S
UTTERWOIRTH
E I N E M A
Energo'Poli~y.Vol. 23, No. I 0. pp. 893-910. 1995
N
N
0301-4215(95)00072-0
Copyright (© 1995 Elsevier Science Ltd
Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved
0301-4215/95 $10.00 + 0.00
The direct and indirect energy
requirements of households in the
Netherlands
Kees Vringer and Kornelis Blok
Deparlnwnt O/Science, Technolog), and Society, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14, NL-3584 CH Utrecht,
The NetheHands.
One way of reducing CO 2 emissions is to reduce direct and indirect household energy requirements. Before discussing ways in which that can be done, one needs to have quantitative information about these energy requirements. This article aims to provide that information. The
total average energy demand per household in the Netherlands in 1990 was 240 G J, of which
54% was indirect. O f this total average energy requirement 17% was required for food, 8% for
household effects, 4% for the house, 3% for clothing and footwear, 2% for hygiene, 5% for
medical care, 2% for education, 8% for recreation, 1% for communication, 4% for transport
(excluding petrol), 9% for petrol, 25% for heating energy and 12% for electricity. There is
a strong relationship between household expenditure and the total energy requirement. The
elasticity of the energy requirement with respect to income was found to be 0.63. There is, however, a considerable spread in energy requirement within one income class (standard deviation
about 20%).
Kevword~': Residential c o n s u m p t i o n patterns; Domestic energy requirement; Lifestyle
The use of fossil energy sources is onc ofthc main causes
of CO 2 emissions. One way of reducing CO 2 emissions is
to reduce household energy requirements by influencing
the consumption pattern. A household not only uses direct energy in the form of gas, electricity and petrol, but
it also uses indirect energy embodied in consumer goods
such as food, furniture and services. Van Engelenburg
et al (1991) estimated the direct energy requirement of
households to be about half of the total domestic energy
requirement. This means that the indirect energy requirement can bc all but neglected.
The aim of this study is to obtain an overview of the
total cnergy requirement of households and the energy
requirement per consumption category. We also attempt
to quantify the relation of net household income, household expenditure, age and number of household members
to the total energy requirement of households. To obtain
an overview of the cumulative energy requirement of
Dutch households, we analysed the total consumption
package for its cumulative energy requirement. The
energy intensities of about 350 basic consumption categories are determined, using a hybrid energy analysis
method. The energy requirement of Dutch households is
calculated by combining the 350 energy intensities
with data from the Netherlands Household Expenditure
Survey of 1990. This survey gives the expenditure of
2767 representative households in the Netherlands in
1990. The result is an overview of the total energy requirement of Dutch households.
In this article, we first describe the method, review
the expenditure survey, and give definitions of the terms
we use. We also give some details of the hybrid energy
analysis method. Next we present the results concerning
the energy requirement and household expenditure,
energy intensity, net household income, the number of
household members and age of the first respondent.
All monetary quantities are expressed in Dutch
guilders(Dill -~ US$0.6 in 1992).
Energv Policy 1995 Volume 23 Number I0
893
Energy requirements of Dutch households': K Vringer and K Blok
Method
In this section we start by reviewing the expenditure survey and by describing the way we determine the cumulative energy requirement of the consumption items. Next
we consider the way in which the energy requirement of
households is calculated.
The Netherlands Household Expenditure Survey of
1990 (CBS, 1992a) is based on a representative sample
consisting of 2767 Dutch households whose expenditure was recorded in a detailed manner. All purchases
exceeding Df125 were noted by each household for one
year. All purchases were noted by each household for
about two weeks. The amount of natural gas, electricity
and water used (expressed in physical units) as well as
some other physical parameters (like the floor space of
the rooms of the house) were recorded (CBS, 1992b).
The expenses of the households are extrapolated to a
whole year. The total consumption of the households in
the expenditure survey is divided into about 350 basic
consumption categories. These categories are listed in
the appendix.
The most important definitions in the expenditure
survey are:
( I ) A household is defined as a single person or group of
persons who live together domestically and run a
household together. People living in homes for the
elderly and tramps are not included in the survey.
A lodger and a family living independently in the
same house are counted as two households. A lodger
living with the family forms a part of the familyhousehold. One person living alone in a separate
dwelling is also defined as a household.
(2) Net income is the sum of income from employment,
from enterprise and from capital, social security benefits and other income such as rent subsidies, state
assistance with mortgages and employers' contribution to the state medical insurance scheme, minus
pension contributions, social security contributions
and income tax. All the incomes of the individual
household members are added together.
(3) Total household expenditure is defined as the financial value of acquired goods and services for
non-productive goals, including value added tax.
Purchases in general are accompanied by financial
transactions, but also included is the consumption of
free products eg fruit from one's own garden or
presents received from other households. Not all of
these household expenditures are included in our
analyses. Because of a lack of specified data in the
Budget Survey the following categories are excluded: transfers to third parties (like local taxes,
examination, school and lecture fees), payments to
894
Eneigv Poli¢T 1995 Volume 23 Number 10
Table I Average net income, total household expenditure, household expenditure and expenditure included in this studyof Dutch
households in 1990 (Dill -- US$0.6, 1992)
Average net income
Total household expenditure
Household expenditure
(as used in this article)
Expenditure included
in our analysis
Expenditure for which no energy
requirement is determined
Total
(Dfl)
Percentage of
net income
45 601
42 646
100
93
40 107
88
39 449
87
658
1
other households, investments and payments by instalments, subscriptions to trade unions, gifts to
charity and legal charges (CBS, 1992b). In this article the remainder is indicated as 'household expenditure' or simply as 'expenditure'. Note that the 'total
household expenditure' is not equal to the 'net income'; the difference is caused by loans received
and savings made.
Table 1 shows all the total household expenditure, household expenditure, expenditure included in and excluded
from our analyses. The average net household income is
also given.
The 350 basic consumption categories in the expenditure survey are aggregated into 13 main consumption categories; food, household effects, house, clothing and
footwear, hygiene, medical care, education, recreation,
communication, transport, petrol, heating and electricity.
The main category 'heating' includes not only expenditure on fuel for heating the house, but also expenditure
on collective and district heating of the house. The main
category 'household effects' includes expenditure on the
maintenance of the house, garden and flowers, stoves,
boilers, central heating systems, furnishing, tools and
all kinds of household machines like washing-machines
and food-mixers.
To determine the cumulative energy requirement of
a consumption item we use a hybrid energy analysis
method (Van Engelenburg et al, 1994). This hybrid
energy analysis method allows the cumulative energy
requirement of a consumption item to be calculated relatively easily in a fairly accurate way. This is achieved
by combining the best elements of two existing methods
for determining the cumulative energy requirement of
goods and services: process analysis and input---output
analysis.
The cumulative energy requirement is calculated in
ten steps. The first step is to construct a flow chart of the
production network for the consumption item. In steps
two and three, a mass balance and a financial balance of
the product's life cycle are determined. In steps four to
Energy requirements o/Dutch households" K Vringer and K Blok
ten, figures are allocated to the demand that various activities make on primary energy carriers. These activities
are the production of the basic materials and residual
goods, the production of the goods themselves and the
capital goods, trade and transport and waste disposal.
Finally, the various contributions that these activities
make to the cumulative energy requirement are aggregated. The energy analysis method, as described by Van
Engelenburg et al (1994), has been incorporated in a
computer program, together with databases containing
a data set for the Netherlands, called the Energy Analysis Program (Wilting, 1992). The output of the Energy
Analysis Program is the total cumulative energy requirement per item (expressed in megajoules per physical unit
of product). The energy intensity is defined as the total
primary energy requirement of a product divided by the
total consumer price of the product and is expressed in
MJ/Dfl. The energy intensity has been determined for
350 basic consumption categories by Kok et al (1993)
(food), De Paauw and Perrels (1993) (clothing and footwear, hygiene, medical care, education, recreation, communication, transport and petrol), Vringer and Blok (1993)
(house) and Vringer et al (1993) (household effects).
The energy intensities can be found in the appendix.
The basic consumption categories can be quite uniform
(like tea) or extremely non-uniform (like living-room
furniture). For the non-uniform categories an estimated
average is taken of the products that belong to the consumption category. For the uniform categories a standard product with a standard price is chosen.
Now, the energy requirement of a household (E) can
be calculated, according to formula ( 1), because both the
expenditure (S i) per category i and the energy intensities
(~i) of the consumption categories are known:
350
E:Z~
i-I
i +s i
(1)
This calculation method is not used to calculate the energy requirement of the house and the amount of natural
gas and electricity used. The energy requirement for
these consumption categories is calculated on the basis
of physical quantities. To calculate the energy requirement connected with the natural gas and electricity used,
we start from the physical units (cubic metres and kilowatt hours) used, as recorded in the expenditure survey.
Rent depends not only on the size of the house (which
is directly related to the energy requirement), but also on
the condition and location of the house, price of the
ground and other infrastructural components. Rent is
therefore considered not to be a good indicator of the
energy requirement of a house. Instead, the energy requirement of the house is calculated on the basis of the
area of living space, as recorded in the expenditure survey
Table 2 Total energy requirement and energy intensity of an
average Dutch household in 1990 per main category and the total,
direct and indirect energy requirement
Total
Indirect energy requirement
Food
Household effects
House
Clothing and lbotwear
Hygiene
Medical care
Education
Recreation
Communication
Transport
Direct energy requirement
Petrol
Heating
Electricity
Energy
requirement
Energy
intensity
(G J)
(% of total)
(MJ/Dfl)
240
130
41
19
9
8
5
12
5
19
I
q
I l0
22
60
28
100
54
17
8
4
3
2
5
2
8
I
4
46
9
25
12
6.3
3.5
5.6
5.5
1.4
2.7
4. I
3.4
4.2
3.7
1.7
3.6
45.(I
22.4
57.8
46.5
(Vringer and Blok, 1993). 1 With regard to other consumption categories deviations from the average energy
intensity may also occur (see also the discussion).
In this article the direct energy requirement of a
household is defined as the sum of the primary energy
required to obtain the energy carriers (petrol, electricity,
natural gas) and their energy content. Similarly the
indirect energy requirement of a household is defined
as the total primary energy required to obtain all the
other products and services included in this study. The
total energy requirement of households is the sum of
the direct energy requirement and the indirect energy
requirement.
Results
Table 2 gives the average energy requirement of the
Dutch households with respect to the main categories.
More extended results can be found in the appendix.
The average Dutch household uses 240 GJ per year,
46% of which is in the form of direct energy carriers
(natural gas and other energy carriers for space heating
purposes, petrol and electricity) and 54% of which is
the indirect energy requirement (goods and services).
The year 1990 was quite a warm year in the Netherlands.
If the average temperature in the Netherlands between
1950 and 1980 is taken as reference for the outside temperature then, the energy requirement in 1990 for heating has to be multiplied by 1.17 (Farla, 1993). If the
average outside temperature is taken into account, then
t For six households in the expenditure survey the area of the living room and/or the kitchen is unknown. For these six respondents
the energy requirement of the house is coupled to the rent or rental
value and multiplied by the mean energy intensity of the rent, namely
1.2 MJ/Dfl.
Energy Pol&3, 1995 Volume 23 Number lO 895
Energy ivquirements (?.['Dutch households': K Vringer and K Blok
the total energy requirement of households increases
from 240 GJ to about 250 GJ per year per household.
The category 'petrol' is probably underreported in the
budget survey (CBS, 1992c). According to CBS (1992d)
private cars in the Netherlands in 1990 used 212 PJ, of
which about 25% was for business purposes. From these
figures we calculate thet the energy requirement connected with petrol amounts to about 26 GJ per household, which is 4 GJ more than the energy requirement
found on the basis of the budget survey.
In 1990 the Netherlands had 6.13 million households
and 14.9 million inhabitants (CBS, 1992e). Therefore
the total allocated energy requirement of households in
the Netherlands in 1990 was 1470 PJ per year or 99 GJ per
person. The total direct energy use in the Netherlands in
1990 was about 2900 PJ (CBS, 1991 ).
The difference between the total energy requirement
in the Netherlands and the total energy requirement of
households in the Netherlands can be attributed to the
consumption via public services (paid by taxes) and the
net export of products embodying energy, mainly in the
form of products of the basic chemical industry.
Next we will discuss the relation between energy
requirement and household expenditure, net household
income, number of household members and the age of
the first respondent.
Energy requirement, household expenditure
and energy intensity
Figure I shows the relation between the total energy requirement and the household expenditure. In order to
make the distribution of the total energy requirement
more understandable we give percentile lines in Figure
1. These lines are constructed as follows. The households in the expenditure survey are divided into deeiles
according to the level of expenditure. Therefore 10% of
households are represented in every expenditure group.
For these l0 deciles we computed the 10, 25, 50, 75 and
90 percentile values of the total energy requirement.
Next the percentile values are plotted as a function of the
weighted mean of the expenditure deciles. The boxes on
the 50 percentile line (median) mark the weighted mean
expenditures through which the lines are drawn. Figure
I shows that the relative deviation from the 50 percentile
line does not vary with household expenditure. It is not
surprising that the energy requirement increases with
household expenditure, as we see in Figure I. However,
the relation is not proportional. To explore this further,
we calculate an elasticity. The elasticity of the energy requirement related to expenditure level is defined according to Equation (2):
E,,,: c*S;,~,
896
Energj, Poli~3' 1995 Volume 23 Number 10
(2)
700
-
Percentile lines
600 "-a
E
500 -
•{~,j - 4oo-
........
90
.........
75
50
.......
25
....
to
y
m
... (125%)
....""
.....""
.. (112%)
(100%)
. .......
(88%)
(78%)
300-
8
"~
200 100 -
0
0
[
f
I
[
[
I
I
I
I
I
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Household expenditure (Dfl x 103)
Figure 1 Total energy requirements plotted versus household
expenditure
where:
Eto t
S,o ,
ot
c
= total energy requirement
= household expenditure
= elasticity
= a constant
The elasticity is calculated by fitting the mean values of
the energy requirement for the ten expenditure levels
according to the least squares method. Then a value of
0.83 is found for the elasticity.
In Figure 2 the fractions of the energy requirement
per main category are plotted versus the household expenditure. The energy requirement of all the main categories
increases with increasing household expenditure.
The relationship between energy intensity and household expenditure is shown in Figure 3. The average total
energy intensity over all the expenditure categories is
6.3 MJ/Dfl. The total energy intensity decreases from
7.3 MJ/Dfl to 5.5 MJ/Dfl when the net household income increases from about Dfl 15 000 to 80 000. The energy intensity for the indirect energy requirement
remains fairly stable (approximately 3.5 MJ/Dfl), even
when the household expenditure increases. The decrease
in the total energy intensity with increasing expenditure
is due to the fact that the proportion of the expenditure
on direct energy decreases. The energy intensity of the
main categories food, education and house declines (by
about 0.5 MJ/Dfl for each category) when the household
expenditure increases from about Dfll 5 000 to 80 000.
The energy intensities of the main categories household
effects, communication and recreation increase (by
about 0.5 MJ/Dfl) when the household expenditure increases over the same range. The energy intensity of the
Energy requirements of'Dutch households: K Vringer and K Blok
Electricity
Heating
Petrol
Transport
500 --
I
Communication
Recreation
%-
Educat
400 -
E
Medica
Hygien
Clothin
"5
House
300 -
Housel
Food
o
200 --
100 --
I
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Household expenditure(Dflxl03)
Figure 2 The energy requirements of the main categories plotted versus houshold
expenditure
main category transport decreases from 6 to 3 M J / D r
when the the household expenditure increases from
about D r 15 000 to 80 000. This is due to the fact that
the proportion of the expenditure on public transport decreases and the proportion of the expenditure on cars
increases.
8 ~
.
.
7 _
.
.
"',
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
In Figure 4 the cumulative household expenditure of
an average household is depicted in order of increasing
energy intensity and is plotted versus energy intensity. Figure 4 gives a picture of the distribution of the energy intensities over the amount of money spent. About
Dfl 15 000 of the household expenditure of an average
7 0 -~
.
_
6
60
.....
"-4
.................
50
Total
40-
4
Indirect
o
E
30-'
3
20uJ
U.I
10-
1
0
0
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
100
Household expenditure (Dfl x 103)
Figure 3 Energy intensity plotted versus household expenditure
'
0
5
I
I
I
[
I
F
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Cumulative household expenditure (Dfl x 109)
Figure 4 Energy intensity plotted versus cumulative expenditure
Energj, Policy 1995 Volume 23 Number IO 8 9 7
Enet~v requirements of Dutch households': K Vringer and K Blok
700
Percentile lines
60O
E
o
E
500 -
g
400 -
.......
90
.........
75
50
.......
25
....
10
(140%)
...........
.-""
.......... "
(10!%)
. ...............
.........:::iiiill
300 -
(118%)
. ...............
................
200
100
0
0
..... ~ - . . . .
!
I
T
[
I
I
I
J
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Net income (Dfl x 103)
Figure5 Total energy requirement plotted versus net household
income
Dutch household in 1990 was used for energy extensive
products and services which have an energy intensity
between 0 and 2 MJ/Dfl. The energy intensity increases
from 2 to 10 MJ/Dfl for the next Dfl20 000. For the last
Dfl5 000 the energy intensity rises fast from 10 to
60 MJ/Dfl. This energy intensive category includes not
only the energy carriers but also flowers and various
food products such as greenhouse vegetables, fats and
frozen food.
Energy requirement and net household
income
The relation between energy requirement and net household income is given in Figure 5 in the same way as the
relation to expenditure was given in Figure 1. Figure 5
shows that when the net household income grows, the
energy requirement grows too. The spread is larger than
the spread shown in Figure I because of differences between income and expenditure.
On the basis of the values shown in Figure 5 the elasticity of the energy requirement related to net income is
calculated to be 0.63. This elasticity is lower than the
elasticity of the energy requirement relating to expenditure, due to the fact that households with a higher net
income spent a smaller part of their net income than
households with a lower net income; the figures vary
from 70% of income for the highest income group to
122% for the lowest income group. The difference does
not have anything to do with the part of the total household expenditure not included in our analysis: that part
is almost the same for all the income groups, namely
about 7%.
898
EnergyPolicy 1995 Vohtme23 Number I0
The energy requirement of the main categories plotted versus the net household income is depicted in Figure 6 in the same way as in Figure 5.
The main categories 'hygiene', 'education' and 'communication' are quite small and are not dealt with here.
The relation between the energy requirement for 'clothing and footwear' and net household income looks the
same as the relation between the energy requirement for
'education and recreation' and the net household income.
There is no relation between household expenditure on
medical care and the energy requirement for medical
care because nearly all household expenditure on medical care is connected to health insurance. This is why
the main category 'medical care' is not dealt with here.
The spread for the main consumption categories
clothing and footwear, education, recreation, household
effects, transport and communication, which include
some of the luxuries of life, is larger than the spread for
the other categories which contain the more basic needs
of life.
Energy requirement and number of
members of a household or age of the first
respondent
To investigate whether there is a dependence of energy
requirement on the number of household members, apart
from the dependence that can be explained by difference
in net income, we plot in Figure 7 the total energy requirement versus the net income for various numbers of
household members. 2 Figure 7 makes it clear that the
largest difference in energy requirement, independent of
the net household income, is between a one-person
household and several-person households (approximately 45 G J). This difference is significant for the group
as a whole. The difference between the total energy requirement of two-person and several-person households
is not significant. 3
With respect to the households which have an income
falling in the fifth income decile a closer analysis has
been made of the significant difference in the energy
requirement of one-person and several-person households. The difference between one- and two-person households can be attributed mainly to the main consumption
category 'food' (approximately 13 GJ extra) and the categories 'electricity', 'heating' and 'household effects' (7 to
2 The minimum number of households in this analysis is put at 25
households per measurement point.
3 The deviation from the mean is calculated by dividing the standard
deviation by the square root of N. The deviation from the mean of the
total energy requirement varies between 3 and 10 GJ for the one-person households and between 5 and 7 GJ for two-person households.
This means that the difference in the energy requirement of one-person and several-person households is significant but the difference between several-person households is not.
Enetg,y requirements o/'Dutch household+v K Vringer and K Blok
100
Food
........... "
8o
.---"
100
90
Household effects
8o
75
g
E 6O
.... 90
s
25
10
40
so
75
no
50
,,5 20
25
I
'
10
0
20'
30'
4' o ' 5o ' o 6'
70
80'
90'
'
100
t0
20
30
Total net income (Dfl x 10=)
House
........... 90
.--j
75
5O
25
10
E
12
O"
m
4
7 - ' ' '
.-
....
5
40
~
2o
O"
0~
0
I
1
I
I
(0
I
'
30
40
5
60
713
Total net income (Dfl x 10=)
20
I
I
80
90
20
--
10
20
,
,
40
50
~-
60
,
,
+
70
80
90
,-
100
Transpo~
.......... 90
...... +.+'" "
40E
.......
75
.."
0
i
5
iJ .......iljll ............................
+
3O
50
20
............. -_::::::-_:::;;.1~7222 es
10
LU 10
"
1'o
20
'
30'
40'
5'o
6o
70'
8o
90'
10
100
'
" ........
~
~. . . . ~-_::.....................
20
30
40
50
50
25
1222---T_--2 10
60
70
80
90
100
Totalnetincome(Dflxl0=)
Total net income (Dfl x 10 ~)
100
160
Petrol
Heating
...... . -
90
120
.... -
........ 75
II1
g
~
30
%` 50
17---'---::-
"5
75
.........'"'"'""
60
. . . . . . . . . . 90
m
.,
Total net income (D fl x 103)
%` 80
4o
100
25
,
I
100
Electricity
g
90
+,
100
60
80
UJ
0
E
5
70
OI3
60
, ' ......
8
60
Recreation
%" 16
(.9
~
50
80
20
E
(1)
40
Totalnetincome(Dflx 10=)
80
~
U.I
...........
25
7-7
........................
~0
-
0
T
1"
10
20
... ...................... 90
so
,."
,'
40
,,"
7
30
+-
40
7
50
r
60
T
70
1
T
•
80
90
100
Total net income (Dfl xl03)
75
... ........ ..
....'"
"
50
,,5 20
" ' " ::::
...... ++
0
8o
50
~
+++-++"
3
f+--'" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
T
I .....~": ~
10
20
30
40
50
60
25
....... I...... T.... I=0
70
80
90 100
Total net income (Dfl x 10=)
F i g u r e 6 E n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t for several m a i n c o n s u r n p t i o n c a t e g o r i e s v e r s u s net h o u s e h o l d i n c o m e (note that the vertical a x e s differ) a
aFigures show I0, 25, 50, 75 and 90 percentile lines in ascending order.
EnergD'Policy 1995 Volume 23 Number I0
899
Energy requirements O/Dutch households'." K Vringer and K Blok
500 :
400 Age
..........
400-
20 - 29
30 - 39
J
/
4o49
300 -
E
E
E
300 -
200-
............
s o s9
.................
6 0 - 69
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I-~.~::: . . . . .
~
70+
S
-'"-"
......
"
200 -
#- ~oo
100-
0
0
i
10
I
20
t
30
d
40
I
50
i
60
[
70
[
80
I
90
100
Total net income (Dfl x 103)
0
,'
;
I
i
L
r
i
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Total net income (Dfl x 103)
Figure 7 The total energy requirement versus net household
income for one to four household members
Figure 8 Total energy requirement plotted versus net household
income in various age groups
8 GJ extra each). Due to the fact that these are categories
with high intensities, the energy intensity of the household expenditure rises from 5.8 to 6.4 MJ/Dfl when the
size of the household increases from one to four persons.
Figure 8 shows the relation between the total net
household income and the total energy requirement for
several age groups. 4 Age is defined as the age of the 'first
respondent': the person in the household who is responsible for completing the questionnaires. We see that the
relation between energy requirement and net income is
more or less the same for all age groups. The age group
between 40 and 50 years old has the highest average
energy requirement, but this group has also the highest
average net income.
Discussion
Some explanatory comments are needed before the resuits can be intrepreted:
(I) The expenditure survey has its limitations. Expenditure on durable consumption goods may peak in the
year of survey for some of the households. Some categories are underreported.
(2) There is no one-to-one relation between energy requirement and expenditure in several categories of
household purchases.
(3) Consumption of public services and a small part of
the household consumption are not included.
These items will now be discussed.
4 The minimum number of households
h o u s e h o l d s p e r m e a s u r e m e n t point.
900
in t h i s a n a l y s i s is p u t at 2 0
Energy PolkT 1995 Volume 23 Number I0
Expenditure on durable consumption goods (eg cars,
furniture or floor coverings) may peak in the year of survey for some of the households. For instance, i f a household in the budget survey has bought a car in 1990, its
expenditure (and also its energy requirement) will be
high. The energy requirement of a household may be
particularly high when that household has moved in the
year of the survey. In addition the spread of the expenditure over products and services costing less than Dfl50,
which were surveyed only for two weeks, can be partly
explained by the season in which the household had to
write down these expenses (eg drinks may be a larger
expense in summer). These effects will not influence the
average results, but part of the spread in several consumption categories (eg transport) can be explained by
this factor. In the expenditure survey the household expenditure in some categories is underreported. The most
underestimated expenses are those in connection with
the hotel and catering industry, leisure, (alcoholic) drinks
and smokers' requisites and motor fuels (CBS, 1992c).
This may cause some limited underestimates of these
consumption categories. The contribution of these categories - excluding motor fuels - to the total energy requirement is so small that it will not affect our results
significantly. If we were to correct for the underestimated expenses connected with motor fuels, the total energy requirement would rise by an average of 4 GJ per
household per year.
The energy intensities in our sources are based on
average products and average prices. The expenditure
survey places all the same kinds o f products in one
consumption category. For instance, a hand-made (very
expensive) chair, is placed in the same category as a
Energ)~ requireraents o[Dutch households: K Vringer and K Blok
cheap chair. Thc first probably has a much lower energy
intensity than the latter. It is possible that in this survey
a household which in fact has a very energy extensive
way of living (eg buying as much as possible expensive
organic food, hand-made furniture etc) is regarded as an
energy intensive household, because of its high level of
household expenditure. This, however, will have no effect on most of the results presented in this article since
it will be averaged out over larger groups. However,
there is one notable exception. It is conceivable that
households with a higher income (or a higher expenditure level) systematically buy products that cost more
per physical unit. The consequence of this is that the
real elasticity of the energy requirement related to income (or expenditure level) can be smaller than the
value computed here.
The total energy requirement calculated in this
survey does not take all the energy requirements of
households into account. A small part (7%) of the net
household income is excluded before we made our calculation of the (total) household energy requirement.
The demand on public services (including infrastructure) is excluded from this survey as well, because of
the difficult individual allocation. The direct energy
requirement of government services, defence, social insurances, religious organizations, homes for the elderly
and schools, excluding infrastructure, amounts to about
65 PJ per year for the Netherlands (CBS, 1991), which
is equivalent to I 1 GJ per household per year. If we assume the total energy requirement to be twice the direct
energy requirement, then we estimate the total energy
requirement for the public services to be about 22 GJ
per household. This means that if the energy requirement of the collective sector were included, the total
average energy requirement of households would be
about 10% higher than calculated in this article.
Conclusions
Because at least 54% of the total energy requirement of
households consists of an indirect energy requirement
there is a need for further research into this indirect energy requirement. Future energy policy will have to pay
attention to the indirect energy requirement of households. The strong relation between income and total energy requirement suggests that, with further increases in
income levels, the average household energy requirement will probably rise as well. However, the large differences between the energy intensities of the various
consumption categories indicate that the total household
energy requirement can be reduced if we change our
consumption patterns. The substantial spread in the
total energy requirement of households within the same
income category also supports this view.
This analysis can form the basis for further research
into ways of reducing household energy requirement.
Attention need to be given not only to the direct energy
consumption (including the category 'petrol') but also
to the consumption categories 'transport', 'education'
and 'leisure' because these categories have a relatively
large spread and they form an important part of the indirect energy requirement of households.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Mieke Berends-Ballast and
Peter van Teefelen of the Netherlands Central Bureau of
Statistics (CBS) for their help and support with regard to
the Netherlands Household Expenditure Survey. In addition they would like to thank Rixt Kok, Harry Wilting
and Wouter Biesiot of the Centre for Energy and Environmental Studies of the State University of Groningen
(IVEM-RUG), Adriaan Perrels and Karla de Paauw of
the Netherlands Energy Research Foundation (ECN-BS)
and Hans Schneider of the Consultants for Energy and
Environment (CEA) and Jos6 Potting of the Department
of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University
(NW&S-UU) for their contribution and for the suggestions they made on earlier drafts of this article. Furthermore they are grateful to the members of the steering
committee for their support and comments and they wish
to thank Sheila McNab for her linguistic assistance. This
study has been financed by the Ministry of Housing,
Physical Planning and Environment of the Netherlands
and the National Research Programme on Global Air
Pollution and Climate Change (NOP-MLK).
References
CBS (Centraal Bureau voor de statistiek) (1992a) Budgetonderzoek
1990. micro bestand [Netherlands Household Expenditure Survey
1990 computer file] Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics, Voorburg/Heerlen
CBS (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek) (1992b) Budgetonderzoek
1988/89 [Netherlands Household Expenditure Survey 1988/89]
Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics, Voorburg/Heerlen
CBS (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek) (1992c) Gebruikershandboek budgetonderzoek 1988-1989 [Users Manual Household
Expenditure Survey 1988-1989] Netherlands Central Bureau o f
Statistics, Voorburg/Heerlen
CBS (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek) (1992d) Auto's in Nederland, c(ffers over gebruik, kosten en effecten [Cars in the Netherlands, Usage Figures, Costs and Effects] Netherlands Central
Bureau of Statistics, Voorburg/Heerlen
CBS (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek) (1992e) Statistischjaarboek
1992 [Statistical Yearbook 1992] Netherlands Central Bureau o f
Statistics, Voorburg/Heerlen
CBS (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek) (1991) Nederlandse energiehuishouding jaarcij[ers 1990 [Energv Supply in the Netherlands, Annual Figures of/990] Netherlands Central Bureau o f
Statistics, Den Haag
De Paauw, K F B and Petrels, A H (1993) De energie-intensiteit van
consumptiepakketten [The Energy Intensity of Consumption Packages] Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, Report No ECN-C93-043, Petten
Energy Policy 1995 Volume 23 Number I0
901
Enelgv requirements O[Dutch households: K Vringer and K Blok
Farla, J (1993) Personal Communication, Department of Science,
Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 8 June 1993
Kok, R, Wilting, H C and Biesiot, W (1993) Energie-intensiteiten van
voedingsmiddelen [The Energy Intensities of Food] Centre for Energy and Environmental Studies, State University of Groningen,
Report No 59, Groningen (including update)
Van Engelenburg, B C W, Van Rossum, T F M, Blok, K and Vringer,
K (1994) 'Calculating the energy requirements of household purchases: a practical step-by-step method' Energy PolicT 21 (8)
648~656
Van Engelenburg, B C W, Van Rossum, T F M, Blok, K, Biesiot, W
and Wilting, H C (1991) Energie gebruik en huishoudel(]ke consumptie [Energ3, Requirement and Household Consumption] Centre for Energy and Environmental Studies of the State University of
Groningen and Department of Science, Technology and Society,
Utrecht University, Utrecht
Vringer, K and Blok, K (1993) Energie-intensiteiten van de nederlandse woning [The Energy Intensities of Dutch Houses] Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University,
Report No 93037, Utrecht
Vringer, K, Potting, J and Blok, K (1993) Energie-intensiteiten van de
nederlandse huishoudelijke inboedel [The Energy Intensities oJ
Dutch Household Effects] Department of Science, Technology and
Society, Utrecht University, Report No. 93077, Utrecht
Wilting, H C (1992) Energie Analyse Programma (EAP) [Energy
Analysis Programme (EAP)] Centre for Energy and Environment
Studies, State University of Groningen, Groningen (IVEM-RUG),
Report No 56
Appendix
Energy intensities and energy requirement of an average Dutch household
This appendix contains Table 3 showing
the energy intensity (in MJ/Dfl), calculated energy requirement (in gigajoules),
expenditure (in Dfl) and the deviation
from the mean 5 (in percentage) for an average Dutch household. If the deviation
from the mean is too large (> 20%), the
expenditure and energy requirement are
not given. If the deviation is larger than
15% the data are written in italics.
The data concerning the energy intensities are taken from Kok et al (1993)
(food), de Paauw and Perrels (1993)
(clothing and footwear, hygiene, medical
care, education, recreation, communication, transport and petrol), Vringer and
Blok (1993) (house) and Vringer el al
(1993) (household effects). The expenditure and the net income are taken from
CBS (1992a).
The categories summarized here consist of approximately 350 consumption
categories at the lowest level in the version
of the Budget Survey that we had at our
disposal including cumulative consumption categories (like the main consumption
categories). The cumulative consumption
categories are composed of one or more
consumption categories at a lower level.
For example, the main consumption category vl 1 'food' (with two digits) is composed of all the consumption categories at
902
Energy Policy 1995 Volume 23 Number 10
Table 3 Main expenditure categories and their index number corresponding to CBS (1992a)
Main consumption category
Index number
Food
Household effects
House
Clothing and footwear
Hygiene
Medical care
Education
Recreation
Communication
Transport
Petrol
Heating
Electricity
vii
v22 - v2200 v2290- v2292- v2295 v229600- v2291
v2200
v33
v44 v446
v446
v550
v551 +v553 +v556
v5582
v557 + v558110 + v5582
v558110
v2290 + v2292 + v2295 + v229600
v2291
the three-digit level which belong to the
main consumption category 'food'.
These categories are: 'bread, pastry and
flour products' ( v l l 0), 'potatoes, vegetables and fruit' ( v l l l ) , 'beverages and
products containing sugar' (vl 13), 'oils
and fats' (v115), 'meat, meat products and
fish' (v116), 'dairy products' (v118) and
'other food products' (v I 19). The consurnption categories at the three-digit
level are divided into one or more categories at the four-digit level, and so on.
The expenditure belonging to the
category "other expenditure' (v6), total
Dfl658, is excluded from the calculation
of the energy requirement and energy in-
tensity (see 'Method') but included in
the total expenditure. Table 3 shows the
classification of the main categories in
this study together with the index numbers that correspond to Table 4.
We stress that Table 4 does not answer questions like 'What's the 'best
buy' (ie the 'product' with the lowest
energy requirement) because such a
question can only be answered after a
functional analysis o f the expenditure
has been performed.
5The deviation from the mean is calcucated
by dividing the standard deviation by the
square root of N (here N = 2767).
Energy requirements" O/Dutch househol&': K Vringer and K Blok
Table 4 Energy Intensities and energy requirement of an average Dutch household in 1990
Index
number
Level
Energy
intensity
(MJ/Dfl)
Energy
requirement
(GJ)
Expenditure
(Dfl)
I
6.0
239.8
45601
40107
I
I
2
3
4
6
6
6
6
4
4
7
7
7
7
7
4
3
5.6
4. I
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.2
3.8
5.9
5.7
5.7
4.7
5.9
6.9
4.1
6.6
41.6
4.0
1.7
0.8
0.5
0.1
0.2
1.6
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.1
6.9
7408
984
431
209
133
38
51
27
97
18
23
19
3
35
29
1035
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
2
2
5
4
4
7
4
6
I
4
4.4
0.4
I O0
2
4
5
6
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
6
7
7
6
7
7
7
6
7
7
5
6
6
7
7
7
4
5
6
7
7
6
7
7
8.8
8.5
7.1
9.4
7.8
4.4
5.2
4.6
4.6
7.0
5.2
5.3
4.0
8.0
7.1
6.7
I1.1
I 1.5
15.3
10.6
9.9
15.4
9.4
8.4
5.0
14.9
5.2
5.0
5.0
5.1
4.4
4.8
4.2
4.8
3.7
2.7
0.5
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.5
0.4
I.I
1.0
0.1
0.9
0.6
0.0
0.3
2.7
1.8
0.6
0.5
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.0
422
319
71
35
4
33
49
29
7
13
30
27
4
39
16
13
10
130
25
105
103
8
95
73
5
18
509
370
120
102
18
71
22
7
1
1
2
3
8
3
2
3
5
5
4
4
10
2
4
4
4
2
3
2
2
9
2
3
5
5
I
2
2
2
5
4
5
13
H224
VI
vii
vii0
vllO0
vii0000
vllOlO0
v110200
vii0300
vii05
vii07
vl10710
v110720
v110730
v110740
v110750
vl108
viii
vlllO
villi
vllllO
vllllO0
vlllll0
vlll120
vl 1130
vl 1200
vl 1210
vl 1220
vl 1230
vl 1300
vl 1310
vl 1320
vl 1400
vl 1410
vl 1420
v111430
vll1500
vll1510
v111520
vll160
vtl1600
v111700
viii710
v111740
v111750
vii20
vii200
vii2000
vl12010
v112020
vl12100
vii2110
v112120
Deviation
(%)
Consumption
category
Total net Income
Total expenditure
Food
Bread, pastry and flour products
Bread and rusks
Wholemeal bread
White bread
Rusks and other sorts of bread
Bread with dried fruit
Cake, biscuits and pastry
Flour and dry goods
Wheatmeal
Rice
Pastry
Potato flour, starch
Other flour and dry goods
Bread and other products
Potatoes, vegetables and fruit
Potatoes
Vegetables
Fresh vegetables
Green (leafy) vegetables
Endive and lettuce
Spinach
Other (leafy) vegetables
Cabbage
Cauliflower
Sprouts
Other cabbages
Fresh pulses/leguminous plants
Green beans
Other fresh pulses/leguminous plants
Carrots and tubers
Carrots
Onions
Other carrots and tubers
Other fresh vegetables
Tomatoes
Other fresh vegetables
Preserved and dried vegetables
Dried vegetables
Other preserved vegetables
Vegetables canned or bottled
Sauerkraut
Frozen vegetables
Fruit
Fresh fruit
Apples and pears
Apples
Pears
Other indigenous fruits
Strawberries
Cherries
v112130
7
4.0
0.0
3
17
Berries and raspberries
v112140
v112150
v112160
v112170
v112200
v112210
v112220
v112230
v112300
v112400
v11250
v112500
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
6
6
5
6
4.6
5.0
6.4
4.8
5.3
5.6
4.7
5.0
4.3
5.0
6.4
6.5
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.2
5
12
10
14
119
79
27
14
40
19
73
25
10
7
8
6
2
3
5
6
3
6
2
4
Prunes
Peaches
Melons
Grapes
Citrus fruit
Oranges
Mandarins
Other citrus fruit
Bananas
Other fresh fruit
Preserved fruit
Jams and marmalades
Continued on page 904
Energy PolicT 1995 Volume 23 Number 10
903
Energy requirements o['Dutch households: K Vringer and K Blok
Table 4 continued
Index
number
Level
v112600
v112700
v112720
v11280
v112810
v112820
6
6
6
5
7
7
v1129
vii3
vii30
vii3000
vll3100
vii3110
v113120
v113130
v113200
v1133
v113300
v113400
v1135
v113500
v113600
v113700
vii40
vii400
vii4010
v114020
v114030
vii410
vii4100
vii4110
v114120
v114200
v11430
vii5
vii5000
vii5100
vii5110
v115120
vii6
vl160
vii6000
vii6010
v116020
vl16100
vii6110
v116120
v116200
v116300
v116400
v116500
vli6510
v116520
v116550
v1166
v116600
v116700
v116710
v116720
v116800
v116900
v116910
v116920
v116930
v116940
vii70
vii7010
Energy
intensity
(MJ/Dfl)
Energy
requirement
(GJ)
6.9
5.1
7.4
5.2
5.1
5.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.1
4
6.6
3
4
6
6
7
7
7
6
4
6
6
4
6
6
6
4
5
7
7
7
5
6
7
7
6
5
3
6
6
7
7
3
4
6
7
7
6
7
7
6
6
6
6
7
7
6
4
6
6
7
7
6
6
7
7
7
6
4
7
4.6
7.0
11.2
4.6
11.5
2.6
6.6
5.4
4.3
4.8
4.1
3.5
3.4
4.3
2.6
4.4
7.3
6.1
7.0
7.7
3.0
3.6
3.1
4.0
1.3
4.1
13.2
11.0
17.9
15.3
26.0
7.1
7.7
5.7
5.6
6.6
5.7
10.0
6.5
9.3
9.0
9.3
8.2
9.8
7.3
7.7
6.0
4.2
5.4
5.1
6.5
6.4
6.1
7.0
4.9
6.2
7.2
5.9
1.7
Expenditure
(Dfl)
Deviation
(%)
12
18
18
65
54
I1
6
5
4
3
3
5
0.0
4
16
6.1
1.1
0.5
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.1
0.0
3.8
2.0
0.1
0.7
1.2
1.7
1.5
0.6
0.9
0.2
0.I
1.3
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.2
10.1
5.9
0.9
0.8
0.1
I.I
0.3
l.I
1.8
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.7
2.4
0.1
0.6
0.4
0.2
1.5
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
*
0.8
*
1339
162
45
12
1
8
3
104
142
31
I10
174
141
30
3
861
270
19
97
154
573
424
208
217
149
18
96
65
31
23
8
1415
760
157
144
13
202
30
172
191
43
51
21
7
13
95
407
24
I11
84
27
231
38
9
8
22
*
139
*
2
2
3
6
12
8
8
3
2
3
3
2
2
3
10
2
2
5
3
3
3
3
4
4
5
8
2
2
3
4
8
I
2
3
3
9
2
5
3
2
5
5
8
14
9
4
2
5
2
3
4
2
4
5
13
4
21
3
24
Consumption
category
Fruit, dried/candied
Fruit in juice
Fruit, compote/puree
Nuts etc.
Nuts and peanuts
Peanut butter
Potatoes, vegetable.s,and fruit not specified
Beverages and products containing sugar
Sugar and confectionery
Sugar
Sugar products on bread
Treacle
Honey
Sugar products on bread
Confectionery
Chocolate
Chocolate paste/butter for bread
Other confectionery
Coffee, tea and cocoa
Coffee
Tea
Cocoa
Beverages
Non-alcoholic beverages
Mineral and soda water
Fruit and vegetable juices
Other non-alcoholic beverages
Alcoholic beverages
Beer and wine
Beer
Wine
Spirits and liquors
Beverages not specified
Oils and fats
Margarine
Other oils and fats
Fats for frying and deep frying
Salad oil
Meat, meat products and fish
Meat
Beef and veal, fresh
Beef, fresh
Veal, fresh
Pork, fresh
Pork, (fat), fresh
Other pork, fresh
Minced meat, fresh
Offal
Meat and meat products, frozen
Other meat products
Horse meat
Other meat products
Fresh meat, unspecified
Meat products and meat dishes
Smoked beef
Ham and bacon
Ham
Bacon
Other sausages and meat products
Ready-to-use meat dishes
Baked minced meat
Ready-to-use meat dishes
Canned or bottled meat
Other meat products not specified
Venison and poultry
Venison
Continued on page 905
904.
EnergO, Pol&y 1995 Volume 23 Number I0
Enet'gy requirements O[Dutch households': K Vringer and K B/ok
Table 4 continued
Level
Energy
intensity
(MJ/Dfl)
Energy
requirement
(G J)
Expenditure
(Dfl)
7
4
6
6
6
7
7
6
7
7
7
6
4
6
6
6
6
7
7
6
6
4
6
6
6
4
3
4
6
7
7
6
6
4
6
7
7
6
7
7
7
6
6
4
2
3
4
6
6
6
4
6
6
4
6
7
7
7
6
6.0
8.7
5.8
14.2
6.5
5.8
9.8
10.1
9.3
7.6
12.0
8.7
5.9
6.3
5.3
6.0
5.4
5.3
5.5
5.3
5.8
6.5
6.7
5.8
I1.1
6.5
4.5
6.8
7.0
6.4
7.6
7.6
6.9
4.1
3.8
3.8
3.8
4.2
4.3
4.1
4.2
4.1
4.1
5.4
9.1
2.1
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.2
6.9
4.5
8.5
3.1
2.7
2.3
2.4
3.1
3.2
0.8
0.9
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
3.0
1.4
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.1
2.9
0.2
2.0
0.6
*
7.1
1.5
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
5.6
1.0
0.3
0.7
2.9
0.6
1.8
0.6
0.3
1.4
0.1
116.7
18.5
9.1
4.0
4.8
0.2
2.3
0.6
1.7
0.8
*
*
*
*
0.7
136
108
33
17
17
14
3
33
12
7
14
8
499
225
59
96
68
49
20
32
18
440
32
353
54
*
16002
219
113
55
58
48
59
1369
252
74
178
705
130
436
140
76
336
12
12835
8666
7532
2891
4453
203
335
136
199
273
*
*
*
•*
228
2
2
3
3
3
5
2
4
5
4
2
4
3
3
4
5
12
1
1
I
2
2
3
4
5
6
5
25
I10
25
27
5
v221110
7
2.2
0.0
6
20
Materials~maintenance central heating
v221120
v221140
v221150
v221400
v2220
v222000
7
7
7
6
4
6
8.0
1.0
1.0
1.7
12.2
1.1
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.0
6.3
0.1
72
52
98
29
520
122
7
5
I0
4
3
I0
Materials/maint. of other fixed equipment
Servicing for maint, of central heating
Servicing of other fixed equipment
Rent of fixed equipment
Garden and flowers
Rent and maintenance of garden
Index
number
v117020
vl171
vii7100
v117130
v117200
v117210
v117220
v117300
v117310
v117320
v117340
v117500
vii80
vii8000
vii8100
v118200
v118300
v118310
v118320
v118350
v118400
v1185
v118500
v118600
v118700
v1188
vl19
vii90
vll9000
vii9010
v119040
vii9100
v119250
v1193
v119300
v119310
v119320
v119400
v119410
v119420
v119440
v119500
v119550
v1196
v22
v220
v2200
v220010
v220020
v220040
v2202
v220200
v220300
v2210
v221000
v221010
v221020
v221030
v221100
Deviation
(%)
Consumption
category
3
4
6
6
7
8
II
5
9
13
6
11
I
2
3
2
2
3
4
5
6
I
4
2
2
29
Poultry
Fish
Fish, fresh
Fish, frozen
Herring
Herring
Herring, pickled
Other preserved fish
Fried fish
Dried and smoked fish
Preserved fish
Other fish
Milk and milk products
Milk
Yoghurt
Custard and porridge
Evaporated milk and cream
Coffee milk
Cream
Milk products with fruit juice
Other milk products
Butter, cheese and eggs
Butter
Cheese
Eggs
Other dairy products not speci fled
Other food products
Condiments, soup and oriental food
Condiments, spices and dressings
Salt, spices and condiments
Dressings, mayonnaise etc.
Soup and meat stock
Main course dishes, frozen/canned etc.
Outdoor consumption
Beverages
Coffee
Other beverages
Meals etc. outdoor
French fries, rolls and snacks
Other meals, outdoor
Other ready-to-use meals
Ice cream
Outdoor consumption not specified
Other food products and beverages
Household effects
Rent, maintenance and garden
Rent and rental value
Rent
Rental value
Additional costs
Maintenance
Wallpaper and painting-costs
Other maintenance costs
Fixed equipment
Construction of fixed equipment
Construction of central heating
Boilers and geysers
Construction of other fixed equipment
Maintenance fixed equipment
Continued on page 906
Energv Policy 1995 Volume 23 Number I0
9115
Enet~gyrequirements
O[Dulch households': K Vringer and K Blok
Table 4 continued
Level
Energy
intensity
(MJ/Dfl)
Energy
requirement
(GJ)
Expenditure
(Dfl)
Deviation
(%)
Consumption
category
6
6
3
4
6
7
7
6
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
4
6
7
7
7
6
7
15.7
15.6
4.1
3.4
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.2
2.3
4.6
4.6
6.1
3.2
5.1
5.8
4.8
4.5
7.1
5.6
4.2
1.9
4.3
5.9
2.3
1.2
0.3
1.0
0.6
*
0.4
0.0
0.5
*
0.2
0.1
2.1
0.9
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.3
0.1
119
279
1451
666
388
88
300
179
*
119
14
99
*
32
33
416
153
14
65
74
57
26
6
2
3
4
6
13
6
8
21
8
14
11
30
8
7
4
6
12
7
8
I1
10
Other costs for garden
Indoor plants and flowers
Furniture, upholstery and linen
Furniture
Dining- and living-room furniture
Furniture (set), cabinet
Other dining- and living-room furniture
Bedroom and nursery furniture
Bedroom furniture (set)
Other bedroom and nursery furniture
Prams, buggies, baby-carriages
Other furniture
Garden-, kitchen- and study-furniture (set)
Other garden-, kitchen- and camping-furn.
Other furniture
Upholstery
Curtains and blinds
Net curtains
Material for curtains, draw-curtains
Blinds and gauze-blinds
Floorcovering and parquet
Linoleum and smooth floor coverings
v224420
7
6.7
0.2
31
19
Parquet
v224500
v224600
v2247
v224700
v224800
v2249
v224900
v225000
v225200
v225210
v225220
6
6
4
6
6
4
6
6
6
7
7
5.3
1.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.6
6.5
2.3
3.7
4.8
2.4
0.9
0.0
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.9
0.3
*
0.4
0.3
0.1
170
36
107
45
62
196
45
*
108
55
48
6
13
6
8
8
4
10
29
5
6
6
Carpets, etc.
Other furniture textiles
Decoration
Wall decoration
Statues, vases and baubles
Bedding and household linen
Mattresses
Blankets
Other bedding
Sheets and pillow-cases
Quilts, eiderdown
Other bedding
Index
number
v222100
v222200
v224
v2240
v224000
v224010
v224020
v224100
v224110
v224120
v224140
v224200
v224210
v224220
v224240
v2243
v224300
v224310
v224320
v224330
v224400
v224410
v225230
7
4.7
0.0
5
18
v225300
6
4.8
0.2
40
6
v2255
4
4.1
~3
67
16
v226
v2260
v226000
v226010
3
4
6
7
3.5
5.2
3.0
2.9
3.7
1.7
0.1
0.1
1081
317
50
48
2
4
7
8
Household linen
Domestic decoration not specOqed
Household appliances and tools
Cutlery, kitchen utensils and appliances
Food processors and kitchen utensils
Electric food processors/utensils
v226050
7
4.2
~0
2
20
Other food processors~utensils
v226100
v226300
v226330
v2265
v226500
v226600
6
6
6
4
6
6
4.1
3.0
6.8
2.7
2.4
2.8
0.2
0.1
1.2
0.2
*
0.2
56
42
169
67
*
55
8
8
5
7
21
7
Refrigerators and deepfreezers
Pottery and glassware
Other cutlery and kitchen utensils
Cookers
Kitchen cookers
Other cooking-apparatus
v2267
4
2.4
0.0
19
18
Heating appl. (except central heating)
v226720
v226730
v2268
v226800
v226900
v226910
v226920
v2270
v227000
v227010
v227100
v227210
v227215
v227220
v227310
7
7
4
6
6
7
7
4
6
7
7
7
6
7
7
2.4
2.4
3.7
4.3
2.6
2.3
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.4
3.1
4.3
2.6
*
*
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.5
0.4
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
*
*
113
71
42
28
14
160
128
25
97
6
32
8
21
25
26
5
6
7
8
12
5
6
7
7
13
6
11
7
Gas-heaters
Other heaters and stoves
Lighting appliances
Lamps and armatures
Other lighting appliances
Bulbs and fluorescent lamps
Cords, plugs and switches
Cleaning appliances and tools
Cleaning appliances and tools (electric)
Vacuum cleaners
Washing- and drying-machines (electric)
Electric irons
Cleaning appl. and cleaning tools (non-electric)
Washing and ironing requisites
Brushes, brooms, sponges etc.
Accessories for cleaning apparatus
v227340
7
3.6
~0
3
16
v2275
4
4.0
0.5
129
5
Other household appliances and tools
Continued on page 907
906
Energy Policy 1995 Volume 23 Number 10
Energy requirements q[ Dutch households: K Vringer and K Blok
Table 4 continued
Index
number
Level
Energy
intensity
(MJ/Dfl)
v227500
v227510
v227520
v227600
v227610
v227620
v227630
v227700
v227710
v227730
v2278
v227800
v227900
v2280
v228000
v229
v2290
v229010
v229020
v2291
v229110
v229120
v2292
v2295
v2296
v229600
v229620
v229640
v229700
v33
v330
v3300
v330000
v330100
v330200
v330300
v330400
v330500
v330550
v3306
v330600
v330700
v330750
v330800
v330850
v330900
v330950
v3310
v33100
v331000
v331100
v331200
v331300
v331400
v331500
v331550
v33180
v331800
v331900
v332000
v332050
v332100
v332200
v33250
v3327
v3328
6
7
7
6
7
7
7
6
7
7
4
6
6
4
6
3
4
7
7
4
7
7
4
4
4
6
7
7
6
2
3
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
4
4
2.9
2.6
2.9
2.6
2.2
4.7
2.3
4.7
2.2
6.0
l.l
1.1
I.I
1.6
1.6
54.4
58.9
59.1
35.1
48.0
49.4
3.2
38.5
61.0
53.0
58.2
59.1
49.7
5.4
2.7
3.0
3.0
3.9
3.0
3.0
2.5
3.9
2.8
3.0
2.4
3.0
2.1
2.1
2.7
5.2
2.8
3.0
3.5
4.3
5.0
4.9
3.4
2.7
2.8
7.8
2.9
2.8
3.6
2.4
2.8
2.3
4.2
3.0
3.2
3.0
2.4
Energy
requirement
(GJ)
*
*
*
0.1
0.1
0.0
*
0.4
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.0
*
0.4
0.4
88.6
51.7
51.5
*
28.1
28.0
0.1
0.2
*
7.8
7.8
7.1
0.7
0.1
7.6
6.3
1.4
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.7
0.2
0.8
0.0
0.3
*
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
*
0.1
1.5
0.1
Expenditure
(Dfl)
*
*
*
31
23
5
*
87
31
56
29
27
*
247
247
1628
878
872
*
585
567
18
5
*
148
133
120
13
15
2816
2095
475
40
216
60
87
16
28
29
698
66
402
12
108
*
57
52
212
78
13
25
14
14
4
6
3
94
14
49
14
5
9
*
39
488
23
Deviation
(%)
Consumption
category
24
28
28
12
16
16
27
5
10
6
7
7
24
2
2
1
I
1
28
I
1
7
16
23
5
5
5
6
7
2
2
3
5
3
5
5
9
9
7
2
5
3
10
4
32
6
5
6
8
11
10
16
16
19
18
19
8
10
9
14
15
15
21
11
3
10
(Alarm) clocks
Alarm clocks
Clocks
Sewing- and knitting-tools
Electric sewing machines
Needlework tools
Other textile apparatus and accessories
Other household appliances and tools
Other electric apparatus
Other tools and articles
Repair and hire of household appliances
Repair and maintenance of household appl.
Hire of household appliances
Fire- and burglary-insurance
Fire- and burglary-insurance
Heating and lighting
Gas
Natural gas
Calor and propane gas
Electricity
Electricity
Batteries, generator etc.
Solid[uels
Liquid fuels
Other heating and lighting costs
Collective energy costs
Coll. energy costs for central heating
Energy costs included in rent
Matches and candles
Clothing and footwear
Clothing
Men's clothing
Men's coats
Suits, jackets and trousers
Cardigans and jersey/sweater
Shirts
Other outer wear
Nightgowns and underwear
Men's clothes not further specified
Women's clothing
Ladies' coats
Dresses, blouses, trousers and skirts
Ladies" stockings
Cardigans and jersey/sweater
Other outer wear
Nightgowns and underwear
Ladies' clothes not further specified
Boys' and girls' clothes
Boys' clothes
Boys' coats
Suits, jackets and trousers
Cardigans and jersey/sweater
Shirts
Other outer wear
Nightgowns and underwear
Boy~" clothes not [i~rther spec([ied
Girls' clothes
Girls' coats
Dresses, blouses, trousers and skirts
Cardigans and jersey/sweater
Other outer wear
Nightgowns and underwear
Girls clothes not further specified
Babies' clothes
Clothes unspecified (age, sex, unknown)
Clothing accessories men/boys
Continued on page 908
Energy Policy 1995 Volume 23 Number tO
907
Enel~gy requ#'ements o ] D u t c h households: K Vringer and K Blok
Table 4 continued
Index
number
v3329
v3330
v3331
v333100
v333150
v333160
v333200
v3340
v335
v3350
v335000
v335100
v3360
v336000
v336100
v3370
v33700
v33710
v33720
v337200
v337300
v337400
v3375
v3376
v3380
v338000
v338100
v3382
v338200
v338300
v338400
v338500
v339
v44
v440
v4400
v440000
v440100
v440200
v440230
v440240
v4410
v441000
v441100
v441110
v441200
v441210
v441300
v442
v4420
v442000
v442100
v442200
v442300
v4430
v443000
v443100
v4431 I0
v443120
v4440
v444000
v444100
v446
v4460
v44600
v44700
908
Level
Energy
intensity
(MJ/Dfl)
Energy
requirement
(GJ)
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
4
3
4
6
6
4
6
6
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
4
4
4
6
6
4
6
6
6
6
3
2
3
4
6
6
6
7
7
4
6
6
7
7
7
6
3
4
6
6
6
6
4
6
6
7
7
4
6
6
3
4
5
5
2.4
3.0
5.2
5.9
10.3
2.3
I.l
3.0
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.3
2.1
2.3
1.3
2.0
2.8
1.6
1.9
2.0
2.4
3.2
3.5
0.6
0.0
3.0
0.8
0.1
1.1
5.7
2.4
6.8
3.0
6.9
6.8
7.2
3.6
6.0
4.8
12.3
4.8
4.0
2.0
1.4
3.5
1.8
3.7
2.5
1.4
2.9
3.0
11.5
1.7
14.9
0.0
0.1
0.8
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
1.3
0.2
0.1
0.I
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
*
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
17.1
2.1
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
1.9
0.5
1.0
0.0
0.9
0.1
0.4
2.7
1.7
0.9
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.7
0.3
0.4
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.3
12.3
6.8
0.6
6.2
Energy, Poli~ 3, 1995 Vohtme 23 Number I0
Expenditure
(Dfl)
15
27
146
77
20
38
10
11
718
93
48
45
157
84
73
72
14
19
40
20
18
*
122
6
31
24
7
237
68
133
21
14
4
5561
770
338
171
25
141
41
100
432
223
150
3
126
21
59
746
273
186
47
27
14
343
237
106
12
94
130
33
96
4046
593
331
419
Deviation
(%)
Consumption
category
11
8
5
7
10
6
14
15
2
4
5
5
3
4
4
6
10
11
8
10
11
30
4
14
8
10
15
4
5
5
8
11
19
I
3
6
9
8
8
7
I1
1
1
3
10
3
5
3
2
3
3
3
5
12
2
3
3
9
4
4
9
4
I
3
3
4
Clothing accessories women/girls
Clothing accessories etc. unspeci fled
Materials and charge for making clothes
Material for clothes
Knitting wool
Requisites, haberdashery
Hire of and charge for making clothes
Other clothing and requisites
Footwear and finery
Men's footwear
Men's shoes
Other men's footwear
Women's footwear
Ladies' shoes
Other ladies' footwear
children's footwear
Boys' shoes
Girls' shoes
Other children's footwear
Other boys' footwear
Other girls' footwear
Infants' and babies' footwear
Footwear unsp. (age. sex unknown)
Hire of footwear
Shoe-repairs and -material
Shoe-repairs
Repairing materials
Finery
Leather-goods etc.
Jewellery and watches
Other finery
Repairs to finery
Clothing, Jbotwear and access, not spec.
Hygiene and medical care
Domestic services and cleaning
Domestic services
Wages for domestic staff/servants
Laundry, dry cleaning, dye-works
Other domestic services
Window-cleaning service etc.
Babysitting, nursery etc.
Cleaning articles
Water
Washing powders, detergents etc.
Household soap
Washing powders etc.
Detergents
Other cleaning articles and insecticides
Physical care
General physical care
Toilet-articles
Toilet paper
Sanitary towels
Visits to (public) baths/toilet/sauna
Services of hairdressers
Hairdresser
Articles for hair-care
Electrical articles for hair-care
Other articles for hair-care
Cosmetics and perfumery
Chiropodist, manicurist, beauty-salon
Cosmetics and perfumery
Medical care
Medical care (excluding insurance)
Medicines, wound-dressings and protheses
Medical care
Continued on page 909
Energy requirements O/Dutch households: K Vringer and K Blok
Table 4 continued
Index
number
Level
v4490
v449000
v449100
v55
v550
v5600
v555000
v550400
v550200
v550300
v5504
v550400
v550410
v550420
v550500
v550600
v550610
v550620
v551
v5510
v551100
v551200
v551210
v551240
v551280
v551320
v551350
v551400
v551410
v551420
v551440
v551450
v551500
v551510
v551530
v551570
v5516
v55160
v551610
v551620
v551640
v55170
v55180
v55190
v551900
v551950
v55210
v5521 O0
v552200
v55250
v553
v5530
v553100
v553200
v553300
v5535
v553500
v553510
v553520
v5 5 3 5 3 0
v553600
v553700
v553710
v553720
v553730
v553800
4
6
6
2
3
4
6
6
6
6
4
6
7
7
6
6
7
7
3
4
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
4
5
6
6
6
5
5
5
6
6
5
6
6
5
3
4
6
6
6
4
6
7
7
7
6
6
7
7
7
6
Energy
intensity
(MJ/Dfl)
1.6
1.6
1.6
5.2
3.6
1.7
0.2
0.2
2.6
3.6
4.8
6.1
2.0
9.6
5.7
2.4
2.4
2.4
5.6
2.6
0.9
3.5
4.2
4.2
2.9
2.8
3.5
2.2
2. I
2.3
2.2
2.3
3.7
7.6
1.7
1.8
6.0
3.8
3.7
6.2
1.3
2.3
4.9
5.6
4.6
6.2
6.5
6. I
6.8
6.7
2.7
1.9
2.0
2.1
1.4
2.1
2.2
2.5
2.2
1.8
2.3
2.6
2.7
2.5
2.7
2.6
Energy
requirement
(GJ)
Expenditure
(Dfl)
Deviation
(%)
Consumption
category
5.5
3.9
1.6
56.5
4.7
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.3
3.9
1.3
0.2
I. I
1.9
0.6
0.4
0.2
13.9
0.8
0.1
0.3
0. I
0. I
0. I
0.0
0. I
0. I
0.0
O.0
O.0
0.0
*
*
0. I
0.0
13. I
O.6
*
0.2
0.0
0. I
0.4
1.7
0.5
1.2
10.2
4.0
6.2
O.1
4.8
0.2
0.1
O.1
0.0
1.9
0.2
0.0
0.1
O.0
0.3
0.5
*
0. I
0.3
0.3
3448
2429
1020
10828
1293
486
42
167
196
81
807
216
98
118
340
251
168
83
2468
303
100
94
18
13
28
12
24
23
7
6
5
6
*
*
42
15
2166
155
*
40
33
40
91
300
113
187
1568
661
907
12
1764
115
62
37
17
888
72
14
42
16
131
180
*
52
124
104
1
2
3
2
2
3
7
5
4
7
2
5
I0
4
I
4
5
3
3
8
5
5
9
14
7
14
8
9
13
16
16
20
28
83
8
II
3
16
29
9
13
5
6
4
6
5
3
4
3
20
2
7
6
19
12
3
8
I0
13
10
7
6
24
7
7
8
Health insurance
Health insurance premium
Other health insurance
Education, recreation and transport
Education
Schooling
School-, course-fee & profess, training
Music-, dancing- and sports lessons
Study-books and educational appliances
Other educational costs
Stationery and reading
Stationery and the like
Typewriter, counting machine/calculator
Other stationery
Newspaper and weekly papers
Books and magazines
Books
Journals, periodicals and magazines
Sports, games and holidays
Sports and games
Hire of sport-accommodation
Sportswear and camping clothes
Men's sportswear and camping clothes
Boys' sportswear and camping clothes
Ladies' sportswear and camping clothes
Girls' sportswear and camping clothes
Sportswear not specified
Sports shoes
Men's sports shoes
Boys" sports shoes
Ladies' sports shoes
Girls' sports shoes
Sports goods and games
Sailing- and motor-boats
Sports goods
Games
Camping, weekend and holidays
Camping equipment and caravans
Caravans etc.
Other camping equipment
Hire and maint, of camping equipment
Holiday insurance
Other weekend expenditure
Holidays in the Netherlands
Organized holiday trips
Other holiday costs
Holiday abroad
Organized holiday trips
Other holiday costs
Holiday costs not specified
Other recreation
Music, singing and theatre
Entrance fees for concert, theatre, etc.
Musical instruments
Hire and repair of musical instruments
Radio, television and gramophones
Radios and amplifiers
Radios
Audio amplifier
Car radios including accessories.
Television sets
Gramophones and tape-recorders
Gramophones
Cassette- and tape-recorders
Videos
Sound-equipment (combined)
Continued on page 910
Energy Policy 1995 Volume 23 Number 10
909
Energy requirements q[Dutch households': K Vringer and K Blok
Table 4 continued
Index
number
v553900
v554000
v554100
v554110
v554120
v5542
v554200
v554300
v554400
v554410
v554420
v554500
v554600
v554610
v554620
Level
6
6
6
7
7
4
6
6
6
7
7
6
6
7
7
Energy
intensity
(MJ/Dfl)
1.4
1.9
1.6
1.2
3.1
3.7
5.8
2.7
1.6
1.6
1.7
2.7
5.1
1.5
5.3
Energy
requirement
(G J)
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.1
2.4
0.1
*
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.4
*
1.4
Expenditure
(Dfl)
Deviation
(%)
Consumption
category
Hire/repairs audio/video equipment
Records, cassettes and compact disks
Other costs of radio and TV
Radio and television licence fee
Radio/tv programme magazine
Other recreation
Entrance fee to cinema
Film- and projection-equipment
Photo-cameras and accessories
Photo-cameras
264
6
5
1
I
2
3
9
36
9
10
15
4
4
32
4
Other costs of photography and films
Pets
Purchase of pets
Costs of tending pets
51
163
187
146
41
641
23
*
37
28
9
148
277
*
Film- and photo-acz~essories
v554700
6
1.7
0.0
6
15
Services supplied h.v clubs
v554800
v554900
v555000
v5551
v556
v556000
v556100
v556200
v556300
v557
v5570
v557000
v557100
v557110
v557120
v5572
v557200
v557300
6
6
6
4
3
6
6
6
6
3
4
6
6
7
7
4
6
6
2.0
2.1
3.2
2.8
1.1
1.2
0.9
1.3
1.8
6.6
7.6
7.4
7.8
1.1
8.7
2.2
1.9
2.8
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.0
32.7
2.9
1.7
1.2
0.0
1.2
0.4
0.2
0.2
77
32
38
120
367
18
197
146
5
4935
389
233
156
18
139
193
125
67
5
10
9
5
3
14
5
4
13
2
4
5
5
13
5
Other entrance fees
Other hobbies
Party articles
Toys
Smoking
Cigars
Cigarettes
Other tobacco articles
Smokers' accessories
Transport and communication
Public transport
Train
Other expenditure for public transport
Taxi
Other public transport
Bikes
Purchase of bikes
Bike accessories and repairs
v5574
4
2.3
0.1
v557400
v557500
6
6
2.1
2.8
*
0.1
60
*
v557510
v557530
7
7
2.8
2.8
v5576
v5579
v557900
v557910
v557920
v558000
v558010
v558020
v558030
v558040
v558100
v558110
v558120
v5582
v558200
v558300
v558400
v558420
4
4
6
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
4
6
6
6
7
v558430
7
v66
v661
v661000
v661200
v662
v662100
v662210
v662230
2
3
6
6
3
7
7
7
910
5
6
18
Moped~. motor-cycles etc.
20
25
13
Mopeds, motor-cycles and scooters
Rep. of mopeds, motor-cycles, scooters
0.0
0.0
6
14
20
17
Repair of and accessories [br mopeds
Rep. and access, motor-cyclesA'cooters
2.4
15.0
4.4
5.5
0.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
22.4
22.4
19.9
1.9
1.0
8.0
3.7
2.3
4.9
22.8
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.8
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
21.9
21.9
*
1.4
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.1
2062
1519
31
24
7
509
470
11
13
16
98O
977
712
56O
62
90
63
5
2
6
7
12
2
2
16
9
9
2
2
29
2
1
5
9
I1
Cars
Other costs of personal transport
Storage of car, motor-cycle, bike
Car/motor-cycle storage
Bike/moped storage
Insurance cars etc.
Insurance car
Insurance motor-cycle, scooter
Insurance moped and bike
Other insurance vehicles/vessels etc.
Petrol and motor oils
Petrol, oil for cars and motor-cycles
Other petrol and oil
Other transport and communication costs
Telephone
Postal expenses
Other transport and communication
Driving lessons
6.8
0.2
27
16
Cargo services
Other expenses
Energy Policy 1995 Volume 23 Number I0
*
658
365
199
167
293
58
3
233
Private insurances not mentioned before
lnsur, against damage and income loss
Life insurance, other endowment insurances
Other expenditure not mentioned before
Family ceremonies
Pocket-money expenses unspeci fled
Various services not mentioned before