Be reviewing for test!
After test…
• Work on Endocrine
System Handout
• High School pg 313 – 329
• College pg 612, 619 - 642
1. What is the difference between a negative feedback mechanism and a
positive feedback mechanism?
2. How do the four major tissue types differ structurally and functionally?
3. Discuss two factors that affect bone remodeling throughout life.
4. Describe the mechanism of the sliding filament theory, be sure to include
the proper names and terminology for structures.
5. Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
system.
6. What path does blood take through the heart and body?
7. Explain how vaccines work to provide the body with immunity.
8. Describe the importance of the villi and microvilli in the digestive system.
Be
Reviewing
for your
Performance
Task!
Pull Out
Endocrine
Handout from
Friday and
Begin Working
on it.
High School pg 313 – 329
College pg 612, 619 – 642
• Performance Task for
seniors FRIDAY 4/28
• Urinary System Exam must
be made up by this FRIDAY
• Digestive System Exam
Corrections Due FRIDAY
• Urinary System Exam
Corrections BEGIN next
Monday
Urinary System Exam Data
Period
Average
Highest
A
B
C
D
F
1
71.50
107
3
6
2
2
5
2
79.50
110
11
6
2
2
5
3
76.80
110
7
8
7
2
6
4
69.08
100
5
4
4
5
7
5
78.67
107
7
7
8
2
3
6
67.52
110
3
6
2
5
7
Major
Endocrine
Organs
• Pituitary
• Thyroid
• Parathyroid
• Adrenal
• Pineal
• Thymus
• Pancreas
• Hypothalamus
• Gonads
– Ovaries and Testes
Pituitary
Gland
• Two functional lobes
– Anterior pituitary
– Posterior pituitary
• Often called the “master endocrine
gland”
– Controls activity of so many other
endocrine glands
What is the
difference
between
TROPIC
and
NONTROPIC
Hormones?
• High School pg 314
• College pg 622
Hormones
of the
Anterior
Pituitary
• Six anterior pituitary hormones
– Two affect non-endocrine targets (does
not stimulate other glands)
•
Growth hormone
•
Prolactin
– Four stimulate other endocrine glands
(tropic hormones)
•
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
•
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
•
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Figure 9.4
Hormones
of the
Anterior
Pituitary
• Growth hormone
– General metabolic hormone
– Major effects are directed to growth of
skeletal muscles and long bones
Hormones
of the
Anterior
Pituitary
Gigantism
Figure 9.5a
Hormones
of the
Anterior
Pituitary
Dwarfism
Figure 9.5b
Hormones
of the
Anterior
Pituitary
• Prolactin (PRL)
– Stimulates and maintains milk
production following childbirth
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
– Regulates thyroid gland
Hormones
of the
Anterior
Pituitary
• Gonadotropic hormones
– Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
•
Stimulates follicle development in
ovaries
•
Stimulates sperm development in
testes
– Luteinizing hormone (LH)
•
Triggers ovulation of an egg in females
•
Stimulates testosterone production in
males
Hormones
of the
Posterior
Pituitary
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
– Inhibits urine production by promoting
water reabsorption by the kidneys
– In large amounts, causes
vasoconstriction leading to increased
blood pressure
• Oxytocin
– Stimulates contractions of the uterus
during labor
– Causes milk ejection in a nursing woman
Hormones
of the
Posterior
Pituitary
Figure 9.6
What is an
antagonist? • Performance Task for
Remember back to what it
meant with our muscles.
seniors FRIDAY 4/28
• Urinary System Exam must
What would it mean
for a hormone to be be made up by this FRIDAY
an antagonist to • Digestive System Exam
another? Corrections Due FRIDAY
Identify the • Urinary System Exam
Antagonists in Corrections BEGIN next
your list of Monday
hormones
Thyroid
Gland
• Thyroid hormone
– Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3)
– Determines rate of Glucose Breakdown
(controls your metabolism)
Figure 9.7a
Hypothyroidism
(Iodine Deficiency)
Thyroid
Gland
• Calcitonin
– Decreases blood calcium levels by
activating osteoblasts in bone
– Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid
Glands
• Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
– Increases Blood calcium levels
•
Stimulate osteoclasts to remove
calcium from bone
•
Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to
absorb more calcium
Hormonal
Regulation
of Calcium
in Blood
Calcitonin
stimulates
calcium salt
deposit
in bone
Calcitonin
Thyroid gland
releases
calcitonin
Thyroid
gland
Rising
blood
Ca2+
levels
Calcium homeostasis of blood
9–11 mg/100 ml
Falling
blood
Ca2+
levels
Thyroid
gland
Osteoclasts
degrade bone
matrix and release
Ca2+ into blood
Parathyroid
glands
PTH
Parathyroid
glands release
parathyroid
hormone (PTH)
Figure 9.10, step 11
Hormones
of the
Adrenal
Medulla
Short –Term Responses
• Produces two similar hormones
(catecholamines)
– Epinephrine (adrenaline)
– Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
• These hormones prepare the body to
deal with short-term stress (“fight or
flight”) by
– Increasing heart rate, blood pressure,
blood glucose levels
– Dilating small passageways of lungs
Hormones
of the
Adrenal
Cortex
Long –Term Responses
• Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoids)
– Regulate Mineral Content in the blood
•
Na+, K+
• Cortisol (Glucocorticoids)
– Help body to resist long – term stressors
Roles of the Hypothalamus and
Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response
Short term
More prolonged
Stress
Hypothalamus
Nerve impulses
Releasing hormone
Corticotropic cells of
anterior pituitary
Spinal cord
Preganglionic
sympathetic
fibers
ACTH
Adrenal
cortex
Adrenal
medulla
Mineralocorticoids
Catecholamines
(epinephrine and
norepinephrine)
Short-term
stress response
1. Increased heart rate
2. Increased blood pressure
3. Liver converts glycogen to
glucose and releases glucose
to blood
4. Dilation of bronchioles
5. Changes in blood flow
patterns, leading to increased
alertness and decreased
digestive and kidney activity
6. Increased metabolic rate
Glucocorticoids
Long-term stress response
1. Retention of sodium
and water by kidneys
2. Increased blood
volume and blood
pressure
1. Proteins and fats
converted to glucose
or broken down for
energy
2. Increased blood
sugar
3. Suppression of
immune system
Figure 9.13, step 13
Pancreas
• Insulin— Decrease blood glucose levels
• Glucagon—Increase Blood glucose levels
– break down glycogen stored in muscles
and liver into glucose to release into blood
• These hormones are antagonists that
maintain blood sugar homeostasis
Insulin-secreting
cells of the pancreas
activated; release
insulin into the
blood
Elevated
blood sugar
levels
Stimulus:
rising blood
glucose levels
(e.g., after
eating four
jelly doughnuts)
Uptake of glucose
from blood is enhanced in most
body cells
Liver takes up
glucose and stores
it as glycogen
Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose
levels (90 mg/100ml)
Blood glucose
levels decline
to set point;
stimulus for
insulin release
diminishes
Stimulus:
declining blood
glucose levels
(e.g., after
skipping a meal)
Low blood
sugar levels
Rising blood
glucose levels
return blood sugar
to homeostatic set
point; stimulus for
glucagon release
diminishes
Liver breaks down
glycogen stores and
releases glucose to
the blood
Glucagon-releasing
cells of pancreas
activated;
release glucagon
into blood; target
is the liver
Figure 9.15, step 13
Pineal
Gland
Thymus
Gland
• Secretes melatonin
– Helps establish the body’s wake and
sleep cycles
• Produces thymosin
– Matures some types of white blood cells
– Important in developing the immune
system
Hormones
of the
Ovaries
• Estrogens
– Stimulate the development of
secondary female characteristics
– Mature female reproductive organs
– Promote breast development
• Progesterone
– Helps in the implantation of an embryo
in the uterus
– Helps prepare breasts for lactation
– BOTH REQURIED TO REGULATE
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Hormones
of the
Testes
• Produce several androgens
• Testosterone is the most important
androgen
– Responsible for adult male secondary
sex characteristics
– Promotes growth and maturation of
male reproductive system
– Required for sperm cell production
Get
Reproductive
System
Packet off
Front Table
• Performance Task for
seniors FRIDAY 4/28
• Urinary System Exam must
be made up by this FRIDAY
• Digestive System Exam
Complete The Reproductive
Corrections Due FRIDAY
System section
High School pg 545
College pg 1051
• Urinary System Exam
Corrections BEGIN next
Monday
The
Reproductive
System
• Function
– The production of a new individual
– Only system not for individual – for
species
• Puberty
– Period when reproductive organs
become functional
– 10 to 15 years
• Gonads—primary sex organs
– Testes in males, Ovaries in females
– Produce Gametes (sex cells) and secrete
hormones
•
Sperm—male gametes
•
Ova (eggs)—female gametes
Male Reproductive System
Seminal Vesicle
Prostate Gland
Vas (ductus) Deferens
Urethra
Epididymis
Scrotum
Penis
Testes
Bulbourethral Gland
Male Reproductive System
Figure 16.2b
Testes
• Comprised of seminiferous tubules
– Tightly coiled structures that
function as sperm-forming factories
• Sperm travels to the epididymis
• Interstitial cells in the seminiferous
tubules produce androgens such as
testosterone
Structure of a Sperm
Figure 16.5b
Structure of a Sperm
Figure 16.5a
Epididymis
• Found on the superior part of the testis
and along the posterior lateral side
• Functions to mature and store sperm
cells (at least 20 days)
• Expels sperm to the vas deferens
Ductus
Deferens
(Vas
Deferens)
• Carries sperm from the epididymis to
the ejaculatory duct (unites with
urethra)
• Moves sperm by peristalsis
• Vasectomy—cutting of the ductus
deferens at the level of the testes to
prevent transportation of sperm
Prostate
Figure 16.2a
Semen
• Mixture of sperm and accessory gland
secretions
• Accessory gland secretions
– Seminal Vesicle - Fructose provides
energy for sperm cells
– Prostate - Alkalinity helps neutralize the
acidic conditions of vagina
– Bulbourethral Glands - Inhibits bacteria
within vagina
External
Genitalia
• Scrotum
– Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen
– Maintains testes at 3°C lower than
normal body temperature to protect
sperm viability
Testosterone
Production
• Produced in cells between seminiferous
tubules of the testes
• Functions of testosterone
– Reproductive organ development
– Causes sex drive
– Causes secondary sex characteristics
•
Deepening of voice
•
Increased hair growth
•
Enlargement of skeletal muscles
•
Thickening of bones
The
Reproductive
System
EQ:
Describe the
three
structures
of duct
system in
females.
Pg 554-556
Periods 2, 4, 6- Turn in reading logs
– There should be 4 total
• Performance Task and
Urinary System Exam
must be made up by
TODAY
Female Reproductive System
Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes)
Vagina
Ovaries
Uterus
Cervix
Figure 16.8a
Female Reproductive System
Figure 16.8b
Uterine
(Fallopian)
Tubes
• Receive the ovulated oocyte
– Fimbriae
•
Finger-like projections at the distal end
of the uterine tube
•
Receive the oocyte from the ovary
– Cilia
•
Located inside the uterine tube
•
Slowly move the oocyte towards the
uterus (takes 3–4 days)
• Fertilization occurs inside the uterine
tube since oocyte lives about 24 hours
Uterus
• Located between the urinary
bladder and rectum
• Hollow organ
• Functions of the uterus
– Receives, Retains, Nourishes a
fertilized egg
Walls of the
Uterus
• Endometrium
– Inner layer
– Allows for implantation of a
fertilized egg
– Sloughs off if no pregnancy
occurs (menses)
• Myometrium—middle layer of
smooth muscle
• Perimetrium (visceral
peritoneum)—outermost serous
layer of the uterus
Vagina
• Extends from cervix to exterior of body
• Located between bladder and rectum
• Serves as the birth canal
Ovaries
• Contain ovarian follicles (sac-like
structures)
• Each follicle consists of
– Oocyte (immature egg)
– Follicular cells—surround the oocyte
Ovaries:
Hormone
Production
• Estrogen
– Produced by follicle cells
– Major Effects
•
Cause maturation of female
reproductive structures
•
Cause secondary sex characteristics
–
Development of breasts
–
Appearance of hair
–
Widening and lightening of the pelvis
–
Onset of menses (menstrual cycle)
• Progesterone
– Produced by the corpus luteum
– Major Effects
•
Helps maintain pregnancy
•
Prepare the breasts for milk production
Ovaries
Figure 16.7
EQ:
Describe the
roles of
FSH and
LH in the
ovarian
cycle.
Pg 557-558
Oogenesis
and the
Ovarian
Cycle
• The total supply of eggs are present at
birth
• Ability to release eggs begins at puberty
• Reproductive ability ends at menopause
Oogenesis
and the
Ovarian
Cycle
• Read pgs 557-558 and reference the
diagram on page 558 to complete the
figure in your notes
• Make sure to include FSH
and LH in this cycle
Oogenesis
Meiotic Events
Follicle Development
in Ovary
Before birth
2n
Oogonium (stem cell)
Follicle cells
Oocyte
Mitosis
2n
Primary oocyte
Primary
follicle
Figure 16.10, step 1
Oogenesis
Meiotic Events
Follicle Development
in Ovary
Before birth
2n
Oogonium (stem cell)
Follicle cells
Oocyte
Mitosis
2n
Primary oocyte
Primary
follicle
Growth
2n
Primary oocyte
(arrested in prophase I;
present at birth)
Primary
follicle
Figure 16.10, step 2
Oogenesis
Meiotic Events
Follicle Development
in Ovary
Before birth
2n
Oogonium (stem cell)
Follicle cells
Oocyte
Mitosis
2n
Primary oocyte
Primary
follicle
Growth
2n
Childhood
Primary oocyte
(arrested in prophase I;
present at birth)
Primary
follicle
(ovary inactive)
Figure 16.10, step 3
Oogenesis
Meiotic Events
Follicle Development
in Ovary
Before birth
2n
Oogonium (stem cell)
Follicle cells
Oocyte
Mitosis
2n
Primary oocyte
Primary
follicle
Growth
2n
Childhood
Primary oocyte
(arrested in prophase I;
present at birth)
Primary
follicle
(ovary inactive)
Each month from
puberty to menopause
Primary
follicle
2n
Primary oocyte (still
arrested in prophase I)
Growing
follicle
Figure 16.10, step 4
Oogenesis
Each month from
puberty to menopause
Primary
follicle
2n
Primary oocyte (still
arrested in prophase I)
Growing
follicle
Mature
vesicular
(Graafian)
follicle
Figure 16.10, step 5
Oogenesis
Each month from
puberty to menopause
Primary
follicle
2n
Meiosis I (completed by one
primary oocyte each month)
First polar body
n
Primary oocyte (still
arrested in prophase I)
Secondary oocyte
(arrested in
metaphase II)
Growing
follicle
Mature
vesicular
(Graafian)
follicle
Ovulation
Ovulated
secondary
oocyte
Figure 16.10, step 6
Ovulation
Figure 16.11
Oogenesis
Each month from
puberty to menopause
Primary
follicle
2n
Meiosis I (completed by one
primary oocyte each month)
First polar body
n
Primary oocyte (still
arrested in prophase I)
Secondary oocyte
(arrested in
metaphase II)
Growing
follicle
Mature
vesicular
(Graafian)
follicle
Ovulation
Sperm
Ovulated
secondary
oocyte
Figure 16.10, step 7
Oogenesis
Each month from
puberty to menopause
Primary
follicle
2n
Meiosis I (completed by one
primary oocyte each month)
First polar body
Primary oocyte (still
arrested in prophase I)
Secondary oocyte
(arrested in
metaphase II)
n
Growing
follicle
Mature
vesicular
(Graafian)
follicle
Ovulation
Sperm
Meiosis II of polar body
(may or may not occur)
n
Polar bodies
(all polar bodies
degenerate)
n
n
n
Second
polar body
Meiosis II completed
(only if sperm
penetration occurs)
Ovulated
secondary
oocyte
Ovum
Figure 16.10, step 8
Ovulation
Figure 16.11
Male and
Female
Differences
• Meiosis
– Males—produces four functional sperm
– Females—produces one functional
ovum and three polar bodies
• Sex cell size and structure
– Sperm are tiny, motile, and equipped
with nutrients in seminal fluid
– Egg is large, non-motile, and has
nutrient reserves to nourish the embryo
until implantation
Female
Reproductiv
e System
Figure 16.8b
EQ: Describe
the roles of
estrogen and
progesterone
in the
menstrual
cycle.
Pg 559-561
• Get out a blank sheet of COLLEGERULED notebook paper (at least 28
lines)
1.
Write the title at the very top of paper:
Hormonal Interactions of the Female Cycle
2.
Fold paper in 4 long sections
3.
Number the paper on the left 1-28 (label
above that Days)
4.
Four sections on top will be labeled in this
order
1.
Ovarian Hormones
1.
2.
Ovarian Cycles
1.
3.
3 Phases of Menstrual cycle and what's
happening in the uterus at each phase
Gonadotropin Hormones
1.
5.
Figure C
Menstrual Cycles
1.
4.
Estrogen and Progesterone Levels
FSH and LH levels
Use Figure on pg 560 to complete
Uterine
(Menstrual)
Cycle
– Menarche—first menstrual period
• Cyclic changes of the endometrium
• Regulated by production of estrogens
and progesterone
• FSH and LH, released from the pituitary,
regulate the production of estrogens
and progesterone
• About 28 days in length
• Ovulation typically occurs about
midway through cycle on day 14
Uterine
(Menstrual)
Cycle
1.
Menstrual phase
• Days 1–5
• Functional layer of the
endometrium is sloughed off
2.
Proliferative stage (Pre-ovulation)
• Days 6–13
• Estrogen levels rise
3.
Ovulation
• Day 14
• Oocyte released
4.
Secretory stage (post-ovulation)
• 2 possible pathways
Uterine
(Menstrual)
Cycle
– If fertilization does occur
•
Embryo produces hormone that causes
the corpus luteum to continue
producing its hormones
•
Pregnancy begins
– If NO fertilization
•
Corpus luteum degenerates
•
Progesterone and Estrogen levels drop
•
Return to menstrual phase
Fluctuation of Gonadotropin Levels
Figure 16.12a
Fluctuation of Ovarian Hormone Levels
Figure 16.12b
Ovarian Cycle
Figure 16.12c
Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
Figure 16.12d
EQ: Discuss
the steps
that must
take place
in order for
fertilization
to occur.
Pg 563-564
Stages of
Pregnancy
and
Development
• Zygote –Fertilized Egg
– Result of fusion of DNA from
sperm and ova
• Embryonic development –
60 days
– Cleavage
• Morula – 3 to 6 days
– 16-cell stage
• Blastocyst – 7 to 14 days
– About 100 cells
– Secretes hCG to induce corpus
luteum to continue producing
hormones
– Late Blastocyst implants on
uterus wall
The
Blastocyst
• Primary germ layers are eventually
formed
– Ectoderm
•
Outer layer
•
Nervous system
•
Epidermis of the skin
– Endoderm –
•
Inner layer
•
Mucosae
•
Glands
– Mesoderm –
•
Middle layer
•
Everything else
Cleavage
Ovary
Uterine tube
Secondary
oocyte
Ovulation
Uterus
Endometrium
Figure 16.15, step 1
Cleavage
(a) Zygote
(fertilized
egg)
Fertilization
(a)
Ovary
Uterine tube
Secondary
oocyte
Ovulation
Uterus
Endometrium
Figure 16.15, step 2
Cleavage
(a) Zygote
(fertilized
egg)
(b) Early
cleavage
4-cell stage
(b)
Fertilization
(a)
Ovary
Uterine tube
Secondary
oocyte
Ovulation
Uterus
Endometrium
Figure 16.15, step 3
Cleavage
(a) Zygote
(fertilized
egg)
(b) Early
cleavage
4-cell stage
(c) Morula
(b)
Fertilization
(a)
(c)
Ovary
Uterine tube
Secondary
oocyte
Ovulation
Uterus
Endometrium
Figure 16.15, step 4
Cleavage
(a) Zygote
(fertilized
egg)
(b) Early
cleavage
4-cell stage
Blastocyst
cavity
(c) Morula
(d) Early
blastocyst
(b)
Fertilization
(a)
(c)
Ovary
(d)
Uterine tube
Secondary
oocyte
Ovulation
Uterus
Endometrium
Figure 16.15, step 5
Cleavage
Inner cell
mass
Blastocyst
cavity
Trophoblast
(a) Zygote
(fertilized
egg)
(b) Early
cleavage
4-cell stage
(c) Morula
(d) Early
blastocyst
(b)
Fertilization
(a)
(e) Late blastocyst
(implanting)
(c)
Ovary
(d)
Uterine tube
(e)
Secondary
oocyte
Ovulation
Uterus
Endometrium
Figure 16.15, step 6
Cleavage
Inner cell
mass
Blastocyst
cavity
Trophoblast
(a) Zygote
(fertilized
egg)
(b) Early
cleavage
4-cell stage
(c) Morula
(d) Early
blastocyst
(b)
Fertilization
(a)
(e) Late blastocyst
(implanting)
(c)
Ovary
(d)
Uterine tube
(e)
Secondary
oocyte
Ovulation
Uterus
Endometrium
Figure 16.15
Embryo of Approximately 18 Days
Figure 16.16
The 7-week
Embryo
Figure 16.17
Photographs of a Developing Fetus
Figure 16.18a
Photographs
of a
Developing
Fetus
Figure 16.18b