles Underlie Biological Energy Transformations? 149 There are two basic types of energy 145 There are two basic types of metabolism 145 The first law of thermodynamics: Energy is neither created nor destroyed 146 The second law of thermodynamics: Disorder tends to increase 146 Chemical reactions release or consume energy 147 Chemical equilibrium and free energy are related 148 There are two basic types of energy and of metabolism 149 The first law of thermodynamics: Energy is neither created nor destroyed 150 The second law of thermodynamics: Disorder tends to increase 150 Chemical reactions release or consume energy 152 Chemical equilibrium and free energy are related 153 8.2 What Is the Role of ATP in Biochemical Energetics? 149 ATP hydrolysis releases energy 154 ATP couples exergonic and endergonic reactions 155 ATP hydrolysis releases energy 149 ATP couples exergonic and endergonic reactions 150 8.3 What Are Enzymes? 8.3 What Are Enzymes? 156 151 To speed up a reaction, an energy barrier must be overcome 151 Enzymes bind specific reactants at their active sites 152 Enzymes lower the energy barrier but do not affect equilibrium 153 8.4 How Do Enzymes Work? 8.2 What Is the Role of ATP in Biochemical Energetics? 153 8.4 How Do Enzymes Work? 158 154 Enzymes can orient substrates 154 Enzymes can induce strain in the substrate 154 Enzymes can temporarily add chemical groups to substrates 154 Molecular structure determines enzyme function 155 Some enzymes require other molecules in order to function 155 The substrate concentration affects the reaction rate 156 8.5 How Are Enzyme Activities Regulated? To speed up a reaction, an energy barrier must be overcome 156 Enzymes bind specific reactants at their active sites 157 Enzymes lower the energy barrier but do not affect equilibrium 157 Enzymes can orient substrates 158 Enzymes can induce strain in the substrate 158 Enzymes can temporarily add chemical groups to substrates 158 Molecular structure determines enzyme function 158 Some enzymes require other molecules in order to function 160 The substrate concentration affects the reaction rate 160 156 Enzymes can be regulated by inhibitors 157 Allosteric enzymes are controlled via changes in shape 159 Allosteric effects regulate many metabolic pathways 160 Many enzymes are regulated through reversible phosphorylation 161 Enzymes are affected by their environment 161 8.5 How Are Enzyme Activities Regulated? 161 Enzymes can be regulated by inhibitors 161 Allosteric enzymes control their activity by changing shape 162 Allosteric effects regulate metabolism 163 Enzymes are affected by their environment 164 New Chapter 8 opening story: 10e Chapter 8 opens with a story on the multifaceted nature of stains and how combinations of enzymes in detergents eradicate them. New chapter-ending question: How are enzymes used in other industrial processes? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 3 New 8.9 Enzyme and Substrate - shows molecular and chemical views of the enzyme-substrate interface 8.11 Life at the Active site 8.16 Reversible Inhibition new unnumbered art of chemical analog of dihydrofolate 8.17 Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes compare to LIFE 9e Figure 8.9, p. 157 compare to LIFE 9e Figure 8.11, p. 159 compare to 9e Figure 8.16, p. 163 compare to 9e Figure 8.17, p. 163 NEW Working with Data Exercise How Does an Herbicide Work? • Based on an original paper by Boocock, M. R. and J. R. Coggins. 1983 • Asks students to examine data to involving how different concentrations of glyphosate inhibits EPSP synthase in the weed-killer Round-Up. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 10 and 11 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 9 Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Features of the 10e Outline • Coverage of glycolysis greatly simplified in 10e Section 9.2 • Coverage of the coupling of H+ diffusion and the formation of ATP is explored in a new Working with Data exercise in Section 9.3. The section concludes with a new subsection entitled Electron transport can be toxic and Some microorganisms use non-O2 electron acceptors 10e outline 9/e outline 9.1 How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? 166 9.1 How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? 169 Cells trap free energy while metabolizing glucose 166 Redox reactions transfer electrons and energy 167 The coenzyme NAD+ is a key electron carrier in redox reactions 167 An overview: Harvesting energy from glucose 168 Cells trap free energy while metabolizing glucose 169 Redox reactions transfer electrons and energy 170 The coenzyme NAD+ is a key electron carrier in redox reactions 171 An overview: Harvesting energy from glucose 171 9.2 What Are the Aerobic Pathways of Glucose Catabolism? 169 9.2 What Are the Aerobic Pathways of Glucose Metabolism? 172 In glycolysis, glucose is partially oxidized and some energy is released 169 Pyruvate oxidation links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle 170 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of glucose to CO2 170 Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle are regulated by the concentrations of starting materials 171 The energy-investing reactions 1–5 of glycolysis require ATP 174 The energy-harvesting reactions 6–10 of glycolysis yield NADH and ATP 174 Pyruvate oxidation links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle 174 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of glucose to CO2 175 The citric acid cycle is regulated by the concentrations of starting materials 177 9.3 How Does Oxidative Phosphorylation Form ATP? 171 The respiratory chain transfers electrons and protons, and releases energy 172 Proton diffusion is coupled to ATP synthesis 173 Some microorganisms use non-O2 electron acceptors 176 9.4 How Is Energy Harvested from Glucose in the Absence of Oxygen? 177 Cellular respiration yields much more energy than fermentation 178 The yield of ATP is reduced by the impermeability of mitochondria to NADH 178 9.3 How Does Oxidative Phosphorylation Form ATP? 177 The respiratory chain transfers electrons and releases energy 178 Proton diffusion is coupled to ATP synthesis 178 9.4 How Is Energy Harvested from Glucose in the Absence of Oxygen? 181 Cellular respiration yields much more energy than fermentation 183 The yield of ATP is reduced by the impermeability of some mitochondria to NADH 183 9.5 How Are Metabolic Pathways Interrelated and Regulated? 179 9.5 How Are Metabolic Pathways Interrelated and Regulated? 184 Catabolism and anabolism are linked 179 Catabolism and anabolism are integrated 180 Metabolic pathways are regulated systems 181 Catabolism and anabolism are linked 184 Catabolism and anabolism are integrated 185 Metabolic pathways are regulated systems 185 Ch 9 opening story: 10e Chapter 9 opens with a story on baby fat, which transitions into a discussion of obesity. New chapter-ending question: Can brown fat in adults be a target for weight loss? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 9 Revised 9.5 Glycolysis Converts Glucose into Pyruvate The glycolysis figure has been revised to compare to 9e Figure 9.5 place less emphasis on intermediate names and more emphasis on key events producing intermediates. The old figure spelled out ten different steps; the new one shows the steps does not dwell on chemical details. The revised figure also makes it visually clearer that two molecules of pyruvate are ultimately produced. • Unnumbered art on p. 170 offers additional detail on glycolysis steps 6 & 7 Revised A simplified overview of the citric acid cycle Compare to 9e Figure 9.7, p. 176, which spells out is presented in Figure 9.7. Subsequent unnumbered the chemical details changes occurring at each step art on pp. 171 and 172 offers insight into selected steps of the citric acid cycle. Revised 9.9 An Experiment Demonstrates the Chemiosmotic Mechanism focuses on the role of an H+ gradient. Changes have been made relative to the 9e discussion of this topic. new Figure 9.10 How ATP Is Made provides an illustration of the chemiosmotic 'motor.' new Figure 9.14 Interactions of Catabolism and Anabolism during Exercise Compare to 9e Figure 9.10 NEW Working with Data Exercise Experimental Demonstration of the Chemiosmotic Mechanism Original Paper by Jagendorf, A. T. and E. Uribe. 1966 Asks students to examine data in order to assess which of two experiments show that a proton gradient is necessary and sufficient to stimulate ATP formation Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 7-10 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 10 Photosynthesis: Energy from Sunlight Features of the 10e Outline • Section 10.1 has been revised to include a new Working With Data Exercise that helps students understand it was discovered that water is the source of oxygen produced by photosynthesis. • Section 10.2 has new subheadings that highlight key steps of photosynthesis. Coverage of noncyclic vs cyclic electron transport is shorter; the processes that occur in photosystems I and II is are presented in a straightforward way. 10e outline 9/e outline 10.1 What Is Photosynthesis 186 10.1 What Is Photosynthesis? 190 Experiments with isotopes show that O2 comes from H2O in oxygenic photosynthesis 186 Photosynthesis involves two pathways 188 Experiments with isotopes show that in photosynthesis O2 comes from H2O 190 Photosynthesis involves two pathways 191 10.2 How Does Photosynthesis Convert Light Energy into Chemical Energy? 188 10.2 How Does Photosynthesis Convert Light Energy into Chemical Energy? 192 Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments 188 Light absorption results in photochemical change 190 Reduction leads to ATP and NADPH formation 191 Chemiosmosis is the source of the ATP produced in photophosphorylation 192 Light is a form of energy with dual properties 192 Molecules become excited when they absorb photons 192 Absorbed wavelengths correlate with biological activity 193 Several pigments absorb energy for photosynthesis 194 Light absorption results in photochemical change 194 Excited chlorophylls in the reaction center act as electron donors 195 Reduction leads to electron transport 195 Noncyclic electron transport produces ATP and NADPH 196 Cyclic electron transport produces ATP but no NADPH 197 Chemiosmosis is the source of the ATP produced in photophosphorylation 197 10.3 How Is Chemical Energy Used to Synthesize Carbohydrates? 193 10.3 How Is Chemical Energy Used to Synthesize Carbohydrates? 199 Radioisotope labeling experiments revealed the steps of the Calvin cycle 193 The Calvin cycle is made up of three processes 194 Light stimulates the Calvin cycle 196 Radioisotope labeling experiments revealed the steps of the Calvin cycle 199 The Calvin cycle is made up of three processes 200 Light stimulates the Calvin cycle 201 10.4 How Have Plants Adapted Photosynthesis to Environmental Conditions? 197 10.4 How Do Plants Adapt to the Inefficiencies of Photosynthesis? 202 Rubisco catalyzes the reaction of RuBP with O2 or CO2 197 C3 plants undergo photorespiration but C4 plants do not 198 CAM plants also use PEP carboxylase 200 Rubisco catalyzes the reaction of RuBP with O2 or CO2 202 C3 plants undergo photorespiration but C4 plants do not 203 CAM plants also use PEP carboxylase 205 10.5 How Does Photosynthesis Interact with Other Pathways? 200 10.5 How Does Photosynthesis Interact with Other Pathways? 205 New Ch 10 opening story 10e Chapter 10 opens by discussing an experiment designed to answer two questions about the rise in CO2: will it lead to an increased rate of photosynthesis, and if so, will it lead to increased plant growth? To answer these questions under realistic conditions, scientists developed a way to expose plants to high levels of CO2 in the field. New chapter-ending question: What possible effects will increased atmospheric CO2 have on global food production? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 10 Revised 10.5 Absorption and Action Spectra -- revised to compare to 9/e 10.6 segregate the graph of the action spectrum for photosynthesis Revised 10.7 Energy Transfer and Electron Transport -compare to 9/e Figure 10.8 revised to include a molecular model of of a single lightharvesting complex Revised 10.15B Organelles of Photorespiration - revised compare to 9/e Figure 10.17 New Table 10.1 Comparison of Photosynthesis in C3, C4, and CAM Plants -- illustrations added NEW Working with Data Exercises Water Is the Source of the Oxygen Produced by Photosynthesis • • Based on an original paper by Ruben, S., M. Randall, M. D. Kamen, and J. L. Hyde. 1941. Building on INVESTIGATING LIFE Figure 10w, the exercise asks students to examine data to answer the question of whether is the source of the oxygen produced by photosynthesis. The exercise exposes students to historically interesting key experiments that described the light-dependent and light-independent pathways of photosynthesis. Tracing the Pathway of CO2 • • Based on 26 original papers by Calvin et al. Building on Figure 10.11, which shows students how we learned that the initial product of CO2 fixation is 3PG, this exercise demonstrates how Calvin et al elucidated the sequence of reactions that allow carbon fixation. Students are asked to look at data plotting radioactivity in 3PG versus time under different conditions. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy LIFE 10e Chapter 11 The Cell Cycle and Cell Division Features of the 10e Outline • Section 11.3 includes an improved overview of mitosis • Minor changes in internal organization: The karyotype is now covered in Section 11.5 rather than 11.4 • Expanded discussion of polyploidy in Section 11.6 10e outline 9/e outline 11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide? 206 11.1 How Do Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Divide? 210 Prokaryotes divide by binary fission 206 Eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis or meiosis followed by cytokinesis 207 Prokaryotes divide by binary fission 210 Eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis or meiosis followed by cytokinesis 211 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled? 208 11.2 How Is Eukaryotic Cell Division Controlled? 212 Specific internal signals trigger events in the cell cycle 208 Growth factors can stimulate cells to divide 211 Specific signals trigger events in the cell cycle 213 Growth factors can stimulate cells to divide 215 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis? 11.3 What Happens during Mitosis? 215 211 Prior to mitosis, eukaryotic DNA is packed into very compact chromosomes 211 Overview: Mitosis segregates copies of genetic information 212 The centrosomes determine the plane of cell division 212 The spindle begins to form during prophase 213 Chromosome separation and movement are highly organized 214 Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm 216 Prior to mitosis, eukaryotic DNA is packed into very compact chromosomes 215 Overview: Mitosis segregates copies of genetic information 216 The centrosomes determine the plane of cell division 216 The spindle begins to form during prophase 216 Chromosome separation and movement are highly organized 219 Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm 219 11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life Cycle? 217 11.4 What Role Does Cell Division Play in a Sexual Life Cycle? 221 Asexual reproduction by mitosis results in genetic constancy 217 Sexual reproduction by meiosis results in genetic diversity 218 Asexual reproduction by mitosis results in genetic constancy 221 Sexual reproduction by meiosis results in genetic diversity 221 The number, shapes, and sizes of the metaphase chromosomes constitute the karyotype 223 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis? 219 Meiotic division reduces the chromosome number 219 Chromatid exchanges during meiosis I generate genetic diversity 219 During meiosis homologous chromosomes separate by independent assortment 220 Meiotic errors lead to abnormal chromosome structures and numbers 222 The number, shapes, and sizes of the metaphase chromosomes constitute the karyotype 224 Polyploids have more than two complete sets of chromosomes 224 11.6 In a Living Organism, How Do Cells Die? 225 11.7 How Does Unregulated Cell Division Lead to Cancer? 227 Cancer cells differ from normal cells 227 Cancer cells lose control over the cell cycle and apoptosis 228 Cancer treatments target the cell cycle 228 11.5 What Happens during Meiosis? 224 Meiotic division reduces the chromosome number 225 Chromatid exchanges during meiosis I generate genetic diversity 226 During meiosis homologous chromosomes separate by independent assortment 226 Meiotic errors lead to abnormal chromosome structures and numbers 228 Polyploids have more than two complete sets of chromosomes 229 11.6 In a Living Organism, How Do Cells Die? 229 11.7 How Does Unregulated Cell Division Lead to Cancer? 230 Cancer cells differ from normal cells 230 Cancer cells lose control over the cell cycle and apoptosis 231 Cancer treatments target the cell cycle 232 Ch 11 opening story: 10e Chapter 11 opens with a story on Henrietta Lack's cancer cells (HeLa cells). New chapter-ending question: What makes HeLa cells reproduce so well in the laboratory? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 11 Revised Figure 11.7 Cyclins Are Transient in the Cell Cycle; better visualization of cyclin synthesis Mitotic spindle illustration (11.11) now follows figure on phases of mitosis (11.10) Revised Figure 11.12 Chromatid Attachment and Separation NEW photo 11.14 Asexual Reproduction Compare to 9e 11.7, p. 215 9e figures 11.10 and 11.11 are reversed compare to 9e Figure 11.12 NEW Working with Data Exercise Regulation of the Cell Cycle Based on an original paper by Rao, P. N. and R. T. Johnson. 1970. • Asks students to examine data connected with Investigating Figure 11.4 to better understand the nature of the experiment and its controls. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises Chapter-ending questions are rearranged according to Bloom's Taxonomy. Question 10 is new. LIFE 10e 12 Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • • This crucial section of the book is revised to improve clarity, link related concepts, and provide updates from recent research results. Rather than being segregated into separate chapters, material on prokaryotic genetics and molecular medicine are now interwoven into relevant chapters. This chapter now includes coverage of transmission in prokaryotes. • • • Expanded coverage of the methodology underlying Mendel's monohybrid experiments in Section 12.1. Revised coverage of independent assortment and probability in Section 12.1 Simplified coverage of genetic maps in Section 12.4 10e outline 9/e outline 12.1 What Are the Mendelian Laws of Inheritance? 233 Mendel used the scientific method to test his hypotheses 233 Mendel’s first experiments involved monohybrid crosses 234 Mendel’s first law states that the two copies of a gene segregate 236 Mendel verified his hypotheses by performing test crosses 237 Mendel’s second law states that copies of different genes assort independently 237 Probability can be used to predict inheritance 239 Mendel’s laws can be observed in human pedigrees 240 12.2 How Do Alleles Interact? 241 New alleles arise by mutation 241 Many genes have multiple alleles 242 Dominance is not always complete 242 In codominance, both alleles at a locus are expressed Some alleles have multiple phenotypic effects 243 12.3 How Do Genes Interact? 243 244 12.4 What Is the Relationship between Genes and Chromosomes? 247 Genes on the same chromosome are linked 247 Genes can be exchanged between chromatids and mapped 247 Linkage is revealed by studies of the sex chromosomes 249 12.5 What Are the Effects of Genes Outside the Nucleus? 252 Bacteria exchange genes by conjugation 253 Bacterial conjugation is controlled by plasmids 254 Mendel brought new methods to experiments on inheritance 237 Mendel devised a careful research plan 238 Mendel’s first experiments involved monohybrid crosses 240 Alleles are different forms of a gene 241 Mendel’s first law says that the two copies of a gene segregate 242 Mendel verified his hypothesis by performing a test cross 242 Mendel’s second law says that copies of different genes assort independently 244 Punnett squares or probability calculations: A choice of methods 245 Mendel’s laws can be observed in human pedigrees 246 12.2 How Do Alleles Interact? 248 Hybrid vigor results from new gene combinations and interactions 244 The environment affects gene action 245 Most complex phenotypes are determined by multiple genes and the environment 246 12.6 How Do Prokaryotes Transmit Genes? 12.1 What Are the Mendelian Laws of Inheritance? 237 253 New alleles arise by mutation 248 Many genes have multiple alleles 248 Dominance is not always complete 249 In codominance, both alleles at a locus are expressed 249 Some alleles have multiple phenotypic effects 250 12.3 How Do Genes Interact? 250 Hybrid vigor results from new gene combinations and interactions 250 The environment affects gene action 251 Most complex phenotypes are determined by multiple genes and the environment 252 12.4 What Is the Relationship between Genes and Chromosomes? 253 Genes on the same chromosome are linked 253 Genes can be exchanged between chromatids 253 Geneticists can make maps of chromosomes 255 Linkage is revealed by studies of the sex chromosomes 256 Genes on sex chromosomes are inherited in special ways 257 Humans display many sex-linked characters 259 12.5 What Are the Effects of Genes Outside the Nucleus? 259 12.6 How Do Prokaryotes Transmit Genes? 260 Bacteria exchange genes by conjugation 260 Plasmids transfer genes between bacteria 261 Ch 12 opening story: LIFE10 Ch 12 opens with by describing how efforts to restore populations of Tazmanian devils lead to the observation that they harbor a 'genetic time bomb' that threatens the species with extinction. New chapter-ending question: How can knowledge of genetics be used to save the Tasmanian devil? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 12 New Investigating Life Figure 12.2 Mendel’s Monohybrid Experiments. In this experiment, the blending hypothesis is rejected. Revised Figure 12.11 Incomplete Dominance Follows Mendel’s Laws New unnumbered art on the ABO genetic locus of affectomg blood type Revised FIGURE 12.17 Some Alleles Do Not Assort Independently -- improved captioning Revised art of genetic mapping compare to 9e 12.2 compare to 9e figure 12.12, p. 249 compare to 9e Figure 12.18, p. 254 compare to 9e Figure 12.21 NEW Working with Data Exercises Mendel’s Monohybrid Experiments • • Based on the original German version of Mendel’s paper, Versuche uber Pflanzen-Hybriden by Builds on Investigating Life Figure 12.2, asking students to perform a Chi Square analysis on original data, linking to the new appendix on statistical methods. Some Alleles Do Not Assort Independently • • Based on Morgan's original Paper (1912) Builds on Investigating Life Figure 12.17, examining a possible physical basis for linkage. Provides actual data from Morgan's three crosses, asking students to perform various statistical tests (referring students to the statistics appendix). Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are rearranged according to Bloom's Taxonomy • A good selection of genetics problems is provided. LIFE 10e Chapter 13 DNA and its Role in Heredity Features of the 10e Outline • New discoveries about the roles of RNA and an expanded discussion of epigenetics. • Coverage of transfection revised in Section 13.1 • Coverage of the chemical structure of the DNA helix is revised in Section 13.2 • Section 13.3 includes coverage of prokaryotic replication 10e outline 9/e outline 13.1 What Is the Evidence that the Gene Is DNA? 260 13.1 What Is the Evidence that the Gene is DNA? 267 DNA from one type of bacterium genetically transforms another type 260 Viral infection experiments confirmed that DNA is the genetic material 261 Eukaryotic cells can also be genetically transformed by DNA 263 13.2 What Is the Structure of DNA? DNA from one type of bacterium genetically transforms another type 267 The transforming principle is DNA 269 Viral replication experiments confirmed that DNA is the genetic material 269 Eukaryotic cells can also be genetically transformed by DNA 270 264 Watson and Crick used modeling to deduce the structure of DNA 264 Four key features define DNA structure 265 The double-helical structure of DNA is essential to its function 266 13.3 How Is DNA Replicated? 13.2 What Is the Structure of DNA? 272 The chemical composition of DNA was known 272 Watson and Crick described the double helix 273 Four key features define DNA structure 274 The double-helical structure of DNA is essential to its function 275 267 Three modes of DNA replication appeared possible 267 An elegant experiment demonstrated that DNA replication is semiconservative 268 There are two steps in DNA replication 268 DNA polymerases add nucleotides to the growing chain 269 Many other proteins assist with DNA polymerization 272 The two DNA strands grow differently at the replication fork 272 Telomeres are not fully replicated and are prone to repair 275 Three modes of DNA replication appeared possible 276 An elegant experiment demonstrated that DNA replication is semiconservative 276 There are two steps in DNA replication 279 DNA polymerases add nucleotides to the growing chain 279 Many other proteins assist with DNA polymerization 280 Telomeres are not fully replicated and are prone to repair 283 13.4 How Are Errors in DNA Repaired? 13.4 How Are Errors in DNA Repaired? 285 13.3 How Is DNA Replicated? 276 276 13.5 How Does the Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplify DNA? 277 13.5 How Does the Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplify DNA? 286 The polymerase chain reaction makes multiple copies of DNA sequences 277 The polymerase chain reaction makes multiple copies of DNA sequences 286 New Ch 13 opening story: LIFE10 Ch 13 opens by describing exciting research into compounds discovered to inhibit cell division and how this work lead to the development of cisplatin, a drug that has been spectacularly successful at stopping uncontrolled cell reproduction in some types of cancer. This opening story accentuates the book's emphasis on discovery-based science. New chapter-ending question: How does cisplatin work? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 13 Revised Investigating LIFE figure 13.5 on Transfection in Eukaryotic Cells New Figure 13.8: Base pairs in DNA Can Interact with Other Molecules New 13.12 The Origin of DNA Replication (shows ori in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic chromosomes) Compare to 9e Figure 13.5, p.272 prokaryotic genetics was presented separately in the 9e New Figure 13.22 Cisplatin: A Small but Lethal Molecule NEW Working with Data Exercise The Meselson–Stahl Experiment • • Based on an original paper by Meselson, M. and F. Stahl. 1958. The replication of DNA in Escherichia coli. The key experimental method was the separation of DNA that contained 14N (“light” DNA) from DNA that contained 15N (“heavy” DNA), using an ultracentrifuge to create a density gradient of cesium chloride. The exercise requires students to examine the gradients, create a table summarizing patterns in the data and whether they support the authors’ conclusions. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • The chapter-ending questions have been rearranged to reflect Bloom's Taxonomy. LIFE 10e Chapter 14 From DNA to Protein: Gene Expression Features of the 10e Outline • Section 14.2 revised to include a discussion exceptions to the central dogma seen in viral genetics. • Section 14.3 revised to include updated coverage of nucleic acid hypridization and new research on the roles RNA play in gene expression • Section 14.4 updated to include more information on tRNA 10e outline 9/e outline 14.1 What Is the Evidence that Genes Code for Proteins? 282 14.1 What Is the Evidence that Genes Code for Proteins? 291 Observations in humans led to the proposal that genes determine enzymes 282 Experiments on bread mold established that genes determine enzymes 282 One gene determines one polypeptide 283 Observations in humans led to the proposal that genes determine enzymes 291 Experiments on bread mold established that genes determine enzymes 292 One gene determines one polypeptide 294 14.2 How Does Information Flow from Genes to Proteins? 284 14.2 How Does Information Flow from Genes to Proteins? 294 Three types of RNA have roles in the information flow from DNA to protein 285 In some cases, RNA determines the sequence of DNA 285 RNA differs from DNA and plays a vital role in gene expression 294 Two hypotheses were proposed to explain information flow from DNA to protein 295 RNA viruses are exceptions to the central dogma 295 14.3 How Is the Information Content in DNA Transcribed to Produce RNA? 286 14.3 How Is the Information Content in DNA Transcribed to Produce RNA? 296 RNA polymerases share common features 286 Transcription occurs in three steps 286 The information for protein synthesis lies in the genetic code 288 RNA polymerases share common features 296 Transcription occurs in three steps 296 The information for protein synthesis lies in the genetic code 298 14.4 How Is Eukaryotic DNA Transcribed and the RNA Processed? 290 14.4 How Is Eukaryotic DNA Transcribed and the RNA Processed? 300 Many eukaryotic genes are interrupted by noncoding sequences 290 Eukaryotic gene transcripts are processed before translation 291 Eukaryotic genes have noncoding sequences 300 Eukaryotic gene transcripts are processed before translation 302 14.5 How Is RNA Translated into Proteins? 14.5 How Is RNA Translated into Proteins? 304 293 Transfer RNAs carry specific amino acids and bind to specific codons 293 Each tRNA is specifically attached to an amino acid 294 The ribosome is the workbench for translation 294 Translation takes place in three steps 295 Polysome formation increases the rate of protein synthesis 297 Transfer RNAs carry specific amino acids and bind to specific codons 304 Activating enzymes link the right tRNAs and amino acids 305 The ribosome is the workbench for translation 306 Translation takes place in three steps 306 Polysome formation increases the rate of protein synthesis 308 14.6 What Happens to Polypeptides after Translation? 298 14.6 What Happens to Polypeptides after Translation? 310 Signal sequences in proteins direct them to their cellular destinations 298 Many proteins are modified after translation 300 Signal sequences in proteins direct them to their cellular destinations 310 Many proteins are modified after translation 312 New opening story, which ends with a question that is revisited at chapter end: 10e Chapter 14 opens with a story on MRSA: methicillin-resistant S. aureus. These “superbugs” are now common in hospitals and nursing homes and cause about 20,000 deaths a year in the United States. New chapter-ending question: Can new treatments focused on gene expression control MRSA? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 14 revised Figure 14.3: RNA Polymerase revised Figure 14.5 Deciphering the Genetic Code revised Figure 14.7 Nucleic Acid Hybridization and Introns revised Figure 14.18 Destinations for Newly Translated Polypeptides in a Eukaryotic Cell -- includes more detail on the development of channels in the membrane compare to 9e figure 14.2, p. 296 compare to 9e Figure 14.5, p. 298 compare to 9e Figure 14.8, p. 301 compare to 9e Figure 14.19, p. 310 NEW Working with Data Exercise One Gene, One Enzyme • Original Paper by Srb, A. M. and N. H. Horowitz. 1944. The ornithine cycle in Neurospora and its genetic control. • Following up on Investigating LIFE Figure 14.1 on the one- gene, one-enzyme hypothesis, students are presented with data on 15 mutant strains(the arg mutants) that could not synthesize arginine, but could grow on medium supplemented with arginine. Students are asked to indicate which enzymes were key to arg mutant growth and form hypotheses concerning factors that inhibit growth. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are rearranged according to Bloom's Taxonomy LIFE 10e Chapter 15 Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine Features of the 10e Outline • Section order is rearranged in 10e Ch 15; coverage of molecular tools such as gel electrophoresis now follows coverage of genetic disease • Section 15.1 includes new coverage of reversion, somatic mutations, retroviruses and transposons • Genetic disease is covered earlier in the chapter; Section 15.2 includes insights into somatic mutations that cause cancer. • Section 15.3 includes updated coverage of how reverse genetics and gene markers can help identify disease and new examples of DNA fingerprinting • Section 15.5 includes new copy how the adeno-associated virus has been used to engineer treatment in human gene therapy clinical trials. 10e outline 15.1 What Are Mutations? 9/e outline 305 15.1 What Are Mutations? 317 Mutations have different phenotypic effects 305 Point mutations are changes in single nucleotides 306 Chromosomal mutations are extensive changes in the genetic material 307 Retroviruses and transposons can cause loss of function mutations or duplications 308 Mutations can be spontaneous or induced 308 Mutagens can be natural or artificial 310 Some base pairs are more vulnerable than others to mutation 310 Mutations have both benefits and costs 310 15.2 What Kinds of Mutations Lead to Genetic Diseases? 311 Genetic mutations may make proteins dysfunctional 311 Disease-causing mutations may involve any number of base pairs 312 Expanding triplet repeats demonstrate the fragility of some human genes 313 Cancer often involves somatic mutations 314 Most diseases are caused by multiple genes and environment 314 15.3 How Are Mutations Detected and Analyzed? 315 Restriction enzymes cleave DNA at specific sequences 315 Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments 316 DNA fingerprinting combines PCR with restriction analysis and electrophoresis 317 Reverse genetics can be used to identify mutations that lead to disease 318 Genetic markers can be used to find disease-causing genes 318 The DNA barcode project aims to identify all organisms on Earth 319 15.4 How Is Genetic Screening Used to Detect Diseases? 320 Screening for disease phenotypes involves analysis of proteins and other chemicals 320 DNA testing is the most accurate way to detect abnormal genes 320 Allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization can detect mutations 321 15.5 How Are Genetic Diseases Treated? 322 Mutations have different phenotypic effects 317 Point mutations change single nucleotides 318 Chromosomal mutations are extensive changes in the genetic material 320 Mutations can be spontaneous or induced 320 Some base pairs are more vulnerable than others to mutation 322 Mutagens can be natural or artificial 322 Mutations have both benefits and costs 322 15.2 How Are DNA Molecules and Mutations Analyzed? 323 Restriction enzymes cleave DNA at specific sequences 323 Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments 324 DNA fingerprinting uses restriction analysis and electrophoresis 325 The DNA barcode project aims to identify all organisms on Earth 326 15.3 How Do Defective Proteins Lead to Diseases? 327 Genetic mutations may make proteins dysfunctional 327 Prion diseases are disorders of protein conformation 329 Most diseases are caused by multiple genes and environment 330 15.4 What DNA Changes Lead to Genetic Diseases? 330 Genetic markers can point the way to important genes 330 Disease-causing mutations may involve any number of base pairs 333 Expanding triplet repeats demonstrate the fragility of some human genes 333 15.5 How Is Genetic Screening Used to Detect Diseases? 334 Screening for disease phenotypes involves analysis of proteins 334 DNA testing is the most accurate way to detect abnormal genes 335 15.6 How Are Genetic Diseases Treated? 337 Genetic diseases can be treated by modifying the phenotype 337 Gene therapy offers the hope of specific treatments 338 Genetic diseases can be treated by modifying the phenotype 322 Gene therapy offers the hope of specific treatments 323 New opening story, which ends with a question that is revisited at chapter end: 10e Chapter 15 opens with a story on chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), a type of cancer that affected Karem Abdull Jabar (among others) in which BCR–ABL gene fusion results produces an oncogene that makes a protein product which stimulates cell division and causes cancer. The story described new promising treatments that target this specific protein. New chapter-ending question: Are there other targeted therapies directed to specific types of cancer? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 15 New Figure 15.11 Multiple Somatic Mutations Transform a Normal Colon Epithelial Cell into a Cancer Cell Revised Figure 15.14 DnA Fingerprinting with Short Tandem Repeats --includes a photo of Saddam Hussein having cells scraped from his cheek for testing New Figure 15.15 DnA Linkage Analysis New Figure 15.20 Gene Therapy Andrew Feigin and his colleagues showed that a virus can be used to insert a therapeutic gene into the brains of patients with Parkinson’s disease compare to 9e Figure 15.9, p. 326 NEW Working with Data Exercise Gene Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease • Original Paper by LeWitt, P. A. and 20 additional authors. 2011. AAV2-GAD gene therapy for advanced Parkinson’s disease • The exercise describes gene therapy to supply an enzyme whose activity produces a molecule that can reduce symptoms of Parkinson's disease (the enzyme is glutamate decarboxylase and the molecule produced is the neurotransmitter GABA). Students are asked to compare data from the control group to that of the gene therapy group and assess whether statistically significant differences are evident. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 5 and 7 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 16 Regulation of Gene Expression Features of the 10e Outline • Gene expression in viruses is now covered after prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression, rather than before. • Section 16.1 on prokaryotic gene regulation includes new coverage of positive and negative regulation and the roles of inducers. A new subsection on how RNA polymerases can be directed to particular classes of promoters (covering consensus sequences and sigma factors) has been added. • Section 16.2 on eukaryotic gene regulation has been updated; new information on transcription factors, particularly TFIID, is included. Coverage of structural motifs is curtailed relative to the prior edition. • Coverage of epigenetic remodeling simplified in Section 16.4 • Section 16.5 updated to include new information on small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) , mRNA inhibition, and riboswitches. 10e outline 9/e outline 16.1 How Is Gene Expression Regulated in Prokaryotes? 329 16.1 How Do Viruses Regulate Their Gene Expression? 343 Regulating gene transcription conserves energy 329 Operons are units of transcriptional regulation in prokaryotes 330 Operator–repressor interactions control transcription in the lac and trp operons 330 Protein synthesis can be controlled by increasing promoter efficiency 332 RNA polymerases can be directed to particular classes of promoters 332 16.2 How Is Eukaryotic Gene Transcription Regulated? 333 General transcription factors act at eukaryotic promoters 333 Specific proteins can recognize and bind to DNA sequences and regulate transcription 335 Specific protein–DNA interactions underlie binding 335 The expression of transcription factors underlies cell differentiation 336 The expression of sets of genes can be coordinately regulated by transcription factors 336 16.3 How Do Viruses Regulate Their Gene Expression? 339 Many bacteriophages undergo a lytic cycle 339 Some bacteriophages can undergo a lysogenic cycle 340 Eukaryotic viruses can have complex life cycles 341 HIV gene regulation occurs at the level of transcription elongation 341 16.4 How Do Epigenetic Changes Regulate Gene Expression? 343 DNA methylation occurs at promoters and silences transcription 343 Histone protein modifications affect transcription 344 Epigenetic changes can be induced by the environment 344 DNA methylation can result in genomic imprinting 344 Global chromosome changes involve DNA methylation 345 16.5 How Is Eukaryotic Gene Expression Regulated after Transcription? 346 Different mRNAs can be made from the same gene by alternative splicing 346 Small RNAs are important regulators of gene expression 347 Translation of mRNA can be regulated by proteins and riboswitches Bacteriophage undergo a lytic cycle 343 Some bacteriophage can carry bacterial genes from one cell to another 345 Some bacteriophage can undergo a lysogenic cycle 345 Eukaryotic viruses have complex regulatory mechanisms 346 16.2 How Is Gene Expression Regulated in Prokaryotes? 348 Regulating gene transcription conserves energy 348 Operons are units of transcriptional regulation in prokaryotes 349 Operator–repressor interactions control transcription in the lac and trp operons 350 Protein synthesis can be controlled by increasing promoter efficiency 351 16.3 How Is Eukaryotic Gene Transcription Regulated? 352 Transcription factors act at eukaryotic promoters 353 Other proteins can recognize and bind to DNA sequences and regulate transcription 354 Specific protein–DNA interactions underlie binding 354 The expression of sets of genes can be coordinately regulated by transcription factors 355 16.4 How Do Epigenetic Changes Regulate Gene Expression? 356 DNA methylation occurs at promoters and silences transcription 356 Histone protein modifications affect transcription 357 Epigenetic changes induced by the environment can be inherited 358 DNA methylation can result in genomic imprinting 358 Global chromosome changes involve DNA methylation 359 16.5 How Is Eukaryotic Gene Expression Regulated After Transcription? 360 Different mRNAs can be made from the same gene by alternative splicing 360 MicroRNAs are important regulators of gene expression 361 Translation of mRNA can be regulated 361 New Ch 16 opening story: 10e Chapter 16 opens with a study examining a gene for the glucocorticoid receptor, which is involved in regulating hormonal responses to stress and posits that stress during pregnancy can affect the fetus. New chapter-ending question: Can epigenetic changes be manipulated? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 16 New 16.1 Positive and Negative Regulation New 16.2 An Inducer Stimulates the Expression of a Gene for an Enzyme New Straightforward art of the helix-turn-helix motif New INVESTIGATING LIFE FIGURE 16.10 Expression of Specific Transcription Factors Turns Fibroblasts into Neurons Revised 16.16 The Reproductive Cycle of HIV -updated and simplified Revised 16.19 Epigenetic Remodeling of Chromatin for Transcription updated and simplified New 16.23 mRNA Inhibition by RNAs New 16.24 Translational Repressor Can Repress Translation NEW Working with Data Exercise compare to 9e Figure 16.16 compare to 9e Figure 16.6 compare to 9e Figure 16.19 compare to 9e Figure 16.23 Expression of Transcription Factors Turns Fibroblasts into Neurons • • original paper: Vierbuchen, T., A. Ostermeier, Z. P. Pang, Y. Kokubu, T. C.Südhof, and M. Wernig. 2010. Direct conversion of fibroblasts to functional neurons by defined factors Builds on Investigating Life Figure 16.10, providing students with data on response of transformed cells to electrical stimulation and the rate of cell division in the population of transformed cells. Asks students to comment on effect of electrical stimulation and whether cell division stopped in the transformed cells. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 8 and 10 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 17 Genomes Features of the 10e Outline • The chapter benefits from streamlining throughout. • Section 17.1 includes new coverage on new approaches to genome sequencing; more explicit coverage of high-throughput sequencing is included; comparative sequencing is now covered. • Section 17.2 has been significantly revised to take note of new lessons learned from the sequencing of prokaryotic genomes and from metagenomics. Coverage of transposons is expanded. • Section 17.3 is updated to include new information on plant genomes and comparative genomics • Section 17.4 is updated to include new information on the human genomes and comparative genomics, including recent attempts to reconstruct the Neanderthal genome 10e outline 17.1 How Are Genomes Sequenced? 9/e outline 353 New methods have been developed to rapidly sequence DNA 353 Genome sequences yield several kinds of information 355 17.2 What Have We Learned from Sequencing Prokaryotic Genomes? 356 Prokaryotic genomes are compact 356 The sequencing of prokaryotic and viral genomes has many potential benefits 357 Metagenomics allows us to describe new organisms and ecosystems 357 Some sequences of DNA can move about the genome 358 Will defining the genes required for cellular life lead to artificial life? 359 17.3 What Have We Learned from Sequencing Eukaryotic Genomes? 361 Model organisms reveal many characteristics of eukaryotic genomes 361 Eukaryotes have gene families 363 Eukaryotic genomes contain many repetitive sequences 364 17.1 How Are Genomes Sequenced? 366 Two approaches were used to sequence the human genome 366 The nucleotide sequence of DNA can be determined 368 High-throughput sequencing has been developed for large genomes 369 Genome sequences yield several kinds of information 370 17.2 What Have We Learned from Sequencing Prokaryotic Genomes? 371 The sequencing of prokaryotic genomes led to new genomics disciplines 371 Some sequences of DNA can move about the genome 372 The sequencing of prokaryotic and viral genomes has many potential benefits 373 Metagenomics allows us to describe new organisms and ecosystems 373 Will defining the genes required for cellular life lead to artificial life? 374 17.3 What Have We Learned from Sequencing Eukaryotic Genomes? 375 Model organisms reveal many characteristics of eukaryotic genomes 375 Eukaryotes have gene families 377 Eukaryotic genomes contain many repetitive sequences 378 17.4 What Are the Characteristics of the Human Genome? 366 17.4 What Are the Characteristics of the Human Genome? 380 The human genome sequence held some surprises 366 Comparative genomics reveals the evolution of the human genome 366 Human genomics has potential benefits in medicine 367 The human genome sequence held some surprises 380 Human genomics has potential benefits in medicine 381 17.5 What Do the New Disciplines of Proteomics and Metabolomics Reveal? 369 The proteome is more complex than the genome 369 Metabolomics is the study of chemical phenotype 370 17.5 What Do the New Disciplines Proteomics and Metabolomics Reveal? 382 The proteome is more complex than the genome 382 Metabolomics is the study of chemical phenotype 383 New Ch. 17 opening story: 10e Chapter 17 opens with a story on the genomes of "man's best friends": doggies. New chapter-ending question: What does dog genome sequencing reveal about other animals? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 17 New 17.1 DNA Sequencing 17.2 Arranging DNA Fragments New Table 17.1 Gene Functions in Three Bacteria new 17.5 DNA Sequences That Move prepares students for the Investigaing Life Figure 17.8 on transposon mutagenesis new 17.7 Synthetic Cells Mycoplasma mycoides JCVIsyn1.0, the first synthetic organism new 17.9 Plant Genomes new Table 17.6 Major Transposable Element Groups in 9/e Figure 17.2 has been cut replaces 9e 17.10 omitted: 9e Figure 17.13 the Eukaryotic Genome revised 17.14 SNP Genotyping and Disease compare to 9e 17.15 NEW Working with Data Exercise Using Transposon Mutagenesis to Determine the Minimal Genome Based on two original papers : • Transposon mutagenesis and a minimal Mycoplasma genome (Hutchinson et al) and Essential genes of a minimal bacterium (Glass et al., 2006) • Presents students with data on the growth of M. genitalium strains with insertions in genes (intragenic regions) compared with the growth of strains with insertions in noncoding (intergenic) regions. Students are asked to consider how this study helps identify essential genes for growth and to consider how a transposon inserts into the specific regions of a gene might affect the phenotype. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 1, 7, and 10 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 18 Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology Features of the 10e Outline • Section 18.2 is updated to provide new examples of recombinant DNA technology • Section 18.3 includes new coverage of the creation of synthetic DNA via PCR • Section 18.4 includes new copy on ways to study genes in biological systems, such as to overexpress it in cells where it is normally expressed at lower levels. Coverage of use of microarrays is expanded • Section 18.6 has new copy on GMOs and a clearer discussion of the advantages of and concerns about biotechnology 10e outline 18.1 What Is Recombinant DNA? 9/e outline 374 18.2 How Are New Genes Inserted into Cells? 18.1 What Is Recombinant DNA? 387 375 Genes can be inserted into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells 376 A variety of methods are used to insert recombinant DNA into host cells 376 Reporter genes help select or identify host cells containing recombinant DNA 377 18.3 What Sources of DNA Are Used in Cloning? 379 Libraries provide collections of DNA fragments 379 cDNA is made from mRNA transcripts 379 Synthetic DNA can be made by PCR or by organic chemistry 380 18.4 What Other Tools Are Used to Study DNA Function? 380 18.2 How Are New Genes Inserted into Cells? 389 Genes can be inserted into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells 389 Recombinant DNA enters host cells in a variety of ways 389 Reporter genes identify host cells containing recombinant DNA 390 18.3 What Sources of DNA Are Used in Cloning? 392 Libraries provide collections of DNA fragments 392 cDNA libraries are constructed from mRNA transcripts 392 Synthetic DNA can be made by PCR or by organic chemistry 393 DNA mutations can be created in the laboratory 393 18.4 What Other Tools Are Used to Study DNA Function? 393 Genes can be expressed in different biological systems 380 DNA mutations can be created in the laboratory 381 Genes can be inactivated by homologous recombination 381 Complementary RNA can prevent the expression of specific genes 382 DNA microarrays reveal RNA expression patterns 382 Genes can be inactivated by homologous recombination 393 Complementary RNA can prevent the expression of specific genes 394 DNA microarrays can reveal RNA expression patterns 395 18.5 What Is Biotechnology? 383 Expression vectors can turn cells into protein factories 397 Expression vectors can turn cells into protein factories 384 18.6 How Is Biotechnology Changing Medicine and Agriculture? 384 Medically useful proteins can be made using biotechnology 384 DNA manipulation is changing agriculture 386 There is public concern about biotechnology 388 18.5 What Is Biotechnology? 397 18.6 How Is Biotechnology Changing Medicine, Agriculture, and the Environment? 398 Medically useful proteins can be made by biotechnology 398 DNA manipulation is changing agriculture 400 Biotechnology can be used for environmental cleanup 402 There is public concern about biotechnology 402 New Ch 18 opening story: 10e Chapter 18 opens with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and the general subject of bioremediation, turning to the controversial subject of how genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been developed and approved for use in not only bioremediation but agriculture, medicine, and other industries New chapter-ending question: Are there other uses for microorganisms in environmental cleanup? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 18 New 18.3 Selection for Recombinant DNA revised 18.7 Using Antisense RNA and siRNA to Block compare to 9e Figure 18.8 Translation of mRNA revised 18.8 DNA Microarray for Medical Diagnosis compare to 9e Figure 18.10 new 18.12 Genetic Modification of Plants versus compare to 9e Figure 18.14 Conventional Plant Breeding NEW Working with Data Exercise Recombinant DNA original paper by Cohen, S. N., A. C. Y. Chang, H. W. Boyer, and R. B. Helling. Asks students to examine data on the use of the restriction enzyme EcoRI to cut two E. coli plasmids, one containing a resistance gene for kanamycin and the other containing a resistance gene for tetracycline Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 7, 8, 11, and 12 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 19 Differential Gene Expression in Development Features of the 10e Outline • Section rearrangements: coverage of cell fate is now covered in Section 19.2; coverage of irreversible cell differentiation now concludes the chapter • Coverage of cell fates revised in Section 19.2 • Coverage of Gene Expression in Development revised in Section 19.3 to build on prior coverage of cell fate • Coverage of role of materal effects and positional information updated in Section 19.4 • Coverage of cloning wraps up the chapter 10e outline 9/e outline 19.1 What Are the Processes of Development? 393 Development involves distinct but overlapping processes 393 Cell fates become progressively more restricted during development 19.2 How Is Cell Fate Determined? 19.1 What Are the Processes of Development? 406 394 395 Cytoplasmic segregation can determine polarity and cell fate 395 Inducers passing from one cell to another can determine cell fates 395 19.3 What Is the Role of Gene Expression in Development? 397 Cell fate determination involves signal transduction pathways that lead to differential gene expression 397 Differential gene transcription is a hallmark of cell differentiation 398 19.4 How Does Gene Expression Determine Pattern Formation? 399 Multiple proteins interact to determine developmental programmed cell death 399 Plants have organ identity genes 400 Morphogen gradients provide positional information 401 A cascade of transcription factors establishes body segmentation in the fruit fly 401 19.5 Is Cell Differentiation Reversible? 405 Plant cells can be totipotent 405 Nuclear transfer allows the cloning of animals 406 Multipotent stem cells differentiate in response to environmental signals 408 Pluripotent stem cells can be obtained in two ways 408 Development involves distinct but overlapping processes 406 Cell fates become progressively more restricted during development 407 19.2 Is Cell Differentiation Irreversible? 408 Plant cells can be totipotent 408 Nuclear transfer allows the cloning of animals 409 Multipotent stem cells differentiate in response to environmental signals 410 Pluripotent stem cells can be obtained in two ways 411 19.3 What Is the Role of Gene Expression in Cell Differentiation? 412 Differential gene transcription is a hallmark of cell differentiation 412 19.4 How Is Cell Fate Determined? 413 Cytoplasmic segregation can determine polarity and cell fate 413 Inducers passing from one cell to another can determine cell fates 414 19.5 How Does Gene Expression Determine Pattern Formation? 417 Multiple genes interact to determine developmental programmed cell death 417 Plants have organ identity genes 418 Morphogen gradients provide positional information 419 A cascade of transcription factors establishes body segmentation in the fruit fly 420 Hox genes encode transcription factors 423 New Ch 19 opening story: 10e Chapter 19 opens with a story on how stem cell therapy helped replace torn tendons to allow Bartolo Colon to pitch again. New chapter-ending question: What are other uses of stem cells derived from fat? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 19 New 19.2 A Cell’s Fate is Determined in the Embryo revised art of asymmetry in early development Revised Figure 19.5 (induction of development of C. elegans) Revised Figure 19.7 Transcription and Differentiation in the Formation of Muscle Cells Revised Figure 19.9 Organ Identity Genes in Arabidopsis Flowers New 19.12 Concentrations of Bicoid and nanos Proteins Determine the Anterior–PosteriorAxis compare to 9e Figure 19.8, p. 414 compare to 9e Figure 19.11, p. 416 compare to 9/e Figure 19.7, p. 413 compare to 9e Figure 19.14, p. 418 compare to 9e Figure 19.17 NEW Working with Data Exercise Cloning a Mammal • • original paper: Wilmut, I., A. E. Schnieke, J. McWhir, A. J. Kind, and K. H. S. Campbell. 1997. Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Asks students to compare data revealing efficiencies of various cloning techniques used in the Dolly experiments Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy LIFE 10e Chapter 20 Genes, Development, and Evolution Features of the 10e Outline • Part Five closes with a unique sequence of two chapters that explore the interface of developmental processes with molecular biology (Chapter 19) and with evolution (Chapter 20), providing students with a link between these two crucial topics and a bridge to Part Six. • Section 20.3 on the development of differences among species has been significantly revised; coverage of the role of Hox genes is expanded; new copy on heterotypy is included 10e outline 9/e outline 20.1 How Can Small Genetic Changes Result in Large Changes in Phenotype? 413 20.1 What Is Evo-Devo? 427 Developmental genes in distantly related organisms are similar Developmental genes in distantly related organisms are similar 427 413 20.2 How Can Mutations with Large Effects Change Only One Part of the Body? 415 Genetic switches govern how the genetic toolkit is used 415 Modularity allows for differences in the patterns of gene expression 416 20.3 How Can Developmental Changes Result in Differences among Species? 418 20.2 How Can Mutations With Large Effects Change Only One Part of the Body? 429 Genetic switches govern how the genetic toolkit is used 429 Modularity allows for differences in the timing and spatial pattern of gene expression 430 20.3 How Can Differences among Species Evolve? 432 Differences in Hox gene expression patterns result in major differences in body plans 418 Mutations in developmental genes can produce major morphological changes 418 20.4 How Can the Environment Modulate Development? 420 Temperature can determine sex 420 Dietary information can be a predictor of future conditions 421 A variety of environmental signals influence development 421 20.5 How Do Developmental Genes Constrain Evolution? 423 Evolution usually proceeds by changing what’s already there 423 Conserved developmental genes can lead to parallel evolution 423 20.4 How Does the Environment Modulate Development? 433 Temperature can determine sex 433 Organisms use information that predicts future conditions 434 A variety of environmental signals influence development 435 20.5 How Do Developmental Genes Constrain Evolution? 436 Evolution proceeds by changing what’s already there 436 Conserved developmental genes can lead to parallel evolution 436 New Ch 20 opening story: 10e Chapter 20 opens by describing beak diversity in birds, harking back to Darwin's finches, offering thoughts on the relationship between development and evolution. New chapter-ending question: How are gene expression patterns involved in the shaping of the diverse beaks of birds? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 20 New Figure 20.4 Heterometry and the Beaks of the Finches New Figure 20.10 A Result of Heterotypy replaces 9e Figure 20.4 Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 6-10 are new LIFE 10e 21 Mechanisms of Evolution Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • • • Chapter 21 illustrates the practical value of fully understanding modern evolutionary biology, beginning by briefly and succinctly tracing the history of “Darwin’s dangerous idea” through the twentieth century. Section 21.1 has been revised to focus on how Darwin's ideas are embraced in the present syntheses of molecular evolutionary genetics and evolutionary developmental biology—fields of study that uphold and support the principles of evolutionary biology as the basis for comparing and comprehending all other aspects of biology. In the new edition, principles underpinning the Hardy-Weinberg calculations are discussed in Section 21.3, after mechanisms of evolutionary change. A straightforward presentation of genetic structure is offered. New opening story, which ends with a question that is revisited at chapter end: 10e Chapter 21 opens by discussing the flu epidemic of 1918 as an introduction to the evolution of flu viruses and the need for new flu vaccines. New chapter-ending question: How do biologists use evolutionary theory to develop better flu vaccines? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 21 New 21.2 Milestones in the Development of Evolutionary Theory -- offers a timeline of discoveries that have contributed to today's understanding of evolution. Revised 21.10 Calculating Allele and Genotype Frequencies -- consolidated discussion of how frequencies of alleles are calculated and how these are applies to populations compare to 9e Fig. 21.6, p. 446 9/e Figures 21.9, 21.10 and 21.11 are omitted in favor of a more concise presentation NEW Working with Data Exercise Do Heterozygous Males Have a Mating Advantage? Original Paper: Watt, W. B., P. A. Carter and S. M. Blower. 1985. Adaptation at specific loci. IV. Differential mating success among glycolytic allozyme genotypes of Colias butterflies Building on Investigating Life Figure 21.17 (A Heterozygote Mating Advantage), this exercise describes how Watt estimated the frequency of heterozygotes among mating males by collecting mated female butterflies in the field and allowing them to lay eggs in the laboratory. Students are given real data on the hatched eggs and the genotypes of the offspring, as well as the genotypes of the females. Students are asked 'If we assume that the proportions of each genotype among mating males should be the same as the proportions seen among all viable males, what is the number of mating males expected to be heterozygous in each sample?' Students are also asked to use a chi-square test (see Appendix B) to evaluate the significance of the difference in the observed and expected numbers of heterozygous and homozygous individuals among the mating males. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy. • Questions 9-10 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 22 Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies Features of the 10e Outline • A hallmark of the 9th edition, famously well received, Chapter 22 describes phylogenetic trees as a tool not only of classification but also of evolutionary inquiry • The outline is not much changed in the 10e. Section 22.1 again sets the stage for the discussion of evolution with copy on "how to read a phylogenic tree." The emphasis is on cladistics; Linnaean terms are deemphasized. Section 22.2 reviews how evolutionary relationships can be inferred by tracing shared derived traits, looking at development behavior, and molecular data in making phylogenetic reconstructions. Section 24.4 wraps up by defining taxa in terms of paraphyletic, polyphyletic, and monophyletic groups. 10e outline 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? 9/e outline 450 22.1 What Is Phylogeny? 465 All of life is connected through evolutionary history 451 Comparisons among species require an evolutionary perspective 22.2 How Are Phylogenetic Trees Constructed? 451 452 Parsimony provides the simplest explanation for phylogenetic data 454 Phylogenies are reconstructed from many sources of data 454 Mathematical models expand the power of phylogenetic reconstruction 456 The accuracy of phylogenetic methods can be tested 457 22.3 How Do Biologists Use Phylogenetic Trees? 458 Phylogenetic trees can be used to reconstruct past events 458 Phylogenies allow us to compare and contrast living organisms 459 Phylogenies can reveal convergent evolution 459 Ancestral states can be reconstructed 460 Molecular clocks help date evolutionary events 461 22.4 How Does Phylogeny Relate to Classification? 462 Evolutionary history is the basis for modern biological classification 463 Several codes of biological nomenclature govern the use of scientific names 463 All of life is connected through evolutionary history 466 Comparisons among species require an evolutionary perspective 467 22.2 How Are Phylogenetic Trees Constructed? 468 Parsimony provides the simplest explanation for phylogenetic data 470 Phylogenies are reconstructed from many sources of data 470 Mathematical models expand the power of phylogenetic reconstruction 471 The accuracy of phylogenetic methods can be tested 471 22.3 How Do Biologists Use Phylogenetic Trees? 473 Phylogenies help us reconstruct the past 473 Phylogenies allow us to compare and contrast living organisms 474 Ancestral states can be reconstructed 475 Molecular clocks help date evolutionary events 475 22.4 How Does Phylogeny Relate to Classification? 476 Evolutionary history is the basis for modern biological classification 477 Several codes of biological nomenclature govern the use of scientific names 478 New Chapter- opening story: 10e Chapter 22 opens by describing the work of RogerTsien, who changed some of the amino acids within GFP to create fluorescent proteins of several distinct colors, which was followed up by Matz, who sequenced the genes of the fluorescent proteins and used these sequences to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the amino acid changes that produced different colors in different species of corals. New chapter-ending question: How are phylogenetic methods used to resurrect protein sequences from extinct organisms? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 22 New 22.9 A Forensic Application of Phylogenetic Analysis -- presents real data used in court to prove how a patient acquired HIV New 22.16 Evolution of Fluorescent Proteins of Corals replaces 9e Figure 22.9, p. 474 NEW Working with Data Exercise Does Phylogenetic Analysis Correctly Reconstruct Evolutionary History? Original Papers: Hillis, D. M., J. J. Bull, M. E. White, M. R. Badgett, and I. J.Molineux. 1992. Experimental phylogenetics: Generation of a known phylogeny. Bull, J. J., C. W. Cunningham, I. J. Molineux, M. R. Badgett,and D. M. Hillis. 1993. Experimental molecular evolution of bacteriophage T7. Building on Investigating LIFE Figure 22.7, the data presented in this figure derives from text author David Hillis's research on viral lineages of the T7 virus, presenting comparative sequences of specific characters from several lineages. Asks students to examine data to answer the such questions as "Can you reconstruct the DNA sequences of the ancestral lineages?" and "Why did the investigators use a blind study design, in which the true identities of the viral lineages were not revealed until the analyses were complete? What potential for bias were they avoiding?" Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy. • Questions 7, 9, and 10 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 23 Speciation Features of the 10e Outline The chapters of the diversity unit have been revised with the aim of making it easier for students to appreciate the major evolutionary changes that have taken place within the different groups of organisms. These chapters emphasize understanding the big picture of organismal diversity—the tree of life—as opposed to memorizing a taxonomic hierarchy and names. • Section 23.1 compares various species concepts, beginning with the biological species concept and wrapping up with the lineage species concept. • Section 23.4 has been expanded to cover more concretely various ecological and behavioral factors that influence speciation rates (e.g., diet specialization, pollination, dispersal) 10e outline 23.1 What Are Species? 9/e outline 468 23.1 What Are Species? 482 We can recognize many species by their appearance 468 Reproductive isolation is key 468 The lineage approach takes a long-term view 469 The different species concepts are not mutually exclusive 469 We can recognize many species by their appearance 482 Species are reproductively isolated lineages on the tree of life 483 23.2 What Is the Genetic Basis of Speciation? Gene incompatibilities can produce reproductive isolation in two daughter species 484 Reproductive isolation develops with increasing genetic divergence 485 23.2 How Do New Species Arise? 484 470 Incompatibilities between genes can produce reproductive isolation 470 Reproductive isolation develops with increasing genetic divergence 470 23.3 What Barriers to Gene Flow Result in Speciation? 472 Physical barriers give rise to allopatric speciation 472 Sympatric speciation occurs without physical barriers 473 23.4 What Happens When Newly Formed Species Come into Contact? 475 Geographic barriers give rise to allopatric speciation 485 Sympatric speciation occurs without physical barriers 486 23.3 What Happens When Newly Formed Species Come Together? 489 Prezygotic isolating mechanisms prevent hybridization 476 Postzygotic isolating mechanisms result in selection against hybridization 478 Hybrid zones may form if reproductive isolation is incomplete 478 Prezygotic barriers prevent fertilization 489 Postzygotic barriers can isolate species after fertilization 491 Hybrid zones may form if reproductive isolation is incomplete 492 23.5 Why Do Rates of Speciation Vary? 23.4 Why Do Rates of Speciation Vary? 493 480 Several ecological and behavioral factors influence speciation rates 480 Rapid speciation can lead to adaptive radiation 481 New opening story, which ends with a question that is revisited at chapter end: 10e Chapter 23 opens by discussing the ever-fascinating speciation of cichlids in Lake Malawi New chapter-ending question: Can biologists study the processes of speciation in the laboratory? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 23 Revised 23.3 The Dobzhansky–Muller Model -- offers a stepwise approach to explaining this simple two-locus genetic model New 23.6 Allopatric Speciation - a new example of allopatric speciation of fish populations in the Ozark and Ouachita mountains NEW 23.19 Evolution in the Laboratory -- describes experiments on the evolution of prezygotic isolating mechanisms in Drosophila melanogaster compare to 9/e Figure 23.2, p. 484 compare to 9e Figure 23.5, p. 486 NEW Working with Data Exercise Does Flower Color Act as a Prezygotic Isolating Mechanism? Original Paper: Levin, D. A. 1985. Reproductive character displacement in Phlox. Builds on Investigating LIFE Figure 23.14, presenting Levin's data on the genetic composition of seeds produced by hybridization. Asks students to consider the confidence interval associated with the study, and to ponder alternative experimental designs. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy. • Questions 5- 10 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 24 Evolution of Genes and Genomes Features of the 10e Outline • Section 24.2 provides added insights into convergent molecular evolution • Section 24.3 includes new insights on gene duplications and the use of gene trees • Section 24.4 revisits an example of the evolution of resistance to TXX toxin in the context of how gene evolution is used to study protein function 10e outline 24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? 9/e outline 486 24.1 How Are Genomes Used to Study Evolution? 499 Evolution of genomes results in biological diversity 486 Genes and proteins are compared through sequence alignment 486 Models of sequence evolution are used to calculate evolutionary divergence 487 Experimental studies examine molecular evolution directly 489 Evolution of genomes results in biological diversity 499 Genes and proteins are compared through sequence alignment 500 Models of sequence evolution are used to calculate evolutionary divergence 501 Experimental studies examine molecular evolution directly 502 24.2 What Do Genomes Reveal about Evolutionary Processes? 491 24.2 What Do Genomes Reveal About Evolutionary Processes? 505 Much of evolution is neutral 492 Positive and purifying selection can be detected in the genome 492 Genome size also evolves 494 Much of evolution is neutral 506 Positive and purifying selection can be detected in the genome 506 Genome size and organization also evolve 507 24.3 How Do Genomes Gain and Maintain Functions? 496 24.3 How Do Genomes Gain and Maintain Functions? 509 Lateral gene transfer can result in the gain of new functions 496 Most new functions arise following gene duplication 496 Some gene families evolve through concerted evolution 498 Lateral gene transfer can result in the gain of new functions 509 Most new functions arise following gene duplication 510 Some gene families evolve through concerted evolution 511 24.4 What Are Some Applications of Molecular Evolution? 499 24.4 What Are Some Applications of Molecular Evolution? 512 Molecular sequence data are used to determine the evolutionary history of genes 499 Gene evolution is used to study protein function 500 In vitro evolution is used to produce new molecules 500 Molecular evolution is used to study and combat diseases 501 Molecular sequence data are used to determine the evolutionary history of genes 512 Gene evolution is used to study protein function 513 In vitro evolution produces new molecules 514 Molecular evolution is used to study and combat diseases 514 New Chapter-opening story: 10e Chapter 24 opens with a story on how gene duplications make possible the specialization of protein function. The example pursued is a species of electric fish. New chapter-ending question: How do evolutionary studies of sodium channel genes help us understand some human genetic disorders? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 24 revised: 24.7 Convergent Molecular Evolution: Now an compare to 9e Figure 24.7 INVESTIGATING LIFE illustration, which leads into a new WWD exercise New Figure 24.10 Some Functional Genes are Duplicated Many Times as Nonfunctional Pseudogenes leads into 9e Figure 24.10 (renumbered 24.11 in the 10e) NEW chapter 24 Working with Data Exercise Detecting Convergence in Lysozyme Sequences • • Based on an original paper by Stewart, C.-B., J. W. Schilling, and A. C. Wilson. 1987 Asks students to examine data on the amino acid changes across the phylogeny of six mammals to answer questions concerning which amino acid positions show unique convergence. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 8 and 10 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 25 The History of Life on Earth Features of the 10e Outline • Section 25.1's coverage of geologic time scales has been expanded • Coverage of plate tectonics and volcanic activity has been increased moderately in Section 25.2 • Coverage of the history of life and associated timelines has been revised in Section 25.3 10e outline 25.1 How Do Scientists Date Ancient Events? 9/e outline 506 25.1 How Do Scientists Date Ancient Events? 519 Radioisotopes provide a way to date fossils and rocks 507 Radiometric dating methods have been expanded and refined 507 Scientists have used several methods to construct a geological time scale 508 25.2 How Have Earth’s Continents and Climates Changed over Time? 508 The continents have not always been where they are today 509 Earth’s climate has shifted between hot and cold conditions 510 Volcanoes have occasionally changed the history of life 510 Extraterrestrial events have triggered changes on Earth 511 Oxygen concentrations in Earth’s atmosphere have changed over time 511 25.3 What Are the Major Events in Life’s History? 514 Several processes contribute to the paucity of fossils 514 Precambrian life was small and aquatic 515 Life expanded rapidly during the Cambrian period 516 Many groups of organisms that arose during the Cambrian later diversified 516 Geographic differentiation increased during the Mesozoic era 521 Modern biotas evolved during the Cenozoic era 521 The tree of life is used to reconstruct evolutionary events 522 Radioisotopes provide a way to date rocks 520 Radioisotope dating methods have been expanded and refined 521 25.2 How Have Earth’s Continents and Climates Changed over Time? 521 Oxygen concentrations in Earth’s atmosphere have changed over time 523 Earth’s climate has shifted between hot/humid and cold/dry conditions 524 Volcanoes have occasionally changed the history of life 525 Extraterrestrial events have triggered changes on Earth 525 25.3 What Are the Major Events in Life’s History? 526 Several processes contribute to the paucity of fossils 526 Precambrian life was small and aquatic 527 Life expanded rapidly during the Cambrian period 527 Many groups of organisms that arose during the Cambrian later diversified 528 Geographic differentiation increased during the Mesozoic era 532 Modern biota evolved during the Cenozoic era 533 The tree of life is used to reconstruct evolutionary events 533 New opening story, which ends with a question that is revisited at chapter end: 10e Chapter 25 opens by describing how new techniques have enabled scientists to identify and date extinct species such as the ancient dragonfly Meganeuropsis permiana, which had a wingspan of more than 70 centimeters. New chapter-ending question: Can modern experiments test hypotheses about the evolutionary impact of ancient environmental changes? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 25 Revised 25.1 Radioactive Isotopes Allow Us to Date Ancient Rocks - now differentiates between different uranium isotopes used to date rocks New 25.2 Periodic Mass Extinctions Mark Many Geologic Boundaries New 25.3 (b) -- photo of mountain chain resulting from subduction New 25.5 Volcanic Eruptions Can Cool Global Temperatures compare to 9e Figure 25.1, p. 520 New 25.7 Banded Iron Formations Indicate Early Photosynthesis Revised 25.10 Atmospheric Oxygen Concentrations and Body Size in Insects-- revised to show trends in male vs female insects A greater number of life events are broken out in the timelines of the history of life revised 25.12 A Sense of Life’s Time new 25.13 Diversification of Multicellular Organisms: The “CambrianExplosion” compare to 9e Figure 25.6, p 524 compare to 9/e Fig. 25.10, p. 527 NEW Working with Data Exercise The Effects of Oxygen Concentration on Insect Body Size Data from three recent papers is cited, underscoring the importance of collaboration in the scientific community: Harrison, J. F. and G. G. Haddad. 2011. Effects of oxygen on growth and size: Synthesis of molecular, organismal and evolutionary studies with Drosophila melanogaster. Harrison, J. F., A. Kaiser and J. M. VandenBrooks. 2010. Atmospheric oxygen level and the evolution of insect body size. Klok, C. J., A. J. Hubb and J. F. Harrison. 2009. Single andmultigenerational responses of body mass to atmospheric oxygen concentration in Drosophila melanogaster: Evidence for roles of plasticity and evolution. Students are asked to consider what conclusions might be drawn by hypothetically different rates of body size increase relative to given data on oxygen concentration. Students are also asked to consider the timeframe of the provided data relative to the geologic time scale provided in Table 25.1 Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy LIFE 10e Chapter 26 Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses Features of the 10e Outline • The chapter has been reorganized, offering new coverage of the evolution and diversification of bacteria, archaea, and viruses. • The focus is less on taxonomic groups and more on factors that influence evolution. • New section 26.1 covers analyses of the nucleotide sequences of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes that provided the first comprehensive evidence of evolutionary relationships among prokaryotes. • New section 26.3 includes coverage of microbiomes (including the human body) and expanded discussion of microbiotic communities • New section 26.4 has expanded coverage of the evolution of viruses, retroviruses, and biotechnology's use of viruses 10e outline 26.1 Where Do Prokaryotes Fit into the Tree of Life? 9/e outline 526 The two prokaryotic domains differ in significant ways 526 The small size of prokaryotes has hindered our study of their evolutionary relationships 527 The nucleotide sequences of prokaryotes reveal their evolutionary relationships 528 Lateral gene transfer can lead to discordant gene trees 529 The great majority of prokaryote species have never been studied 530 26.2 Why Are Prokaryotes So Diverse and Abundant? 530 The low-GC Gram-positives include some of the smallest cellular organisms 530 Some high-GC Gram-positives are valuable sources of antibiotics 532 Hyperthermophilic bacteria live at very high temperatures 532 Hadobacteria live in extreme environments 532 Cyanobacteria were the first photosynthesizers 532 Spirochetes move by means of axial filaments 533 Chlamydias are extremely small parasites 533 The proteobacteria are a large and diverse group 534 Gene sequencing enabled biologists to differentiate the domain Archaea 534 Most crenarchaeotes live in hot or acidic places 536 Euryarchaeotes are found in surprising places 536 Korarchaeotes and nanoarchaeotes are less well known 537 26.3 How Do Prokaryotes Affect Their Environments? 537 Prokaryotes have diverse metabolic pathways 537 Prokaryotes play important roles in element cycling 538 Many prokaryotes form complex communities 539 Prokaryotes live on and in other organisms 539 Microbiomes are critical to human health 539 A small minority of bacteria are pathogens 541 26.4 How Do Viruses Relate to Life’s Diversity and Ecology? 543 Many RNA viruses probably represent escaped genomic components of cellular life 544 Some DNA viruses may have evolved from reduced cellular organisms Vertebrate genomes contain endogenous retroviruses 545 Viruses can be used to fight bacterial infections 545 Viruses are found throughout the biosphere 546 26.1 How Did the Living World Begin to Diversify? 537 The three domains differ in significant ways 537 26.2 What Are Some Keys to the Prokaryote Success? 539 Prokaryotes generally form complex communities 539 Prokaryotes have distinctive cell walls 541 Prokaryotes have distinctive modes of locomotion 541 Prokaryotes reproduce asexually, but genetic recombination can occur 542 Prokaryotes can communicate 542 Prokaryotes have amazingly diverse metabolic pathways 543 26.3 How Can We Resolve Prokaryote Phylogeny? 545 The small size of prokaryotes has hindered our study of their phylogeny 545 The nucleotide sequences of prokaryotes reveal their evolutionary relationships 545 Lateral gene transfer can lead to discordant gene trees 545 The great majority of prokaryote species have never been studied 546 26.4 What Are the Major Known Groups of Prokaryotes? 547 Spirochetes move by means of axial filaments 547 Chlamydias are extremely small parasites 548 Some high-GC Gram-positives are valuable sources of antibiotics 548 Cyanobacteria are important photoautotrophs 548 The low-GC Gram-positives include the smallest cellular organisms 549 The proteobacteria are a large and diverse group 550 Archaea differ in several important ways from bacteria 551 Most Crenarchaeota live in hot and/or acidic places 552 Euryarchaeota are found in surprising places 552 Korarchaeota and Nanoarchaeota are less well known 553 26.5 How Do Prokaryotes Affect Their Environments? 553 Prokaryotes are important players in element cycling 553 Prokaryotes live on and in other organisms 554 A small minority of bacteria are pathogens 554 26.6 Where Do Viruses Fit into the Tree of Life? 555 Many RNA viruses probably represent escaped genomic omponents 555 Some DNA viruses may have evolved from reduced cellular organisms 557 New Ch 26 opening story: 10e Chapter 26 opens by discussing the remarkable discovery of Vibrio’s bioluminescence, resulting from a critical concentration of a specific chemical signal produced by the bacteria in a classic example of quorum sensing. New chapter-ending question: What adaptive advantage does bioluminescence provide to Vibrio bacteria? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Chapter 26 New 26.1 The Three Domains of the Living World The new tree shows major prokaryotic groups, not just the three domains revised Investigating Life Figure 26.14 what Is the Highest Temperature Compatible with Life? -experimental results are presented in the, associated new Working with Data Exercise. New 26.16 Some Crenarchaeotes Like it Hot New 26.21 The Body’s microbiome is Critical to the maintenance of Health New 26.22 Satisfying Koch’s Postulates -- looks at Marshall and Warren's discovery of the real cause of peptic ulcers in the context of Koch's postulates New 26.25 Mimiviruses Have Genomes Similar in Size to Those of Many Parasitic Bacteria-- builds on earlier coverage of the genetic basis of evolution in the context of mimivirus genomics New 26.26 Bioluminescent Bacterial Symbionts -- a great followup to the opening story on bioluminescence, in an ecological context consolidates 9/e 26.1 (from p. 538) and 9/e 26.11 (p. 547) compare to 9e Figure 26.21 (p. 551) NEW Working with Data Exercise A Relationship between Temperature and Growth in an Archaean Original Paper: Kashefi, K. and D. R. Lovley. 2003. Extending the upper temperature limit for life. Students are required to graph temperature against generation time to arrive at conclusions concerning the temperature at which cells optimally divide. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Question 8 is new LIFE 10e 27 The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • The 10e version of this chapter has been streamlined; fewer groups are examined. The focus is instead on protest roles in the environment and on unusual reproduction cycles of the protists. • Section 27.1 has revised copy on the steps by which the modern eukaryotic cell arose and the transfer of chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells. • New Section 27.2 presents a few representative protest groups (in the 9e these were introduced toward the end of the chapter) • New Section 27.3 has a somewhat shorter presentation of protist life cycles relative to the 9e. Figure illustrating haploid/diploid life cycles in particular species have been omitted in favor of a more general discussion. • New Section 24.4 examines environmental communities of protists, including a new investigation figure on coral bleaching 10e outline 27.1 How Did the Eukaryotic Cell Arise? 9/e outline 550 27.1 How Did the Eukaryotic Cell Arise? 561 The modern eukaryotic cell arose in several steps 550 Chloroplasts have been transferred among eukaryotes several times 551 27.2 What Features Account for Protist Diversity? 552 Alveolates have sacs under their plasma membranes 553 Stramenopiles typically have two flagella of unequal length 555 Rhizaria typically have long, thin pseudopods 557 Excavates began to diversify about 1.5 billion years ago 558 Amoebozoans use lobe-shaped pseudopods for locomotion 559 27.3 What Is the Relationship between Sex and Reproduction in Protists? 562 Some protists reproduce without sex and have sex without reproduction 562 Some protist life cycles feature alternation of generations 562 27.4 How Do Protists Affect Their Environments? Phytoplankton are primary producers 563 Some microbial eukaryotes are deadly 563 Some microbial eukaryotes are endosymbionts 564 We rely on the remains of ancient marine protists 565 563 The diversity of protists is reflected in both morphology and phylogeny 561 Cellular features support the monophyly of eukaryotes 561 The modern eukaryotic cell arose in several steps 564 Chloroplasts are a study in endosymbiosis 565 Lateral gene transfer accounts for the presence of some prokaryotic genes in eukaryotes 566 27.2 What Features Account for Protist Diversity? 566 Protists occupy many different niches 566 Protists have diverse means of locomotion 567 Protists employ vacuoles in several ways 567 The cell surfaces of protists are diverse 568 27.3 How Do Protists Affect the World Around Them? 569 Some protists are endosymbionts 569 Some microbial protists are deadly 570 We continue to rely on the products of ancient marine protists 27.4 How Do Protists Reproduce? 572 Some protists have reproduction without sex, and sex without reproduction 572 Some protist life cycles feature alternation of generations 573 Chlorophytes provide examples of several life cycles 574 The life cycles of some protists require more than one host species 575 27.5 What Are the Evolutionary Relationships among Eukaryotes? 575 Alveolates have sacs under their plasma membrane 575 Stramenopiles have two unequal flagella, one with hairs 577 Red algae have a distinctive accessory photosynthetic pigment 579 Chlorophytes, charophytes, and land plants contain chlorophylls a and b 580 Diplomonads and parabasalids are excavates that lack mitochondria 581 Heteroloboseans alternate between amoeboid forms and forms with flagella 581 Euglenids and kinetoplastids have distinctive mitochondria and flagella 581 Foraminiferans have created vast limestone deposits 582 Radiolarians have thin, stiff pseudopods 582 Amoebozoans use lobe-shaped pseudopods for locomotion 583 Ch 27 opening story: 10e Chapter 27 opens by describing red tides, their causes, and their effects. The opening paves the way for an examination of protists in an ecological context. New chapter-ending question: Can dinoflagellates be beneficial, as well as harmful, to marine ecosystems? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 27 Revised 27.1 A Hypothetical Sequence for the Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell new 27.3 Precambrian Divergence of Major Eukaryote Groups-- A phylogenetic tree shows one current hypothesis and estimated time line for the origin of the major groups of eukaryotes Revised 27.20 life Cycle of the malarial Parasite Replaces 9/e illustrations on specific life cycles in favor of the more applied example of reproduction of the mosquito that causes malaria New INVESTIGATING LIFE 27.21 Can Corals Reacquire Dinoflagellate Endosymbionts Lost to Bleaching? compare to 9/e Figure 27.2 replaces 9/e Figure 27.1 (p. 562) omitted in the 10e are some 9/e life cycle illustrations: 27.13 27.14 27.15 NEW Working with Data Exercise Uptake of Endosymbionts After Coral Bleaching Original Paper by Lewis, C. L. and M. A. Coffroth. 2004. The acquisition of exogenous algal symbionts by an octocoral after bleaching. Presents students with data to inform their answers to such questions as whether new strains of Symbiodinium are taken up only by coral colonies that have lost all their original endosymbionts. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • 11 chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 4-10 are new. Questions 6-10 require analysis of data. LIFE 10e Chapter 28 Plants without Seeds: From Water to Land Features of the 10e Outline • The 10e chapter is reorganized to focus less on taxonomic groups and more on evolutionary features of plants. • Section 28.1 opens with the evolution of photosynthesis and the first groups of plants to utilize it. The red and green algae are introduced along with land plants. • Features of plant groups are described in an evolutionary context in Sections 28.2 and 28.3 10e outline 28.1 How Did Photosynthesis Arise in Plants? 9/e outline 570 Several distinct clades of algae were among the first photosynthetic eukaryotes 571 Two groups of green algae are the closest relatives of land plants 572 There are ten major groups of land plants 573 28.2 When and How Did Plants Colonize Land? 574 Adaptations to life on land distinguish land plants from green algae 574 Life cycles of land plants feature alternation of generations 574 Nonvascular land plants live where water is readily available 575 The sporophytes of nonvascular land plants are dependent on the gametophytes 575 Liverworts are the sister clade of the remaining land plants 577 Water and sugar transport mechanisms emerged in the mosses 577 Hornworts have distinctive chloroplasts and stalkless sporophytes 578 28.1 How Did the Land Plants Arise? 589 There are ten major groups of land plants 589 The land plants arose from a green algal clade 590 28.2 How Did Plants Colonize and Thrive on Land? 591 Adaptations to life on land distinguish land plants from green algae 591 Nonvascular land plants usually live where water is readily available 592 Life cycles of land plants feature alternation of generations 592 The sporophytes of nonvascular land plants are dependent on gametophytes 592 28.3 What Features Allowed Land Plants to Diversify in Form? 579 28.3 What Features Distinguish the Vascular Plants? 594 Vascular tissues transport water and dissolved materials 579 Vascular plants allowed herbivores to colonize the land 580 The closest relatives of vascular plants lacked roots 580 The lycophytes are sister to the other vascular plants 581 Horsetails and ferns constitute a clade 581 The vascular plants branched out 582 Heterospory appeared among the vascular plants 584 Vascular tissues transport water and dissolved materials 594 Vascular plants have been evolving for almost half a billion years 595 The earliest vascular plants lacked roots and leaves 596 The vascular plants branched out 596 Roots may have evolved from branches 596 Monilophytes and seed plants have true leaves 597 Heterospory appeared among the vascular plants 597 28.4 What Are the Major Clades of Seedless Plants? 599 Liverworts may be the most ancient surviving plant clade 599 Water- and sugar-transport mechanisms first emerged in the mosses 600 Hornworts have distinctive chloroplasts and sporophytes without stalks 600 Some vascular plants have vascular tissue but not seeds 601 The lycophytes are sister to the other vascular plants 602 Horsetails, whisk ferns, and ferns constitute a clade 602 New Ch 28 opening story: 10e Chapter 28 opens with the Deepwater explosion and a discussion of the photosynthetic source of Gulf oil. New chapter-ending question: Given that petroleum is produced naturally from green algae, can humans use green algae to produce oil commercially? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 28 Revised Figure 28.1 The evolution of plants revised 28.6 Alternation of Generations in Land Plants revised 28.17 Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations and the Evolution of Megaphylls -- graphed information is more explicit New 28.19 Biodiesel from Algae consolidates information in 9/e Figures 28.1 and 28.5 compare to 9/e 28.3 (p. 592) compare to 9/e 28.9 (p. 598) NEW Working with Data Exercise The Phylogeny of Land Plants Original Paper: Qiu, Y.-L. et al. 2006. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Provides a small data set of nucleotide positions in 10 plants, and asks students to construct a phylogenetic tree of these 10 species using the parsimony method. With the tree constructed, students are directed to look for shared derived traits that distinguish groups. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 6-9 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 29 The Evolution of Seed Plants Features of the 10e Outline • Coverage of the development of a seed is revised/expanded in Section 29.1 • Section 29.3 continues the diversity unit's emphasis on shared derived traits. 10e outline 9/e outline 29.1 How Did Seed Plants Become Today’s Dominant Vegetation? 608 29.1 How Did Seed Plants Become Today’s Dominant Vegetation? 589 Features of the seed plant life cycle protect gametes and embryos 589 The seed is a complex, well-protected package 591 A change in stem anatomy enabled seed plants to grow to great heights 591 Features of the seed plant life cycle protect gametes and embryos 608 The seed is a complex, well-protected package 610 A change in anatomy enabled seed plants to grow to great heights 611 29.2 What Are the Major Groups of Gymnosperms? 29.2 What Are the Major Groups of Gymnosperms? 612 592 There are four major groups of living gymnosperms 592 Conifers have cones and no swimming sperm 593 Conifers have cones but no motile gametes 613 29.3 How Do Flowers and Fruits Increase the Reproductive Success of Angiosperms? 596 29.3 What Features Contributed to the Success of the Angiosperms? 615 Angiosperms have many shared derived traits 596 The sexual structures of angiosperms are flowers 596 Flower structure has evolved over time 597 Angiosperms have coevolved with animals 598 The angiosperm life cycle produces diploid zygotes nourished by triploid endosperms 600 Fruits aid angiosperm seed dispersal 601 Recent analyses have revealed the phylogenetic relationships of angiosperms 601 The sexual structures of angiosperms are flowers 616 Flower structure has evolved over time 616 Angiosperms have coevolved with animals 618 The angiosperm life cycle features double fertilization 619 Angiosperms produce fruits 620 Recent analyses have revealed the oldest split among the angiosperms 620 29.4 How Do Plants Benefit Human Society? 29.4 How Do Plants Support Our World? 622 604 Seed plants have been sources of medicine since ancient times 604 Seed plants are our primary food source 605 Seed plants are our primary food source 622 Seed plants have been sources of medicine since ancient times 623 Ch 29 opening story: 10e Chapter 29 opens by describing Darwin's fascination with orchids and his observation that many flowers appear to evolve in tandem with insects. New chapter-ending question: What was Darwin’s explanation for the three distinct flowers growing on a single orchid plant? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 29 Revised 29.4 Pollination is a Hallmark of the Seed Plants -- correction to carpel information New 29.5 A Seed Develops New 29.14 The Effect of Stigma Retraction in Monkeyflowers replaces 9/e Figure 29.14 (p. 618) Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • 11 chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 6-10 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 30 The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi (new title) Features of the 10e Outline • Coverage of phylogeny and classification now consolidated in Section 30.3. • Fungal life cycles now covered in conjunction with life history in Section 30.3. New copy on the dikaryotic condition added • New section on applications of fungi added (Section 30.4), which includes asides on edible fungi and laboratory uses of fungi. 10e outline 30.1 What Is a Fungus? 9/e outline 609 30.1 What Is a Fungus? 627 Unicellular yeasts absorb nutrients directly 609 Multicellular fungi use hyphae to absorb nutrients 609 Fungi are in intimate contact with their environment 610 30.2 How Do Fungi Interact with Other Organisms? Unicellular fungi are known as yeasts 628 The body of a multicellular fungus is composed of hyphae 629 Fungi are in intimate contact with their environment 630 Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually 630 611 Saprobic fungi are critical to the planetary carbon cycle 611 Some fungi engage in parasitic or predatory interactions 611 Mutualistic fungi engage in relationships that benefit both partners 612 Endophytic fungi protect some plants from pathogens, herbivores, and stress 615 30.3 How Do Major Groups of Fungi Differ in Structure and Life History? 615 Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually 616 Microsporidia are highly reduced, parasitic fungi 617 Most chytrids are aquatic 617 Some fungal life cycles feature separate fusion of cytoplasms and nuclei 619 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi form symbioses with plants 619 The dikaryotic condition is a synapomorphy of sac fungi and club fungi 620 The sexual reproductive structure of sac fungi is the ascus 620 The sexual reproductive structure of club fungi is the basidium 622 new 30.4 What Are Some Applications of Fungal Biology? 623 30.2 How Do Fungi Interact with Other Organisms? 631 Saprobic fungi are critical to the planetary carbon cycle 631 Fungi may engage in parasitic and predatory interactions 632 Some fungi engage in relationships beneficial to both partners 633 Endophytic fungi protect some plants from pathogens, herbivores, and stress 635 30.3 What Variations Exist among Fungal Life Cycles? 635 Alternation of generations is seen among some aquatic chytrids 635 Terrestrial fungi have separate fusion of cytoplasms and nuclei 638 The dikaryotic condition is a synapomorphy of sac fungi and club fungi 638 30.4 How Have Fungi Evolved and Diversified? 638 Microsporidia are highly reduced, parasitic fungi 639 Chytrids are the only fungi with flagella 639 Zygospore fungi are terrestrial saprobes, parasites, and mutualists 640 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi form symbioses with plants 640 The sexual reproductive structure of sac fungi is the ascus 640 The sexual reproductive structure of club fungi is a basidium 642 Fungi are important in producing food and drink 623 Fungi record and help remediate environmental pollution 624 Lichen diversity and abundance are indicators of air quality 624 Fungi are used as model organisms in laboratory studies 624 Reforestation may depend on mycorrhizal fungi 626 Fungi provide important weapons against diseases and pests 626 Chapter 30 opening story: 10e Chapter 30 opens by discussing Fleming's discovery of penincillin, leading into a question that is pursued in new Section 30.4 on applications of fungal biology. New chapter-ending question: Have antibiotics derived from fungi eliminated the danger of bacterial diseases in human populations? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 30 Revised 30.6 Invading a Leaf A great new micrograph 3.10 Phylogeny of the fungi -- now in Section 30.3 NEW 30.11 A Generalized Fungal Life Cycle - a new intro to fungal life cycles revised 30.14 Sexual Life Cycles of Chytrids and Zygospore Fungi compare to 9e 30.7, p. 632 moved 9/e Figure 30.2 Replaces 9e 30.12. Looks at two life cycles at a time instead of four 30.16 Sexual Life Cycles among the Dikarya NEW 30.20 Some Lichens Are Edible NEW 30.23 Penicillin Resistance NEW Working with Data Exercise Using Fungi to Study Environmental Contamination • Based on an original paper by Flegal, A. R., C. Gallon, S. Hibdon, Z. E. Kuspa, and L. F Laporte. 2010 Asks students to examine data on lead contamination in different fungal species to answer questions about trends in atmospheric lead concentrations. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Analyzing and Evaluating Questions are new LIFE 10e 31 Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • Some copy in the chapter has been rearranged in an effort to present animal body plans in tandem with a timeline of animal evolution. For example, the Choanocytes are now presented in Section 31.1. • Section 32.2 now covers the development of nervous systems 10e outline 9/e outline 31.1 What Characteristics Distinguish the Animals? 630 31.1 What Characteristics Distinguish the Animals? 646 Animal monophyly is supported by gene sequences and morphology 630 A few basic developmental patterns differentiate major animal groups 633 Animal monophyly is supported by gene sequences and morphology 646 A few basic developmental patterns differentiate major animal groups 648 31.2 What Are the Features of Animal Body Plans? 31.2 What Are the Features of Animal Body Plans? 649 634 Most animals are symmetrical 634 The structure of the body cavity influences movement 635 Segmentation improves control of movement 636 Appendages have many uses 636 Nervous systems coordinate movement and allow sensory processing 637 Most animals are symmetrical 649 The structure of the body cavity influences movement 649 Segmentation improves control of movement 650 Appendages have many uses 650 31.3 How Do Animals Get Their Food? Filter feeders capture small prey 652 Herbivores eat plants 652 Predators capture and subdue large prey 652 Parasites live in or on other organisms 653 Detritivores live off the remains of other organisms 654 637 Filter feeders capture small prey 637 Herbivores eat plants 637 Predators and omnivores capture and subdue prey 638 Parasites live in or on other organisms 638 Detritivores live on the remains of other organisms 639 31.4 How Do Life Cycles Differ among Animals? 639 Many animal life cycles feature specialized life stages 639 Most animal life cycles have at least one dispersal stage 640 Parasite life cycles facilitate dispersal and overcome host defenses 640 Some animals form colonies of genetically identical, physiologically integrated individuals 640 No life cycle can maximize all benefits 641 31.5 What Are the Major Groups of Animals? 643 Sponges are loosely organized animals 643 Ctenophores are radially symmetrical and diploblastic 644 Placozoans are abundant but rarely observed 645 Cnidarians are specialized predators 645 Some small groups of parasitic animals may be the closest relatives of bilaterians 648 31.3 How Do Animals Get Their Food? 651 31.4 How Do Life Cycles Differ among Animals? 654 Most animal life cycles have at least one dispersal stage 655 No life cycle can maximize all benefits 655 Parasite life cycles evolve to facilitate dispersal and overcome host defenses 656 Colonial organisms are composed of genetically identical, physiologically integrated individuals 656 31.5 What Are the Major Groups of Animals? 658 Sponges are loosely organized animals 658 Placozoans are abundant but rarely observed 660 Ctenophores are radially symmetrical and diploblastic 660 Cnidarians are specialized carnivores New opening story, which ends with a question that is revisited at chapter end: 10e Chapter 31 opens by discussing how the structural simplicity of Trichoplax is now considered by most biologists to be an evolutionary reversal from a more complex body form. New chapter-ending question: Which animal groups are involved in the earliest split in the animal tree? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 31 New location Table 31.1 Summary of Living Members of the Major Animal Groups NEW 31.2 Choanocytes in Sponges Resemble Choanoflagellate Protists Revised 31.6 Segmentation -- an example of human segmentation has been added. compare to 9e Figure 31.7 NEW Working with Data Exercise Reconstructing Animal Phylogeny original Paper: Dunn, C. W. and 17 others 2008. Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the Animal Tree of Life. Dunn and colleagues reported on 11,234 amino acid positions among 77 species of animals. Twenty-seven of these amino acid positions for ten of those species are provided to students in a table. Students are asked to construct a tree from the data and report on character state changes on branches of the tree. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy LIFE 10e Chapter 32 Protostome Animals Features of the 10e Outline • As in the 9e, the first section of the chapter describes the major protostome subdivisions: lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans. Subsequent sections introduce students to major groups in each subdivision. 10e outline 32.1 What Is a Protostome? 9/e outline 652 32.1 What Is a Protostome? 667 Cilia-bearing lophophores and trochophores evolved among the lophotrochozoans 652 Ecdysozoans must shed their cuticles 654 Arrow worms retain some ancestral developmental features 655 Cilia-bearing lophophores and trochophores evolved among the lophotrochozoans 668 Ecdysozoans must shed their cuticles 669 Arrow worms retain some ancestral developmental features 670 32.2 What Features Distinguish the Major Groups of Lophotrochozoans? 656 32.2 What Features Distinguish the Major Groups of Lophotrochozoans? 671 Most bryozoans and entoprocts live in colonies 656 Flatworms, rotifers, and gastrotrichs are structurally diverse relatives 656 Ribbon worms have a long, protrusible feeding organ 658 Brachiopods and phoronids use lophophores to extract food from the water 658 Annelids have segmented bodies 659 Mollusks have undergone a dramatic evolutionary radiation 662 Bryozoans live in colonies 671 Flatworms and rotifers are structurally diverse relatives 672 Ribbon worms have a long, protrusible feeding organ 673 Phoronids and brachiopods use lophophores to extract food from the water 674 Annelids have segmented bodies 674 Mollusks have undergone a dramatic evolutionary radiation 676 32.3 What Features Distinguish the Major Groups of Ecdysozoans? 665 Several marine ecdysozoan groups have relatively few species 665 Nematodes and their relatives are abundant and diverse 666 32.4 Why Are Arthropods So Diverse? 667 Arthropod relatives have fleshy, unjointed appendages 667 Jointed appendages appeared in the trilobites 668 Chelicerates have pointed, nonchewing mouthparts 668 Mandibles and antennae characterize the remaining arthropod groups 669 More than half of all described species are insects 671 32.3 What Features Distinguish the Major Groups of Ecdysozoans? 679 Several marine groups have relatively few species 679 Nematodes and their relatives are abundant and diverse 680 32.4 Why Are Arthropods So Diverse? 681 Arthropod relatives have fleshy, unjointed appendages 682 Jointed appendages first appeared in the trilobites 682 Myriapods have many legs 683 Most chelicerates have four pairs of legs 683 Crustaceans are diverse and abundant 684 Insects are the dominant terrestrial arthropods 686 An Overview of Protostome Evolution 689 Ch 32 opening story: 10e Chapter 32 opens by describing the efforts of Terry Erwin to estimate the total number of insect species in tropical rainforests. New chapter-ending question: Which groups of protostomes are thought to contain the most undiscovered species? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 32 Revised 32.7 Rotifers and Gastrotrichs Revised 32.13 organization and Diversity of Molluscan bodies -- photos now complement drawings of body plans compare to 9/e 32.8 on rotifers only NEW Ch 32 Working with Data Exercise How Many Species of Insects Exist on Earth? based on two original papers by Terry Erwin (featured in chapter opening) Erwin, T. L. 1988. The tropical forest canopy: The heart of biotic diversity, In E. o. Wilson, ed., Biodiversity, 123–129. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Erwin, T. L. 1997. Biodiversity at its utmost: Tropical forest beetles. Students are presented with sample data from Erwin's studies and asked to consider how estimates of insect diversity can be extrapolated reasonably from the sample. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • 11 chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 10 is new, and draws upon the Working With Data exercise. LIFE 10e 33 Deuterostome Animals Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • Former Sections 33.1 and 33.2 are consolidated in 10e Section 33.1, which opens by describing developmental patterns that deuterostome clades have in common. • Section 33.3 has been revised to include updated information on lancelets and to introduce the vertebrate body plan prior to the phylogeny of living vertebrates. • Coverage of neoteny revised in Section 33.4. New copy on how continental drift affected the evolution of mammals. • Section 33.4's intro to neoteny is revisited in Section 33.5, which is expanded to describe neoteny in primates. Skull maps have been added. 10e outline 33.1 What Is a Deuterostome? 9/e outline 679 33.1 What Is a Deuterostome? 693 Deuterostomes share early developmental patterns 679 There are three major deuterostome clades 679 Fossils shed light on deuterostome ancestors 679 33.2 What Are the Major Groups of Echinoderms and Hemichordates? 694 Echinoderms have unique structural features 695 Hemichordates are wormlike marine deuterostomes 697 33.2 What Features Distinguish the Echinoderms, Hemichordates, and Their Relatives? 680 33.3 What New Features Evolved in the Chordates? 697 Echinoderms have unique structural features 680 Hemichordates are wormlike marine deuterostomes 682 33.3 What New Features Evolved in the Chordates? 683 Adults of most lancelets and tunicates are sedentary 684 A dorsal supporting structure replaces the notochord in vertebrates 684 The phylogenetic relationships of jawless fishes are uncertain 685 Jaws and teeth improved feeding efficiency 686 Fins and swim bladders improved stability and control over locomotion 686 Adults of most cephalochordates and urochordates are sessile 698 A dorsal supporting structure replaces the notochord in vertebrates 699 The vertebrate body plan can support large, active animals 700 Fins and swim bladders improved stability and control over locomotion 701 33.4 How Did Vertebrates Colonize the Land? 703 Jointed limbs enhanced support and locomotion on land 689 Amphibians usually require moist environments 690 Amniotes colonized dry environments 692 Reptiles adapted to life in many habitats 693 Crocodilians and birds share their ancestry with the dinosaurs 693 Feathers allowed birds to fly 695 Mammals radiated after the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs 696 Jointed fins enhanced support for fishes 703 Amphibians adapted to life on land 704 Amniotes colonized dry environments 706 Reptiles adapted to life in many habitats 707 Crocodilians and birds share their ancestry with the dinosaurs 708 The evolution of feathers allowed birds to fly 708 Mammals radiated after the extinction of dinosaurs 709 Most mammals are therians 710 33.5 What Traits Characterize the Primates? 33.5 What Traits Characterize the Primates? 713 33.4 How Did Vertebrates Colonize the Land? 689 701 Two major lineages of primates split late in the Cretaceous 701 Bipedal locomotion evolved in human ancestors 702 Human brains became larger as jaws became smaller 704 Humans developed complex language and culture 705 Human ancestors evolved bipedal locomotion 715 Human brains became larger as jaws became smaller 716 Humans developed complex language and culture 716 New opening story, which ends with a question that is revisited at chapter end: 10e Chapter 33 opens by describing gastric brooding in frogs as a prelude to the question: New chapter-ending question: How has the evolution of complex behaviors affected the diversification of some major groups of deuterostomes? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 33 New 33.4 Highly Reduced Acoels Are Probably Relatives ofthe Ambulacrarians Revised 33.10 Phylogeny of the Living Vertebrates New 33.16 Tetrapod Limbs Are Modified Fins -- showing that the basic skeletal elements of limbs can be traced through major changes in limb form and function among the terrestrial vertebrates Revised 33.19 The Amniote Egg -- part (B) on the placeta has been added New Table 33.1 Major Groups of Living Mammals -expanded and subdivided New 33.28 Major Groups of Eutherians Diversified as the Continents Drifted Apart Revised 33.34 A Phylogenetic Tree of Hominins -- skull images added New 33.35 Neoteny in the Evolution of Humans compare to 9e 33.8, p. 699 compare to 9e Figure 33.17, p. 706 compare to 9e Table 33.1, p. 712 compare to 9e Figure 33.31, p. 715 Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 6, 8, and 10 are new LIFE 10e 34 The Plant Body Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • The chapter has been significantly revised. There is a great deal of rewriting for clarity. • Section 34.1 has been completely redirected with the inclusion of a new section entitled Plants develop differently than animals. Plant cell wall foermation is discussed in the context of apical-basal polarity. • The pace of Section 34.2, which introduces the plant tissues, has been improved. • The pace of Section 34.3, which discusses plant growth, has been improved through the addition of lists and illustration improvements 10e outline 34.1 What Is the Basic Body Plan of Plants? 9/e outline 709 34.1 What Is the Basic Body Plan of Plants? 720 Most angiosperms are either monocots or eudicots 709 Plants develop differently than animals 710 Apical–basal polarity and radial symmetry are characteristics of the plant body 711 The root system anchors the plant and takes up water and dissolved minerals 721 The stem supports leaves and flowers 722 Leaves are the primary sites of photosynthesis 722 34.2 What Are the Major Tissues of Plants? 34.2 How Does the Cell Wall Support Plant Growth and Form? 723 712 The plant body is constructed from three tissue systems 712 Cells of the xylem transport water and dissolved minerals 714 Cells of the phloem transport the products of photosynthesis 714 34.3 How Do Meristems Build a Continuously Growing Plant? 715 Plants increase in size through primary and secondary growth 715 A hierarchy of meristems generates the plant body 715 Indeterminate primary growth originates in apical meristems 715 The root apical meristem gives rise to the root cap and the root primary meristems 716 The products of the root’s primary meristems become root tissues 716 The root system anchors the plant and takes up water and dissolved minerals 718 The products of the stem’s primary meristems become stem tissues 719 The stem supports leaves and flowers 720 Leaves are determinate organs produced by shoot apical meristems 720 Many eudicot stems and roots undergo secondary growth 721 34.4 How Has Domestication Altered Plant Form? 723 Cell walls and vacuoles help determine plant form 723 The structure of cell walls allows plants to grow 723 34.3 How Do Plant Tissues and Organs Originate? 725 The plant body is constructed from three tissue systems 726 Cells of the xylem transport water and dissolved minerals 728 Cells of the phloem transport the products of photosynthesis 728 34.4 How Do Meristems Build a Continuously Growing Plant? 728 Plants increase in size through primary and secondary growth 728 A hierarchy of meristems generates the plant body 729 Indeterminate primary growth originates in apical meristems 730 The root apical meristem gives rise to the root cap and the root primary meristems 730 The products of the root’s primary meristems become root tissues 730 The products of the stem’s primary meristems become stem tissues 731 Leaves are determinate organs produced by shoot apical meristems 732 Many eudicot stems and roots undergo secondary growth 733 34.5 How Has Domestication Altered Plant Form? 735 Chapter 34 opening story: 10e Chapter 34 opens by describing the use of cassava because it offers a preview of a wide range of studies embraced by the discipline of plant physiology. New chapter-ending question: How might plant physiologists improve the cassava plant for human use? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 34 Revised 34.1 Vegetative Organs and Systems -- now compare to 9e Figure 34.1, p. 721 presents a generalized view rather than a comparative one NEW 34.2 Cytokinesis and morphogenesis NEW 34.3 Two Patterns for Plant Morphogenesis -offers a prelude to 9/e Figure 34.8 offers a simple introduction to three tissue systems Revised 34.6, 34.7 Tissue Cell Types -- two figures are compare to 9/e 34.9, p. 727 offered instead of one, better pacing the section (the 9e figure included other cell types in addition to ground tissue cell types) Revised 34.10 Products of the Root’s Primary consolidates images in 9/e Figures 34.12 and 34.13 Meristems on root anatomy Revised 34.13 Vascular Bundles in Stems -- includes great new photos of vascular bundles Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 8-10 are new LIFE 10e 35 Transport in Plants Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • The 10e chapter is significantly shorter than the 9e counterpart. 10e outline 35.1 How Do Plants Take Up Water and Solutes? 9/e outline 727 Water potential differences govern the direction of water movement 727 Water and ions move across the root cell plasma membrane 728 Water and ions pass to the xylem by way of the apoplast and symplast 729 35.2 How Are Water and Minerals Transported in the Xylem? 730 The transpiration–cohesion–tension mechanism accounts for xylem transport 731 35.3 How Do Stomata Control the Loss of Water and the Uptake of CO2? 732 The guard cells control the size of the stomatal opening 733 Plants can control their total numbers of stomata 734 35.4 How Are Substances Translocated in the Phloem? 734 Sucrose and other solutes are carried in the phloem 734 The pressure flow model appears to account for translocation in the phloem 735 35.1 How Do Plants Take Up Water and Solutes? 740 Water potential differences govern the direction of water movement 740 Aquaporins facilitate the movement of water across membranes 742 Uptake of mineral ions requires membrane transport proteins 742 Water and ions pass to the xylem by way of the apoplast and symplast 743 35.2 How Are Water and Minerals Transported in the Xylem? 745 Xylem sap is not pumped by living cells 745 Root pressure alone does not account for xylem transport 745 The transpiration–cohesion–tension mechanism accounts for xylem transport 746 A pressure chamber measures tension in the xylem sap 747 35.3 How Do Stomata Control the Loss of Water and the Uptake of CO2? 748 The guard cells control the size of the stomatal opening 748 35.4 How Are Substances Translocated in the Phloem? 750 The pressure flow model appears to account for translocation in the phloem 751 The pressure flow model has been experimentally tested 752 New opening story, which ends with a question that is revisited at chapter end: 10e Chapter 35 opens with a story on "thirsty rice" and how strains of rice requiring less water yet producing the same amount of grain would be less vulnerable to drought while increasing crop yields. Molecular engineering of the gene HARDY is described as a prelude to the question: New chapter-ending question: What other methods are used to reduce water loss in agriculture? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 35 Revised 35.1 The Pathways of Water and Solutes in a Plant -- new labels added for clarity Revised 35.2 Water Potential, Solute Potential, and Pressure Potential -- part (B) added to show effect of differences in water potential on a plant cell. New 35.5 Apoplast and Symplast New 35.6 Pathways to the Root Xylem New INVESTIGATING LIFE FIGURE 35.12 Manipulating Sucrose Transport from the Phloem compare to 9e figure 35.1, p. 741 compare to 9e Figure 35.2, p. 741 A much more conceptual view than 9e figure 35.6 NEW Chapter 35 Working with Data Exercise Manipulating Sucrose Transport from the Phloem original paper: Sonnewald, U., N.-R. Hajirezaei, J. Kossmann, A. Heyer, R.Tretheway, and L. Willmitzer. 1997. Increased potato tubersize from apoplastic expression of yeast invertase. • Builds on Figure 35.12 by providing a subset of wild type vs transgenic data in modified potato plants, asking students to consider such questions as "Which group of plants had higher invertase activity?" and "What can you conclude about the distribution of sucrose to developing tubers?" Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 7-9 and 11 are new. LIFE 10e Chapter 36 Plant Nutrition Features of the 10e Outline • The chapter has been significantly updated and reorganized in the 10e • The chapter now opens by describing plant macro- and micronutrients and how they were discovered. • Section 36.2 has been extensively rewritten and includes new copy on regulation of nutrient uptake. • Section 36.3 has included updated information on several topics concerning soild structure, including cation exchange, soil pH, and inorganic fertilizers. • Section 36.4 has new copy on crop rotation 10e outline 36.1 What Nutrients Do Plants Require? 9/e outline 741 36.1 How Do Plants Acquire Nutrients? 756 All plants require specific macronutrients and micronutrients 741 Deficiency symptoms reveal inadequate nutrition 742 Hydroponic experiments identified essential elements 742 36.2 How Do Plants Acquire Nutrients? Plants rely on growth to find nutrients 743 Nutrient uptake and assimilation are regulated 743 How does a stationary organism find nutrients? 756 36.2 What Mineral Nutrients Do Plants Require? 757 Deficiency symptoms reveal inadequate nutrition 757 Hydroponic experiments identified essential elements 758 36.3 How Does Soil Structure Affect Plants? 759 744 36.3 How Does Soil Structure Affect Plants? 744 Soils are complex in structure 745 Soils form through the weathering of rock 745 Soils are the source of plant nutrition 746 Fertilizers can be used to add nutrients to soil 746 36.4 How Do Fungi and Bacteria Increase Nutrient Uptake by Plant Roots? 747 Plants send signals for colonization 747 Mycorrhizae expand the root system 748 Soil bacteria are essential in getting nitrogen from air to plant cells 749 Nitrogenase catalyzes nitrogen fixation 749 Biological nitrogen fixation does not always meet agricultural needs 750 Plants and bacteria participate in the global nitrogen cycle 750 36.5 How Do Carnivorous and Parasitic Plants Obtain a Balanced Diet? 751 Carnivorous plants supplement their mineral nutrition 751 Parasitic plants take advantage of other plants 752 The plant–parasite relationship is similar to plant–fungus and plant– bacteria associations 753 Soils are complex in structure 759 Soils form through the weathering of rock 760 Soils are the source of plant nutrition 760 Fertilizers and lime are used in agriculture 761 Plants affect soil fertility and pH 761 36.4 How Do Fungi and Bacteria Increase Nutrient Uptake by Plant Roots? 762 Mycorrhizae expand the root system of plants 762 Soil bacteria are essential in getting nitrogen from air to plant cells 762 Nitrogen fixers make all other life possible 763 Nitrogenase catalyzes nitrogen fixation 763 Some plants and bacteria work together to fix nitrogen 764 Legumes and rhizobia communicate using chemical signals 765 Biological nitrogen fixation does not always meet agricultural needs 765 Plants and bacteria participate in the global nitrogen cycle 766 36.5 How Do Carnivorous and Parasitic Plants Obtain a Balanced Diet? 767 Carnivorous plants supplement their mineral nutrition 767 Parasitic plants take advantage of other plants 767 The plant–parasite relationship is similar to plant–fungi and plant– bacteria associations 768 Ch 36 opening story: 10e Chapter 36 opens with a story on up-to-date nitrogen fertilizing practices New chapter-ending question: What progress has been made in improving the nitrogen use efficiency of corn? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 36 New 36.1 Mineral Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms NEW 36.3 Plants Regulate their Nutrition New 36.7 Roots Send Signals for Colonization NEW Working with Data Exercise Is Nickel an Essential Element for Plant Growth? Based on an original paper by Brown, P. H., R. M. Welch, and E. E. Cary. 1987. Nickel: A micronutrient essential for higher plants. Asks students to consider investigations into the function of nickel at the molecular level indicating that nickel is a cofactor for the enzyme urease, a nickel metalloenzyme, which explains why nickel is an essential micronutrient. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy LIFE 10e Chapter 37 Regulation of Plant Growth Features of the 10e Outline • 10e Chapter 37 is loaded with various new caveats, including improvements to the opening story, new coverage of karrakins, an improved introduction to the general scheme of signal transduction, a WWD on the Darwins’ studies of phototropism, new general comments on methods used to identify plant hormones, and new insights into the inhibition of ethylene action. • Section 37.1 has been streamlined, providing a shorter and more concise overview of plant development. The section includes new copy on dormancy. • The action of the gibberelllins and auxin has been updated and streamlined in Section 37.2. Coverage of transcriptional repressors has been consolidated. • Section 37.4 has been streamlined. Two rather than three signal transduction pathways are illustrated. • Section 37.5 has been revised to incorporate a more explicit diagram of the absorption spectra for Pr and Pfr 10e outline 37.1 How Does Plant Development Proceed? 757 In early development, the seed germinates and forms a growing seedling 757 Several hormones and photoreceptors help regulate plant growth 758 Genetic screens have increased our understanding of plant signal transduction 759 37.2 What Do Gibberellins and Auxin Do? 760 Gibberellins have many effects on plant growth and development 760 Auxin plays a role in differential plant growth 762 Auxin affects plant growth in several ways 765 At the molecular level, auxin and gibberellins act similarly 767 37.3 What Are the Effects of Cytokinins, Ethylene, and Brassinosteroids? 768 Cytokinins are active from seed to senescence 768 Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that hastens leaf senescence and fruit ripening 769 Brassinosteroids are plant steroid hormones 771 37.4 How Do Photoreceptors Participate in Plant Growth Regulation? 771 Phototropins, cryptochromes, and zeaxanthin are blue-light receptors 771 Phytochromes mediate the effects of red and far-red light 772 Phytochrome stimulates gene transcription 773 Circadian rhythms are entrained by light reception 774 9/e outline 37.1 How Does Plant Development Proceed? 772 In early development, the seed germinates and forms a growing seedling 773 Environment cues can initiate seed germination 773 Seed dormancy affords adaptive advantages 774 Seed germination begins with the uptake of water 774 The embryo must mobilize its reserves 774 Several hormones and photoreceptors help regulate plant growth 774 Signal transduction pathways are involved in all stages of plant development 775 Studies of Arabidopsis thaliana have increased our understanding of plant signal transduction 775 37.2 What Do Gibberellins Do? 776 Gibberellins are plant hormones 777 Gibberellins have many effects on plant growth and development 777 Gibberellins act by initiating the breakdown of transcriptional repressors 778 37.3 What Does Auxin Do? 779 Auxin transport is polar and requires carrier proteins 781 Auxin transport mediates responses to light and gravity 781 Auxin affects plant growth in several ways 782 At the molecular level, auxin and gibberellins act similarly 784 37.4 What Are the Effects of Cytokinins, Ethylene, and Brassinosteroids? 784 Cytokinins are active from seed to senescence 784 Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that hastens leaf senescence and fruit ripening 786 Brassinosteroids are plant steroid hormones 786 37.5 How Do Photoreceptors Participate in Plant Growth Regulation? 788 Phototropins, cryptochromes, and zeaxanthin are blue-light receptors 788 Phytochromes mediate the effects of red and far-red light 789 Phytochrome stimulates gene transcription 790 Circadian rhythms are entrained by light reception 790 Ch 37 opening story: 10e Chapter 37 opens by discussing American plant geneticist Norman Borlaug, who began making genetic crosses between the Japanese wheat and other varieties that had genes conferring rapid growth, adaptability to varying climates, and resistance to fungal diseases. The results were “semidwarf” wheat varieties that gave record yields. New chapter-ending question: What changes in growth patterns made the new strains of wheat and rice successful? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 37 Revised 37.1 Patterns of Early Shoot Development Revised 37.11 Gibberellins and Auxin Have Similar Signal Transduction Pathways New 37.17 Phytochrome Exists in Two Forms Absorption spectra of phytochrome reveal two interconvertible forms. compare to 9e Figure 37.1 consolidates information in 9/e figures 37.7 and 37.14 NEW Working with Data Exercise The Darwins’ Phototropism Experiment Original Paper: Darwin, C. R. 1880. The Power of Movement in Plants. Asks students to evaluate actual copy from the Dawins' paper, presenting such questions as "Can you explain why there was slight bending in the 6 coleoptiles that were covered with painted tubes?" and "The Darwins observed that the leaves of the insect-consuming Venus flytrap do not bend toward light. Why would this response not be important to an insectivorous plant?" Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy LIFE 10e Chapter 38 Reproduction in Flowering Plants Features of the 10e Outline While the outline remains mostly unchanged, lots of new details have been integrated into 10e Ch 38. • Section 38.1 has improved coverage of megagametophytes, pollination, pollen phenotypes, and double fertilization • Coverage of LEAFY's effects on the APETALA1 gene and the APETALA1 factor has been updated. Coverage of florigen has been enhanced. 9/e outline 10e outline 38.1 How Do Angiosperms Reproduce Sexually? 779 38.1 How Do Angiosperms Reproduce Sexually? 795 The flower is an angiosperm’s structure for sexual reproduction 779 Flowering plants have microscopic gametophytes 779 Pollination in the absence of water is an evolutionary adaptation 780 A pollen tube delivers sperm cells to the embryo sac 780 Many flowering plants control pollination or pollen tube growth to prevent inbreeding 782 Angiosperms perform double fertilization 783 Embryos develop within seeds contained in fruits 784 Seed development is under hormonal control 785 The flower is an angiosperm’s structure for sexual reproduction 795 Flowering plants have microscopic gametophytes 796 Pollination in the absence of water is an evolutionary adaptation 798 Flowering plants prevent inbreeding 798 A pollen tube delivers sperm cells to the embryo sac 799 Angiosperms perform double fertilization 799 Embryos develop within seeds 800 Seed development is under hormonal control 801 Fruits assist in seed dispersal 801 38.2 What Determines the Transition from the Vegetative to the Flowering State? 785 38.2 What Determines the Transition from the Vegetative to the Flowering State? 802 Shoot apical meristems can become inflorescence meristems 785 A cascade of gene expression leads to flowering 786 Photoperiodic cues can initiate flowering 787 Plants vary in their responses to photoperiodic cues 787 Night length is a key photoperiodic cue that determines flowering 788 The flowering stimulus originates in a leaf 788 Florigen is a small protein 790 Flowering can be induced by temperature or gibberellin 790 Some plants do not require an environmental cue to flower 792 Apical meristems can become inflorescence meristems 803 A cascade of gene expression leads to flowering 803 Photoperiodic cues can initiate flowering 804 Plants vary in their responses to photoperiodic cues 804 The length of the night is the key photoperiodic cue determining flowering 804 The flowering stimulus originates in a leaf 805 Florigen is a small protein 807 Flowering can be induced by temperature or gibberellin 808 Some plants do not require an environmental cue to flower 808 38.3 How Do Angiosperms Reproduce Asexually? 792 Many forms of asexual reproduction exist 792 Vegetative reproduction has a disadvantage 793 Vegetative reproduction is important in agriculture 793 38.3 How Do Angiosperms Reproduce Asexually? 809 Many forms of asexual reproduction exist 809 Vegetative reproduction has a disadvantage 810 Vegetative reproduction is important in agriculture 810 Ch 38 opening story: 10e Chapter 38 opens with a story on the theft of a packet of seeds from the lab of an Oxford University geneticist. The seeds have the potential vastly improve the world's food supply. New chapter-ending question: By what genetic mechanism is apomixes brought about? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 38 Revised 38.2 Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms The captioning on this key diagram has been improved by expert review New 38.16 Chromatin Remodeling during Vernalization compare to 9e Figure 38.2, p. 797 NEW Working with Data Exercise The Flowering Signal Moves from Leaf to Bud Original Paper: Hamner, K. C. and J. Bonner. 1938. Photoperiodism in relationto hormones as factors in floral initiation and development. Builds on INVESTIGATING LIFE Figure 38.12; provides data on cocklebur growth under various conditions. Asks students to examine data to answer questions such as, " What do the data tell you about the signal generated by the plant in response to photoperiod and that induces flowering in the apical meristem?" Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Question 10 is new LIFE 10e 39 Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • Section 39.1 significantly revised through the addition of copy on induced defensed (PTI and ETI), phytoalexins, pathogenesis-related proteins, and gene-for-gene resistance. • Coverage of herbivory in Section 39.2 is completely rewritten. 10e outline 39.1 How Do Plants Deal with Pathogens? 9/e outline 798 39.1 How Do Plants Deal with Pathogens? 815 Physical barriers form constitutive defenses 798 Plants can seal off infected parts to limit damage 798 General and specific immunity both involve multiple responses 799 Specific immunity involves gene-for-gene resistance 800 Specific immunity usually leads to the hypersensitive response 800 Systemic acquired resistance is a form of long-term immunity 801 Mechanical defenses include physical barriers 815 Plants can seal off infected parts to limit damage 816 Plant responses to pathogens may be genetically determined 817 Receptor–elicitor binding evokes the hypersensitive response 817 Systemic acquired resistance is a form of long-term “immunity” 818 Plants develop specific immunity to RNA viruses 818 39.2 How Do Plants Deal with Herbivores? Herbivory increases the growth of some plants 819 Mechanical defenses against herbivores are widespread 819 Plants produce chemical defenses against herbivores 820 Some secondary metabolites play multiple roles 821 Plants respond to herbivory with induced defenses 821 Why don’t plants poison themselves? 822 The plant doesn’t always win the arms race 823 801 Mechanical defenses against herbivores are widespread 801 Plants produce constitutive chemical defenses against herbivores 802 Some secondary metabolites play multiple roles 803 Plants respond to herbivory with induced defenses 803 Jasmonates trigger a range of responses to wounding and herbivory 805 Why don’t plants poison themselves? 805 Plants don’t always win the arms race 806 39.3 How Do Plants Deal with Environmental Stresses? 806 Some plants have special adaptations to live in very dry conditions 806 Some plants grow in saturated soils 808 Plants can respond to drought stress 809 Plants can cope with temperature extremes 810 39.2 How Do Plants Deal with Herbivores? 819 39.3 How Do Plants Deal with Climatic Extremes? 823 Desert plants have special adaptations to dry conditions 823 In water-saturated soils, oxygen is scarce 825 Plants can acclimate to drought stress 826 Plants have ways of coping with temperature extremes 826 39.4 How Do Plants Deal with Salt and Heavy Metals? 828 Most halophytes accumulate salt 828 Some plants can tolerate heavy metals 828 39.4 How Do Plants Deal with Salt and Heavy Metals? 810 Most halophytes accumulate salt 811 Some plants can tolerate heavy metals 811 New opening story: 10e Chapter 38 opens with a story on Artemisia, which produces a chemical called artemisinin that is toxic to certain cells, including those of the parasite that causes malaria. New chapter-ending question: What is the current status of artemisinin therapy for malaria? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 39 New 39.1 Diseases of Tomato Plants A wide variety of disease agents cause a variety of symptoms Revised 39.2 Signaling between Plants and Pathogens compare to 9e Figure 39.2, p. 816 NEW Ch 39 Working with Data Exercise Nicotine Is a Defense against Herbivores Original Paper: Steppuhn, A., K. Gase, B. Krock, R. Halitschke, and I. T. Baldwin. 2004. Builds on INVESTIGATING LIFE FIGURE 39.6, describing how In a separate experiment, Baldwin and his colleagues showed that treatment with jasmonic acid (jasmonate) increased the concentration of nicotine in wild-type tobacco plants but not in the low-nicotine transgenic plants. Asks students to consider what the data reveal about the role of nicotine in preventing herbivore damage and to indicate what statistical test should be run on the data to test significance. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 6, 8,and 9 are new. LIFE 10e Chapter 40 Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation Features of the 10e Outline • As in the 9/e, the 10e opens with homeostasis, focusing on temperature regulation (on which author Craig Heller is an expert) as an example. • A numbered section (40.2) is now devoted to cells, tissues, and organs. Coverage of glial cells is expanded. 10e outline 9/e outline 40.1 How Do Multicellular Animals Supply the Needs of Their Cells? 816 40.1 How Do Multicellular Animals Supply the Needs of Their Cells? 833 An internal environment makes complex multicellular animals possible 816 Physiological systems are regulated to maintain homeostasis 816 An internal environment makes complex multicellular animals possible 833 Physiological systems maintain homeostasis 834 Cells, tissues, organs, and systems are specialized to serve homeostatic needs 835 Organs consist of multiple tissues 837 40.2 What Are the Relationships between Cells, Tissues, and Organs? 817 Epithelial tissues are sheets of densely packed, tightly connected cells 817 Muscle tissues generate force and movement 818 Connective tissues include bone, blood, and fat 818 Neural tissues include neurons and glial cells 819 Organs consist of multiple tissues 820 40.3 How Does Temperature Affect Living Systems? 820 Q10 is a measure of temperature sensitivity 821 Animals acclimatize to seasonal temperatures 821 40.4 How Do Animals Alter Their Heat Exchange with the Environment? 822 Endotherms produce substantial amounts of metabolic heat 822 Ectotherms and endotherms respond differently to changes in environmental temperature 822 Energy budgets reflect adaptations for regulating body temperature 823 Both ectotherms and endotherms control blood flow to the skin 824 Some fish conserve metabolic heat 825 Some ectotherms regulate metabolic heat production 825 40.5 How Do Endotherms Regulate Their Body Temperatures? 826 Basal metabolic rates correlate with body size 826 Endotherms respond to cold by producing heat and adapt to cold by reducing heat loss 827 Evaporation of water can dissipate heat, but at a cost 829 The mammalian thermostat uses feedback information 829 Fever helps the body fight infections 830 Some animals conserve energy by turning down the thermostat 830 40.2 How Does Temperature Affect Living Systems? 838 Q10 is a measure of temperature sensitivity 838 Animals acclimatize to seasonal temperatures 839 40.3 How Do Animals Alter Their Heat Exchange with the Environment? 839 Endotherms produce heat metabolically 839 Ectotherms and endotherms respond differently to changes in temperature 840 Energy budgets reflect adaptations for regulating body temperature 841 Both ectotherms and endotherms control blood flow to the skin 842 Some fishes elevate body temperature by conserving metabolic heat 843 Some ectotherms regulate heat production 843 40.4 How Do Mammals Regulate Their Body Temperatures? 844 Basal metabolic rates are correlated with body size and environmental temperature 844 Endotherms respond to cold by producing heat and adapt to cold by reducing heat loss 845 Evaporation of water can dissipate heat, but at a cost 846 The mammalian thermostat uses feedback information 846 Fever helps the body fight infections 847 Turning down the thermostat 847 Ch 40 opening story: 10e Chapter 40 opens by describing how heat stress felled marathoner Paula Radcliffe in the 2004 Olympics New chapter-ending question: Can we increase heat loss from our natural heat portals to protect against heat stress? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 38 Revised 40.2 Thermostat Regulates Temperature Revised 40.5 Connective Tissues -- incorporates white fat images New 40.9 Metabolic Compensation - enhances coverage of acclimatization Revised 40.13 Some Ectotherms Regulate Blood Flow to the Skin -- balloon captioning simplified Revised 40.19 The Hypothalamus Regulates Body Temperature New 40.20 The Mammalian Thermostat -- harks back to new Figure 40.2 Revised 40.21 Hibernation Patterns in a Ground Squirrel -- offers a closer look at the data replaces 9e 40, p. 834 compare to 9/e 40.5, p. 837 compared to 9e 40.12, p. 842 compare to 9e 40.19, p. 847 compare to 9/e figure 40.20, p. 848 NEW Working with Data Exercise A Mammal’s BMR Is Proportional to Its Body Size original paper: White, C. R. and R. S. Seymour. 2003. Mammalian basal metabolic rate is proportional to body mass. Provides a subset of data supporting the theory that BMR varies as a function of body mass to the ¾ power, asking students to consider what data supports the 3/4 power theory, and how the data might be linearized via a logarithmic transformation (referring students to the “mouse-to-elephant curve” in Figure 40.16, and pointing out that these data relate to each other as an exponential function and therefore produce a curvilinear plot.) Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 8-11 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 41 Animal Hormones Features of the 10e Outline • • • • As in the 9/e, Chapter 41 picks up on the theme of regulation developed in Chapter 40. Early introduction of hormones allows subsequent chapters to refer to their actions. Section 41.1 is significantly revised. While the 9/e chapter opened by examining specific hormones, the 10e opens by discussing classes of hormones. Section 41.2 is new, offering up-to-date insights into the discovery of the nature of hormones. The section includes a new INVESTIGATING LIFE figure as well as the chapters new WWD figure, both dealing with recent evidence that muscle can produce the hormone that stimulates the browning of fat, the topic introduced at the chapter opening. Section 41.4 has revised coverage of TSH, TRH, goiter, calcitrol, and the adrenal gland. 10e outline 41.1 What Are Hormones and How Do They Work? 9/e outline 835 41.1 What Are Hormones and How Do They Work? 852 Endocrine signaling can act locally or at a distance 835 Hormones can be divided into three chemical groups 836 Hormone action is mediated by receptors on or within their target cells 836 Hormone action depends on the nature of the target cell and its receptors 837 Chemical signals can act locally or at a distance 853 Hormonal communication has a long evolutionary history 853 Hormones can be divided into three chemical groups 856 Hormone receptors can be membrane-bound or intracellular 856 Hormone action depends on the nature of the target cell and its receptors 857 41.2 What Have Experiments Revealed about Hormones and Their Action? 838 41.2 How Do the Nervous and Endocrine Systems Interact? 858 The first hormone discovered was the gut hormone secretin 838 Early experiments on insects illuminated hormonal signaling systems 839 Three hormones regulate molting and maturation in arthropods 840 41.3 How Do the Nervous and Endocrine Systems Interact? 842 The pituitary is an interface between the nervous and endocrine systems 842 The anterior pituitary is controlled by hypothalamic neurohormones 844 Negative feedback loops regulate hormone secretion 844 41.4 What Are the Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones? 845 The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine 845 Three hormones regulate blood calcium concentrations 847 PTH lowers blood phosphate levels 848 Insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose concentrations 848 The adrenal gland is two glands in one 849 Sex steroids are produced by the gonads 850 Melatonin is involved in biological rhythms and photoperiodicity 851 Many chemicals may act as hormones 851 41.5 How Do We Study Mechanisms of Hormone Action? 852 Hormones can be detected and measured with immunoassays 852 A hormone can act through many receptors 853 The pituitary connects the nervous and endocrine systems 858 The anterior pituitary is controlled by hypothalamic neurohormones 860 Negative feedback loops regulate hormone secretion 861 41.3 What Are the Major Mammalian Endocrine Glands and Hormones? 861 The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine 861 Three hormones regulate blood calcium concentrations 863 PTH lowers blood phosphate levels 864 Insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose concentrations 864 The adrenal gland is two glands in one 865 Sex steroids are produced by the gonads 867 Melatonin is involved in biological rhythms and photoperiodicity 868 Many chemicals may act as hormones 868 41.4 How Do We Study Mechanisms of Hormone Action? 868 Hormones can be detected and measured with immunoassays 868 A hormone can act through many receptors 869 Ch 4` opening story: 10e Chapter 41 opens by describing the role of brown fat in studies of weight loss and gain, harking back to its introduction in Ch 40. The opening moves on to describe a recently discovered signaling molecule called irisin, which has been classified as a hormone, that may explain the difference in individual propensity to put on weight. • New chapter-ending question: How can we demonstrate that a molecule found in the blood is a hormone? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 41 New 41.1 Chemical Signaling Systems New 41.2 Three Classes of Hormones Revised 41.3 The Fight-or-Flight Response New INVESTIGATING LIFE FIGURE 41.5 Muscle Cells Can Produce a Hormone -- this figure picks up on the chapter-opening discussion of brown fat and the hormones that affect it. Replaces 9/e 41.1, p. 853 New 41.2 i ncorporates information that was included in 9/e figure 41.14. compare to 9e figure 41.5 NEW Working with Data Exercise Identifying a Hormone Secreted byExercised Muscles original paper: Boström, P. and 17 others. 2012. A PGC1-a-dependentmyokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Provides students with data suggesting that exercising mammalian muscle cells secrete a substance (identified as irisin) that hypothesized to be a hormonal signal stimulating white fat cells to develop some of the characteristics of brown fat cells. Building on the introduction to the experiment provided in Figure 41.5, students are asked to comment on the nature of the control group: that is, why, in testing the hypothesis, it was important to remove the muscle cells from the conditioned media before adding the media to the fat cells. Students are also asked: "What was the effect of pretreating the culture media with antibody? What additional information did this experiment provide?" Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 7, 9, and 10 are new LIFE 10e 42 Immunology: Animal Defense Systems Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • Revised organization consolidates material on B cells and antibody production • In the new edition the terms innate and adaptive defenses replace the terms nonspecific and specific defense • Updated coverage of cell-signaling in Section 42.2 includes new coverage of PRRs and PAMPs • Reorganized presentation of class switching and monoclonal antibodies in Section 42.4 10e outline 9/e outline 42.1 What Are the Major Defense Systems of Animals? 857 42.1 What Are the Major Defense Systems of Animals? 874 Blood and lymph tissues play important roles in defense 857 White blood cells play many defensive roles 858 Immune system proteins bind pathogens or signal other cells 858 Blood and lymph tissues play important roles in defense 875 White blood cells play many defensive roles 875 Immune system proteins bind pathogens or signal other cells 875 42.2 What Are the Characteristics of the Innate Defenses? 859 42.2 What Are the Characteristics of the Nonspecific Defenses? 877 Barriers and local agents defend the body against invaders 859 Cell signaling pathways stimulate the body’s defenses 860 Specialized proteins and cells participate in innate immunity 860 Inflammation is a coordinated response to infection or injury 861 Inflammation can cause medical problems 862 Barriers and local agents defend the body against invaders 877 Other nonspecific defenses include specialized proteins and cellular processes 878 Inflammation is a coordinated response to infection or injury 878 Inflammation can cause medical problems 879 Cell signaling pathways stimulate the body’s defenses 879 42.3 How Does Adaptive Immunity Develop? 862 Adaptive immunity has four key features 862 Two types of adaptive immune responses interact: an overview 863 Adaptive immunity develops as a result of clonal selection 865 Clonal deletion helps the immune system distinguish self from nonself 865 Immunological memory results in a secondary immune response 865 Vaccines are an application of immunological memory 866 42.4 What Is the Humoral Immune Response? 867 Some B cells develop into plasma cells 867 Different antibodies share a common structure 867 There are five classes of immunoglobulins 868 Immunoglobulin diversity results from DNA rearrangements and other mutations 868 The constant region is involved in immunoglobulin class switching 869 Monoclonal antibodies have many uses 871 42.5 What Is the Cellular Immune Response? 871 T cell receptors bind to antigens on cell surfaces 871 MHC proteins present antigen to T cells 872 T-helper cells and MHC II proteins contribute to the humoral immune response 872 Cytotoxic T cells and MHC I proteins contribute to the cellular immune response 874 Regulatory T cells suppress the humoral and cellular immune responses 874 MHC proteins are important in tissue transplants 874 42.6 What Happens When the Immune System Malfunctions? 875 42.3 How Does Specific Immunity Develop? 880 Adaptive immunity has four key features 880 Two types of specific immune responses interact: an overview 881 Genetic changes and clonal selection generate the specific immune response 882 Immunity and immunological memory result from clonal selection 883 Vaccines are an application of immunological memory 883 Animals distinguish self from nonself and tolerate their own antigens 884 42.4 What Is the Humoral Immune Response? 885 Some B cells develop into plasma cells 885 Different antibodies share a common structure 885 There are five classes of immunoglobulins 886 Monoclonal antibodies have many uses 886 42.5 What Is the Cellular Immune Response? 887 T cell receptors bind to antigens on cell surfaces 888 MHC proteins present antigen to T cells 888 T-helper cells and MHC II proteins contribute to the humoral immune response 889 Cytotoxic T cells and MHC I proteins contribute to the cellular immune response 889 Regulatory T cells suppress the humoral and cellular immune responses 889 MHC proteins are important in tissue transplants 891 42.6 How Do Animals Make So Many Different Antibodies? 891 Antibody diversity results from DNA rearrangement and other Allergic reactions result from hypersensitivity 875 Autoimmune diseases are caused by reactions against self antigens 876 AIDS is an immune deficiency disorder 876 mutations 892 The constant region is involved in immunoglobulin class switching 893 42.7 What Happens When the Immune System Malfunctions? 894 Allergic reactions result from hypersensitivity 894 Autoimmune diseases are caused by reactions against self antigens 895 AIDS is an immune deficiency disorder 895 Ch 42 opening story: 10e Chapter 42 opens with a discussion of herd immunity and the eradication of smallpox. New chapter-ending question: Why do many people resist vaccination? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 42 New Table 42.1 Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to an Infection Revised Figure 42.2 White Blood Cells New 42.3 Innate Immunity New 42.9 Vaccination Immunological memory from compare to 9e Figure 42.2, p. 876 exposure to an antigen simplified art on antibody-epitope interaction and macrophase-antibody interaction Revised 42.16 Phases of the Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Revised 42.17 Tregs and Tolerance compare to 9/e Figure 42.12 compare to 9/e Figure 42.13, p. 890 compare to 9/e 42.14, p. 891 NEW Working with Data Exercise The Discovery of Adaptive Immunity original paper: Behring, E. and S. Kitasato. 1890. Uber das Zustandekommen der Diptherie-Immunitat und der Tetanus-Immunitat bel thieren. Deustche medizinische Wochenschrift 16: 1113–1114. Asks students to examine data on different doses of toxin delivered to test the immunity of guinea pigs to answer the question: What can you conclude from these data in terms of the level of protection afforded by the serum? Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Question 9 is revised and Question 10 is new. LIFE 10e Chapter 43 Animal Reproduction Features of the 10e Outline • 9/e users will find this chapter mostly familiar, with the exception of the new WWD exercise which presents data just published on the role circadian rhythms play in childbirth. • New copy on reproductive technologies included in Section 43.4. 10e outline 9/e outline 43.1 How Do Animals Reproduce without Sex? 881 43.1 How Do Animals Reproduce without Sex? 900 Budding and regeneration produce new individuals by mitosis 881 Parthenogenesis is the development of unfertilized eggs 881 Budding and regeneration produce new individuals by mitosis 900 Parthenogenesis is the development of unfertilized eggs 901 43.2 How Do Animals Reproduce Sexually? 43.2 How Do Animals Reproduce Sexually? 902 882 Gametogenesis produces eggs and sperm 882 Fertilization is the union of sperm and egg 884 Getting eggs and sperm together 887 Some individuals can function as both male and female 887 The evolution of vertebrate reproductive systems parallels the move to land 888 Animals with internal fertilization are distinguished by where the embryo develops 889 Gametogenesis produces eggs and sperm 902 Fertilization is the union of sperm and egg 905 Getting eggs and sperm together 906 An individual animal can function as both male and female 907 The evolution of vertebrate reproductive systems parallels the move to land 907 Animals with internal fertilization are distinguished by where the embryo develops 908 43.3 How Do the Human Male and Female Reproductive Systems Work? 889 43.3 How Do the Human Male and Female Reproductive Systems Work? 909 Male sex organs produce and deliver semen 889 Male sexual function is controlled by hormones 892 Female sex organs produce eggs, receive sperm, and nurture the embryo 892 The ovarian cycle produces a mature egg 893 The uterine cycle prepares an environment for a fertilized egg 893 Hormones control and coordinate the ovarian and uterine cycles 894 FSH receptors determine which follicle ovulates 895 In pregnancy, hormones from the extraembryonic membranes take over 896 Childbirth is triggered by hormonal and mechanical stimuli 896 Male sex organs produce and deliver semen 909 Male sexual function is controlled by hormones 911 Female sex organs produce eggs, receive sperm, and nurture the embryo 912 The ovarian cycle produces a mature egg 913 The uterine cycle prepares an environment for the fertilized egg 913 Hormones control and coordinate the ovarian and uterine cycles 914 In pregnancy, hormones from the extraembryonic membranes take over 915 Childbirth is triggered by hormonal and mechanical stimuli 916 43.4 How Can Fertility Be Controlled? Human sexual responses have four phases 916 Humans use a variety of methods to control fertility 917 Reproductive technologies help solve problems of infertility 919 897 Humans use a variety of methods to control fertility 897 Reproductive technologies help solve problems of infertility 897 43.4 How Can Fertility Be Controlled? 916 Ch 43 opening story: 10e Chapter 43 opens with a story on honey bee reproduction. New chapter-ending question: How can a queen be so different from her worker sisters when they all share the same genome? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 43 Updated photo: 43.5 Barriers to Sperm NEW Ch 43 Working with Data Exercise Circadian Timing, Hormone Release, and Labor original Paper: Olcese, J., S. Lozier, and C. Paradise. 2012. Melatonin and the circadian timing of human parturition. Reproductive Sciences, epub before print, May 3, 2012. • Examines data related to the observations that pregnant women are more likely to go into labor duringthe night than in the daytime, and how, when taken to a well-lit hospital, women's contractions decrease. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 7-10 are new. LIFE 10e Chapter 44 Animal Development Features of the 10e Outline As in the 9/e the animal development chapter builds on prior coverage of development presented in the context of molecular biology (Chs 19 and 20). Users of the 9/e will find this chapter familiar, with the exception of the new WWD exercise. • 9/e section 44.1 has been divided into two sections in the 10e, so that there is now a separate section (44.2) on mitosis 10e outline 9/e outline 44.1 How Does Fertilization Activate Development? 903 The sperm and the egg make different contributions to the zygote Rearrangements of egg cytoplasm set the stage for determination 44.2 How Does Mitosis Divide Up the Early Embryo? 903 903 904 Cleavage repackages the cytoplasm 904 Early cell divisions in mammals are unique 905 Specific blastomeres generate specific tissues and organs 906 Germ cells are a unique lineage even in species with regulative development 908 44.3 How Does Gastrulation Generate Multiple Tissue Layers? 908 Invagination of the vegetal pole characterizes gastrulation in the sea urchin 908 Gastrulation in the frog begins at the gray crescent 909 The dorsal lip of the blastopore organizes embryo formation 910 Transcription factors and growth factors underlie the organizer’s actions 911 The organizer changes its activity as it migrates from the dorsal lip 912 Reptilian and avian gastrulation is an adaptation to yolky eggs 913 The embryos of placental mammals lack yolk 914 44.4 How Do Organs and Organ Systems Develop? 915 The stage is set by the dorsal lip of the blastopore 915 Body segmentation develops during neurulation 916 Hox genes control development along the anterior–posterior axis 916 44.5 How Is the Growing Embryo Sustained? 44.1 How Does Fertilization Activate Development? 923 The sperm and the egg make different contributions to the zygote 923 Rearrangements of egg cytoplasm set the stage for determination 924 Cleavage repackages the cytoplasm 925 Early cell divisions in mammals are unique 926 Specific blastomeres generate specific tissues and organs 927 44.2 How Does Gastrulation Generate Multiple Tissue Layers? 928 Invagination of the vegetal pole characterizes gastrulation in the sea urchin 928 Gastrulation in the frog begins at the gray crescent 929 The dorsal lip of the blastopore organizes embryo formation 930 Transcription factors underlie the organizer’s actions 931 The organizer changes its activity as it migrates from the dorsal lip 932 Reptilian and avian gastrulation is an adaptation to yolky eggs 933 Placental mammals retain the avian–reptilian gastrulation pattern but lack yolk 934 44.3 How Do Organs and Organ Systems Develop? 935 The stage is set by the dorsal lip of the blastopore 935 Body segmentation develops during neurulation 935 Hox genes control development along the anterior–posterior axis 936 44.4 How is the Growing Embryo Sustained? 937 918 Extraembryonic membranes form with contributions from all germ layers 918 Extraembryonic membranes in mammals form the placenta 919 Extraembryonic membranes form with contributions from all germ layers 937 Extraembryonic membranes in mammals form the placenta 938 44.6 What Are the Stages of Human Development? 44.5 What Are the Stages of Human Development? 939 919 Organ development begins in the first trimester 920 Organ systems grow and mature during the second and third trimesters 920 Developmental changes continue throughout life 920 Organ development begins in the first trimester 939 Organ systems grow and mature during the second and third trimesters 939 Developmental changes continue throughout life 940 Ch 44 opening story: As in the 9/e, 10e Chapter 44 opens by discussing how we know the information generated by beating nodal cilia is critical for the left–right asymmetrical patterns of gene expression and developmental processes that follow. New chapter-ending question: How does the directional flow of extracellular fluid across the node stimulate a left–right asymmetry in gene expression and development? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 44 Revised: 44.4 Becoming a Blastocyst compare to 9/e figure 44.4, p. 926 NEW Working with Data Exercise Nodal Flow and Inverted Organs original Paper Nonaka, S., H. Shiratori, and H. Hamata. 2002. Determination of left–right patterning of the mouse embryo by artificial nodalflow. Nature 418: 96–99. Presents students with data indicating that roughly half of all iv/iv mouse embryos will develop with normal left–right organ asymmetry while the other half show reversed asymmetry. Researchers in Japan used iv/iv embryos to test the hypothesis that the leftward flow of extracellular fluid created by the beating of nodal primary cilia is the stimulus for breaking bilateral symmetry in organ development. Students are asked such questions as: --Do the data support the hypothesis that nodal flow is astimulus that determines left–right organ asymmetry? --How would you explain the different results for the slow rightward flow in the presomite wild-type and iv/iv mice? Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 6-7, and 9-10 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 45 Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems Features of the 10e Outline • Section 4.5.1 simplified and shortened to highlight the nature of informational systems and to focus on cells. New information on glia and astrocytes added. • Coverage of the membrane potential is consolidated in Section 45.2, which includes additional insight into the Nernst and Goldman equations. • Section 45.3 has been revised to include a new information on the role GABA receptors play in learning. • Section 45.4 is new and offers exciting new insights into the role of glia in vertebrate nervous systems. 10e outline 45.1 What Cells Are Unique to the Nervous System? 9/e outline 925 The structure of neurons reflects their functions 925 Glia are the “silent partners” of neurons 926 Simple electrical concepts underlie neural function 927 Membrane potentials can be measured with electrodes 928 Ion transporters and channels generate membrane potentials 928 Ion channels and their properties can now be studied directly 929 Gated ion channels alter membrane potential 930 Graded changes in membrane potential can integrate information 932 Sudden changes in Na+ and K+ channels generate action potentials 932 Action potentials are conducted along axons without loss of signal 934 Action potentials jump along myelinated axons 935 936 The neuromuscular junction is a model chemical synapse 936 The arrival of an action potential causes the release of neurotransmitter 936 Synaptic functions involve many proteins 936 The postsynaptic membrane responds to neurotransmitter 936 Synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory 938 The postsynaptic cell sums excitatory and inhibitory input 938 Synapses can be fast or slow 938 Electrical synapses are fast but do not integrate information well 939 The action of a neurotransmitter depends on the receptor to which it binds 939 To turn off responses, synapses must be cleared of neurotransmitter 940 The diversity of receptors makes drug specificity possible 940 45.4 How Are Neurons and Glia Organized into Information-Processing Systems? 940 Nervous systems range in complexity 940 The knee-jerk reflex is controlled by a simple neural network 941 The vertebrate brain is the seat of behavioral complexity 943 Neural networks range in complexity 944 Neurons are the functional units of nervous systems 945 Glia are also important components of nervous systems 947 45.2 How Do Neurons Generate and Transmit Electrical Signals? 948 45.2 How Do Neurons Generate and Transmit Electric Signals? 927 45.3 How Do Neurons Communicate with Other Cells? 45.1 What Cells Are Unique to the Nervous System? 944 Simple electrical concepts underlie neural function 948 Membrane potentials can be measured with electrodes 948 Ion transporters and channels generate membrane potentials 948 Ion channels and their properties can now be studied directly 951 Gated ion channels alter membrane potential 952 Graded changes in membrane potential can integrate information 952 Sudden changes in Na+ and K+ channels generate action potentials 953 Action potentials are conducted along axons without loss of signal 955 Action potentials can jump along axons 955 45.3 How Do Neurons Communicate with Other Cells? 956 The neuromuscular junction is a model chemical synapse 956 The arrival of an action potential causes the release of neurotransmitter 956 Synaptic functions involve many proteins 957 The postsynaptic membrane responds to neurotransmitter 957 Synapses between neurons can be excitatory or inhibitory 958 The postsynaptic cell sums excitatory and inhibitory input 958 Synapses can be fast or slow 958 Electrical synapses are fast but do not integrate information well 959 The action of a neurotransmitter depends on the receptor to which it binds 959 Glutamate receptors may be involved in learning and memory 960 To turn off responses, synapses must be cleared of neurotransmitter 960 The diversity of receptors makes drug specificity possible 961 Ch 45 opening story: 10e Chapter 45 opens by discussing how researchers created a “Down syndrome mouse” that has most of the same genes triplicated as those in humans with Down syndrome. Using this mouse model, biologists found out that the learning disability of these mice was due to overinhibition in the brain, and that when this inhibition was reduced with drugs, the ability of these mice to learn was increased. New chapter-ending question: What causes overinhibition in the nervous system, and how can it be reduced? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 45 New 45.4 Astrocytes Communicate with Many Synapses New Investigating Life Figure 45.16 Reducing Neuronal Inhibition May Enhance Learning -- introduced to help answer the question posed in the chapter-opening story. New Figure 45.18 The Knee Jerk Reflex omitted to narrow the focus of the chapter: 9e Figures 45.16, 45.17 Used to be in Chapter 47 on the mammalian nervous system; the focus of that chapter is now on higher functions NEW Working with Data Exercise Equilibrium Membrane Potential: The Goldman Equation Based on an original paper by Goldman, D. E. 1943 Building on the presentation of the Nernst Equation in Figure 45.7, points out that the equilibrium membrane potential is the product of more than one ion. Asks students to examine data to better understand the contribution of different ions. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • 11 chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 7-9 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 46 Sensory Systems Features of the 10e Outline • Section 46.1 rearranged and shortened slightly. • Discussion of hair cells comes sooner in Section 46.2 • Topic arrangement readjusted in Section 46.4, providing contrasting animal examples of vision earlier and biochemical details later. Subheads do a better job of announcing topics. 10e outline 9/e outline 46.1 How Do Sensory Receptor Cells Convert Stimuli into Action Potentials? 947 46.1 How Do Sensory Cells Convert Stimuli into Action Potentials? 965 Sensory transduction involves changes in membrane potentials 947 Sensory receptor proteins act on ion channels 947 Sensation depends on which neurons receive action potentials from sensory cells 947 Many receptors adapt to repeated stimulation 948 Sensory receptor proteins act on ion channels 965 Sensory transduction involves changes in membrane potentials 966 Sensation depends on which neurons receive action potentials from sensory cells 967 Many receptors adapt to repeated stimulation 967 46.2 How Do Sensory Systems Detect Chemical Stimuli? 949 46.2 How Do Sensory Systems Detect Chemical Stimuli? 967 Olfaction is the sense of smell 949 Some chemoreceptors detect pheromones 950 The vomeronasal organ contains chemoreceptors 950 Gustation is the sense of taste 951 Arthropods are good models for studying chemoreception 968 Olfaction is the sense of smell 968 The vomeronasal organ contains chemoreceptors 969 Gustation is the sense of taste 969 46.3 How Do Sensory Systems Detect Mechanical Forces? 952 46.3 How Do Sensory Systems Detect Mechanical Forces? 970 Many different cells respond to touch and pressure 952 Mechanoreceptors are found in muscles, tendons, and ligaments 952 Hair cells are mechanoreceptors of the auditory and vestibular systems 953 Auditory systems use hair cells to sense sound waves 954 Flexion of the basilar membrane is perceived as sound 955 Various types of damage can result in hearing loss 956 The vestibular system uses hair cells to detect forces of gravity and momentum 956 Many different cells respond to touch and pressure 970 Mechanoreceptors are found in muscles, tendons, and ligaments 971 Auditory systems use hair cells to sense sound waves 972 Hair cells are sensitive to being bent 974 Hair cells detect forces of gravity and momentum 975 Hair cells are evolutionarily conserved 975 46.4 How Do Sensory Systems Detect Light? 957 Rhodopsin is a vertebrate visual pigment 957 Invertebrates have a variety of visual systems 958 Image-forming eyes evolved independently in vertebrates and cephalopods 958 The vertebrate retina receives and processes visual information 959 Rod and cone cells are the photoreceptors of the vertebrate retina 960 Information flows through layers of neurons in the retina 962 46.4 How Do Sensory Systems Detect Light? 976 Rhodopsins are responsible for photosensitivity 976 Rod cells respond to light 976 Invertebrates have a variety of visual systems 978 Image-forming eyes evolved independently in vertebrates and cephalopods 979 The vertebrate retina receives and processes visual information 980 Ch 46 opening story: As in the 9/e, 10e Chapter 46 opens with a story on pit organs in snakes, as a segue to sensory systems in general. New chapter-ending question: How can bats emit loud pulses of sound and not be deaf to the faint echoes that return within milliseconds? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 46 Revised: 46.18 Light Absorption Closes Sodium compare to 9/e Figure 46.15, p. 978 Channels NEW Working with Data Exercise Membrane Currents and Light Intensity in Rod Cells Original Paper: Baylor, D. A., T. D. Lamb, and K.-W. Yau. 1979. The membranecurrent of single rod outer segments. Journal of Physiology 288: 589–611. In a slightly different set of experiments than that described in Figure 46.17, researchers measured the effect of light on the current across the rod cell membrane. Students examine data a series of recordings of the membrane currents (i.e., inward currents of positive ions) generated when rod cells were illuminated by light flashes of varying intensities to answer questions such as -- Why is there no difference between the maximum currents induced by flashes of light at 7.8 and 16 photons per mm2? -- If you measured membrane potential instead of an outward current, how would the resulting recordings differ from the one shown here? Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 8-10 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 47 The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions Features of the 10e Outline • Improvements in heading structure make section topic more obvious. • Knee-jerk reflex illustration and discussion is now covered in Chapter 45 as an introduction to the nervous system so that the focus in Section 47.1 is on the organization of the brain • Section 47.2 streamlined through loss of experiment on the role ganglion cells play in cat vision. 10e outline 9/e outline 47.1 How Is the Mammalian Nervous System Organized? 968 47.1 How Is the Mammalian Nervous System Organized? 986 Functional organization is based on flow and type of information 968 The anatomical organization of the CNS emerges during development 968 The spinal cord transmits and processes information 969 The brainstem carries out many autonomic functions 969 The core of the forebrain controls physiological drives, instincts, and emotions 970 Regions of the telencephalon interact to control behavior and produce consciousness 970 The size of the human brain is off the curve 973 A functional organization of the nervous system is based on flow and type of information 986 The vertebrate CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube 986 The spinal cord transmits and processes information 988 The reticular system alerts the forebrain 989 The core of the forebrain controls physiological drives, instincts, and emotions 989 Regions of the telencephalon interact to produce consciousness and control behavior 990 The human brain is off the curve 992 47.2 How Is Information Processed by Neural Networks? 973 47.2 How Is Information Processed by Neural Networks? 993 Pathways of the autonomic nervous system control involuntary physiological functions 974 The visual system is an example of information integration by the cerebral cortex 975 Three-dimensional vision results from cortical cells receiving input from both eyes 977 The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary physiological functions 993 Patterns of light falling on the retina are integrated by the visual cortex 994 Cortical cells receive input from both eyes 997 47.3 Can Higher Functions Be Understood in Cellular Terms? 978 Sleep and dreaming are reflected in electrical patterns in the cerebral cortex 978 Language abilities are localized in the left cerebral hemisphere 980 Some learning and memory can be localized to specific brain areas 981 We still cannot answer the question “What is consciousness?” 982 47.3 Can Higher Functions Be Understood in Cellular Terms? 998 Sleep and dreaming are reflected in electrical patterns in the cerebral cortex 999 Language abilities are localized in the left cerebral hemisphere 1000 Some learning and memory can be localized to specific brain areas 1000 We still cannot answer the question “What is consciousness?” 1002 Opening story: 10e Chapter 47 opens with a study comparing the brains of taxi drivers with varying numbers of years of experience and and with the brains of control subjects who were not taxi drivers. The study introduces the function of the hippocampus. New chapter-ending question: Does the firing pattern of hippocampal place cells during sleep represent a memory of recent experience being transferred into long-term memory? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 47 Revised 47.12 Stages of Sleep - features new images of sleep monitoring NEW Ch 47 Working with Data Exercise Sleep and Learning original paper: Walker, M. P., T. Brakefield, A. Morgan, J. A. Hobson, and R. Stickgold. 2002. Practice with sleep makes perfect: Sleep dependent motor skill learning. Neuron 35: 205–211. Presents data on typing speed of individuals having had different amounts of sleep, asking students to answer such questions as -- What would you conclude from these data about the role of sleep or wake in the consolidation of a procedural memory? -- What feature of sleep seems to be most important for procedural memory consolidation? Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 7-10 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 48 Musculoskeletal Systems Features of the 10e Outline • The chapter will be familiar to users of the 9/e although it includes a couple of great changes: Improvements in the illustration of the chemical events at the neuromuscular junction, and a new WWD exercise drawing on our own Craig Heller's research into improvements in athletes' performance when training cooled. 10e outline 48.1 How Do Muscles Contract? 9/e outline 987 48.1 How Do Muscles Contract? 1007 Sliding filaments cause skeletal muscle to contract 987 Actin–myosin interactions cause filaments to slide 988 Actin–myosin interactions are controlled by calcium ions 989 Cardiac muscle is similar to and different from skeletal muscle 991 Smooth muscle causes slow contractions of many internal organs 993 48.2 What Determines Skeletal Muscle Performance? 994 Sliding filaments cause skeletal muscle to contract 1007 Actin–myosin interactions cause filaments to slide 1009 Actin–myosin interactions are controlled by calcium ions 1010 Cardiac muscle is similar to and different from skeletal muscle 1012 Smooth muscle causes slow contractions of many internal organs 1012 Single skeletal muscle twitches are summed into graded contractions 1014 The strength of a muscle contraction depends on how many fibers are contracting and at what rate 994 Muscle fiber types determine endurance and strength 995 A muscle has an optimal length for generating maximum tension 996 Exercise increases muscle strength and endurance 996 Muscle ATP supply limits performance 997 Insect muscle has the greatest rate of cycling 997 Muscle fiber types determine endurance and strength 1015 A muscle has an optimal length for generating maximum tension 1016 Exercise increases muscle strength and endurance 1017 Muscle ATP supply limits performance 1017 Insect muscle has the greatest rate of cycling 1018 48.3 How Do Skeletal Systems and Muscles Work Together? 999 48.3 How Do Skeletal Systems and Muscles Work Together? 1018 A hydrostatic skeleton consists of fluid in a muscular cavity 999 Exoskeletons are rigid outer structures 999 Vertebrate endoskeletons consist of cartilage and bone 999 Bones develop from connective tissues 1001 Bones that have a common joint can work as a lever 1001 A hydrostatic skeleton consists of fluid in a muscular cavity 1018 Exoskeletons are rigid outer structures 1019 Vertebrate endoskeletons consist of cartilage and bone 1019 Bones develop from connective tissues 1020 Bones that have a common joint can work as a lever 1021 48.2 What Determines Muscle Performance? 1015 Chapter-opening story: 10e Chapter 48 opens by discussing factors that contribute to long jumps by athletes, frogs, and fleas. New chapter-ending question: How can the kangaroo increase its speed fivefold without increasing its metabolic expenditure? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 48 Revised 48.4 The Neuromuscular Junction Revised 48.5 T Tubules Spread Action Potentials into the Fiber -- details of events at the neuromuscular plate have been added, particularly how Ca2+ diffuses in sarcoplasm, stimulating musclecontraction. compare to 9e 48.4, p. 1010 compare to 9/e 48.5, p. 1010 NEW Ch 48 Working with Data Exercise Does Heat Cause Muscle Fatigue? Original paper: Grahn, D. A., V. H. Cao, C. M. Nguyen, M. T. Lieu, and H. C.Heller. 2012. Work volume and strength training responses to resistive exercise improve with periodic heat extraction from the palm. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. Epub ahead of print. Providing details of a study performed author Craig Heller, this exercise presents students with data on performance by people who trained under cool vs heated circumstances. Investigators used the rapid cooling technology described in the opening of Chapter 40 to extract heat from subjects during 3-minute rests between ten sets of pull-ups twice a week. Students are then asked: "What do these data indicate about the possible role of muscle temperature in muscle fatigue?" Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 6 and 8-10 are new LIFE 10e 49 Gas Exchange Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • Focused on the exchange of respiratory gases, Ch 49 describes adaptations that allow animals to breathe in different environments, particularly differences between air breathers and water breathers. Central to the chapter is a discussion of how the evolution of lungs paralleled the move onto land. The different oxygen-binding properties of different hemoglobins and myoglobin are described as adaptations to different circumstances. The regulation of breathing is also considered. • Section 49.1 contains a revised introduction to partial pressures 10e outline 9/e outline 49.1 What Physical Factors Govern Respiratory Gas Exchange? 1006 49.1 What Physical Factors Govern Respiratory Gas Exchange? 1026 Diffusion of gases is driven by partial pressure differences 1006 Fick’s law applies to all systems of gas exchange 1006 Air is a better respiratory medium than water 1007 High temperatures create respiratory problems for aquatic animals 1007 O2 availability decreases with altitude 1007 CO2 is lost by diffusion 1008 Diffusion is driven by concentration differences 1026 Fick’s law applies to all systems of gas exchange 1027 Air is a better respiratory medium than water 1027 High temperatures create respiratory problems for aquatic animals 1028 O2 availability decreases with altitude 1028 CO2 is lost by diffusion 1028 49.2 What Adaptations Maximize Respiratory Gas Exchange? 1008 Respiratory organs have large surface areas 1008 Ventilation and perfusion of gas exchange surfaces maximize partial pressure gradients 1009 Insects have airways throughout their bodies 1009 Fish gills use countercurrent flow to maximize gas exchange 1009 Birds use unidirectional ventilation to maximize gas exchange 1010 Tidal ventilation produces dead space that limits gas exchange efficiency 1012 49.3 How Do Human Lungs Work? 1013 Respiratory tract secretions aid ventilation 1013 Lungs are ventilated by pressure changes in the thoracic cavity 1015 49.4 How Does Blood Transport Respiratory Gases? Hemoglobin combines reversibly with O2 1016 Myoglobin holds an O2 reserve 1017 Hemoglobin’s affinity for O2 is variable 1017 CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions in the blood 49.5 How Is Breathing Regulated? 1019 Breathing is controlled in the brainstem 1019 Regulating breathing requires feedback 1020 1018 1016 49.2 What Adaptations Maximize Respiratory Gas Exchange? 1029 Respiratory organs have large surface areas 1029 Transporting gases to and from exchange surfaces optimizes partial pressure gradients 1029 Insects have airways throughout their bodies 1029 Fish gills use countercurrent flow to maximize gas exchange 1030 Birds use unidirectional ventilation to maximize gas exchange 1031 Tidal ventilation produces dead space that limits gas exchange efficiency 1032 49.3 How Do Human Lungs Work? 1035 Respiratory tract secretions aid ventilation 1035 Lungs are ventilated by pressure changes in the thoracic cavity 1035 49.4 How Does Blood Transport Respiratory Gases? 1037 Hemoglobin combines reversibly with O2 1037 Myoglobin holds an O2 reserve 1038 Hemoglobin’s affinity for O2 is variable 1038 CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions in the blood 1039 49.5 How Is Breathing Regulated? 1040 Breathing is controlled in the brainstem 1040 Regulating breathing requires feedback information 1041 Opening story: 10e Chapter 49 opens by considering why elephants have long noses. New chapter-ending question: How do elephants avoid damage to the blood vessels of their thoracic cavities when they snorkel? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 49 Revised 49.12 Binding of O2 to Hemoglobin Depends on PO2 -- A part (A) has been added on the sigmoidal shape of hemoglobin’s oxygen binding curve Revised 49.13 Oxygen-Binding Adaptations compare to 9/e 49.12, p. 1037 compare to 9/e 49.13, p. 1038 NEW Working with Data Exercise The Respiratory Control System Is Not Always Regulated by PCO2 Original Paper: Bainton, C. R. 1972. Effect of speed vs. grade and shivering on ventilation in dogs during active exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology Experiments in which dogs run at different speeds while their PCO2 and V are measured produce results different from those shown in Figure 49.17. When subjects run at different speeds,their PCO2s are the same and yet their V changes. To resolve the differences between these types of experiments, Bainton recorded PCO2 and V in dogs, breath-bybreath immediately after a change in treadmill speed. Presented with data from this studies students are asked to draw a plot and answer and consider how these results relate to those obtained in the experiment in which the incline of the treadmill was gradually raised and lowered. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 8, 9, and 11 are new LIFE 10e 50 Circulatory Systems Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • This chapter opens by describing why animals need a circulatory system and reviews open and closed systems in various animals. Ch 50 considers how vertebrate circulatory systems evolved, considering lungfish, amphibian, reptilian, and mammalian circulatory systems in turn. Special adaptations, such as mechanisms needed when an airbreathing mammal is under water are also mentioned. The human heart and circulation is closely examined, including the cardiac cycle, the measurement of blood pressure, the mechanics of the heartbeat. Blood vessels and blood flow are considered along with vascular disease and control of blood pressure. • Chapter 50 is organized along the same lines as the 9/e version but includes new experiments and new data on heart rate. 10e outline 9/e outline 50.1 Why Do Animals Need a Circulatory System? 1026 50.1 Why Do Animals Need a Circulatory System? 1046 Some animals do not have a circulatory system 1026 Circulatory systems can be open or closed 1026 Open circulatory systems move extracellular fluid 1026 Closed circulatory systems circulate blood through a system of blood vessels 1026 Some animals do not have a circulatory system 1046 Circulatory systems can be open or closed 1046 Open circulatory systems move extracellular fluid 1047 Closed circulatory systems circulate blood through a system of blood vessels 1047 50.2 How Have Vertebrate Circulatory Systems Evolved? 1027 50.2 How Have Vertebrate Circulatory Systems Evolved? 1048 Circulation in fish is a single circuit 1028 Lungfish evolved a gas-breathing organ 1028 Amphibians have partial separation of systemic and pulmonary circulation 1029 Reptiles have exquisite control of pulmonary and systemic circulation 1029 Birds and mammals have fully separated pulmonary and systemic circuits 1030 50.3 How Does the Mammalian Heart Function? 1030 Blood flows from right heart to lungs to left heart to body 1030 The heartbeat originates in the cardiac muscle 1032 A conduction system coordinates the contraction of heart muscle 1034 Electrical properties of ventricular muscles sustain heart contraction The ECG records the electrical activity of the heart 1035 50.4 What Are the Properties of Blood and Blood Vessels? 1037 Red blood cells transport respiratory gases 1038 Platelets are essential for blood clotting 1039 Arteries withstand high pressure, arterioles control blood flow 1039 Materials are exchanged in capillary beds by filtration, osmosis, and diffusion 1039 Blood flows back to the heart through veins 1041 Lymphatic vessels return interstitial fluid to the blood 1042 Vascular disease is a killer 1042 50.5 How Is the Circulatory System Controlled and Regulated? 1043 Autoregulation matches local blood flow to local need 1044 Arterial pressure is regulated by hormonal and neural mechanisms Fishes have a two-chambered heart 1048 Amphibians have a three-chambered heart 1049 Reptiles have exquisite control of pulmonary and systemic circulation 1049 Birds and mammals have fully separated pulmonary and systemic circuits 1050 50.3 How Does the Mammalian Heart Function? 1051 Blood flows from right heart to lungs to left heart to body 1051 The heartbeat originates in the cardiac muscle 1053 A conduction system coordinates the contraction of heart muscle 1054 Electrical properties of ventricular muscles sustain heart contraction 1054 The ECG records the electrical activity of the heart 1055 50.4 What Are the Properties of Blood and Blood Vessels? 1056 Red blood cells transport respiratory gases 1056 Platelets are essential for blood clotting 1057 Blood circulates throughout the body in a system of blood vessels 1058 Materials are exchanged in capillary beds by filtration, osmosis, and diffusion 1058 Blood flows back to the heart through veins 1060 Lymphatic vessels return interstitial fluid to the blood 1061 Vascular disease is a killer 1061 50.5 How Is the Circulatory System Controlled and Regulated? 1062 Autoregulation matches local blood flow to local need 1062 Arterial pressure is regulated by hormonal and neural mechanisms 1063 Chapter 50 opening story: Heart failure in basketball player Reggie Lewis. New chapter-ending question: How can the same mutation-based heart condition be fatal to an athlete but innocuous in most other people? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 50 Revised in-text illustrations of the hearts of fishes, lungfish, and amphibians New 50.5 The Pacemaker Potential New 50.6 The Autonomic Nervous System Controls Heart Rate Revised 50.8 The Action Potential of Ventricular Muscle Fibers; a new part A added that illustrates the three phases of the action potential New Investigating Life Figure 50.9 Hot Fish, Cold Heart -investigates the hypothesis that The bluefin tuna can maintain a fast heart rate at low temperatures because its heart muscle cells cycle Ca2+ more rapidly than in typical fishes. Revised 50.14 A Narrow Lane - line art of the capillary now complements the photo NEW Working with Data Exercise replaces 9/e 50.5, p. 1054 compare to 9/e 50.7, p. 1055 Warm Fish with Cold Hearts Original paper: Landeira-Fernandez, A., M. M. Morrissette, J. M. Blanc, and B.A. Block. 2004. Temperature dependence of the Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2) in the ventricles of tuna and mackerel. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative, and Comparative Physiology 286: R398–R404. Building on new Investigating Figure 50.9, data is presented on Ca2+ uptake by different species of fish at varying temperatures. Students are asked to consider such questions as "How do these data support the hypothesis that bluefin tuna have an increased ability to sequester Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?" and "What does this plot tell you about the properties of the Ca2+/ATPase pumps in the different fish? What is the explanation for the higher rate of Ca2+ uptake in bluefin tuna?" Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 7-10 are new LIFE 10e 51 Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • Coverage of Koch's postulates and the bacterial cause of ulcers is now presented earlier in the book (pp. 541-542) • Chapter coverage is united by a theme of inquiry concerning the roots of obesity. 10e outline 51.1 What Do Animals Require from Food? 9/e outline 1049 51.1 What Do Animals Require from Food? 1068 Energy needs and expenditures can be measured 1049 Sources of energy can be stored in the body 1050 Food provides carbon skeletons for biosynthesis 1051 Animals need mineral elements for a variety of functions 1052 Animals must obtain vitamins from food 1053 Nutrient deficiencies result in diseases 1054 Energy needs and expenditures can be measured 1068 Sources of energy can be stored in the body 1070 Food provides carbon skeletons for biosynthesis 1070 Animals need mineral elements for a variety of functions 1071 Animals must obtain vitamins from food 1072 Nutrient deficiencies result in diseases 1073 51.2 How Do Animals Ingest and Digest Food? 51.2 How Do Animals Ingest and Digest Food? 1074 1054 The food of herbivores is often low in energy and hard to digest 1054 Carnivores must find, capture, and kill prey 1055 Vertebrate species have distinctive teeth 1055 Digestion usually begins in a body cavity 1056 Tubular guts have an opening at each end 1056 Digestive enzymes break down complex food molecules 1057 The food of herbivores is often low in energy and hard to digest 1074 Carnivores must detect, capture, and kill prey 1074 Vertebrate species have distinctive teeth 1074 Digestion usually begins in a body cavity 1075 Tubular guts have an opening at each end 1075 Digestive enzymes break down complex food molecules 1076 51.3 How Does the Vertebrate Gastrointestinal System Function? 1058 51.3 How Does the Vertebrate Gastrointestinal System Function? 1077 The vertebrate gut consists of concentric tissue layers 1058 Mechanical activity moves food through the gut and aids digestion1059 Chemical digestion begins in the mouth and the stomach 1060 The stomach gradually releases its contents to the small intestine 1061 Most chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine 1061 Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine 1063 Absorbed nutrients go to the liver 1063 Water and ions are absorbed in the large intestine 1063 Herbivores rely on microorganisms to digest cellulose 1063 The vertebrate gut consists of concentric tissue layers 1077 Mechanical activity moves food through the gut and aids digestion 1078 Chemical digestion begins in the mouth and the stomach 1079 Stomach ulcers can be caused by a bacterium 1079 The stomach gradually releases its contents to the small intestine 1080 Most chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine 1081 Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine 1082 Absorbed nutrients go to the liver 1083 Water and ions are absorbed in the large intestine 1083 Herbivores rely on microorganisms to digest cellulose 1083 51.4 How Is the Flow of Nutrients Controlled and Regulated? 1064 Hormones control many digestive functions 1065 The liver directs the traffic of the molecules that fuel metabolism 1065 The brain plays a major role in regulating food intake 1067 51.4 How Is the Flow of Nutrients Controlled and Regulated? 1084 Hormones control many digestive functions 1085 The liver directs the traffic of the molecules that fuel metabolism 1085 Regulating food intake is important 1087 Chapter-opening story: 10e Chapter 51 opens with a discussion of “thrifty genes”—particular alleles of the genes involved in digestion, absorption, and energy storage that result in greater-than-average efficiency in converting food into energy reserves, such as fat. New chapter-ending question: Are there genes that predispose a person to obesity? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 51 revised: 51.10 Tissue Layers of the Vertebrate Gut revised: 51.17 Regulating Glucose Levels in the Blood compare to 9/e 51.10, p. 1078 compare to 9e 51.18, p. 1086 NEW Working with Data Exercise Is Leptin a Satiety Signal? Original Papers: Coleman, D. L., and K. P. Hummel. 1969. Effects of parabiosis of normal with genetically diabetic mice. American Journal of Physiology 217: 1298–1304. Coleman, D. L. 1973. Effects of parabiosis of obese with diabetes and normal mice. Diabetologia 9: 294–297. Builds on Investigating Figure 51.18, presenting data from a study investigating the hypothesis that there are two separate genes that signal the brain when enough food has been obtained—one that encodes a satiety signal (leptin) and another that encodes a receptor protein for the signal. Results from studies in which leptin was injected into mice are provided to help students answer questions like, " What factors might explain the loss of body mass in the leptininjected ob/ob mice?" Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 7, 9, and 10 are new LIFE 10e Chapter 52 Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion Features of the 10e Outline 9/e users will find the organization and coverage of Ch. 52 familiar. The focus of the chapter is on how excretory systems maintain homeostasis; the chapter examines a variety of excretory stems and has a comparative emphasis. There is, however, solid coverage of the mammalian kidney and the formation of urine. The opening essay on vampire bats points out that while all animals need water, not all animals drink. With a focus on how different environments require different adaptations, the chapter explores many ways animals obtain water and conserve water. Adaptations evolved in animals living in a salt-water environment are explored as well. • • Coverage of osmoregulation is moderately revised in Section 52.1 Revised and simplified explanations of the renal countercurrent multiplier in Section 52.5. 10e outline 9/e outline 52.1 How Do Excretory Systems Maintain Homeostasis?1072 52.1 How Do Excretory Systems Maintain Homeostasis? 1092 Water enters or leaves cells by osmosis 1072 Excretory systems control extracellular fluid osmolarity and composition 1072 Aquatic invertebrates can conform to or regulate their osmotic and ionic environments 1072 Vertebrates are osmoregulators and ionic regulators 1073 Water enters or leaves cells by osmosis 1092 Excretory systems control extracellular fluid osmolarity and composition 1093 Animals can be osmoconformers or osmoregulators 1093 Animals can be ionic conformers or ionic regulators 1093 52.2 How Do Animals Excrete Nitrogen? 1074 52.2 How Do Animals Excrete Nitrogen? 1094 Animals excrete nitrogen in a number of forms 1074 Most species produce more than one nitrogenous waste 1074 52.3 How Do Invertebrate Excretory Systems Work? Animals excrete nitrogen in a number of forms 1094 Most species produce more than one nitrogenous waste 1095 1075 The protonephridia of flatworms excrete water and conserve salts 1075 The metanephridia of annelids process coelomic fluid 1075 Malpighian tubules of insects use active transport to excrete wastes 1076 52.4 How Do Vertebrates Maintain Salt and Water Balance? 1077 Marine fishes must conserve water 1077 Terrestrial amphibians and reptiles must avoid desiccation 1077 Mammals can produce highly concentrated urine 1078 The nephron is the functional unit of the vertebrate kidney 1078 Blood is filtered into Bowman’s capsule 1078 The renal tubules convert glomerular filtrate to urine 1079 52.5 How Does the Mammalian Kidney Produce Concentrated Urine? 1079 Kidneys produce urine and the bladder stores it 1080 Nephrons have a regular arrangement in the kidney 1081 Most of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule 1082 The loop of Henle creates a concentration gradient in the renal medulla 1082 Water permeability of kidney tubules depends on water channels 1084 The distal convoluted tubule fine-tunes the composition of the urine 1084 Urine is concentrated in the collecting duct 1084 The kidneys help regulate acid–base balance 1084 Kidney failure is treated with dialysis 1085 52.6 How Are Kidney Functions Regulated? 1087 52.3 How Do Invertebrate Excretory Systems Work? 1095 The protonephridia of flatworms excrete water and conserve salts 1095 The metanephridia of annelids process coelomic fluid 1096 The Malpighian tubules of insects depend on active transport 1097 52.4 How Do Vertebrates Maintain Salt and Water Balance? 1097 Marine fishes must conserve water 1098 Terrestrial amphibians and reptiles must avoid desiccation 1098 Mammals can produce highly concentrated urine 1098 The nephron is the functional unit of the vertebrate kidney 1098 Blood is filtered into Bowman’s capsule 1099 The renal tubules convert glomerular filtrate to urine 1100 52.5 How Does the Mammalian Kidney Produce Concentrated Urine? 1100 Kidneys produce urine, and the bladder stores it 1100 Nephrons have a regular arrangement in the kidney 1100 Most of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule 1101 The loop of Henle creates a concentration gradient in the renal medulla 1102 Water permeability of kidney tubules depends on water channels 1103 The distal convoluted tubule fine-tunes the composition of the urine 1104 Urine is concentrated in the collecting duct 1104 The kidneys help regulate acid–base balance 1104 Kidney failure is treated with dialysis 1105 52.6 How Are Kidney Functions Regulated? 1107 Glomerular filtration rate is regulated 1107 Glomerular filtration rate is regulated 1087 Regulation of GFR uses feedback information from the distal tubule 1087 Blood osmolarity and blood pressure are regulated by ADH 1088 The heart produces a hormone that helps lower blood pressure 1090 Blood osmolarity and blood pressure are regulated by ADH 1107 The heart produces a hormone that helps lower blood pressure 1109 Chapter- opening story: 10e Chapter 52 opens by discussing the fascinating way that vampire bats lose fluid after a blood meal. New chapter-ending question: How do desert rodents and vampire bats make highly concentrated urine? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 52 Revised: 52.1 Some Marine Invertebrates osmoregulate Simplified: 52.3 Waste Products of Metabolism Revised: 52.8 A Tour of the Nephron Revised 52.11 The Kidney Excretes Acids and Conserves Bases Revised: 52.16 ADH induces insertion of Aquaporins into Plasma Membranes Revised 52.17 The Ability to Concentrate compare to 9/e Figure 52.1, p. 1093 compare to 9/e 52.3, p. 1095 compare to 9/e 52.8, p. 1099 compare to 9/e 52.13, p. 1106 compare to 9/e 52.17, p. 1109 compare to 9/e 52.11, p. 1104 NEW Working with Data Exercise What Kidney Characteristics Determine Urine Concentrating Ability? original Paper: Schmidt-Nielsen, B. and R. O’Dell. 1961. Structure and concentrating mechanism in the mammalian kidney. American Journal of Physiology Students are presented with data from a classic study of the observation that not all loops of Henle extend all the way to the tip of the medulla— that there are short and long loops of Henle. They are presented with data to help answer the question of whether the concentrating ability of the kidney be a function of the proportion of the loops that are long. Schmidt-Nielsen and O’Dell measured aspects of kidney size and function in several animals from habitats of different aridity and determined the maximum concentration of urine the animals could produce when water deprived. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 7, 9, and 10 are new LIFE 10e 53 Animal Behavior Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • Sections 53.2 and 53.3 streamlined; fewer examples are presented • Section 53.6 includes new coverage of suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and a new study indicating that circadian rhythms can be restored by transplanted SCN tissue, demonstrating that the SCN is sufficient to generate circadian rhythms 10e outline 9/e outline 53.1 What Are the Origins of Behavioral Biology? 1094 53.1 What Are the Origins of Behavioral Biology? 1114 Conditioned reflexes are a simple behavioral mechanism 1094 Ethologists focused on the behavior of animals in their natural environment 1094 Ethologists probed the causes of behavior 1095 Conditioning was the focus of behaviorists 1114 Fixed action patterns were the focus of ethologists 1115 Ethologists probed the causes of behavior 1116 53.2 How Do Genes Influence Behavior? Breeding experiments can produce behavioral phenotypes 1096 Knockout experiments can reveal the roles of specific genes 1096 Behaviors are controlled by gene cascades 1097 Breeding experiments can show whether behavioral phenotypes are genetically determined 1117 Knockout experiments can reveal the roles of specific genes 1117 Behaviors are controlled by gene cascades 1118 53.3 How Does Behavior Develop? 53.3 How Does Behavior Develop? 1119 1096 1098 53.2 How Can Genes Influence Behavior? 1117 Hormones can determine behavioral potential and timing 1098 Some behaviors can be acquired only at certain times 1099 Birdsong learning involves genetics, imprinting, and hormonal timing 1099 The timing and expression of birdsong are under hormonal control Hormones can determine behavioral potential and timing 1119 Some behaviors can be acquired only at certain times 1120 Bird song learning involves genetics, imprinting, and hormonal timing 1121 The timing and expression of bird song are under hormonal control 1122 53.4 How Does Behavior Evolve? 53.4 How Does Behavior Evolve? 1123 1102 Animals are faced with many choices 1103 Behaviors have costs and benefits 1103 Territorial behavior carries significant costs 1103 Cost–benefit analysis can be applied to foraging behavior 1104 53.5 What Physiological Mechanisms Underlie Behavior? 1106 Biological rhythms coordinate behavior with environmental cycles 1106 Animals must find their way around their environment 1109 Animals use multiple modalities to communicate 1110 53.6 How Does Social Behavior Evolve? 1113 Mating systems maximize the fitness of both partners 1113 Fitness can include more than your own offspring 1114 Eusociality is the extreme result of kin selection 1115 Group living has benefits and costs 1116 Animals must make many behavioral choices 1123 Behaviors have costs and benefits 1123 Cost–benefit analysis can be applied to foraging behavior 1125 53.5 What Physiological Mechanisms Underlie Behavior? 1127 Biological rhythms coordinate behavior with environmental cycles 1127 Animals must find their way around their environment 1129 Animals use multiple modalities to communicate 1131 53.6 How Does Social Behavior Evolve? 1133 Mating systems maximize the fitness of both partners 1134 Fitness can include more than producing offspring 1135 Eusociality is the extreme result of kin selection 1136 Group living has benefits and costs 1137 Can the concepts of sociobiology be applied to humans? 1116 NEW Chapter-opening story: 10e Chapter 53 opens with a story on cowbird behavior: Cowbird eggs have been found in the nests of at least 220 other species. New chapter-ending question: Could cowbird behaviors create selective pressure for host species not to develop egg discrimination behavior? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 53 New: 53.8 Practice Makes Perfect when male zebra fi 9/e figures omitted in the 10e Figure 53.3 Courtship displays Figure 53.4 Genes and hygienic behavior replaces 9/e Figure 53,9, p. 1121 nches (Taeniopygia guttata) sing alone, they improvise (undirected song), but when they sing in the presence of a female, they sing a stereotyped (directed) song. New: 53.14 The Brain Clock Can Be Transplanted New: 53.21 Favoring Sisters over Daughters. Female honey bees are diploid and males are haploid. Thus if a female worker bee were to reproduce, she would share approximately 50 percent of her genes with her daughters. However, she shares an average of 75 percent of her genes with her sisters NEW Working with Data Exercise Why Put Up with a Parasite? original Paper Hoover, J. P. and S. K. Robinson. 2007. Retaliatory mafia behavior by a parasitic cowbird favors host acceptance of parasitic eggs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Following up on the chapter-opening story on cowbirds, we are given an investigation of the observation of “mafia behavior” in cowbirds, in which the parasitic female returns to the host nest and, if her eggs have been removed, destroys the nest completely. Data on the incidence of nest destruction by cowbirds and the average number of warbler offspring fledged per warbler nest in each treatment category is presented, and students are asked to consider such questions as, " Under which conditions were warblers most successful? Under which conditions were warbler nests most likely to be destroyed?" Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Question 11 is new LIFE 10e 54 Ecology and the Distribution of Life Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • While the chapter outline is subtly changed, the chapter itself features numerous improvements, especially to illustrations. Illustrations have been reordered and many now include improved color coding and numbered balloon captions, which help students follow details in the diagrams. • Copy on aquatic biomes has been moved up and expanded in Section 54.4, and includes a more synthetic explanation of how aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric components integrate toinfluence the distribution and abundance of life on Earth • New visually oriented chapter-ending exercises build students' problem-solving skills. 10e outline 54.1 What Is Ecology? 9/e outline 1122 54.1 What Is Ecology? 1141 Ecology is not the same as environmentalism 1122 Ecologists study biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems 1122 Ecology is not the same as environmentalism 1141 Ecologists study biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems 1142 54.2 Why Do Climates Vary Geographically? 54.2 Why Do Climates Vary Geographically? 1142 1122 Solar radiation varies over Earth’s surface 1123 Solar energy input determines atmospheric circulation patterns 1124 Atmospheric circulation and Earth’s rotation result in prevailing winds 1124 Prevailing winds drive ocean currents 1124 Organisms adapt to climatic challenges 1125 54.3 How Is Life Distributed in Terrestrial Environments? 1126 Tundra is found at high latitudes and high elevations 1128 Evergreen trees dominate boreal and temperate evergreen forests 1129 Temperate deciduous forests change with the seasons 1130 Temperate grasslands are widespread 1131 Hot deserts form around 30° latitude 1132 Cold deserts are high and dry 1133 Chaparral has hot, dry summers and wet, cool winters 1134 Thorn forests and tropical savannas have similar climates 1135 Tropical deciduous forests occur in hot lowlands 1136 Tropical rainforests are rich in species 1137 54.4 How Is Life Distributed in Aquatic Environments? 1139 The marine biome can be divided into several life zones 1139 Freshwater biomes may be rich in species 1140 Estuaries have characteristics of both freshwater and marine environments 1141 54.5 What Factors Determine the Boundaries of Biogeographic Regions? 1141 Geological history influences the distribution of organisms 1141 Two scientific advances changed the field of biogeography 1142 Discontinuous distributions may result from vicariant or dispersal events 1143 Humans exert a powerful influence on biogeographic patterns 1145 Global climates are solar powered 1142 Solar energy input determines atmospheric circulation patterns 1142 Global oceanic circulation is driven by wind patterns 1143 Organisms adapt to climatic challenges 1144 54.3 What Is a Biome? 1146 Tundra is found at high latitudes and high elevations 1147 Evergreen trees dominate boreal forests 1148 Temperate deciduous forests change with the seasons 1149 Temperate grasslands are widespread 1150 Hot deserts form around 30° latitude 1151 Cold deserts are high and dry 1152 Chaparral has hot, dry summers and wet, cool winters 1153 Thorn forests and tropical savannas have similar climates 1154 Tropical deciduous forests occur in hot lowlands 1155 Tropical evergreen forests are rich in species 1156 Biome distribution is not determined solely by temperature 1157 54.4 What Is a Biogeographic Region? 1157 Geological history influenced the distribution of organisms 1157 Two scientific advances changed the field of biogeography 1159 Biotic interchange follows fusion of land masses 1160 Vicariant events influence distribution patterns 1161 Humans exert a powerful influence on biogeographic patterns 1162 54.5 How Is Life Distributed in Aquatic Environments? 1163 The oceans can be divided into several life zones 1163 Freshwater environments may be rich in species 1164 Estuaries have characteristics of both freshwater and marine environments 1164 NEW Chapter- opening story: 10e Chapter 54 opens with a story on the remarkable hardiness of the fynbos plant -- and how Today more than 1,700 fynbos species are threatened with extinction. New chapter-ending question: What is it about the western edges of continents that promotes tough, shrubby plant communities such as fynbos? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 54 Revised: 54.1 Solar Energy Input Varies with Latitude New 54.2 Seasonal Change Is the Result of the Tilt of Earth’s Axis Revised: 54.3 Air Circulation in Earth’s Atmosphere Revised: 54.4 Prevailing Winds Revised: 54.5 Oceanic Circulation Revised: 54.9 Life zones of the Marine Biome New: 54.10 Life zones in a Freshwater Lake Revised: 54.12 Earth’s Biogeographic Regions Revised: 54.14 Phylogenetic Tree to Area Phylogeny NEW Working with Data Exercise compare with 9/e 54.1, p. 1142 compare with 9/e 54.2, p. 1143 compare with 9/e 54.3A, p. 1144 compare with 9/e 54.3b, p. 1144 compare with 9/e Figure 54.14, p. 1163 compare to 9/e 54.8, p. 1158 compare to 9/e 54.11, p. 1161 Walter Climate Diagrams original source: Devised by the German biogeographer Heinrich Walter in 1979 Given an example of a Walter diagram, students are asked to create their own Walter diagrams given data on several cities. They are then asked to address such questions as, " Based solely on your diagrams, which biome do you think is represented by each location?" and " How do you explain the temperature disparity between London and Moscow, both of which lie in a similar latitude of Europe?" Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 6. 7, 8, and 10 are new LIFE 10e 55 Population Ecology Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • Former Section 55.1 has been divided into two sections, one on the measurement of populations and the other on population dynamics. Life tables are now covered in Section 55.2 • Coverage of survivorship curves is expanded and clarified in Section 55.2 • New exercises provide opportunities for students to see how ecological data are acquired in the laboratory and in the field, how these data are analyzed, and how the results are applied to answer questions 10e outline 55.1 How Do Ecologists Measure Populations? 9/e outline 1150 55.1 How Do Ecologists Study Populations? 1168 Ecologists use a variety of approaches to count and track individuals 1150 Ecologists can estimate population densities from samples 1151 A population’s age structure influences its capacity to grow 1151 A population’s dispersion pattern reflects how individuals are distributed in space 1152 Ecologists use a variety of approaches to count and track individuals 1168 Population densities can be estimated from samples 1169 Populations have age structures and dispersion patterns 1169 Changes in population size can be estimated from repeated density measurements 1171 Life tables track demographic events 1171 55.2 How Do Ecologists Study Population Dynamics? 1153 55.2 How Do Environmental Conditions Affect Life Histories? 1173 Demographic events determine the size of a population 1153 Life tables track demographic events 1154 Survivorship curves reflect life history strategies 1155 55.3 How Do Environmental Conditions Affect Life Histories? 1156 Survivorship and fecundity determine a population’s growth rate 1156 Life history traits vary with environmental conditions 1156 Life history traits are influenced by interspecific interactions 1157 55.4 What Factors Limit Population Densities? 1157 All populations have the potential for exponential growth 1157 Logistic growth occurs as a population approaches its carrying capacity 1158 Population growth can be limited by density-dependent or densityindependent factors 1159 Different population regulation factors lead to different life history strategies 1159 Several ecological factors explain species’ characteristic population densities 1159 Some newly introduced species reach high population densities 1160 Evolutionary history may explain species abundances 1160 55.5 How Does Habitat Variation Affect Population Dynamics? 1161 Many populations live in separated habitat patches 1161 Corridors may allow subpopulations to persist 1162 55.6 How Can We Use Ecological Principles to Manage Populations? 1163 Management plans must take life history strategies into account 1163 Management plans must be guided by the principles of population dynamics 1163 Human population growth has been exponential 1164 Survivorship and fecundity determine a population’s intrinsic rate of increase 1173 Life history traits vary with environmental conditions 1173 Life history traits are influenced by interspecific interactions 1174 55.3 What Factors Limit Population Densities? 1174 All populations have the potential for exponential growth 1174 Logistic growth occurs as a population approaches its carrying capacity 1175 Population growth can be limited by density-dependent or densityindependent factors 1176 Different population regulation factors lead to different life histories 1176 Several factors explain why some species achieve higher population densities than others 1176 Evolutionary history may explain species abundances 1178 55.4 How Does Habitat Variation Affect Population Dynamics? 1178 Many populations live in separated habitat patches 1178 Corridors allow subpopulations to persist 1179 55.5 How Can Populations Be Managed Scientifically? 1180 Population management plans must take life history strategies into account 1180 Population management plans must be guided by the principles of population dynamics 1180 Human population increase has been exponential 1181 Chapter-opening story: 10e Chapter 55 opens with the story of the tragic loss of the reindeer population at St. Matthews island due to overpopulation. New chapter-ending question: Why did introduced reindeer populations persist on the island of South Georgia but not on the island of St. Matthew? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 55 Revised: 55.1 Identifying Individuals New 55.2 The Mark–Recapture Method New Table 55.1 Life Table for the 1978 Cohort of Geospiza scandens on Isla Daphne Revised: 55.5 Survivorship Curves Revised: 55.7 Exponential Population Growth Can Lead to a Population Crash Revised: 55.12 Corridors Can Rescue Some Populations NEW Working with Data Exercise compare to 9/e 55.1, p-. 1169 replaces 9/e Table 55.1 compare to 9/e Figure 55.4, p. 1173 compare to 9/e Figure 55.6, p. 1175 compare to 9/e 55.11, p. 1179 Monitoring Tick Populations Original Paper: Falco, R. C. and O. Fish. 1988. Prevalence of Ixodes dammini near the homes of Lyme disease patients in Westchester County, New York. American Journal of Epidemiolology. Building on the new figure on the mark-recapture method, which features tick counts, this exercise provides students with counts and areas, and asks them to extrapolate how many ticks might be found in a given lawn. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Question 10 is new LIFE 10e 56 Species Interactions and Coevolution Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • Chapter 56 describes species interactions and how they evolve. The coevolution of species is a key theme of the chapter: reciprocal adaptations emerging from predator-prey interactions (the evolution of teeth and claws, the emergence of defensive weapons such as aposematism and mimicry are described along with reciprocal adaptations emerging from herbivory and parasitism. Section 56.3 is devoted to how mutualistic interactions evolve, touching upon diffuse coevolution. Section 56.4 describes various results of competition, including the evolution of niches and guilds. • Subsections of Section 56.3 have been rearranged to present the general case before the specific 10e outline 9/e outline 56.1 What Types of Interactions Do Ecologists Study? 1170 56.1 What Types of Interactions Do Ecologists Study? 1186 Interactions among species can be grouped into several categories1170 Interaction types are not always clear-cut 1171 Some types of interactions result in coevolution 1171 Interactions among species can be grouped into several categories 1186 Some types of interactions result in coevolution 1188 56.2 How Do Antagonistic Interactions Evolve? Predator–prey interactions result in a range of adaptations 1172 Herbivory is a widespread interaction 1175 Parasite–host interactions may be pathogenic 1176 Predator–prey interactions result in a range of adaptations 1189 Herbivory is a widespread interaction 1190 Microparasite–host interactions may be pathogenic 1192 Most ectoparasites have adaptations for holding onto their hosts 1193 56.3 How Do Mutualistic Interactions Evolve? 56.3 How Do Mutualistic Interactions Evolve? 1194 1172 1177 56.2 How Do Antagonistic Interactions Evolve? 1188 Some mutualistic partners exchange food for care or transport 1178 Some mutualistic partners exchange food or housing for defense 1178 Plants and pollinators exchange food for pollen transport 1180 Plants and frugivores exchange food for seed transport 1181 Plants and pollinators exchange food for pollen transport 1194 Plants and frugivores exchange food for seed transport 1196 Some mutualistic partners exchange food for care or transport 1196 Some mutualistic partners exchange food or housing for defense 1196 56.4 What Are the Outcomes of Competition? 56.4 What Are the Outcomes of Competition? 1198 1182 Competition is widespread because all species share resources 1182 Interference competition may restrict habitat use 1183 Exploitation competition may lead to coexistence 1183 Species may compete indirectly for a resource 1184 Competition may determine a species’ niche 1184 Competition is widespread because all species share resources 1198 Interference competition may restrict habitat use 1198 Exploitation competition may lead to coexistence 1198 Species may compete indirectly for a resource 1199 Consumers may influence the outcome of competition 1199 Competition may determine a species’ niche 1199 Chapter-opening story: 10e Chapter 56 opens with a story on the coevolution of leaf-cutter ants and a type of fungi on which they depend. New chapter-ending question: The fungi in leafcutter nests cannot survive without the ants, but can leafcutter ants survive without the fungus? 9/e figures omitted or moved 56.5 What you see is what you get 56.10 See like a bee NEW ch 56 Working with Data Exercise A Complex Species Interaction Original Paper Ness, J. H. 2006. A mutualism’s indirect costs: The most aggressive plant bodyguards also deter pollinators. Oikos 113: 506–514. Ness collected data on visitation by bee pollinators from F. wislizeni colonized by each of four ant species. Using this data, students are asked QUESTION 1 Which ant species is the best defender against herbivores? QUESTION 2 In the presence of which ant species are bees most likely to forage? QUESTION 3 Why do you think that the reproductive success of these plants (as measured by seed mass and number of seeds produced) varies according to which ants are guarding them? Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 6, 8, 9, 10 are new LIFE 10e 57 Community Ecology Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • While the outlines of the 9/e and 10e chapters are nearly identical, many subtle and worthwhile changes were made, particularly to improve illustrations. • Data have been added to several figures to emphasize how ecologists conduct field experiments. • Rather than defer this topic to the ecosystems chapter, LIFE 10e Ch 57 opens with trophic flows, tracing species distributions to energy flows through a community and explores how productivity and species richness are linked. • Coverage of MacArthur and Wilson’s Theory of Island Biogeography has been revised and expanded; the concept of habitat islands is introduced. 10e outline 57.1 What Are Ecological Communities? 9/e outline 1189 57.1 What Are Ecological Communities? 1204 Energy enters communities through primary producers 1189 Consumers use diverse sources of energy 1190 Fewer individuals and less biomass can be supported at higher trophic levels 1190 Productivity and species diversity are linked 1192 Energy enters communities through primary producers 1204 Consumers use diverse sources of energy 1205 Fewer individuals and less biomass can be supported at higher trophic levels 1206 Productivity and species richness are linked 1206 57.2 How Do Interactions among Species Influence Communities? 1193 57.2 How Do Interactions among Species Influence Community Structure? 1208 Species interactions can cause trophic cascades 1193 Keystone species have disproportionate effects on their communities 1194 Species interactions can cause trophic cascades 1208 Keystone species have wide-ranging effects 1209 57.3 What Patterns of Species Diversity Have Ecologists Observed? 1195 Diversity comprises both the number and the relative abundance of species 1195 Ecologists have observed latitudinal gradients in diversity 1196 The theory of island biogeography suggests that immigration and extinction rates determine diversity on islands 1196 57.4 How Do Disturbances Affect Ecological Communities? 1199 Succession is the predictable pattern of change in a community after a disturbance 1199 Both facilitation and inhibition influence succession 1201 Cyclical succession requires adaptation to periodic disturbances 1201 Heterotrophic succession generates distinctive communities 1202 57.5 How Does Species Richness Influence Community Stability? 1202 Species richness is associated with productivity and stability 1202 Diversity, productivity, and stability differ between natural and managed communities 1202 57.3 What Patterns of Species Diversity Have Ecologists Observed? 1210 A community’s diversity can be measured with a diversity index 1210 Latitudinal gradients in diversity are observed in both hemispheres 1211 The theory of island biogeography suggests that species richness reaches an equilibrium 1212 57.4 How Do Disturbances Affect Ecological Communities? 1214 Succession is the predictable pattern of change in a community after a disturbance 1214 Both facilitation and inhibition influence succession 1215 Cyclical succession requires adaptation to periodic disturbances 1216 Heterotrophic succession generates distinctive communities 1216 57.5 How Does Species Richness Influence Community Stability? 1217 Species-rich communities use resources more efficiently 1217 Diversity, productivity, and stability differ between natural and managed communities 1218 Chapter-opening story: 10e Chapter 57 begins by describing how an understanding of insect ecology was useful in forensics: determining the date of death of a corpse found rotting in a German forest. New chapter-ending question: How do the insect species in a corpse community influence one another’s abilityto survive? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 57 New 57.1 Ecological Communities Exist at Different Scales Revised 57.2 Energy Flow through Trophic Levels Revised 57.3 Food Webs Show Trophic Interactions in a Community New Table 57.1 The Major Trophic Levels Revised 57.6 Wolves Initiated a Trophic Cascade in Yellowstone National Park Revised 57.7 Ochre Sea Stars Are a Keystone Species New 57.10 The Species–Area Relationship Revised 57.11 MacArthur and Wilson’s Theory of Island Biogeography Compare to 9/e 57.1, p. 1205 Compare to 9/e 57.2, p. 1206 compare to 9/e 57.5, p, 1208 compare to 9/e 57.6, p. 1209 compare to 9/e 57.9, p. 1212 NEW Working with Data Exercise Latitudinal Gradients in Pitcher Plant Communities original Paper Buckley, H. L., T. E. Miller, A. Ellison, and N. J. Gotelli. 2003. Reverse latitudinal trend in the species richness of an entire community at two spatial scales. Ecology Letters 6: 825–829. In this exercise, students are provided with a summary of a study in which researchers determined the relative abundances of all species of invertebrates (including insect larvae), heterotrophic protists (protozoa), and bacteria present in each of 20 pitcher plants collected at each of 39 sites. Students then are asked to consider such questions as: Overall, does this community display a typical diversity gradient with latitude? Of the individual taxa, which ones depart from the typical diversity gradient? Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 8, 9, and 11 are new LIFE 10e 58 Ecosystems and Global Ecology Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • Improvements in section headings make the topical coverage in this chapter more obvious. Better partitioning of coverage of tropic levels between this chapter and Chapter 57 along with integration of prior coverage of ecosystem types, allows Ch. 58 to tie the entire ecology unit together nicely. • Ch. 58 picks up on the energy theme developed in the prior chapter to consider how energy flows and flows of elements make an environment more or less suitable for any given species. The chapter introduces the compartments of the global ecosystem and how materials cycle through them. • Section 58.1 is significantly revised, particularly with respect to coverage of NPP. • Section 58.2 commences with the concept of flux as an introduction to the layers of the atmosphere and the compartments of the biosphere. 10e outline 9/e outline 58.1 How Does Energy Flow through the Global Ecosystem? 1208 58.1 What Are the Compartments of the Global Ecosystem? 1222 Energy flows and chemicals cycle through ecosystems 1208 The geographic distribution of energy flow is uneven 1208 Human activities modify the flow of energy 1210 Energy flows and materials cycle through ecosystems 1222 The atmosphere regulates temperatures close to Earth’s surface 1223 The oceans receive materials from the other compartments 1224 Water moves rapidly through lakes and streams 1225 Land covers about a quarter of Earth’s surface 1226 58.2 How Do Materials Move through the Global Ecosystem? 1210 Elements move between biotic and abiotic compartments of ecosystems 1211 The atmosphere contains large pools of the gases required by living organisms 1211 The terrestrial surface is influenced by slow geological processes 1213 Water transports elements among compartments 1213 Fire is a major mover of elements 1214 58.3 How Do Specific Nutrients Cycle through the Global Ecosystem? 1214 Water cycles rapidly through the ecosystem 1215 The carbon cycle has been altered by human activities 1216 The nitrogen cycle depends on both biotic and abiotic processes 1218 The burning of fossil fuels affects the sulfur cycle 1219 The global phosphorus cycle lacks a significant atmospheric component 1220 Other biogeochemical cycles are also important 1221 Biogeochemical cycles interact 1221 58.4 What Goods and Services Do Ecosystems Provide? 1223 58.5 How Can Ecosystems Be Sustainably Managed? 1224 58.2 How Does Energy Flow through the Global Ecosystem? 1227 The geographic distribution of energy flow is uneven 1227 Human activities modify the flow of energy 1228 58.3 How Do Materials Cycle through the Global Ecosystem? 1229 Water transfers materials from one compartment to another 1229 Fire is a major mover of elements 1230 The carbon cycle has been altered by human activities 1230 Recent perturbations of the nitrogen cycle have had adverse effects on ecosystems 1232 The burning of fossil fuels affects the sulfur cycle 1234 The global phosphorus cycle lacks a significant atmospheric component 1235 Other biogeochemical cycles are also important 1236 Biogeochemical cycles interact 1236 58.4 What Services Do Ecosystems Provide? 1237 58.5 How Can Ecosystems Be Sustainably Managed? 1238 New opening story: Chapter 58 opens with a discussion of the decline of the Atlantic croaker in the Gulf Coast area, and how this is a harbinger of the extent of the gulf coast dead zone. New chapter-ending question: How can we determine to what extent dead zones result from human actions and to what extent they are the result of natural processes? New and Revised Illustrations in 10e Ch 58 New 58.1 Energy Flows and Chemical Nutrients Cycle through Ecosystems Revised 58.2 Energy Flow Contributions by Ecosystem Type Revised 58.3 Geographic Variation in Terrestrial NPP New 58.4 Geographic Variation in Marine NPP New 58.5 Chemical Elements Cycle through the Biosphere Revised 58.12 Higher Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations Correlate with Warmer Temperatures -- new data incorporated Revised 58.13 Shrinking Ice Caps -- new NASA image compare to 9/e 58.6, p. 1227 compare to 9/e 58.7, p. 1228 compare to 9/e Figure 58.11, p. 1232 compare to 9/e Figure 58.12, p. 1232 NEW Working with Data Exercise How Does Molybdenum Concentration Affect Nitrogen Fixation? original paper Hungate, B. A. et al. 2004. CO2 elicits long-term decline in nitrogen fixation. Science 304: 1291. Because nitrogen-fixing plants are sensitive to light availability ,an alternative explanation for the results in Figure 15.18 is that increased shading resulting from greater leaf area of the CO2-stimulated plants could have caused the subsequent decline in fixation. To test this possibility, the investigators computed the leafarea index (LAI), a measure of the amount of leaf-surface area per unit of ground area. Students are asked to consider a regression analysis that the authors claim provides strong evidence in favor of low availability of molybdenum rather than low light availability as the reason for the decline in rate of nitrogen fixation. Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • Chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Question 10 is new LIFE 10e 59 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Chapter Features of the 10e Outline • While the 9/e and 10/e outlines are similar, the 10e chapter has been updated throughout, sadly to record larger numbers of threatened species and larger biological hot spots. 10e outline 59.1 What Is Conservation Biology? 9/e outline 1229 59.1 What Is Conservation Biology? 1243 Conservation biology aims to protect and manage biodiversity 1229 Biodiversity has great value to human society 1230 Conservation biology aims to protect and manage biodiversity 1243 Biodiversity has great value to human society 1244 59.2 How Do Conservation Biologists Predict Changes in Biodiversity? 1230 59.2 How Do Biologists Predict Changes in Biodiversity? 1245 Our knowledge of biodiversity is incomplete 1230 We can predict the effects of human activities on biodiversity 1231 Our knowledge of biodiversity is incomplete 1245 We can predict the effects of human activities on biodiversity 1246 59.3 What Human Activities Threaten Species Persistence? 1232 59.3 What Factors Threaten Species Persistence? 1247 Habitat losses endanger species 1233 Overexploitation has driven many species to extinction 1234 Invasive predators, competitors, and pathogens threaten many species 1235 Rapid climate change can cause species extinctions 1236 Species are endangered by the degradation, destruction, and fragmentation of their habitats 1247 Overexploitation has driven many species to extinction 1248 Invasive predators, competitors, and pathogens threaten many species 1249 Rapid climate change can cause species extinctions 1249 59.4 What Strategies Are Used to Protect Biodiversity? 1237 59.4 What Strategies Do Biologists Use to Protect Biodiversity? 1251 Protected areas preserve habitat and prevent overexploitation 1237 Degraded ecosystems can be restored 1237 Disturbance patterns sometimes need to be restored 1239 Ending trade is crucial to saving some species 1240 Species invasions must be controlled or prevented 1241 Biodiversity has economic value 1241 Changes in human-dominated landscapes can help protect biodiversity 1243 Captive breeding programs can maintain a few species 1244 Earth is not a ship, a spaceship, or an airplane 1244 Protected areas preserve habitat and prevent overexploitation 1251 Degraded ecosystems can be restored 1252 Disturbance patterns sometimes need to be restored 1253 Ending trade is crucial to saving some species 1254 Invasions of exotic species must be controlled or prevented 1254 Biodiversity can have market value 1255 Simple changes can help protect biodiversity 1256 Captive breeding programs can maintain a few species 1257 The legacy of Samuel Plimsoll 1257 Chapter-opening story: The book wraps up with a cascade effect story which emphasizes the chapter's theme of conservation biology. In the 1980s, flocks of migrating bald eagles gorged on the abundant kokanee spawning upstream of Flathead Lake in Glacier National Park. The sight was a tremendous tourist draw every fall. Without the salmon, fewer eagles visit the area, and without the eagles, there are fewer tourists. New chapter-ending question: How can adverse impacts of species introductions be anticipated before lasting damage occurs? Revised 59.3 Species at Risk of Extinction -- updated compare to 9/e 59.4, p. 1247 Revised 59.4 The Disappearing Rainforest -- updated compare to 9/e Figure 59.3, p. 1246 Revised 59.6 Species Losses in Fragmented Brazilian compare to 9/e Figure 59.6, p. 1248 Forest -- updated, now data driven Revised 59.10 Hotspots of Biodiversity - updated compare to 9/e Figure 59.10, p-. 1251 Revised 59.11 Centers of Imminent Extinction compare to 9/e Figure 59.11 -- updated New 59.20 Three Steps to Invasion Changes in end-of-chapter Exercises • 11 chapter-ending questions are arrayed according to Bloom's Taxonomy • Questions 7-9 are new
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