Chapter 9 Packet
Name ________________________________
Date ______________ Period _________
Schedule/Strategies for Success
 Using the link on my website complete the (1) Discovery of …DNA on p. 1-2 (below).
 Fill out the timeline on p. 4 while watching the (2/7) Video notes from my website (scientist/year/contribution).
 Complete the Ch. 9 Reading Guide using the text on p. 2-3.
 Using the link on my website, fill out the (4) Interactive DNA Activity p. 5 (top).
 Using the notes and the text book fill in the correct answers on the Ch 9 Voc./Scientists Rev on p. 5.
 Using the link on my website, fill out the (6) DNA Replication Animation on p. 8.
 Do the Evolutionary Biology app and fill out page 5 (bottom) (show me iPad for a grade)
 Using the text/packet, do the Chapter 9 Extra Practice p. 6.
 Use the QR Codes on page 7 to review for the Test.
 Cut, Paste the DNA Pieces and answer Questions for the (8-9) Replication Lab- p. 8.
 Create your own DNA Origami double helix (see me).
Chapter 9 Quiz Study Guide (__________________)
Vocabulary
Scientists
Pictures/Steps
1. vaccine
7. deoxyribose
1. Griffith
1. Draw and Label the three parts
2. virulent
8. base-paring rules
2. Avery and friends
of a DNA molecule (page 194)
3. transformation
9. complementary base
3. Hershey and Chase
2. Know 5 Steps of DNA
4. bacteriophage
10. DNA replication
4. Watson and Crick
Replication (from notes)
5. double helix
11. DNA helicases
5. Chargaff
6. nucleotides
12. replication forks
6. Wilkins and Franklin
13. DNA polymerases
Chapter 9 Test Study Guide (________________________)
 Know the contribution of each scientists (above) to the discovery of DNA as the genetic material.
 Know the building blocks of DNA; be able to draw and label the parts of a nucleotide and DNA helix.
 Be able to identify how nucleotides join to become DNA; know the base-pairing rules and be able to identify the
5’ and 3’ends.
 Be able to calculate the number of A, T, G, and C nitrogenous bases if given partial information.
 Know when during the cell cycle replication occurs.
 Know the steps for replication including the terms DNA polymerase, helicase, semi-conservative, replication fork,
and complimentary.
1
The Discovery of the Molecular Structure of DNA Website Activity on DNA
Directions: Go to the website and answer the following questions.
Click on Reading- The Discovery of the Molecular Structure of DNA
1. Which two scientists presented the structure of DNA in 1953? __________________________________
2. In 1868, which scientist isolated something from the nuclei of cells? _____________________
3. Two years earlier ____________said that things were inherited in packages or _____________.
4. In 1944, _______________ showed that the genes were made of ___________.
5. Who used stick and ball models to figure out the structure of DNA? _______________________
6. What is photograph 51? __________________________________________________________
7. Who is responsible for photograph 51?_____________________
8. What did the fuzzy X mean? _________________________________
9. Who solved the base pairing mystery? _______________________________
10. What does guanine always pair with? ___________What does thymine always pair with? ____________
11. Different species need different amounts of DNA. E. coli (a bacteria) is made- up of ___ million base pairs. This cell’s
DNA is ___millimeter long and it takes ____ minutes to copy into two cells.
12. Human DNA is made of ___ BILLION base pairs and it takes up about a _________ in length.
13. Why didn’t Franklin get the Nobel Prize along with Watson, Crick and Wilkins? ________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
1
14. Draw the DNA helix both in its twisted form and the untwisted form. Label all parts as seen on the web.
15. The two strands are _____________________. What two parts make up the backbone? ______________
16. What is on the inside? __________________________
17. Now play the game. Go back to the original website (click back) and then click on the white play arrow.
18. Make sure you read each little tidbit of information carefully before you hit next.
19. You will be dragging the correct letter to both sides of the “unzipped strands of DNA.” Remember Chargaff’s rule
(see #10 above). The strands move fast so move quickly but accurately. Then you will have many options of which
organisms DNA the one you created matches. Read the # chromosomes, base pairs, and genes to the right and compare it
to the choices.
20. Click on organism 1 to begin the game. After you match the pairs and the organisms, click on 2, then 3.
21. After you finish all 3. What was your score?
Chapter 9 Reading Guide
Pages 190-193: Identifying Genetic Material
1. You resemble your parents because you have copies of their __________________.
2. ____________________ contain a set of instructions called genes.
3. ____________ __________ discovered the process of transformation while trying to prepare a vaccine.
4. A _____________ is a substance that is prepared from killed or weakened disease-causing agent, including certain
bacteria.
5. Vaccines are introduced into the body in order to prevent against future __________________.
6. How many different strains (or kinds) of bacteria did Griffith work with? _______
7. Griffith discovered ___________________. __________________ is a change in genotype caused when cells take up
foreign genetic material.
8. Unfortunately though Griffith did not know the _________ of the change.
9. In 1944, __________ and his coworkers showed that it was DNA that was the material of transformation from
Griffith’s experiments.
10. Scientists were still skeptical after Avery’s experiments they were not sure if it was DNA or _____________ that was
the material of heredity.
11. In 1952, _____________ and ________________ studied _________ because they were only made of two parts
DNA/RNA and a protein coat.
12. A ___________________ is a virus that infects bacteria. (It is also called a _____________.)
13. Since viruses are only made of two parts, Hershey and Chase wanted to see which part infected the
bacteria, the DNA or the ____________.
14. Hershey and Chase concluded that it was _______ of the viruses that was injected and thus _______ is
the material of heredity.
Pages 194-197 The Structure of DNA
1. By the 1950’s most scientists were convinced that genes were made of _________.
2
2. Two scientists, _____________ and __________ determined the structure of DNA.
3. They said that the DNA molecule was a __________ ___________, the two strands twisted around
each other each other like a winding _____________________.
4. The subunits that make-up DNA are called __________________.
5. A nucleotide is made up of _____ parts; a ____________ group, a five carbon _______ molecule and a
nitrogen containing ________.
6. DRAW & Label the three parts of a nucleotide below.
7. The sugar in DNA is called __________________. DNA stands for ______________________ _____.
8. There are ____ different nitrogen bases. List them here: ______________________________________
9. DNA is compared to a twisted ladder. The ladder’s sides are made of ____________ and
_____________. The rungs of the ladder are made of ____________. Adenine pairs with
______________; Guanine pairs with _________________.
10. The bases are held together by ______________ bonds.
Pages 198-200 The Replication of DNA
1. The process of making new copies of DNA is called _______ ________________.
2. DNA replication happens during the ____ phase of ____________.
3. The enzyme that breaks the bonds that link the bases together in DNA is called ____ ___________.
4. Once the bonds are broken and the DNA double helix unwinds, ___________ come in and hold the two strands apart.
5. The area where the double helix separates is called a ________________ _______.
6. Enzymes called ________ _______________ move along each strand and add bases that are
complimentary, for example A pairs with ___ and G pairs with ___.
7. This process continues until both strands are complete and two __________ DNA strands are formed.
8. The Steps of Replication: (put the following steps in order after reading the pages in the book).
___Two identical strands are formed as a result of this process
___Enzyme -DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases
___Proteins hold the two strands apart in areas called replication forks
___The double helix unwinds
___Enzyme- DNA polymerase adds the correct base to the strand
9. _______ __________________ is also used a “proofreading” to make sure that the new bases attached
are paired up correctly.
10. Proofreading in DNA reduces eras to one per one _____________ nucleotides!
11. In prokaryotes, there are usually _______ replication forks that go around the circular DNA.
12. In eukaryotes, ______________ are usually one long strand.
13. To speed up this process, each human chromosome is replicated in about _____ sections (about
______________ nucleotides long), each with its own starting point.
14. An entire human chromosome can be replication in about _______ hours.
Chapter 9 notes
DNA is found in bundles called chromosomes
Genes are segments (parts) of DNA that code for a specific protein
2










The History of how DNA was discovered
(1928) Frederick Griffith discovered transformation while preparing a vaccine
Transformation is the change in genetic material when cells take up foreign (from the outside of the cell) DNA
Griffith did not know the cause of the change or what the material was that was transformed (DNA)
(1944) Avery, Macleod and McCarty worked with transformation and said it was DNA; however, scientists at
this time that were still skeptical and unsure whether it was DNA or protein that was the hereditary material
(1952) Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase studied viruses that attacked bacteria (bacteriophages or phages)
The reason they chose to study viruses was because viruses are made of only protein and DNA
Hershey and Chase determined that DNA was the hereditary material
The Structure of DNA
Three parts of nucleotide
(1950’s) James Watson and Francis Crick determined the structure of DNA
Double helix (winding ladder)
Nitrogenous base
DNA is made up of individual subunits called nucleotides
phosphate
(A, T, C, G)
3
Deoxyribose sugar



(1949) Erwin Chargaff studied the nitrogenous bases; discovered the base-pairing rules that the amount of
adenine (A) equals the amount of thymine (T) and the amount of cytosine (C) equals the amount of guanine (G);
A=T and C=G!
The bases are held together by hydrogen bonds. Nitrogenous Bases are found in two Groups based on size.
(1950’s) Franklin and Wilkins discovered the basic structure of DNA
using X-ray crystallography
DNA Replication
 DNA Replication: the process where new copies of DNA are made
 DNA replication happens during S Phase of interphase in the cell cycle
 The double helix unwinds
 The enzyme DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds that hold the bases (A=T and G=C) together





Areas where the DNA strands are held apart are called replication forks
(see words on page 7)
DNA unzips once the bonds are broken
The enzyme DNA Polymerase comes in and adds complimentary bases to the open strand (where there is an A, a
T will be added; where there is a G, a C will be added)
DNA Polymerase also acts as a proofreader to check mistakes and make sure that the right bases are added
This process continues until two separate strands are formed
Summary of the Steps of DNA Replication
1. DNA unwinds.
2. DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds; DNA strands come apart (unzips).
3. Proteins that hold the two strands of DNA apart (replication forks).
4. DNA polymerase adds complimentary bases to each strand.
5. Two identical, new DNA strands are formed.
History of the discovery of DNA’s structure and function (Fill in scientist/year/contribution as you watch the video.)
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
4
4
Interactive Activity: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/dna/#
Part I: Click on DNA Replication
Click on Unzip, then OK, then Click and Drag
the matching bases until all of the bases are
paired up.
Where does DNA replication take place?
__________________________________
A pairs up with ____
C pairs up with ____
G pairs up with ____
T pairs up with ____
Chapter 9 DNA Vocabulary Review & Extra Practice
Use the words below to fill-in the correct words with the definitions.
1. ________________ Enzyme that move along each of the DNA strands and adds nucleotides according to the
base-pairing rules
2. ________________ The process of making a copy of DNA
3. ________________ Enzymes that breaks the hydrogen bonds that link the complementary nitrogen bases
between the two strands
4. ________________ Subunits that make up DNA; made of three parts sugar, phosphate, and base
5. ________________ The five-carbon sugar in DNA nucleotides
6. ________________ Two strands twisted around each other
7. ________________ Areas where the double helix separates
8. ________________ Something able to cause disease
9. ________________ Scientists that determined the structure of DNA using tin to build a model
10. ________________ A virus that infects bacteria
11. ________________ A change in DNA caused when cells take up foreign genetic material
12. ________________ Scientists that showed that DNA is the genetic material
13. ________________ Scientist whose work showed that DNA is the genetic material, but others didn’t believe
14. ________________ Scientist who worked with pneumonia & mice & discovered transformation
15. ________________ Scientist that showed that the amount of A=T and G=C
16. ________________ Scientists that used x-rays to show the structure of DNA
17. ________________ Substance that is prepared from killed or weakened disease-causing agents
Wilkins and Franklin
vaccine
nucleotides
double helix
DNA helicase
Watson and Crick
transformation
Hershey and Chase
DNA Replication
deoxyribose
virulent
replication fork
Griffith
DNA polymerase
Chargaff
Avery
Bacteriophage
Use the Evolutionary Biology/Click on DNA to answer the Questions below:
1. What does DNA stand for? _______________________-__________________-_________________
2. Where is it found? _____________________Why is it important? ______________________________
3. How many strands make up DNA? ________What two things make up the sides of the ladder (or the backbone)?
____________________What makes up the rungs (or the center) of the ladder? __________________________
4. What are the four bases? ____________________________________________________________________
5. Which base is complementary to thymine? __________Which base is complementary to guanine? ____________
6. What happens first in replication? ____________________________________________________
7. What enzyme adds new nucleotides to the template strand? _______________________________________
8. What do you get the end? _________________________________________________
9. Play the synthesis game 3X.
Game 1
Game 2
Game3
10. Bases Correct
______________
____________
_______________
11. Bases Missed
______________
____________
_______________
12. Level Accuracy
______________
____________
_______________
Total Accuracy
______________
____________
_______________
5
Chapter 9 Extra Practice
Name ____________________
1. A (n) __________________ is a harmless version of disease causing microbe that can stimulate a person’s immune system to ward
off infection by the infectious form of the microbe.
2. Griffith’s experiment showed that live bacteria without capsules acquired the ability to make capsules from dead bacteria with
capsules in a process called ____________________.
3. The ability of a microorganism to cause disease is referred to as its _________________.
4. Avery’s prevention of transformation using DNA-destroying enzymes provided evidence that ____________ molecules function
as the hereditary material.
5. Viruses that infect bacteria are called ________________.
6. A DNA subunit composed of a phosphate group, five carbon sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base is called a(n)____________ .
7. The name of the five-carbon sugar that makes up part of the backbone of molecules of DNA is _____________.
8. Watson and Crick determined that DNA molecules have the shape of a(n)______________ ________.
9. Chargaff’s observation established the _______ _______rules, which describe the specific pairing between bases on DNA strands.
10. Watson and Crick used the X-ray diffraction photographs of _____________ and ______________ to build their model of DNA.
11. Due to strict pairing of nitrogen in DNA molecules, the two strands are said to be __________ to each other.
12. The process by which DNA copies itself is called ______________.
13. The enzyme that is responsible for replicating molecules of DNA by attaching complementary bases in the correct sequence is
called ____________ ______________.
14. Enzymes called ___________________ are responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix by break the hydrogen bonds that
hold the complementary strands together.
15. Errors in nucleotide sequencing are corrected by enzymes called _________ _____________.
16. The circular DNA molecules in prokaryotes usually contain __________ replication forks during replication, while linear
eukaryotic DNA contains many more.
17.
Which of these segments could be used to correctly complete the DNA molecule in the diagram below?
a.
b.
c.
d.
18.
Two researchers, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, used X-ray crystallography to make
pictures of DNA such as the one to the right. The picture shows an X-ray diffraction pattern
of DNA. This type of image helps show that DNA
a. contains deoxyribose
c. is made of codons
b. is very large
d. is helical –shaped
Base your answers to questions 19-22 on the diagram to the right which represents part of a double-stranded DNA molecule.
19.
How many nucleotides are represented in the diagram?
a. 6
b. 12
c. 3
d. 18
20.
The element phosphorus is found in the parts of the molecule labeled
a. 1 and 2
b. 3 and 4
c. 2 and 5
d. 1 and 6
21.
When this molecule of DNA replicates, it separates between the parts represented by
a. 1 and 2
b. 2 and 3
c. 3 and 4
d. 1 and 3
22.
The molecule represented by the letter symbols to the right is a
a. nucleotide
b. codon
c. triplet code
d. base pair
A scientist analyzed several DNA samples to determine the relative proportions
of purine and pyrimidine bases. The data is summarized in the table to the right for question 23.
23.
Which sample(s) support(s) the base-pairing rules?
Percentages of Bases in Three Samples
a. sample A only
c. sample C only
Sample
G
C
A
T
b. sample B only
d. samples A and C
35
35
15
15
A
40
10
40
10
B
25
25
25
25
C
6
6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
DNA Replication Animation
DNA first unwinds before it has to _______________________.
An enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two strands of ___________
The region where the DNA separates is called the __________________ ____________________
The enzyme ____________ ____________________ adds complementary nucleotides to the two strands.
A pairs with ___________; G pairs with __________.
This continues until there are two _________________ DNA strands.
Ch 9. Test Review material #2
I got some DNA inside my cells
it makes me different from you
It gives us different faces with its four different bases
and its phosphate group and sugar backbone
Rosalind Franklin, James
Watson, Francis Crick
Adenine pairs with thymine
they have two hydrogen bonds
cytosine pairs with guanine, when it comes to bonds they have three
and they all form a double helix
CHORUS:
Till you're gone, Till you're gone
They'll replicate until you're gone
Thousands of replications per second
Oh they'll keep on replicating till you're gone
Adenine and guanine
are purines with two rings
cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines
and when it comes to rings they have one
DNA Replication (“Cup Song”)
(words to the left)
replication starts with helicase
it breaks the bonds away
and it leaves you with two single strands
by quickly unzipping DNA
*CHORUS*
DNA polymerase
adds the missing bonds back
in 5' to 3' direction, it starts with the leading
and ends with the lagging strand
Okazaki fragments
are really, really, really short
the ligase binds them together again
but only on the lagging strand
*CHORUS*
Now you're left with two helixes
of deoxyribonucleic acid
now your cells can multiply, now you're looking pretty fly
all thanks to DNA replication
7
DNA Rap
DNA Structure and
Replication (Crash
Course)
Create a timeline that shows all of the scientists that have contributed to the History of the Discovery of DNA as
the hereditary Material.
For each scientist, you should include their name, year, description of their experiment and what they helped to
show or not show in their experiment.
You can be creative and make your timeline how you want, but make sure to include major terms, pictures,
names, and dates.
7
8
9
DNA Replication Lab- Constructing a Paper Helix
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What base does adenine pair with? _________________________________________________
What base does guanine pair with ? ________________________________________________
What is the smallest unit of DNA called? ____________________________________________
What is the shape of the DNA molecule? ____________________________________________
Which bases are purines? _________________________________________________________
Which bases are pyrimidines? ______________________________________________________
Why must a purine pair with a pyrimidine? ___________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
8. What is the name of the sugar in the DNA backbone? _______________________________________
9. Suppose you know that the sequence of bases on one DNA strand is
A G C T C A G
What is the sequence on the opposite strand?
__ __ __ __ __ __ __
10. Referring to question 9, suppose that the 5’-most base on the given strand is the first A from the left to
right. _________________________________________________________
What would be the 5’-most base on the opposite strand? ___________________________________
11. Assume that a 100 base pair DNA double helix contains 45 cytosines. How many adenines are there?
_______
8