漆桂林、张志政、翟玉庆
张陈鹏、吴自勉、王彬、张舒韬、石珺

Motivation

Geographic Knowledge Engineering

Spatial Representation

Practical Reasoning Systems

State of the Art Ontologies

Conclusions

Reference

Motivation

Geographic Knowledge Engineering

Spatial Representation

Practical Reasoning Systems

State of the Art Ontologies

Conclusions

Reference
淡水湖
altitude
isa
472公顷
area
玄武
湖
near
isa
华北
平原
448.2m
平原
locatedIn
isa
江
苏
紫金
山
省
locatedIn
capitalOf
基础
设施
subClassOf
桥梁
isa
stretchAcross
水体
subClassOf
河流
locatedIn
长江
大桥
isa
isa
南
京
城市
districtOf
runThrough
isa
江宁
区
长江
区
locatedIn
建筑
isa
buildingOf
westsouthIn
计算
机楼
near
东南
大学
isa
大学
subClassOf
高等院校
eastsouthInpartOverlap
buildingOf
金智
楼
九龙
湖
isa
湖泊
当知识库越来越大，数据之间的关系越来越复杂……
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
定义的概念（类）是否合理？
概念与概念之间的层次关系？
实例与实例之间的关系如何？
一个实例要具备哪些个属性？
……
我们需要对领域知识（地理）有深刻的理解并为之建模。
Ontology
平
原
double
altitude
double
area
湖
泊
near
locatedIn
山
省
哪些合理？
哪些不合理？
如何改进？
locatedIn
capitalOf
基础
设施
subClassOf
stretchAcross
水
体
subClassOf
locatedIn
桥
梁
市
districtOf
runThrough
河
流
区
locatedIn
建
筑
buildingOf
westsouthIn
大
学
subClassOf
高等
院校
partOverlap
淡水
湖
subClassOf
水
体

Motivation

Geographic Knowledge Engineering

Spatial Representation

Practical Reasoning Systems

State of the Art Ontologies

Conclusions

Reference

Geographic objects
 Geodetic (大地测量) objects
 Administrative objects
 Manmade objects
 Natural objects

Spatial relations
 Topological relation
 Directional relation
 Distance relation

Geodetic objects



Administrative objects


Countries, Regions, Provinces, Cities
Manmade objects


Equator, North and South Poles, Meridians, Parallels
赤道、南极、北极、子午线、纬线
Buildings, Streets, Bridges, Tunnels
Natural objects


Rivers, Mountains, Continents, Seas
Temperature, Pressure, Winds
All geographic object types are linked to concepts organized
into a geographic ontology based on topological relations

Motivation

Geographic Knowledge Engineering

Spatial Representation

Practical Reasoning Systems

State of the Art Ontologies

Conclusions

Reference
RCC8:
Composition table:
Descriptions：

Greece is part of EU and on
its boarder

Czech Republic is part of EU
and not on its boarder

Russia is externally
connected to EU and
disconnected to Greece
Czech
NTPP
EU
TPP
EC
*
Russia
*
Greece
DC
Algorithm:
1. Repeat until quiescence
2.
For i,j,k variables
3.
Rij  Rij  Rik∘Rkj
Quiescence：
1. A fixed point is reached;
2. One constraint is refined to empty.
Czech
NTPP
EU
TPP
EC
*
Russia
*
Greece
DC
EC ∘ NTPPi= DC
NTPPi是NTPP的逆关系
Czech
NTPP
EU
TPP
EC
DC
Russia
*
Greece
DC
TPP ∘ NTPPi = {DC, EC, PO, TPPi, NTPPi}
Czech
NTPP
EU
EC
Russia
TPP
Greece
DC,EC,PO,TPPi,NTPPi
DC
DC
Czech
NTPP
EU
EC
DC
Russia
TPP
Greece
DC,EC,PO,TPPi,NTPPi
DC
X
1
EC
NTPP
x
Y
Y
2
Y
NTPP ∘ EC = DC
Z
{DC}  {EC} = ∅
3
x
Z
Z
EC
X
inconsistent
NTPP
Y
∅
EC
Z
Cone-shaped Directions:
North
Northwest
Northeast
East
West
Southeast
Southwest
South
Composition of cone-shaped directions( partial ):
N
N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
Projection-Based Directions:
Composition of projection-based directions( partial ):
N
NE
E
N
N
NE
NE
NE
NW
NE
NE
E
NE
NE
E
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
S
SE
SE
S
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
W
NW
NW
NW
SW
W
NW
NW
NW
SE
S
SW
W
NW
NW
NW
ICD-5 Model:
定量：
5km
A
B
定性：
A
B
A is close to B

Motivation

Geographic Knowledge Engineering

Spatial Representation

Practical Reasoning Systems

State of the Art Ontologies

Conclusions

Reference
RCC8翻译为OWL：
缺点： 很难与Domain Ontology结合。（X是instance还是concept？）
并且文献[6]指出，翻译后的推理效率很低。
解决技巧：ℰ-Connections。
Architecture[7]：
TBox
DL
Reasoning
ABox
RCC
RCCBox
KB
Reasoning
A refined path-consistency algorithm[6]( partial )：
A refined path-consistency algorithm[6]( partial )：
文献[5,6,7]虽然考虑了把RCC和OWL结合的问题，但是并
没有给出空间本体或者地理本体的任何说明。
Spatial Ontology：
Location
name
string
hasFootprint
Footprint
Xmax
subClassOf
Rectangle
Xmin
double
double
Ymax
subClassOf
Point
X-axis
double
subClassOf
Line
Y-axis
double
subClassOf
Polyline
Ymin
double
double
Spatial relations：
Location
spatialRelation
Location
N
TPP
topologicRelation
W
NTPPI
NTPP
NE
NW
TPPI
directinalRelation
SE
SW
DC
Property
EC
PO
S
EQ
SubPropertyOf
Property
E
Class
Distance[11,12]：
Distance
source
Location
destination
Location
distance
double
Rule-based Reasoning for RCC8：
RCC8 composition table(unique)
DC
EC
PO
TPP
NTPP
DC
TPPI
NTPPI
EQ
DC
DC
DC
DC
EC
EC
PO
PO
TPP
DC
NTPP
DC
DC
NTPP
NTPP
TPP
NTPP
NTPP
TPPI
NTPPI
EQ
DC
EC
PO
TPP
NTPP
NTPPI
TPPI
NTPPI
NTPPI
NTPPI
TPPI
NTPPI
EQ
e.g. Rule: DC(?x, ?y),TPPI(?y, ?z)→ DC(?x, ?z)
Reasoning for directional relations：
N
N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
N
NE
Defined as transitive
OWL relation.
E
Defined as inverse
OWL relations.
SE
S
SW
W
NW
Reasoning for directional relations：
Defined as transitive
OWL relation.
Neither soundness nor completeness of reasoning
were guaranteed[10]
Defined as inverse
OWL relations.
Enhancement：枚举的笨方法
1、Composition rules：
PO ∘ TPPi = {DC,EC,PO,TPPi,NTPPi}
1. 把{DC,EC,PO,TPPi,NTPPi}定义为一个新关系DEPTN.
2. PO(?x, ?y),TPPi(?y, ?z) → DEPTN(?x, ?z)
2、Intersection rules：
1. DEPTN(?x,?y),DC(?x,?y) → DC(?x,?y)
2. DC(?x,?y),EC(?x,?y) → ⊥
3. ……
Enhancement：枚举的笨方法
1、Composition rules：
PO ∘ TPPi = {DC,EC,PO,TPPi,NTPPi}
But:
For RCC-8: Totally 1439 OWL axioms and SWRL rules;
1. Direction:
把{DC,EC,PO,TPPi,NTPPi}定义为一个新关系DEPTN.
For
Totally 964 OWL axioms and SWRL rules.
2. PO(?x, ?y),TPPi(?y, ?z) → DEPTN(?x, ?z)
2、Intersection rules：
1. DEPTN(?x,?y),DC(?x,?y) → DC(?x,?y)
2. DC(?x,?y),EC(?x,?y) → ⊥
3. ……

CHOROS is based on PelletSpatial[6]
 Region Connection Calculus—RCC8
 Cone-Shaped Direction—CSD9

A variant of Path consistency algorithm[6]
O1
O2
O1
O4
N
NW
NE
N
O2
O3
O4
O3
O1 {N,NW} O3
O1 {N,NE} O3
O1
O2
O1
O4
N
NW
NE
E
O2
O3
O4
O3
O1 {N,NW} O3
O1 {E,NE} O3
O1 N O3
不一致
Spatial Representation
SOWL:RCC-8 and CSD-9
relations are defined as
object properties with
extra characteristics (e.g.
reflexive, symmetric)
CHOROS:RCC-8 and
CSD-9 relations are defined
as simple object properties
with no extra
characteristics
Reasoning Architecture
SOWL: Path consistency is
implemented by
introducing SWRL rules.
Pellet is used for inference
and consistency checking
over spatial and non
spatial relations.
CHOROS: Consistency
checking separates spatial
from semantic OWL-DL
reasoning by using one
exclusive reasoner for each
calculus. Pellet is used
only for inference and
consistency checking over
non spatial relations.
North
Equal-Horizontal
Equal-Horizontal
North
Northwest
Northeast
South
East
West
Equal-Vertical
Southeast
Southwest
South
East
West
Equal-Vertical
Decomposition[25]:
Composition Table for North-South Directional Relations:
Composition Table for East-West Directional Relations:

Motivation

Geographic Knowledge Engineering

Spatial Representation

Practical Reasoning Systems

State of the Art Ontologies

Conclusions

Reference

W3C Geo
 http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos.rdf
location
Point
subClassof
SpatialThing
latitude
altitude
longitude

GeoOWL:
 http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/geo/XGR-geo20071023/W3C_XGR_Geo_files/geo_2007.owl
Feature
where
Geometry
subClassOf
subClassOf
Point
subClassOf
subClassOf
subClassOf
LineString
Envelope
LinearRing
exterior
Polygon

NeoGeo*
 http://geovocab.org/doc/neogeo.html
 http://geovocab.org/
 http://geovocab.org/doc/neogeo/
spatial:Feature
geom:geometry
geom:Geometry
subClassOf
Point, Polygon, LineString
LineRing, MultiPlygon……
spatial:PO
spatial:TPP
……..
没有说明推理方法

NeoGeo
Geometry
geo:long
subClassOf
subClassOf
geo:lat
rdfs:Literal
subClassOf
subClassOf
geo:Point
geo:alt
Polygon
exterior
interior
Geometry
Collection
LineString
lineMember
subClassOf
subClassOf
subClassOf
LinearRing
MultiLineStri
ng
polygonMember
pointMember
W3C Geo Vacabulary
NeoGeo Vacabulary
MultiPolygon
MultiPoint
subClassOf

NeoGeo
Point
@prefix
@prefix
@prefix
@prefix
geo: <http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#> .
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
ex: <http://example.org/> .
ngeo: <http://geovocab.org/geometry#> .
ex:point_1 rdf:type ngeo:Point .
ex:point_1 geo:lat "52.516262" .
ex:point_1 geo:long "13.377717" .

NeoGeo
LineString
@prefix
@prefix
@prefix
@prefix
geo: <http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#> .
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
ex: <http://example.org/> .
ngeo: <http://geovocab.org/geometry#> .
ex:way_1 rdf:type ngeo:LineString .
ex:way_1 ngeo:posList (
[geo:lat "-34.622148"; geo:long "-58.380603"]
[geo:lat "-34.591532"; geo:long "-58.381960"]
).
() 表示集合，[]表示blank node[13]

NeoGeo
Polygon
_:polygon rdf:type ngeo:Polygon ;
ngeo:exterior [
rdf:type ngeo:LinearRing ;
ngeo:posList (
];
)
ngeo:interior [
rdf:type ngeo:LinearRing ;
ngeo:posList (
].
)
[
[
[
[
[
geo:lat
geo:lat
geo:lat
geo:lat
geo:lat
"-29";
"-28";
"-34";
"-35";
"-29";
geo:long
geo:long
geo:long
geo:long
geo:long
"16"
"33"
"27"
"19"
"16"
]
]
]
]
]
[
[
[
[
[
geo:lat
geo:lat
geo:lat
geo:lat
geo:lat
"-29.5"; geo:long "27" ]
"-28.5"; geo:long "28.5" ]
"-29.5"; geo:long "29.5" ]
"-31"; geo:long "28" ]
"-29.5"; geo:long "27" ]

NeoGeo

用NeoGeo词汇描述举例
@prefix spatial: <http://geovocab.org/spatial#> .
@prefix : <http://example.org/> .
:Buenos_Aires_City spatial:PP :Buenos_Aires_Province .
:Buenos_Aires_Province spatial:PP :Argentina .
:Buenos_Aires_Province spatial:EC :Entre_Rios, :Santa_Fe, :Cordoba, :La_Pampa, :Rio_Negro, :Uruguay.
:Argentina spatial:TPP :South_America .
:Argentina spatial:EC :Uruguay, :Brazil, :Paraguay, :Bolivia, :Chile .

GeoSparql[14,15,16,17]:
Topology Relations
such as: DC,TPP…
geo:SpatialObject
subClassOf
subClassOf
geo:hasGeometry
geo:Feature
geo:Geometry
owl:disjointWith
Core Classes
Domain Classes
subClassOf
:City
subClassOf
subClassOf
:Bridge
:Park

GeoSparql[14,15,16,17]:
geo:SpatialObject
subClassOf
Topology Relations
such as: DC,TPP…
subClassOf
Four primary types of geometries:
TYPE
geo:Feature
geo:hasGeometry
geo:Geometry
SHAPE
Geometry Class
POINT
sf:Point
LINESTRING
sf:LineString
POLYGON
sf:Polygon
POLYGON
(WITH HOLE)
sf:Polygon
geo:asWKT
wktLiteral
ex:Point1 a sf:Polygon;
sf:asWKT "POLYGON ((-77.2 38.8, -77 38.8, -77 39, -77.2 39.9,
-77.2 38.8))"^^sf:wktLiteral.

GeoSparql[14,15,16,17]
◦ WKT(Well-Known Text)[27]

GeoSparql[14,15,16,17]
◦ WKT(Well-Known Text)[27]

GeoSparql[14,15,16,17]推理工具
◦ Parliament[28]

GeoSparql[14,15,16,17]推理工具
◦ Strabon[29] - stSPARQL

GeoSparql例子

GeoSparql例子
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#> .
@prefix ex: <http://www.example.org/POI#> .
ex:Restaurant a owl:Class;
rdfs:subClassOf ex:Service .
ex:Park a owl:Class;
rdfs:subClassOf ex:Attraction .
ex:Museum a owl:Class;
rdfs:subClassOf ex:Attraction .
ex:Monument a owl:Class;

GeoSparql例子
rdfs:subClassOf ex:Attraction .
ex:Service a owl:Class;
rdfs:subClassOf ex:PointOfInterest .
ex:Attraction a owl:Class;
rdfs:subClassOf ex:PointOfInterest .
ex:PointOfInterest a owl:Class;
rdfs:subClassOf geo:Feature .

GeoSparql例子

GeoSparql例子
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#> .
@prefix ex: <http://www.example.org/POI#> .
@prefix sf: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/sf#> .
ex:WashingtonMonument a ex:Monument;
rdfs:label "Washington Monument";
geo:hasGeometry ex:WMPoint .
ex:WMPoint a sf:Point;
geo:asWKT "POINT(-77.03524 38.889468)"^^geo:wktLiteral.

GeoSparql例子
ex:NationalMall a ex:Park;
rdfs:label "National Mall";
geo:hasGeometry ex:NMPoly .
ex:NMPoly a sf:Polygon;
geo:asWKT "POLYGON((-77.050125 38.892086, -77.039482 38.892036,
-77.039482 38.895393, -77.033669 38.895508, -77.033585
38.892052, -77.031906 38.892086, -77.031883 38.887474, 77.050232 38.887142, -77.050125 38.892086 ))"^^geo:wktLiteral.

GeoSparql例子
Which monuments are spatially within which parks?
PREFIX geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#>
PREFIX ex: <http://www.example.org/POI#>
SELECT ?m ?p
WHERE {
?m a ex:Monument ;
geo:hasGeometry ?mgeo .
?p a ex:Park ;
geo:hasGeometry ?pgeo .
?mgeo geo:sfWithin ?pgeo .
}

了解地理领域

确定表示方法

设计地理本体

开发推理机
[1] A conceptual framework for geographic knowledge engineering
[2] Handbook of Knowledge Representation
[3] Qualitative Spatial Reasoning: Cardinal Directions as an Example
[4] On Internal Cardinal Direction Relations
[5] Representing Qualitative Spatial Information in OWL-DL
[6] PelletSpatial: A Hybrid RCC-8 and RDF/OWL Reasoning and Query Engine
[7] Towards Spatial Reasoning in the Semantic Web: A Hybrid Knowledge Representation System
Architecture
[8] Efficient Methods for Qualitative Spatial Reasoning
[9] SOWL:Spatio-temporal Representation, Reasoning and Querying over the Semantic Web
[10] SOWL: A Framework for Handling Spatio-temporal Information in OWL 2.0
[11] A Multi-dimensional Comparison of Ontology Design Patterns for Representing n-ary Relations
[12] Defining N-ary Relations on the Semantic Web http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-n-aryRelations/
[13] http://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/
[14] GeoSPARQL - A Geographic Query Language for RDF Data
[15] Enabling the geospatial Semantic Web with Parliament and GeoSPARQL
[16] http://schemas.opengis.net/geosparql/1.0/geosparql_vocab_all.rdf
[17] GEOSPARQL USER GUIDE
[18] Qualitative Spatial Reasoning using Topological and Directional Information in OWL
[19] Importance of spatial relationships for geographic ontologies
[20] Qualitative Spatial Representation and Reasoning: An Overview
[21] QUALITATIVE SPATIAL REASONING USING CONSTRAINT CALCULI
[22] A survey of qualitative spatial representations
[23] A model for describing and composing direction relations between overlapping and
contained regions
[24] CHOROS 2: Improving the Performance of Qualitative Spatial Reasoning in OWL
[25] Reasoning over 2D and 3D Directional Relations in OWL: A Rule-Based Approach
[26] Qualitative Direction Calculi with Arbitrary Granularity
[27] stSPARQL, http://www.strabon.di.uoa.gr/files/stSPARQL_tutorial.pdf
[28] parliament, http://parliament.semwebcentral.org/