3(4) ADP + 3(4) Pi  3(4) ATP + 3(4) H2O
Noncyclic photophosphorylation
Cyclic photophosphorylation
1(4) photons
PS II
(P680)
4 e-
electron
acceptor
4 e-
PS I
(P700)
4 e-
electron
acceptor
4 e-
4 H+ + 2 NADP+  2 NADPH + 2 H+
Reduction of NADP+
4 e4 photons
4 photons
2 H2O  O2 + 4 H+
Oxidation of water
2 NADP+
Noncyclic electron transport
Figure 17.1
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
6 ATP
6 ADP + 6 Pi
6 PGA
6 [  ]
6 H+ + 6 NADPH
3 CO2 + 3 H2O
3 []
6 NADP+
3 RuBP
3 [    ]
1 PGaldehyde
5 PGaldehyde
1 [  ]
5 [  ]
3 ADP + 3 Pi
3 ATP
Figure 17.2
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Stomatal Conductance
(mmol CO2 m-2 s-1)
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
0
200
400
600
800 1000 1200 1400
Stomatal Conductance
(mmol CO2 m-2 s-1)
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (mol
m-2
-5
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
Foliage Water Potential (MPa)
5
-2.5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Temperature (C)
50
0.0
0
s-1)
25C
35C
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Vapor Pressure Deficit (kPa)
Figure 17.3
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Net CO2 Flux
CO2 Flux
Photosynthesis
Net
Respiration
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
-10C
25C
45C
Temperature (C)
Figure 17.4
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Net Photosynthesis (mol m-2 s-1)
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
0
0
0
200
400
600
-5
800 1000 1200 1400
0
5
10
Net Photosynthesis (mol m-2 s-1)
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (mol m-2 s-1)
Net Photosynthesis (mol m-2 s-1)
20
25
30
35
40
Temperature (C)
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
0
0
25C
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
35C
0.0
Foliage Water Potential (MPa)
Figure 17.5
15
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
0
0
100
200
300
400
CO2 Concentration (ppm)
500
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Vapor Pressure Deficit (kPa)
8
0
1.0
600
1.00
1.25
1.50
Foliage Nitrogen (g
1.75
m-2)
2.00
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Transpiration
0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Transpiration (mmol H2O m-2 s-1)
Photosynthesis
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Transpiration (mmol H2O m-2 s-1)
Net Photosynthesis (mol CO2 m-2 s-1)
Net Photosynthesis (mol CO2 m-2 s-1)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Stomatal Conductance (mmol CO2 m-2 s-1)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Stomatal Conductance (mmol CO2 m-2 s-1)
Figure 17.6
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Maximum Photosynthesis
(mol CO2 m-2 s-1)
35
desert
annual
Herbaceous
30
Woody
25
Mediterranean
shrub
20
temperate
deciduous
15
semi-arid
shrub
10
savanna
grass
5
tropical
swamp
boreal conifer
tundra
tundra ever.
shrub
tundra decid.
shrub
tropical
rainforest
0
0
100
200
300
400
Maximum Leaf Conductance (mmol H2O m-2 s-1)
Figure 17.7
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Photosynthesis (mol CO2 m-2 s-1)
20
15
Wj
10
Wc
5
Wj
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
PPFD (mol photons m-2 s-1)
Figure 17.8
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
350
Desert annual and perennial
Jmax (mol m-2 s-1)
300
250
200
150
100
Crop (monocot)
Herb
Shrub
Vegetable
Temperate broadleaf
deciduous tree
Tropical tree
Crop (dicot)
Fruit tree
50
Temperate needleleaf evergreen tree
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Vmax (mol m-2 s-1)
Figure 17.9
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Maximum Net Photosynthesis
(nmol CO2 g-1 s-1)
200
150
100
50
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
300
350
Maximum Net Photosynthesis
(nmol CO2 g-1 s-1)
Leaf Nitrogen (mg N g-1)
200
150
100
50
0
0
50
100
150
200
Leaf Nitrogen (mg N g-1)
Specific Leaf Area
250
(cm 2
g-1)
35
30
25
20
15
10
Broadleaf deciduous tree
Needleleaf evergreen tree
5
0
Figure 17.10
0
50
100 150 200 250 300
Specific Leaf Area (cm 2 g-1)
350
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Leaf Respiration (nmol CO2 g-1 s-1)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Leaf Respiration (nmol CO2 g-1 s-1)
0
Leaf Respiration (nmol CO2 g-1 s-1)
20
30
40
50
Leaf Nitrogen (mg N g-1)
60
70
Broadleaf forb
Broadleaf shrub
Broadleaf tree
Needleleaf tree
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
Figure 17.11
10
12
24 36 48 60 72 84
Leaf Lifespan (months)
96
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
100
200
300
400
Specific Leaf Area (cm 2 g-1)
500
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan